(18-19) de Thi Chon Doi Tuyen Quoc Gia 2018-2019 - Vong 2 [PDF]

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SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO QUẢNG TRỊ

KỲ THI CHỌN ĐỘI TUYỂN HSG DỰ THI QUỐC GIA Khó a ngà y: 16/10/2018

ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC

MÔN THI: TIẾNG ANH (VÒNG 2) Thờ i gian là m bà i: 180 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề)

Họ, tên và chữ ký

Mã phách (dành cho Chủ tịch Hội đồng chấm thi – Thí sinh không viết vào ô này)

Giám thị 1: Giám thị 2:

HỌ VÀ TÊ N THÍ SINH:

……………………………………………………………………………………….

SỐ BÁ O DANH:

……………………………………………………………………………………….

PHÒ NG THI SỐ :

………………………………………………………………………………………. (Phần này cho Thí sinh ghi)

HƯỚNG DẪN THÍ SINH LÀM BÀI THI (Giám thị hướng dẫn cho thí sinh 5 phút trước giờ thi)  Thí sinh làm toàn bộ bài thi trên đề thi theo yêu cầ u củ a từ ng phầ n. Thí sinh phải viết câu trả lời vào phần trả lời được cho sẵn ở mỗi phần. Trá i vớ i điều nà y, phầ n bà i là m củ a thí sinh sẽ khô ng đượ c chấ m điểm.  Đề thi gồ m có 17 trang (kể cả trang phá ch). Thí sinh phả i kiểm tra số tờ đề thi trướ c khi là m bài.  Thí sinh khô ng đượ c ký tên hoặ c dù ng bấ t cứ dấ u hiệu gì để đá nh dấ u bà i thi ngoà i việc là m bà i theo yêu cầ u củ a đề ra. Không được viết bằng mực đỏ, bút chì, không viết hai thứ mực trên tờ giấy làm bài. Phầ n viết hỏ ng, ngoà i cá ch dù ng thướ c để gạ ch chéo, khô ng đượ c tẩ y xó a bằ ng bất kỳ cá ch gì khá c. (Tuyệt đối không được sử dụng bút xóa.) Trá i vớ i điều nà y bài thi sẽ bị loạ i.  Thí sinh nên là m nhá p trướ c rồ i ghi chép cẩ n thậ n và o phần bài là m trên đề thi. Giá m thị sẽ khô ng phá t giấ y là m bà i thay thế đề và giấ y là m bà i do thí sinh là m hỏ ng.  Thí sinh khô ng đượ c sử dụ ng bấ t cứ tà i liệu nà o, kể cả từ điển.  Giá m thị khô ng giả i thích gì thêm về đề thi.  Đối với phần thi nghe: Giá m thị cho thí sinh đọ c qua phầ n thi nghe 5 phú t rồ i tiến hà nh mở đĩa CD. Đĩa CD đã đượ c chuẩ n bị sẵ n tấ t cả cá c phầ n củ a đề thi theo yêu cầ u củ a bà i thi. Mọ i hướ ng dẫ n đã có trong bà i thi. -----------------------------

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----- PHẦN ĐỀ VÀ BÀI LÀM CỦA THÍ SINH -----

Điểm bà i thi Bằ ng số

Bằ ng chữ

..................

...........................

Giá m khả o thứ nhấ t (Ký, ghi rõ họ tên)

Giá m khả o thứ hai (Ký, ghi rõ họ tên)

...........................................

...........................................

Mã phá ch

................

Ghi chú: Học sinh làm bài trên đề thi này. Đề thi gồm có 17 trang, kể cả trang phách. Section I. LISTENING (5pts) 0.2/each * There are 4 parts for listening. You will listen to each part TWICE before moving on to the next one. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Part 1: For questions 1-5, listen to a conversation between Sondra, a student and her tutor. Decide whether each of the following statements is True (T) or False (F). 1. The computer rooms are in Dalton House. 2. The Chemistry Labs are opposite the Science Block. 3. Sondra has paid her fees in cash. 4. The cash machine works throughout the day. 5. Sondra can contact her tutor at 11 a.m. on Saturday. Your answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Part 2: For questions 6-12, listen to a talk about the history of surfing and complete the sentences with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each gap. The first surfers were (6) _______________________ who used surfing as a way of getting ashore. In ancient Hawaii, the best surfers came from the (7) ____________________________________. The person making a board would leave fish as a (8) ____________________________________ to the gods of the tree he had dug up. The type of surfboard used by children was called a (9) ________________________________ board. The “olo” was a surfboard that only (10) ____________________________ could use. In the 20th century, a swimmer called Duke Kahanamoku made surfing popular in Europe, Australia, (11) ___________________________ and the USA. Modern surfboards vary in (12) _____________________ and ___________________, but all have three fins and are made of fiberglass. Your answers: 6. 10. 7.

11.

8.

12.

9. Part 3: For questions 13-17, listen to an interview with someone who consulted a “life coach” to improve her life. Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. 13. Brigid says that she consulted a life coach because A. she had read a great deal about them. B. both her work and home life were getting worse. C. other efforts to improve her life had failed.

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D. the changes she wanted to make were only small ones. 14. What did Brigid’s coach tell her about money? A. It would be very easy for Brigid to get a lot of it. B. Brigid’s attitude towards it was uncharacteristic of her. C. Brigid placed too much emphasis on it in her life. D. Few people have the right attitude towards it. 15. What does Brigid say about her reaction to her coach’s advice on money? A. She felt silly repeating the words her coach gave her. B. She tried to hide the fact that she found it ridiculous. C. She felt a lot better as a result of following it. D. She found it difficult to understand at first. 16. What does Brigid say happened during the other sessions? A. She was told that most people’s problems had the same cause. B. Her powers of concentration improved. C. Some things she was told to do proved harder than others. D. She began to wonder why her problems had arisen in the first place. 17. What has Brigid concluded? A. The benefits of coaching do not compensate for the effort required. B. She was too unselfish before she had coaching. C. She came to expect too much of her coach. D. It is best to limit the number of coaching sessions you have. Your answers: 13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Part 4: For questions 18-25, listen to a talk about Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). Complete the information below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each gap. What accounts for only 7% of effect of a talk on audience is its (18) __________________________. NLP was developed by a student of psychology and a (19) _______________________________. NLP suggests that successful people should be studied and (20) __________________________. We can achieve rapport with someone by imitating their (21) _____________________________. NLP stresses the importance of (22) ______________________________. People benefiting from NLP training include managers, salespeople and (23) ________________. Salespeople with NLP training improved their (24) __________________________ by 258%. NLP is most widely used in (25) _______________________, one of the three European countries mentioned. Your answers: 18.

22.

19.

23.

20.

24.

21.

25.

Section II. LEXICO- GRAMMAR (2 pts) 0.1/each Part 1: For questions 26-40, choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the following questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 26. He’s ___________________ and makes promises without thinking about the consequences. A. prompt B. impulsive C. abrupt D. quick 27. After a bad patch, Helen is back to her old __________________ again, I’m glad to say. A. type B. self C. like D. own 28. When Sally leaves this department, she will be _____________________ missed.

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A. sorely B. utterly C. fully D. appreciably 29. Mr Smith ate his breakfast in great ______________________ so as not to miss the bus to Liverpool. A. speed B. pace C. rush D. haste 30. The scientists broke down as they realised that all their efforts had gone to ________________ A. loss B. failure C. waste D. collapse 31. To his own great ___________________, professor Howard has discovered a new method of bulimia treatment. A. reputation B. name C. fame D. credit 32. I was awfully tired. However, I made up my mind to ___________________ myself to the tedious task once again. A. involve B. absorb C. engross D. apply 33. She knew without a ___________________of a doubt that he was lying to her. A. shadow B. cast C. question D. drop 34. Don’t be angry with Sue. All that she did was in good ________________. A. hope B. belief C. faith D. idea 35. The plastic surgery must have cost the ________________, but there’s no denying she looks younger. A. world B. planet C. universe D. earth 36. At the age of seventeen, Ronald was _________________ and stationed in Oklahoma. A. called up B. thrown up C. caught up D. held up 37. A few of the older campers were sent home after a week as they were __________________. A. lenient B. erratic C. unruly D. indulgent 38. The realisation of our holiday plans has had to be _________________ because of my mother’s sudden illness. A. prevented B. shelved C. expired D. lingered 39. When they advertised the job, they were ____________________ with application. A. dense B. filled C. plentiful D. inundated 40. When the cost was _____________________ the benefits, the scheme looked good. A. weighed up B. set against C. made up for D. settled up with Your answers: 26. 31. 36.

27. 32. 37.

28. 33. 38.

29. 34. 39.

30. 35. 40.

Part 2: For questions 41-45, write the correct FORM of each bracketed word in the numbered space provided in the column on the right. (0) has been done as an example. THE FASCINATION OF TENNIS Your answers: People who are unfamiliar with tennis often finds its appeal (0. 0. PUZZLING PUZZLE)_______________. What is so gripping about watching two people repeatedly hit a fluffy (41. PRESS) ____________________ ball 41. _______________ across a net, they wonder. Yet tennis is a major spectator sport that catches the imagination of millions. This is partly because when we watch a match, we empathise with the players, sharing their triumphs and (42. SET) _____________________ as, like them, we focus 42. _______________ intently on every shot. The tension is palpable and the spectator is (43. ESCAPE) ______________________ drawn into the duel being played 43. ______________ out on court. But some of the fascination also comes from the intricacies of the game itself. David Foster Wallace, who wrote Infinite Jest, a work of fiction about the sport, provides a valuable (44. SIGHT) ____________________ into the technical background when 44. _______________ he describes tennis as “chess on the run.” According to Wallace,

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professional players are making (45. MULTIPLY) _____________________ 45. _______________ calculations every moment the ball is in play, as they seek to anticipate how their opponent will return a shot and what their own response needs to be Section III: READING (5 pts- 0.1/each) Part 1: For questions 46-51, read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Write your answer in the corresponding numbered box. (0) has been done as an example. FASHION IN SIGHTSEEING The question of what (0) _________A_________ an entertaining sightseeing excursion is just as subject to the whims of fashion as any other leisure activity. A trip around the spectacular coastal scenery of western Scotland is now a highly attractive option but a couple of centuries ago that same landscape was (46) __________________ as a wild and scary wasteland. Increasingly, in western Europe, safely decommissioned mines and (47) ________________ of the region’s industrial heritage are now being reinvented as visitor attractions, whilst redundant factories and power stations get a new (48) __________________ of life as shopping centres and art galleries. This (49) _________________ the question: if defunct industrial sites can attract tourists, then why not functioning ones? The Yokohama Factory Scenery Night Cruise is just one of several industrial sightseeing tours now available in Japan. These are part of an emerging niche tourist trade, (50) ________________ by a craze amongst young urbanites to reconnect with the country’s industrial base. Seeing the oil refineries and steelworks at night, when lights and flares are more visible, apparently (51) __________________ to the aesthetic charm of the experience. 1. A. makes 46. A. referred 47. A. legacies 48. A. term 49. A. begs 50. A. demanded 51. A. boosts Your answers: 46. 47.

B. holds B. regarded B. remainders B. source B. leads B. powered B. improves

C. gives C. reputed C. inheritances C. grant C. rises C. pushed C. adds

48.

49.

D. gets D. renowned D. leftovers D. lease D. brings D. fuelled D. enhances

50.

51.

Part 2: For question 52-61, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE word in each gap. Write your answer in the corresponding number box. (0) has been done as an example. NO LOGO In the luxury goods market, the prominent logos once associated (0) ______with______ lavish lifestyles may soon be a thing of the (52) _______________. Amongst all sorts of brands, there is a growing consensus (53) ___________________ anonymity is the key to (54) _________________ recognized. In other words, we recognize the brand (55) ___________________ its quality and style even if the logo is (56) ______________ to be seen. (57) ______________ the example of one wellestablished luxury brand, known for the timeless elegance of its handbags rather than for bringing (58) ________________ a new style every season. During the last economic recession, despite the fact that the only logo is discreetly stamped inside, it seemed to thrive. The explanation for this might of course (59) _________________ in the fact that, facing tighter budgets, customers wanted a bag that would (60) _________________ the test of time. But it could also be that in a world devoid of logos, it is the product itself (61) __________________ accentuates personality. What’s more, the bags still tapped into a desire for admiration, albeit from informed insiders. Your answers:

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52. 57.

53. 58.

54. 59.

55. 60.

56. 61.

Part 3: In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 56-62, read the passage and choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is one extra paragraph you do not need to use. Write one letter (A-H) in the corresponding numbered box. STEP THIS WAY FOR AN ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY I remember the day I met an idealistic pilgrim Mark Boyle, or Saoirse as he preferred to be called, had set out to walk 12,000 kilometres from his home in the UK to Gandhi’s birthday in India. His mission was to prove that his dream of living in a money-free community really did have legs. I met him in Brighton soon after the start of his epic journey. Obviously, I’d no sooner caught sight of him approaching than I’d started peering downwards, because he’d obligingly stuck out a sandal-clad foot to give me a closer look. The “boys”, as he called them on his blog, had become famous in their own right. 62. There was indeed plenty more in the world to worry about, yet something about this man- his gentleness, his over-active conscience, his poor feet- brought out all my maternal instincts. Saoirse, then twenty-eight, still had another two and a half years of walking ahead of him, carrying no money and very few possessions along a hair-raising route through Europe and central Asia, to his ultimate destination in India. 63. It had all begun, it transpired, when Saoirse (Gaelic for “freedom” and pronounced “searshuh”) was studying business and economics at Galway University. “One day, I watched the film Gandhi, and it just changed the whole course of my life. I took the next day off lectures to start reading about him, and after that I just couldn’t read enough, it made me see the whole world in a different way.” 64. The idea behind the website grew out of that seemingly simple proposition. You signed up and listed all the available skills and abilities and tools you had, and donated them to others. In return, you might make use of other people’s skills. For example, people might borrow power tools, have haircuts or get help with their vegetable plots. 65. I asked anxiously about his planning for the journey, and he said that he was leaving it all in the hands of fate. So far, he had been in places where his friends and fellow Freeconomists could help him, so mainly he’d had arrangements for places to sleep and eat. Otherwise, he’d tried to talk to people, to explain what he was doing and hope that they would give him a hand. His T-shirt said, in big letters, “Community Pilgrim”. 66. His itinerary was certainly challenging, and he didn’t even have a single visa lined up. “They don’t give visas more than about three months in advance in a lot of countries,” he’d said, “so I thought I would just go for it.” But I had my doubts whether some of the countries involved would let a westerner- even a gentle hippy such as Saoirse- just stroll in. 67. Once I had suppressed my concerns for his welfare, I found myself thinking that, actually, it is only our cynical, secular age that finds the notion of a pilgrimage odd. The idea of spiritual voyages seems to be built into almost every religion and, for most believers, Saoirse’s faith that he’d be looked after, that everything would turn out OK, that what he was doing was a good thing to do for humanity- would not be odd at all. Most cultures accept the idea of a good person, a saint or a prophet. 68. After nearly an hour’s talking, he was starting to look tired but made one final attempt to explain. “Look, if I’ve got 100 pounds in the bank and somebody in India dies because they needed some money, then, in a way, the responsibility of that person’s death is on me. That’s

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very extreme, I know, but I’ve got more than I need and that person needed it. And if you know that, then you’ve either got to do something about it, or you have to wake up every morning and look at yourself in the mirror.” His eyes were now red-rimmed, I think with emotion and exhaustion. We said our goodbyes. And I couldn’t help noticing that he was limping. Those poor, poor feet. A

After two weeks of solid walking from his starting point in Bristol at a rate of around twenty-five miles a day, his discomfort was readily apparent, despite the sensible footwear. “It’s all right,” he said. “I’ve got blisters but bombs are falling in some places.”

B

For Saoirse, both pilgrimage and this enterprise were only the first steps. His longterm vision was to nurture a money-free community where people would live and work and care for each other. Perhaps that was why when I met him that day, he struck me as an idealist who was going to come unstuck somewhere along the way.

C

Was there a back-up plan if any failed to materialize? He said he didn’t really have one because that would be “contrary to the spirit of the thing”. Was he prepared to be lonely, scared, threatened? He said he had spent the previous few months trying to work through the fear, but that he “just had to do it”.

D

His mentor’s exhortation to “be the change you want to see in the world” had particular meaning for him. Then, a few years later, he was sitting with a couple of friends talking about world problems- sweatshops, war, famine, etc.- when it struck him that the root of all those things was the fear, insecurity and greed that manifests itself in our quest for money. He wondered what would happen if you just got rid of it.

E

Indeed, his faith in human kindness, rather worryingly, seemed to know no bounds. I convinced myself, however, that ordinary folk he’d meet along the way would mostly see that he was sincere, if a little eccentric, and would respond to that.

F

I wondered if his mother at least shared some of these anxieties. All I learnt though was that she was, like his father, thoroughly supportive and was following his progress keenly through the website.

G

Perhaps it is, in fact, only in the contemporary western world, the world of the selfish gene, that extreme altruism is, according to Richard Dawkins at least, “a misfiring”. Because from all I’d heard, there it was before me on a pavement in Brighton, I felt I still hadn’t got to the bottom of what drove Saoirse on, however.

H

He was undertaking that extraordinary pilgrimage to promote the idea of “freeconomy”, a web-based money-free community. What’s more, he’d be relying just on the kindness and generosity of strangers and contacts that he’d made through the site. I pressed him for deeper reasons.

Your answers: 62. A

63. H

64. D

65. B

66.E

67.F

68. G

Part 4: There are 7 paragraphs numbered 69-75 in the following passage. For questions 63-69, read the passage and choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list below. There are THREE headings that you do not need to use. A. How it affects us B. A global problem C. Recent changes in Europe D. Artificial causes of acid rain E. Metals in acid rain F. International reactions G. The indirect dangers

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H. First signs I. Acid rain in Asia J. Effects of the natural environment 69. In the late 1970s, people in northern Europe were observing a change in the lakes and forests around them. Areas once famous for the quality and quantity of their fish began to decline, and areas of once-green forest were dying. The phenomenon they witnessed was acid rain – pollutants in rain, snow, hail and fog caused by sulphuric and nitric acids. 70. The principal chemicals that cause these acids are sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, both by-products of burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas). A percentage of acid rain is natural, from volcanoes, forest fires and biological decay, but the majority is unsurprisingly manmade. Of this, transportation sources account for 40%; power plants 30%; industrial sources 25%; and commercial institutions and residues 5%. What makes these figures particularly disturbing is that since the 1970s, nitrogen oxide emissions have tripled. Each year the global atmosphere is polluted with 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 130 million tons of sulphur dioxide, more than three million tons of toxic metals, and a wealth of synthetic organic compounds, many of which are proven causes of cancer, genetic mutations and birth defects. 71. For natural causes of acid rain, nature has provided a filter. Naturally occurring substances such as limestone or other antacids can neutralize this acid rain before it enters the water cycle, thereby protecting it. However, areas with a predominantly quartzite- or granite-based geology and little top soil have no such effect, and the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to an acidic one. Recycled and intensified through the water table, acid rain has reached such a degree in some parts of the world that rainfall is now 40 times more acidic than normal- the same acidic classification as vinegar. 72. Environmentally, the impact is devastating. Lakes and the life they support are dying, unable to withstand such a battering. This has a direct effect on the animals that they rely on fish as a food source. Certain species of American otter have had their numbers reduced by over half in the last 20 years, for example. Yet this is not the only effect. Nitrogen oxides, the principal reagent in acid rain, react with other pollutants to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible for destroying the productivity of farmland. With scientists working on producing ever bigger and longer lasting genetically modified foods, some farmers are reporting abnormally low yields. Tomatoes grow to only half their full weight and the leaves, stalks and roots of other crops never reach full maturity. 73. Naturally it rains on cities too, eating away stone monuments and concrete structures, and corroding the pipes which channel the water away to the lakes where the cycle is repeated. Paint exposed to rain is not lasting as long due to the pollution in the atmosphere speeding up the corrosion process. In some communities the drinking water is laced with toxic metals freed from 60 seconds to flush any excess debris, as increased concentrations of metals in plumbing such as lead, copper and zinc result in adverse health effects. As if urban skies were not already grey enough, typical visibility has declined from ten to four miles, in many American cities, as acid rain turns into smog. Also, now there are indicators that the components of acid rain are a health risk, linked to human respiratory disease. 74. Acid rain itself is not an entirely new phenomenon. In the 19 th century, acid rain fell both in towns and cities. What is new, and of great concern, is that it can be transported thousands of kilometres due to the introduction of tall chimneys dispersing pollutants high into the atmosphere, allowing strong wind currents to blow the acid rain hundreds of miles from its source. Thus the areas where acid rain falls are no necessarily the areas where the pollution comes from. Pollution from industrial areas of England are damaging forests in Scotland and Scandinavia. Acids from the Midwest United States are blown into northwest Canada. More

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and more regions are beginning to be affected, and given that 13 of the world’s most polluted cities are in neighbouring Asia, countries like Australia and New Zealand are increasingly under threat. 75. Transboundary pollution, the spread of acid rain across political and international borders, has prompted a number of international responses. International legislation during the 1980s and 1990s has led to reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions in many countries but reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides have been much less, leading to the conclusion that without a cooperative global effort, the problem of acid rain will not simply blow away. Your answers: 69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

Part 5: For questions 76-85, read the following article and answer the questions. Write A, B, C, or D in the corresponding numbered box. AGGRESSION    When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.  The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.  An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.  The sociobiological view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.  The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life. 

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According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one's favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.  The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified—as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.  One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.  76. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus?  A. Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.  B. Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.  C. Artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus results in aggression in animals.  D. Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.  77. According to Darwin's theory of evolution (paragraph 3), members of a species are forced to struggle for survival because ___________________. A. not all individuals are skilled in finding food B. individuals try to defend their young against attackers C. many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction    D. individuals with certain genes are more likely to reach adulthood 78. The word “gratify” in the passage is closest in meaning to __________________. A. identify B. modify C. satisfy D. simplify 79. The word "they" in the passage 5 refers to_______________. A. future explosions B. pent-up aggressive impulses C. outlets D. indirect ways  80. According to paragraph 5, Freud believed that children experience conflict between a desire to vent aggression on their parents and _________________. A. a frustration that their parents do not give them everything they want  B. a desire to take care of their parents  C. a desire to vent aggression on other family members  D. a fear that their parents will punish them and stop loving them  81. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people ___________.

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A. must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up B. deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger C. usually release aggression in explosive ways D. typically lose their aggression if they do not express it 82. Which of the sentences below best expresses the meaning of the sentence in bold in paragraph 7? A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not. B. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently. C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime. D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime. 83. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's ________________. A. moral values  B. previous experiences with aggression  C. beliefs about other people's intentions  D. instinct to avoid aggression  84. The word “distort” in the passage is closest in meaning to ________________. A. mistrust B. misinterpret C. criticize D. resent 85. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the paragraph the sentence “According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.” can be inserted? The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. [A] Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. [B] The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as "steam engines." [C] By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. [D] Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.  A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D] Your answers: 76. 81.

77. 82.

78. 83.

79. 84.

80. 85.

Part 6: The passage below consists of four paragraphs marked A, B, C, and D. For questions 8695, read the passage and do the task that follows. Write A, B, C, or D in the corresponding numbered box. THE BOOK IS DEAD- LONG LIVE THE BOOK Electronic books are blurring the line between print and digital

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A A lot of ink has been spilled on the supposed demise of the printed world. Ebooks are outselling paper books. Newspapers are dying. To quote one expert: “The days of the codex as the primary carrier of information are almost over.” This has inspired a lot of hand-writing from publishers, librarians, archivists- and me, a writer and lifelong bibliophile who grew up surrounded by paper books. I’ve been blogging since high school, I’m addicted to my smartphone and, in theory, I should be on board with the digital revolution- but when people mourn the loss of paper books, I sympathise. Are printed books really going the way of the dodo? And what would we lose if they did? Some commentators think the rumours of the printed world’s imminent demise have been rather overstated. Printed books will live on as art objects and collector’s items, they argued, rather in the way of vinyl records. People may start buying all their beach novels and periodicals in ebook formats and curating their physical bookshelves more carefully. It is not about the medium, they say, it is about people. As long as there are those who care about books and don’t know why, there will be books. It’s that simple. B Meanwhile artists are blending print with technology. Between Page and Screen by Amaranth Borsuk and Brad Bouse is a paper book that can be read only on a computer. Instead of words, every page has a geometric pattern. If you hold a printed page up to a webcam, while visiting the book’s related website, your screen displays the text of the story streaming, spinning, and leaping off the page. Printed books may need to become more multifaceted, incorporating video, music and interactivity. A group at the MIT Media Lab already builds electronic pop-up books with glowing LEDs that brighten and dim as you pull paper tabs, and authors have been pushing the boundaries with “augmented reality” books for years. The lines between print and digital books are blurring, and interesting things are happening at the interface. C Beyond the page, ebooks may someday transform how we read. We are used to being alone with our thoughts inside a book but what if we could invite friends or favourite authors to join in? A web tool called SocialBook offers a way to make the experience of reading more collaborative. Readers highlight and comment on text, and can see and respond to comments that others have left in the same book. “When you put text into a dynamic network, a book becomes a place where readers and sometimes authors can congregate in the margin,” said Bob Stein, founder of the Institute for the Future of the Book, a think tank in New York. Stein showed how a high-school class is using SocialBook to read and discuss Don Quixote, how an author could use it to connect with readers, and how he and his collaborators have started using it instead of email. Readers can open their books to anyone they want, from close friends to intellectual heroes. “For us, social is not a pizza topping. It’s not an add-on,” Stein says. “It’s the foundational cornerstone of reading and writing going forth into the future. D The tools might be new, but the goal of SocialBook is hardly radical. Books have found ways to be nodes of human connection ever since their inception. That’s why reading a dogeared volume, painstakingly annotated with thoughts and impressions is unfailingly delightful- akin to making a new like-minded acquaintance. The MIT Rare Books collection has kept a copy of John Stuart Mill’s 1848 book Principles of Political Economy, not for its content but for the lines and lines of tiny comments, a passionate but unknown user scrawled in the margins. Maybe ebooks are taking us where print was trying to go all along.

In which paragraph does the writer mention______________________ an example of superseded technology that still has a certain appeal? an analogy used to emphasise how seriously an idea is taken? an anxiety she shares with other like-minded people? a development that questions our assumptions about what reading actually entails?

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Your answers 86. 87 88 89

the willingness of writers to experiment with new ideas? 90 the idea that books have always been part of an ongoing interactive 91 process? a seeming contradiction in her own attitudes? a belief that the fundamental nature of reading will change? finding pleasure in another reader’s reactions to a book? a view that a prediction is somewhat exaggerated?

92 93 94 95

Section IV. WRITING (6pts) Part 1: (1.5pts) Read the following extract and use your own words to summarise it. Your summary should be between 100 and 120 words long. Most people wish they had better memories. They also worry about forgetting things as they get older. But did you know that we have different kinds of memory? When one or more of these kinds of memories start to fail, there are a few simple things that everyone can do to improve their memories. What most people think of as memory is, in fact, five different categories of memory. Our capability to remember things from the past, that is, years or days ago, depends on two categories of memory. They are remote memory and recent memory respectively. Think back to last year’s birthday. What did you do? If you can’t remember that, you are having a problem with your remote memory. On the other hand, if you can’t remember what you ate for lunch yesterday, that is a problem with your recent memory. Remembering past events is only one way we use memories. When taking a test, we need to draw on our semantic memories. That is the sum of our acquired knowledge. Or maybe we want to remember to do or use something in the future, either minutes or days from now. These cases use our immediate and prospective memories respectively. Have you ever thought to yourself, “I need to remember to turn off the light,” but then promptly forgot it? That would be a faulty immediate memory. On the other hand, maybe you can easily remember to meet your friend for lunch next week. That means that at least your prospective memory is in good working order. Many people think that developing a bad memory is unavoidable as we get older, but this is actually not the case. Of our five kinds of memory, immediate, remote, and prospective (if aided with cues like memos) do not degrade with age. But how can we prevent a diminishing of our semantic and unaided prospective memories? The secret seems to be activity. Studies have shown that a little mental activity, like learning new things or even doing crossword puzzles, goes a long way in positively affecting our memories. Regular physical activity appears to be able to make our memories better as well. This is possibly due to having a better blood supply to the brain. The one thing to avoid at all costs, though, is stress. When we are stressed, our bodies release a hormone called cortisol, which is harmful to our brain cells and thus our memories. Reducing stress through meditation, exercise, or other activities can help to preserve our mental abilities. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Human’s memory includes 5 different categories. Recent memory and remote memory are responsible for recording past events. The ability to memorise knowledge depends on semantic memory. The 2 last category, which are immediate and prospective memory, allow us to remember actions that we plan to do in the near and distant future respectively. Contrary to popular belief, 3 categories of memory, including immediate, remote, and prospective do not deteriorate as time goes by. The degradation of the 2 remaining memories, semantic and prospective, can be prevented by frequent mental and physical exercise, as well as the practice of a stress-free lifestyle. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Part 2: (1.5pts) The bar charts below show UK and USA energy energy consumption in 2000 and 2006.

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Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write about 150 words.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The bar graphs illustrate the UK and the USA energy usage in the year 2000 and 2006. Overall, the most remarkable changes can be seen in the proportion of coal and gas consumptions, while the percentage of other energy sources only change slightly after 6 years. The UK consumed a higher proportion of oil and coal, whereas the US used a higher percentage of gas, nuclear power and other renewable sources in both years. Oil was the most used source of energy in the US in 2000 at nearly 40%, and maintained its position after a small increase of about 2% in 2006. The percentage of coal consumed by the 2 countries fell drastically from 2000 to 2006, approximately 15% in the US and 10% in the UK. However, there was an opposite trend in the consumption of gas in both countries, which registered a striking rise of 20% in the UK and 15% in the US. This remarkable growth made

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gas the most consumed power resource in the UK in 2006. Nuclear power and other renewable resources only experienced moderate changes of less than 5 percent in the 2 countries between 2000 and 2006.

Part 3: (3pts) Some people think that allowing children to make their own choices on everyday matters such as food, clothes and entertainment is likely to result in a society of individuals who only think about their own wishes. Other people believe that it is important for children to make decisions about matters that affect them. What is your opinion on this? Write your answer in an essay of about 350 words. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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