Ma 238 Triser Le Vocabulaire Anglais [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Michèle Malavieille Wilfrid Rotgé

Maîtriser le vocabulaire

anglais Lycée, classes préparatoires et université Niveaux B2-C1 du CECRL

Pour s’exprimer sur 65 thèmes contemporains ●

Les mots clés sur chaque thème

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Des exemples pour les apprendre en contexte

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3 00 exercices pour mieux formuler ses idées

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Tous les corrigés

Avec des fichiers audio en accès direct pour s’entraîner à l’oral

Maîtriser

le vocabulaire

anglais

Niveaux B2/C1 du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues (lycée, classes préparatoires et université)

Michèle Malavieille Agrégée de l’Université Professeur h. au lycée Lakanal (Sceaux)

Wilfrid Rotgé Agrégé de l’Université Professeur de linguistique anglaise à l’université Paris Sorbonne

Pour écouter les fichiers audio au format mp3 associés à l’ouvrage et signalés par le pictogramme , rendez-vous sur le site www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais.

Ce flash code vous permet aussi d’accéder directement à tous les documents audio à partir de votre smartphone ou de votre tablette.

Iconographie : Michèle Malavieille et Hatier Illustration Conception graphique : Marc&Yvette Réalisation : Nadine Aymard

© Hatier, Paris, juin 2016 « Le Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle n’autorisant aux termes de l’article L. 122-5, d’une part, que les copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective et, d’autre part, que les analyses et courtes citations dans un but notamment d’exemple et d’illustration, toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle, faite, par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles L. 335-2 et suivants du Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. Le Centre Français de l’exploitation de la Copie (20, rue des Grands-Augustins 75006 Paris) est, conformément à l’article L. 122-10, le seul habilité à délivrer des autorisations de reproduction par reprographie, sous réserve, en cas d’utilisation aux fins de vente, de location, de publicité ou de promotion, de l’accord de l’auteur ou des ayants droit. »

2

Mode d’emploi Maîtriser le vocabulaire anglais est destiné aux lycéens, aux élèves de classes préparatoires, aux étudiants et aux adultes ; il correspond aux niveaux B2-C1 du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues.

LES 65 FICHES L’ouvrage propose, classés en 65 thèmes, les mots clés de l’anglais contemporain nécessaires pour mieux s’exprimer à l’écrit comme à l’oral.

10

Peace

CHECK POINT 1

La sélection des mots utiles sur le thème

un revers céder subir une défaite se rendre une retraite déposer les armes l’emporter sur

to gain the upper hand to rout disarmament de-escalation to reduce/to lessen the arms race to advocate a ban

avoir le dessus mettre en déroute le désarmement la désescalade réduire la course aux armements

3

élaborer une solution apaiser résoudre un problème un communiqué commun améliorer ses relations avec

to make* up with the outcome a peace treaty a veteran a conscientious objector the Blue Helmets a deterrent force to prevent

se réconcilier avec l’issue, le dénouement un traité de paix un ancien combattant un objecteur de conscience les Casques Bleus une force de dissuasion empêcher, éviter

BUILD UP 4

➦ Iraq was in ruins in the aftermath of Gulf War II.

Des exemples pour les mémoriser en contexte

L’Irak était en ruines à la suite de la deuxième guerre du Golfe.

➦ The Prime minister will play honest broker in the row between the two countries. Le Premier ministre va jouer les médiateurs honnêtes dans le différend entre les deux pays.

-en Le suffixe -en permet parfois de former un verbe à partir d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe : to lessen (réduire), to blacken (noircir). Ce procédé n’est pas systématique : free (libre), to free (libérer).

Des exercices classés par objectif

Traduisez le texte suivant qui relate l’histoire de Sadako devenue un symbole de la paix au Japon. On August 6th 1945 at 8:15 a.m. the first A bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki was two years old. She was a mile and a half from ground zero but was not injured. In 1955 she was diagnosed with leukaemia due to radioactive fallout. A friend of hers told her a story that says that anyone who folds a thousand paper cranes will be granted their dearest wish. She managed to make 644 cranes but died in October 1955. Her schoolmates collected money throughout the country and a monument dedicated to Sadako was erected in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Thousands of children send paper cranes which are exhibited all around the monument. “I will write Peace on your wings and you will fly all over the world”, Sadako said.

Back to peace une trêve un cessez-le-feu trouver un compromis

B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

préconiser une interdiction

La capacité à rebondir est partie intégrante du tissu dont est fait l’Oklahoma. Présentez-nous un obstacle, nous deviendrons plus forts.

a truce a ceasefire to settle one’s differences to work out a solution to placate to straighten out/ to solve a problem a joint statement to improve ties with

Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

They hope they will be able to meet the goal set out in their recent joint statement. The President’s speech was intended to placate international opinion. Basically the strategic concept of deterrence aims to prevent war. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names of more than 58,000 American soldiers who died in the controversial Vietnam War. 5. The Christmas truce was a series of unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front around Christmas 1914, during World War I.

➦ Resilience is woven deeply into the fabric of Oklahoma. Throw us an obstacle, and we grow stronger. (Brad Henry)

B

A

the action of ceasing to participate in a military activity: …… to be greater in strength or power: …… a reversal: …… to give up, to surrender: …… the act of decreasing in intensity: ……

1. 2. 3. 4.

Defeat and victory a setback to yield to suffer a defeat to surrender a withdrawal to lay* down arms to prevail over

Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park is dedicated to the legacy of Hiroshima as the first city in the world to suffer a nuclear attack. In the background one can see the ruins of the A bomb Dome.

2

A

Des renvois aux listes de gauche

Paper cranes (des grues en papier) from all over the world in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.

Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des verbes suivants à la forme qui convient : to shorten • to brighten • to deepen • to loosen • to straighten straighten. 1. Some politicians say we should have …… our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties with the U.S. are too strong? 2. The data gathered through this survey will …… our knowledge of the various aspects of energy consumption. 3. It will take some time to …… things out. 4. A compromise was reached and they decided to …… the transition period. 5. The …… economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.

Un entraînement spécifique à l’oral 26

10 - Peace

Un point sur la formation des mots

27

En page de gauche, le vocabulaire à retenir et des exemples pour l’apprendre en contexte. En page de droite, une série d’exercices pour vous entraîner de manière ciblée : Check point pour mémoriser, Food for thought pour mieux s’exprimer, Build up pour construire son vocabulaire.

L’ENTRAÎNEMENT ORAL Pour travailler chaque thème à l’oral, tous les fichiers audio au format mp3 associés à l’ouvrage sont disponibles sur le site www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais : - Listes et exemples de la page de gauche - Documents supports du Food for thought Ils sont signalés par le pictogramme .

ET AUSSI… Des fiches dédiées à la langue anglaise (fiches 66-73) Des tableaux de synthèse Le corrigé de tous les exercices Un index des thèmes abordés dans les Food for Thought La liste des verbes irréguliers (signalés par * dans le corps de l’ouvrage) Abréviations utilisées : sb (somebody), sth (something), qqn (quelqu’un), qqch. (quelque chose).

Mode d’emploi

3

Sommaire Alphabet phonétique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

À l’échelle du monde

LES 65 THÈMES

01 The universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 02 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 03 The climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 04 The conquest of the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15 05 Nations and countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 06 The world’s population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19 07 International relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21 08 War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23 09 Modern warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25 10 Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27

La question environnementale

21 Science and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-49

Réalités économiques

12 The English landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-31

Sciences et techniques

11 Religions and beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-29

13 Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33 14 Urban transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35 15 Living together or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36-37 16 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38-39 17 Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-41 18 Other environmental degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43 19 Biodiversity at risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-45 20 Green living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-47

22 Space exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-51 23 Anatomy and diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53 24 Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-55 25 Care and cures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57 26 The digital world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59 27 Economic sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61 28 Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63 29 Industrial production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-65 30 Economic policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-67 31 Working life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-69 32 Labour relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71 33 World trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-73 34 The consumer society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-75 35 Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-77 36 Money matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79 37 The world of finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80-81

4

Problèmes de société

38 Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83 39 Old age and death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84-85 40 Women and men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87 41 Family relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-89 42 Social inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91 43 Social progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-93 44 Discrimination and civil rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-95 45 Social welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96-97 46 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98-99 47 The law and the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-101 48 Delinquency and criminality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-103 49 Political regimes and parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104-105 50 Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106-107 51 The media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108-109

La vie au quotidien

52 Remembering, imagining… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110-111 53 Moving and doing things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113 54 Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-115 55 Describing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116-117 56 Happiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118-119 57 Displeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-121 58 Expressing oneself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-123 59 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124-125 60 Museums and music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126-127 61 The cinema and television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128-129 62 Architecture and photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130-131 63 Pleasures of the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-133 64 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-135

À propos de la langue anglaise

65 Travelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136-137 66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138-139 67 Quelques origines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-141 68 Binômes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143 69 Homographes/-nymes/-phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145 70 Onomatopées et interjections interjections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146-147 71 Quelques comparaisons courantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148-149 72 Proverbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-151 73 L’anglais journalistique (journalese). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152-153

TABLEAUX DE SYNTHÈSE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154-159

CORRIGÉS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160-184

THÈMES DES FOOD FOR THOUGHT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

VERBES IRRÉGULIERS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186-189

Sommaire

5

Alphabet phonétique

Voyelles brèves /I/ big, which, England /e/ bed, said /œ/ hat, that /Å/ got /Á/ good, would /Ø/ luck, something, does /E/ an, about Voyelles longues /i…/ see, sea, believe /a…/ father, dance /O…/ pork, walk, taught, thought, law /u…/ too, two, whose, rule /∏…/ bird, work, heard Diphtongues /eI/ snake, mail /aI/ cry, while, might /OI/ toy /EÁ/ goat, hope, ago, don’t, those /aÁ/ now, about, down, hour /IE/ here, hear /eE/ bear, there, rare /ÁE/ tour Consonnes /T/ thing /D/ this /z/ dogs /S/ sugar, shall /Z/ treasure /tS/ choose /dZ/ just /N/ singing /j/ yet

6

Les 65 thèmes

The universe

01 A

The Milky Way Galaxy contains roughly 200 billion stars. From the Earth – here Botswana –, it is visible as a milky band that stretches across the night sky.

Space infinity the void weightlessness gravity gravitation a light year

l’infini le vide l’apesanteur la pesanteur la gravitation une année-lumière

a shooting star the Milky Way the Pole/North Star to wax to wane to complete an orbit

une étoile filante la Voie lactée l’Étoile polaire croître [pour la lune] décroître effectuer une orbite

➦ Halley’s comet is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth. It takes the comet 75 to 76 years to complete an orbit around the Sun. La comète de Halley est clairement visible à l’œil nu de la terre. Il lui faut 75 ou 76 ans pour effectuer une orbite complète autour du soleil.

B

Solids ore iron \aIEn\ rust lead \led\ flint marble

un minerai le fer la rouille le plomb le silex le marbre

slate limestone peat clay tough \tØf\ crumbly

l’ardoise le calcaire la tourbe l’argile dur, résistant friable

➦ Silicon Valley is named after silicon, which is used to create most semiconductors. La Silicon Valley doit son nom au silicium, qui est utilisé dans la fabrication de la plupart des semi-conducteurs.

C

Light and darkness a ray/a beam of light in broad daylight bright to dazzle to twinkle to glitter to sparkle

un rayon de lumière en plein jour vif éblouir scintiller scintiller, briller étinceler

to flash a glow a glimmer faint dim the shadow the shade

➦ It’s better to light a candle than curse the darkness. (Peter Benenson) Mieux vaut allumer une bougie que de maudire l’obscurité.

➦ Nothing can dim the light which shines from within. (Maya Angelou) Rien ne peut atténuer la lumière qui brille de l’intérieur.

-less et -lessness Nom : use (l’utilité) ➞ Adjectif : useless (inutile) ➞ Nom : uselessness (l’inutilité)

8

clignoter une lueur rougeoyante une faible lueur faible terne, sans éclat l’ombre l’ombrage

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes.

A

1. Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, and he suddenly thought of the Universal Law of …… : that is what the legend says. 2. A …… …… is another name for a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere, becoming a meteor. 3. A …… …… is equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres.

2

Trouvez les noms correspondant aux définitions suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

3

B

a reddish coating formed on iron or steel by the action of air: r_ _ t a grey dark rock often used for covering roofs: s _ _ _ e a hard type of rock that produces a spark when it is hit by steel: f _ _ _ t carbonized vegetable tissue formed by partial decomposition in water of various plants: p _ _ t

Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un élément de droite pour former des expressions que vous traduirez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

in the twinkle a dazzling the shadow sparkling a glimmer a flash

a. b. c. d. e. f.

C

of hope of an eye clean of inspiration of a doubt speed

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Lisez le texte suivant ; le physicien britannique Stephen Hawking y expose certaines de ses idées sur l’origine de l’univers. The problem of the origin of the universe is a bit like the old question: Which came first, the chicken, or the egg. In other words, what agency created the universe. And what created that agency. Or perhaps, the universe, or the agency that created it, existed forever, and didn’t need to be created. Up to recently, scientists have tended to shy away from such questions, feeling that they belonged to metaphysics or religion, rather than to science. However, in the last few years, it has emerged that the Laws of Science may hold even at the beginning of the universe. In that case, the universe could be self-contained, and determined completely by the Laws of Science. Stephen W. Hawking, Origin of the Universe, © 1988 S. W. Hawking.

En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les mots ou expressions en gras.

BUILD UP 5

Complétez ces phrases avec un adjectif ou un nom de la liste suivante : ageless(ness) • aimless(ness) • breathless(ness) • careless(ness) • endless(ness) • speechless(ness) • friendless(ness). 1. This sad piece of news left her …… . 2. “To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune. To lose both looks like …… .” (O. Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest, 1894) 3. Marilyn Monroe is a screen icon whose …… beauty still enthrals audiences today. 4. At college she felt isolated and …… . 5. Asthma attacks can lead to episodes of extreme …… . 6. Without a worthy goal, life becomes …… . 7. Is the United States still the land of …… opportunities?

01 - The universe

9

02 A

The Earth Volcanoes are prodigious land builders. Kilauea and Mauna Loa, two of the world’s most active volcanoes, are still adding to the island of Hawaii.

Lands and seas a range of mountains height \haIt\ the summit a pass to rise* up a cliff a slope steep a volcano \vÅl"keInEÁ\

une chaîne la hauteur le sommet un col s’élever une falaise une pente escarpé un volcan

to erupt the sea bed the ebb and flow the tide to be* slack to surge, to swell* a reef straits landlocked

entrer en éruption les fonds marins le flux et le reflux la marée être étale s’enfler un récif un détroit sans accès sur la mer

➦ Uganda is a landlocked country. L’Ouganda est un pays sans accès à la mer.

➦ There is a groundswell of opinion against the reform. L’opinion publique est massivement contre la réforme.

➦ They should stick to a common policy which will keep us off the slippery slope. Ils devraient s’en tenir à une politique commune qui nous permettra d’éviter ce terrain glissant.

B

Rivers and lakes a spring a brook, a stream, a creek [US] to wind* \waInd\ the stream upstream downstream the (rate of) flow

une source un ruisseau serpenter le courant en amont en aval le débit

to overflow, to burst* its banks a waterfall a whirlpool a pool, a pond shallow a lock a dam, a flood barrier

sortir de son lit une chute d’eau un tourbillon un étang peu profond une écluse un barrage

➦ They live in the downstream area of the river. Ils habitent en aval du fleuve.

➦ Don’t change horses in midstream. (Abraham Lincoln) On ne change pas de monture au milieu du gué.

➦ Either you decide to stay in the shallow end of the pool or you go out in the ocean. (Christopher Reeve)

Vous pouvez décider de rester dans le petit bain mais vous pouvez aussi décider d’aller vers le large.

Over- et underLe préfixe over- implique l’idée d’« au-dessus » ou de dépassement, d’excès : to overflow (déborder), overworked (surmené). Le préfixe under- implique l’idée d’« au-dessous » ou d’insuffisance : underground (en sous-sol), underfed (sous-alimenté).

10

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B 1. 2. 3. 4.

2

There has been a steep increase in the cost of petrol recently. Unfortunately, this nation is at the mercy of the ebb and flow of global tides. The crisis makes the number of unemployed swell. Business is slack.

Complétez ces phrases avec les mots suivants : whirlpool • shallow • locks • mainstream • spring puis traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

They find it difficult to adapt to the norms of …… society. These problems …… from a misunderstanding. Then, the enterprise became a bubble on a …… of speculation. Those studies are absolutely wrong, …… and short-sighted. In 2014, on the occasion of its Centennial, the Panama canal opened its new …… to the huge cargo ships that could not cross the isthmus.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

L’homme et la terre… Lisez ces citations et choisissez le mot approprié en vous aidant du contexte. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. The earth has music/noise for those who listen. (George Santayana) 2. Flowers are the moon/earth laughing. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) 3. I went to the woods because I wished to live carelessly/deliberately, to front only the essential facts/oppression of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die/think, discover that I had not lived. (Henry David Thoreau) 4. In a sense, each of us is an island/a mountain. In another sense, however, we are all one. For though islands appear united/separate, and may even be situated at great distances from one another, they are only extrusions of the same planet, Earth. (James Donald Walters) 5. It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and red/blue, was the Earth. I put up my thumb and shut/opened one eye, and my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn’t feel like a giant/a child. I felt very, very small. (Neil Armstrong)

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases suivantes avec over- ou under-. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

He was dismissed: the boss said he was ……performing. Everything in this store is ……priced, I can’t afford to shop there. This child is ……weight: he should stop drinking Coke. ……fishing has major effects on ecosystems. They declared they were ……worked and ……paid.

02 - The Earth

11

The climate

03 A

This picture portrays a storm brooding over Dead Horse State Park (Utah).

The weather a heat wave drought \draÁt\ sweltering blazing sultry close \kloÁs\ a gust of wind a gale to abate a thunderstorm a clap of thunder lightning

une vague de chaleur la sécheresse étouffant torride suffocant lourd une rafale de vent une bourrasque se calmer un orage un coup de tonnerre les éclairs, la foudre

a flash of lightning frost black ice a blanket of snow a snowdrift chilly overcast hail mist drizzle scattered showers to get* soaked/drenched

un éclair le gel, la gelée, le givre le verglas une couche de neige une congère très frais couvert la grêle la brume la bruine des averses intermittentes se faire tremper

➦ Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces us up, snow is exhilarating; there is really no such thing as bad weather, only different kinds of good weather. (John Ruskin) Lorsque le soleil brille, c’est délicieux, la pluie nous rafraîchit, le vent nous revigore, la neige nous grise ; le mauvais temps, ça n’existe pas, il y a seulement diverses formes de beau temps.

➦ Recently China experienced a large-scale outbreak of fog and haze that affected some 600 million people and covered a quarter of its territory. La Chine a connu récemment un épisode à grande échelle de brouillard et de brume qui a touché environ 600 millions de personnes et couvert un quart du territoire.

B

Natural disasters to flood \flØd\ to be* in spate monsoon rain to overflow an earthquake an aftershock a landslide

inonder être en crue les pluies de mousson déborder un tremblement de terre une réplique un glissement de terrain

a tornado, a twister [US] to rip a tidal wave to near to gather strength to subside

une tornade arracher un raz de marée se rapprocher prendre de la vigueur s’éloigner, se calmer

➦ The deadliest event of the Klondike gold rush occurred in April 1898 on the Chilkoot Trail. Numerous avalanches took place and 65 people lost their lives. L’événement le plus tragique de la Ruée vers l’or dans le Klondike eut lieu en avril 1898 sur la piste de Chilkoot. Il y eut de nombreuses avalanches et 65 personnes perdirent la vie.

➦ The word tsunami comes from the Japanese tsu (harbour) + nami (wave).

AfterLe préfixe after- est utilisé pour former un nom désignant quelque chose de postérieur dans le temps : an aftershock (une réplique), the aftermath of an event (les suites d’un événement).

12

CHECK POINT 1

Faites correspondre chaque mot à sa définition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2

sweltering lightning a drought drizzle chilly to abate a gale

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

A

cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable to become less intense suffocating a very strong wind a long period of time with no rain flashes of light followed by thunder very light rain

Complétez ces phrases avec un des noms suivants : tornado • flooding • earthquake • monsoon • tsunami • landslide.

B

1. A strong …… near Alaska’s Aleutian Islands triggered a …… warning Monday, but only small waves measuring several inches hit coastal communities. 2. A monstrous …… at least a half-mile wide roared through the Oklahoma City suburbs Tuesday, flattening entire neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school. 3. From May through September of 1993, the Midwest suffered record …… , resulting in the deaths of at least 50 people and damages approaching $15 billion. 4. The death toll from strong winds and …… rains across Sri Lanka’s coastal belt rose to 27 while another 29 fishermen are missing. 5. …… are common in mountainous Nepal during the monsoon season.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Voici à quoi conduit l’humour anglais à propos d’une tempête dans la Manche. Choisissez le terme qui convient. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. I shall never forget the poor gentleman who once travelled with me on the Channel boat. Only the two of us were on deck as a violent storm/drought was raging. A tremendous frost/gale was lashing mountainous seas. We huddled there for a while, without saying anything. Suddenly a fearful gust/ tornado blew him overboard. His head emerged just once from the water below me. He looked at me calmly and remarked somewhat casually: “Rather sunny/windy, isn’t it?” George Mikes, How to be inimitable, Andre Deutsch, 1960.

4

Des catastrophes naturelles sont restées dans l’histoire. Traduisez les mots ou segments en gras en tenant bien compte du contexte. Afghanistan Blizzard (2008) The second worst blizzard in modern history after the Iran blizzard with regards to casualties, it had an estimated death toll of 1,337 due to temperatures that fell below -30°C with up to 180 centimeters of snow in the mountainous regions. Some were frozen to death, a number died when their vehicles were blocked by snowdrifts and at least 100 people underwent frostbite amputations in hospitals across the country. It also claimed more than 100,000 sheep and goats and 315,000 cattle. 25 worst natural disasters recorded, List25™ © 2011-2014.

BUILD UP 5

Utilisez le préfixe after- pour traduire les mots suivants. 1. une pensée qui vient après coup – 2. un arrière-goût – 3. un effet secondaire – 4. une postface – 5. la vie après la mort

03 - The climate

13

The conquest of the world

04 A

In 1869, the railheads of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads met at Promontory Summit (Utah): the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was officially completed.

Exploring the world a map the scale of a map a chart a landmark a compass to find*/to get* one’s bearings

une carte l’échelle d’une carte une carte [marine/du ciel] un point de repère une boussole s’orienter

trade winds to make* landfall the mainland to circumnavigate (the world) the west the east

les alizés arriver en vue de la terre le continent [≠ une île] faire le tour du monde l’ouest, l’Occident l’est, l’Orient

➦ “Manifest Destiny” was a phrase used by leaders and politicians in the second half of the 19th century to explain the westward expansion by the United States. American settlers were destined to conquer the west. La « destinée manifeste » était une expression utilisée par les leaders politiques durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle pour expliquer la conquête de l’Ouest par les Américains. Les colons américains avaient pour mission divine de conquérir l’Ouest.

B

Settling a land a people native a tribe to inhabit a countryman

une terre, un pays un peuple autochtone une tribu habiter un concitoyen

a settler to lie* to stretch, to spread* a border, a boundary a trail to link

un colon être situé s’étendre une frontière une piste relier

➦ Washington is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting and the morals are deplorable. Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country. (Horace Greeley, 1865)

Washington n’est pas un endroit où vivre. Les loyers sont chers, la nourriture est mauvaise, le lieu est sale et repoussant, les mœurs y sont dissolues. Pars vers l’ouest, jeune homme, pars vers l’ouest et grandis avec le pays.

➦ Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal. (John Fitzgerald Kennedy) Notre lien commun le plus fondamental est que nous sommes tous des habitants de cette petite planète. Nous respirons tous le même air. Nous chérissons tous l’avenir de nos enfants. Et nous sommes tous mortels.

-man, -woman, -person De nombreux noms désignant une profession ou l’appartenance à un groupe sont formés à partir de nom + -man ou -woman : a fisherman (un pêcheur), a countryman (un concitoyen), a statesman (un homme d’État), an Englishman (un Anglais). On trouve aussi nom + -person : a chairperson (un président/une présidente), a spokesperson (un/une porte-parole).

14

CHECK POINT 1

Sachant que southern signifie « méridional », comment diriez-vous : « septentrional », « oriental » et « occidental » ?

2

Complétez les phrases suivantes.

A A B

1. The Magellan-Elcano expedition …… the world for the first time in history. They sailed from Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522. 2. The magnetic …… was invented by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty (starting about 206 BC). 3. The …… winds have been used by captains of sailing ships for centuries. They enabled the Europeans to create new empires in the Americas. 4. From the early 1830s to 1869 the Oregon …… was used by about 400,000 …… , farmers, miners and their families. They made the trip in covered wagons pulled by mules and oxen.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez le texte suivant qui aborde la notion de « Frontière » dans la civilisation américaine. The idea of a “frontier”, of a place that is an edge between the known and the unknown, the settled and the wild, has a prominent place in American history. Sometimes it is a particular territory, such as the North American continent west of the Missouri River. It can be the idea of a place, something more ambiguous: a frontier is a place where you are on your own, where the rules are not yet made. The frontier can be a mental realm of new ideas, ideas about space and time and the origins of the world. For many Americans, what was “the frontier” is, geographically, that land west of the Missouri River that is characterized as dry, perhaps even arid, where crops grow with a struggle and where cattle range freely, searching for water and feed. © North west of the west, www.lib.washington.edu.

Relevez les termes : 1. 2. 3. 4.

qui donnent une définition géographique précise de la « Frontière » ; qui décrivent précisément les caractéristiques des deux côtés de la « Frontière » ; qui impliquent que la « Frontière » est un lieu de liberté et un lieu de tous les possibles ; qui évoquent la difficulté de subsister en ces lieux.

BUILD UP 4

Employez un mot composé avec -man, -woman ou -person dans les phrases suivantes. 1. Her Excellency Ms. Rosemary Banks presided over the New Zealand delegates: she was …… of the Delegation of New Zealand. 2. The president’s …… said that the speech was scheduled for Wednesday. 3. The United States is sometimes called the …… of the world. 4. Sir Winston Churchill is recognized as one of the greatest …… of the 20th century. 5. Emma is a …… at heart. She enjoys playing rugby, skiing and surfing.

04 - The conquest of the world

15

05 �

Nations and countries There are 195 independent sovereign states in the world (including Taiwan), plus about 60 dependent areas, and five disputed territories, like Kosovo. Here are some of their flags.

Dans le tableau suivant, ne sont indiqués que les mots courants qui risquent de poser problème.

countries/territories Europe Germany Norway Britain Scotland Denmark Poland Spain Turkey Greece Holland, the Netherlands Ireland Wales Lebanon Portugal Japan Pakistan Israel Thailand Switzerland

people the Europeans the Germans the Norwegians the British the Scots, Scotsmen the Danes the Poles the Spanish, Spaniards the Turks the Greeks the Dutch the Irish the Welsh the Lebanese the Portuguese the Japanese the Pakistanis the Israelis the Thais the Swiss

a/an a European a German a Norwegian a British person a Scot, a Scotsman a Dane a Pole a Spaniard a Turk a Greek a Dutchman an Irishman a Welshman a Lebanese a Portuguese a Japanese a Pakistani an Israeli a Thai a Swiss man

adjective European German Norwegian British Scottish Danish Polish Spanish Turkish Greek Dutch Irish Welsh Lebanese Portuguese Japanese Pakistani Israeli Thai Swiss

Quelques cas particuliers The United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales + Northern Ireland The United States of America/the USA: the car le nom de pays comprend un nom commun (states) Eire: la République d’Irlande ≠ Northern Ireland, parfois appelé Ulster

➦ Henry James was American born but spent most of his writing career in England. Henry James était américain mais il a passé l’essentiel de sa vie d’écrivain en Angleterre.

➦ When it comes to nationality or citizenship, there are two types of rights: the right of the soil and the right of blood. The former gives you the right to nationality of a given country if you were born in that country. Quand on aborde la question de la nationalité ou de la citoyenneté, il y a deux types de droits : le droit du sol et le droit du sang. Le premier vous donne la nationalité d’un pays donné si vous y êtes né.

➦ The latter (the right of blood) depends on your parents: if one of them is a citizen of a given country, you can claim citizenship of that country. Le second (le droit du sang) dépend de vos parents : si l’un d’eux est citoyen d’un pays donné, vous pouvez réclamer la citoyenneté dans ce pays.

➦ Quite a few countries have a mixture of those two rights, like Canada, the United States, Israel and Germany. Plusieurs pays ont un mélange de ces deux droits : c’est le cas du Canada, des États-Unis, d’Israël et de l’Allemagne.

16

CHECK POINT 1

2

Complétez le tableau suivant. pays

les…

un/une…

adjectif

France

……

……

……

……

the Irish

……

……

……

……

……

Russian

……

……

a Mexican

……

Japan

……

……

……

……

……

……

Korean

……

……

a Pole

……

Israel

……

……

……

……

……

……

Welsh

……

……

a Turk

……

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. Maria Callas était une soprano grecque née aux États-Unis. 2. John Maxwell Coetzee est un romancier sud-africain qui se vit attribuer (was awarded) le prix Nobel de littérature en 2003. Il devint citoyen australien en 2006. 3. Albert Einstein est né en Allemagne en 1879, il est mort en 1955 dans le New Jersey. 4. James Cook a découvert la Nouvelle-Zélande en 1770. Il devint le premier Européen à rencontrer (who encountered) des aborigènes. 5. Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890) était un peintre post-impressionniste d’origine hollandaise. 6. La plupart des ouvriers employés pour la construction du premier chemin de fer transcontinental aux États-Unis étaient chinois ou irlandais.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Dans ce paragraphe, remplacez l’initiale du pays par l’adjectif correspondant en ayant, bien sûr, le sens de l’humour ! Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. An old popular joke Heaven is where the cooks are …… (F), the police are …… (GB), the mechanics are …… or …… (D or CH), the lovers are …… (I) and everything is organized by the …… or …… (D or CH). Hell is where the cooks are …… (GB), the police are …… (D), the mechanics are …… (F), the lovers are …… (CH), and everything is organized by the …… (I). http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/jokes/bljokeheavenhell.htm.

4

Stereotypes… Choisissez les termes qui conviennent. Even today when the international community promotes diversity and encourages tolerance, certain people are still tagged according to their nationalities. Here is an example. Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably the same people who think that the Canadian capital is Ottawa/Toronto, that Canadian culture is based around Celine Dion, and that Canadians live in igloos/skyscrapers. The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in this country. Canada offers a wide range of exciting/dangerous activities such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports for the adventurous. You’ll also not run out of reasons to laugh/cry in this more-than-maple country (ce pays où il n’y a pas que des érables). After all, many comedians in Hollywood are Canadians – Mike Myers, John Candy, Matthew Perry, Eugene Levy and Jim Carrey among others. Their names hardly sound boring, do they? www.nationalstereotype.com/you-are-not-your-count.

05 - Nations and countries

17

The world’s population

06 A

A statue of Annie Moore and her brothers stands on the waterfront of Cobh, Ireland. She was the first immigrant to pass through the new immigration centre at Ellis Island in New York Harbor, in 1892.

Migratory movements a border the customs to go* into exile to flee* a political refugee an asylum seeker a stateless person a smuggler a stowaway to implement quotas a holding centre

une frontière la douane s’exiler fuir un réfugié politique un demandeur d’asile un apatride un passeur un passager clandestin imposer des quotas un centre de rétention

undocumented to be* turned away a host country citizenship a residence permit, a green card [US] a foreign national to start from scratch to fulfil a dream to blend (in)

sans papiers être refoulé un pays d’accueil la citoyenneté un permis de séjour un ressortissant étranger partir de rien réaliser un rêve s’intégrer

➦ “Pull and push factors” are the reasons why people are attracted by a country and pushed away from the country where they live. Des facteurs d’attraction et de répulsion expliquent pourquoi les gens sont attirés par un pays et repoussés du pays dans lequel ils vivent.

➦ Britain’s an island; it’s always had a constant ebb and flow of immigration – it makes it a better place. (Johnny Rotten) La Grande-Bretagne est une île ; elle a connu de constants flux et reflux d’immigrants – cela la rend meilleure.

➦ Illegal aliens have always been a problem in the United States. Ask any Indian. (Robert Orben) Les étrangers en situation irrégulière ont de tout temps posé problème aux États-Unis. Posez la question à n’importe quel Indien.

B

Population growth a census an inhabitant population growth the birth rate to slow down to increase on average

un recensement un habitant la croissance démographique le taux de naissance ralentir s’accroître, augmenter en moyenne

life expectancy densely/sparsely populated overcrowded a baby bust … people per square km

l’espérance de vie très/peu peuplé surpeuplé un effondrement démographique … habitants au km2

➦ China’s One Child Policy was created in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping to limit communist China’s population growth. It was in place for more than three decades. La politique chinoise de l’enfant unique a été mise en place par Deng Xiaoping en 1979 pour limiter la croissance démographique de la Chine communiste. Elle est restée en vigueur pendant plus de trois décennies.

-ship Le suffixe -ship sert à former des noms abstraits désignant le fait d’être… à partir d’un nom : citizenship (la citoyenneté), friendship (l’amitié).

18

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

A B

1. En Australie, il y a 23 millions d’habitants, 40 millions de kangourous et 75 millions de moutons. 2. En 2013, selon l’OMS (according to the WHO), l’espérance de vie était de 84,6 ans au Japon, de 79,8 ans aux États-Unis et de 47,5 ans en Sierra Leone. 3. Hier, neuf demandeurs d’asile ont été découverts cachés sous un Eurostar. 4. Quinze millions de personnes sont apatrides. Aucun pays ne les reconnaît comme ressortissants. Ils font partie (They are some of) des êtres les plus invisibles de la planète.

2

À partir du mot rate, traduisez les expressions suivantes.

B

1. le taux de natalité – 2. le taux de croissance – 3. le taux de remplacement – 4. le taux de mortalité – 5. le taux d’alphabétisation – 6. le taux de chômage – 7. le taux de survie

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez cet extrait d’un discours de Barack Obama sur les actions en faveur des jeunes immigrés aux États-Unis dans le cadre du programme DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors). These are young people who study in our schools, they play in our neighborhoods, they’re friends with our kids, they pledge allegiance to our flag. They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every single way but one: on paper. They were brought to this country by their parents, – sometimes even as infants, – and often have no idea that they’re undocumented until they apply for a job or a driver’s license or a college scholarship. Put yourself in their shoes. Imagine you’ve done everything right your entire life, – studied hard, worked hard, maybe even graduated at the top of your class, – only to suddenly face the threat of deportation to a country that you know nothing about, with a language that you may not even speak. That’s what gave rise to the Dream Act. It says that if your parents brought you here as a child, you’ve been here for five years and you’re willing to go to college or serve in our military, you can one day earn your citizenship. And I’ve said time and time and time again to Congress that, send me the Dream Act, put it on my desk, and I will sign it right away. Barack Obama, June 15, 2012, © www.whitehouse.gov.

Citez les phrases où Barack Obama : 1. déclare que les jeunes concernés sont américains dans tous les sens du terme sauf sur le papier ; 2. dit que ces jeunes ignorent qu’ils sont sans papier jusqu’au moment où ils postulent pour le permis de conduire ; 3. demande à son auditoire de se mettre à leur place ; 4. évoque la menace d’expulsion qui pèse sur eux ; 5. énonce les conditions qui les mèneront à acquérir la nationalité américaine.

BUILD UP 4

Parmi les mots suivants, choisissez ceux qui correspondent aux définitions ci-dessous : censorship • lordship • ownership • township • membership • dictatorship • kinship. 1. 2. 3. 4.

the state of belonging to or being a part of a group or an organization the fact of possessing something a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in one person the system or practice of examining books, movies, etc. and deleting passages

06 - The world’s population

19

07

International relations These people are demonstrating against China’s invasion of Tibet. The picture was taken in India in 2011.

A

Diplomatic activity an embassy to be* appointed ambassador a representative the diplomatic corps \kO…\, the foreign service [US] the diplomatic bag/ pouch [US] an adviser, an advisor [US] an envoy a counterpart

une ambassade être nommé ambassadeur un délégué le corps diplomatique

la valise diplomatique un conseiller un émissaire un homologue

talks a route map to endorse a memorandum of agreement to pay* lip service to to recall an ambassador to deliver an ultimatum to to break* off diplomatic relations

des pourparlers une feuille de route appuyer, approuver un protocole d’accord manifester un intérêt de pure forme pour rappeler un ambassadeur adresser un ultimatum à rompre des relations diplomatiques

➦ The Committee took note of this information but refused to endorse this policy. Le Comité a pris note de ces informations mais a refusé d’appuyer cette politique.

➦ An ambassador is an honest man sent abroad to lie for his country. (Henry Wotton) Un ambassadeur est un homme honnête que l’on envoie à l’étranger pour mentir au nom de son pays.

➦ The European Commission has adopted a route map for planning maritime space. La Commission européenne a adopté une feuille de route pour la planification de l’espace maritime.

B

International negotiations the balance of power to hold* a summit the agenda to convene a host country to bond with to change course a thaw a settlement

l’équilibre des forces organiser un sommet l’ordre du jour se réunir un pays d’accueil nouer des liens avec changer de cap un dégel un accord

a bone of contention a deadline a showdown to take* steps to hinder to toughen \"tØfn\ one’s stance to walk out of the talks

une pomme de discorde une date limite une épreuve de force prendre des mesures entraver durcir sa position quitter les négociations

➦ The date has been set for a referendum to approve the draft constitution. And so, the next showdown is likely to come very soon. On a arrêté la date du référendum sur le projet de constitution. Et donc, la prochaine épreuve de force aura probablement lieu très prochainement.

➦ In certain areas there are significant problems which hinder the return to peace. Dans certains domaines, il existe d’importantes difficultés qui freinent le retour à la paix.

Off La particule off implique l’idée de séparation, de rupture : to take off (décoller), to break off (rompre).

20

CHECK POINT 1

Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2

A B

a person who gives advice in a particular field: …… a country that provides services, buildings, etc. for an event: …… a representative of a government who is sent on a special diplomatic mission: …… to declare one’s public approval or support of: …… a person or thing closely resembling another, especially in function: …… an increase in friendliness or cordiality: …… to come or bring together for a meeting or activity; to assemble: ……

Déduisez le sens des expressions suivantes à partir des mots agenda et corps. 1. to top the agenda 2. to put together an agenda 3. an item on the agenda

A B

4. the medical corps 5. the intelligence corps 6. the press corps

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

La diplomatie par la gastronomie… Lisez ce texte et choisissez le mot approprié en vous aidant du contexte. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. These nations are using food/weapons to project power around the world. And it’s working. “Noodle diplomacy” and “chopstick diplomacy” may be new phrases, but the concept that food and gastronomy/embassies/diplomacy go together is as old as, well, food. Even the ancient Romans knew the best way to make a showdown/peace/war with an enemy was to share a good meal. It’s just taken us until relatively recently to come up with a word for it: gastrodiplomacy/Roman diplomacy/diplomatic corps. But now that we’ve got one, we’re not wasting time. At least five countries – Thailand, South Korea, Peru, Taiwan and the United States – have “official” culinary diplomacy/peace programs, and colleges are even teaching courses in how to eat your way to cultural understanding/thaw. Thailand should be credited with reviving the ancient trend in 2002, with its “Global Thai program”. The idea was to increase/hinder/prevent the number of Thai restaurants nationwide/in Asia/ worldwide, which The Economist presaged would “not only introduce delicious spicy Thai food to thousands of new tummies and persuade more people to visit Thailand, but it could subtly help cancel/deepen/toughen relations with other countries”. Global Post (Globalpost.com), March 25, 2014.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases avec les mots suivants : cut off • fight off • pay off • take-off • switch off. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

In the summer of 1940, Great Britain remained alone to …… …… a possible German invasion. They have sacrificed their ecological potential to achieve an economic ……-…… . When the economy slowed down, a lot of families were unable to …… …… their loans. Please …… …… your mobile phones during the meeting. Flooded roads …… …… at least 90 villages.

07 - International relations

21

War

08 A

The battleship USS Missouri rests in Pearl Harbour (Hawaii). She was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan which ended World War II.

Disagreement to differ with to strain relations to bode ill for the future a feud \fju…d\ to bog down unbridgeable/ irreconcilable views

être en désaccord avec créer des tensions être de mauvais augure pour l’avenir une querelle s’enliser des points de vue irréconciliables

a deadlock uncompromising to set* an ultimatum to derail talks

une impasse inébranlable poser un ultimatum faire échouer des discussions rompre un accord entrer en conflit

to break* up a deal to clash

➦ Such declarations could strain their bilateral relations. De telles déclarations pourraient créer des tensions dans leurs relations bilatérales.

➦ An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind. (attribué à Gandhi) Œil pour œil et le monde entier deviendra aveugle.

B

Waging war to wage war with to break* out to invade to retaliate a weapon \"wepEn\ ammunition, munitions armoured a dogfight a shell

faire la guerre à éclater envahir riposter, exercer des représailles une arme les munitions blindé un combat aérien un obus

a machine gun an assault rifle to shoot* at to shoot* sb a stray bullet the wounded casualties missing in action (MIA) a POW \Æpi… EÁ "dØblju…\ to release side effects

une mitrailleuse un fusil d’assaut tirer sur abattre qqn une balle perdue les blessés les pertes humaines disparu au combat un prisonnier de guerre relâcher les dommages collatéraux

➦ You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. (Winston Churchill) Vous demandez quel est notre but ? Je peux répondre en un mot. C’est la victoire, la victoire à tout prix, la victoire en dépit de toute peur, la victoire, aussi long et dur que puisse être le chemin ; car sans victoire il n’est pas de survie.

Un- et illUn- est un préfixe qui donne une valeur négative à un adjectif, un adverbe ou un nom : uncompromising (inébranlable), unfair (injuste). Il- devant l (im- devant m ou p, ir- devant r, in- devant les autres lettres) a aussi une valeur négative : illogical (illogique), impossible (impossible), irrelevant (non pertinent), inadequate (inadéquat).

22

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

This question has been avoided because it is highly sensitive and could …… talks. The peace process is getting …… down and tensions are rising again. We’ll do everything we can to get out of the …… we have been facing for far too long. The long-standing Indian-Pakistani …… over Kashmir remains contentious and fractious. The high illiteracy rate and the low level of education …… ill for the …… .

Traduisez.

B

1. Le dernier prisonnier de guerre américain de la guerre en Afghanistan vient d’être relâché. 2. Les premiers combats aériens eurent lieu (to appear) pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, peu (shortly) après l’invention de l’avion. 3. Le nombre (estimated number) de pertes humaines de l’URSS pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale est évalué (stands at) à 26,6 millions. 4. Essayez de garder votre sang-froid (to remain in control) et de ne pas riposter. 5. La guerre éclata en 1939 lorsque l’Allemagne envahit la Pologne.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Prenez connaissance de ce texte qui évoque l’arrivée d’une jeune recrue au Vietnam en 1970. The plane to ’Nam set him down at Da Nang on April 19, 1970, with a year to serve if he were lucky enough to live through it. The first thing that struck him stepping off the plane was the heat; a country that had seemed so green and riotously alive from their incoming jetliner had air so close and hot it sucked his breath away. His second indelible impression was the look of the men waiting to leave on the plane that had borne him in. He could read his future in their past, in their missing limbs and their dull, haunted faces. The only thing that kept him from being scared was his countervailing sense that being scared was pointless. “I can’t say hey, I don’t want to go”, he thought; he felt like a man who had been sentenced to a year in prison, hearing the gates clank shut behind him. Newsweek, February 18, 1983.

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes. 1. Relevez avec précision les segments de phrases qui vous indiquent que ce soldat arrive au Vietnam. 2. À partir du sens premier des termes en gras, déduisez leur sens en contexte et proposez une traduction. Pour vous aider… a riot : une émeute • riotous : déchaîné, tapageur • close : mal aéré • limbs : membres • to miss : manquer • to countervail : contrecarrer, s’opposer à.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez avec le préfixe approprié : un-, il-, im-, ir- ou in-. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

He was ……aware of the Committee’s intentions. This hospital is particularly cold and ……personal. ……legal downloads affect the audiovisual and music sector. The company’s future is ……certain. The proposal was described as ……mature. The Wallabies have been ……beatable this season. When you travel to India you should always expect the ……expected. The election was dismissed as ……legitimate by many countries. I’ve had enough with his working ……regular hours. Their aim is to create a situation in which military conflict is ……thinkable.

08 - War

23

Modern warfare

09 A

According to UN sources landmines kill 15000 to 20000 people every year. These posters in Angkor Tom (Cambodia) warn people about the presence of landmines.

Weapons high-tech warfare asymmetric warfare proxy war a surgical strike a target to aim a man-portable missile

la guerre de haute technologie la guerre asymétrique la guerre par procuration une frappe chirurgicale une cible viser un missile portatif

a rocket launcher a spy satellite an unmanned vehicle a UAV (an unmanned aerial vehicle), a drone remotely operated an explosive payload a suicide bomber

un lance-roquettes un satellite espion un véhicule sans pilote un drone

commandé à distance une charge explosive un kamikaze

➦ Increasingly, wars are fought in precisely those countries that can least afford them. Of more than 150 major conflicts since the Second World War, 130 have been fought in the developing world. (UNICEF) De plus en plus, les guerres sont livrées très précisément dans les pays qui peuvent le moins se les offrir. Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, sur plus de 150 conflits majeurs, 130 se sont déroulés dans les pays émergents.

➦ The Navy SEALs (SEa, Air and Land) are the U.S. Navy’s principal special operations force. Their members are trained to operate in all climates and environments.

B

Warriors and victims to ambush to plunder, to loot, to pillage to wreak havoc to maim to rape to kidnap a hostage collateral/side effects unexploded ordnance

tendre une embuscade piller faire des ravages mutiler violer enlever un otage des effets collatéraux des munitions non explosées

a warlord a militia group guerrilla warfare tactics civilian victims displaced populations a refugee shell-shocked

un seigneur de la guerre une milice des tactiques de guérilla des victimes civiles les populations déplacées un réfugié atteint de choc traumatique

➦ According to UNICEF (the United Nations Children’s Fund), millions of landmines remain hidden around the world. They are regularly triggered by unsuspecting civilians. Selon l’UNICEF, des millions de mines antipersonnel restent dissimulées dans le monde. Elles sont régulièrement déclenchées par des civils sans méfiance.

➦ WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) can be chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear. They are designed primarily to kill large numbers of people and destroy whole buildings. Les armes de destruction massive peuvent être chimiques, biologiques, radiologiques ou nucléaires. Elles sont destinées essentiellement à tuer un grand nombre de personnes et à détruire des bâtiments entiers.

24

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes.

A

1. The …… …… of those bombs could destroy several cities. 2. A drone is an …… …… vehicle or ship. 3. …… warfare is a conflict between countries or groups with very different military capabilities and strategies. 4. Their military base was an easy …… for an air attack. 5. Would wars fought by …… …… robots make the world a safer place?

2

Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

B

1. Les munitions non explosées font encore des ravages dans ce pays. 2. According to UNESCO, three to seven thousand items plundered from Iraq’s National Museum are still considered missing. 3. Ces enfants sont atteints de choc traumatique. 4. En Europe, de nombreux réfugiés n’atteignent même pas la terre ferme (dry land). 5. 120,000 soldiers were maimed or killed.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent de la guerre moderne et de quelques-unes de ses conséquences. §1. According to the Cambodian leader Pol Pot (1975-1979), landmines were “perfect soldiers” because they never slept and were always ready to attack. § 2. Because of technological advancements, modern warfare has become more anonymous. Hence the question asked by the American organization Globalization101: “Does the use of UAVs promote a feeling of being ‘removed from the battlefield’ that allows an individual to consider ‘pulling the trigger’ without wholly considering the consequences?” (Globalization101.org) § 3. Think of a modern conflict – Iraq, Syria, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Kosovo – and the pictures that come to mind are endless columns of refugees and the debris-strewn bodies of women and children. (The Independent, 20 July 2014) § 4. The war does not end when you come home. It lives on in memories of your fellow soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines who gave their lives. It endures in the wound that is slow to heal, the disability that isn’t going away, the dream that wakes you at night, or the stiffening in your spine when a car backfires (pétarade) down the street. (Barack Obama’s address, February 27, 2009)

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes. 1. Attribuez un titre à chacun de ces paragraphes. a. Femmes et enfants, victimes des conflits modernes : § …… b. La guerre moderne, à distance des champs de bataille : § …… c. Les parfaits petits soldats : § …… d. La guerre : empreintes à long terme : § …… 2. Traduisez les segments en gras.

09 - Modern warfare

25

10 A

Peace The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park is dedicated to the legacy of Hiroshima as the first city in the world to suffer a nuclear attack. In the background one can see the ruins of the A bomb Dome.

Defeat and victory a setback to yield to suffer a defeat to surrender a withdrawal to lay* down arms to prevail over

un revers céder subir une défaite se rendre une retraite déposer les armes l’emporter sur

to gain the upper hand to rout disarmament de-escalation to reduce/to lessen the arms race to advocate a ban

avoir le dessus mettre en déroute le désarmement la désescalade réduire la course aux armements préconiser une interdiction

➦ Resilience is woven deeply into the fabric of Oklahoma. Throw us an obstacle, and we grow stronger. (Brad Henry) La capacité à rebondir est partie intégrante du tissu dont est fait l’Oklahoma. Présentez-nous un obstacle, nous deviendrons plus forts.

B

Back to peace a truce a ceasefire to settle one’s differences to work out a solution to placate to straighten out/ to solve a problem a joint statement to improve ties with

une trêve un cessez-le-feu trouver un compromis élaborer une solution apaiser résoudre un problème un communiqué commun améliorer ses relations avec

to make* up with the outcome a peace treaty a veteran a conscientious objector the Blue Helmets a deterrent force to prevent

se réconcilier avec l’issue, le dénouement un traité de paix un ancien combattant un objecteur de conscience les Casques Bleus une force de dissuasion empêcher, éviter

➦ Iraq was in ruins in the aftermath of Gulf War II. L’Irak était en ruines à la suite de la deuxième guerre du Golfe.

➦ The Prime minister will play honest broker in the row between the two countries. Le Premier ministre va jouer les médiateurs honnêtes dans le différend entre les deux pays.

-en Le suffixe -en permet parfois de former un verbe à partir d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe : to lessen (réduire), to blacken (noircir). Ce procédé n’est pas systématique : free (libre), to free (libérer).

26

CHECK POINT 1

Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

the action of ceasing to participate in a military activity: …… to be greater in strength or power: …… a reversal: …… to give up, to surrender: …… the act of decreasing in intensity: ……

Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

B

1. 2. 3. 4.

They hope they will be able to meet the goal set out in their recent joint statement. The President’s speech was intended to placate international opinion. Basically the strategic concept of deterrence aims to prevent war. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names of more than 58,000 American soldiers who died in the controversial Vietnam War. 5. The Christmas truce was a series of unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front around Christmas 1914, during World War I.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Traduisez le texte suivant qui relate l’histoire de Sadako devenue un symbole de la paix au Japon. On August 6th 1945 at 8:15 a.m. the first A bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki was two years old. She was a mile and a half from ground zero but was not injured. In 1955 she was diagnosed with leukaemia due to radioactive fallout. A friend of hers told her a story that says that anyone who folds a thousand paper cranes will be granted their dearest wish. She managed to make 644 cranes but died in October 1955. Her schoolmates collected money throughout the country and a monument dedicated to Sadako was erected in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Thousands of children send paper cranes which are exhibited all around the monument. “I will write Peace on your wings and you will fly all over the world”, Sadako said.

BUILD UP 4

Paper cranes (des grues en papier) from all over the world in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.

Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des verbes suivants à la forme qui convient : to shorten • to brighten • to deepen • to loosen • to straighten. 1. Some politicians say we should have …… our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties with the U.S. are too strong? 2. The data gathered through this survey will …… our knowledge of the various aspects of energy consumption. 3. It will take some time to …… things out. 4. A compromise was reached and they decided to …… the transition period. 5. The …… economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.

10 - Peace

27

Religions and beliefs

11 A

This great Torii (a torii is the gateway of a Shinto shrine) stands on Miyajima Island (Japan), which has long been regarded as an Island of Gods on the beautiful Seto Inland Sea.

Faith a creed a believer a follower a convert a pilgrim a pagan a secular person secular [adj.]

un credo, une croyance un croyant un adepte un converti un pèlerin un païen un laïque laïque

an atheist a shrine freedom of worship religious activism to abide by to fast to sin to redeem

un athée un lieu de dévotion la liberté de culte le militantisme religieux se conformer à jeûner pécher (se) racheter

➦ This is America. And our commitment to religious freedom must be unshakeable. The principle that people of all faiths are welcome in this country and that they will not be treated differently by their government is essential to who we are. (Barack Obama, August 13, 2010) Nous sommes ici en Amérique et notre attachement à la liberté religieuse doit être inébranlable. Le principe selon lequel les personnes de toutes les confessions sont bienvenues dans ce pays et ne seront pas traitées différemment par leur gouvernement est un élément fondamental de notre identité.

B

Religions denomination Buddhist Christian Hindu Jewish Muslim \"mÁzlIm\, Moslem doomsday hallowed, holy to kneel*

l’appartenance religieuse bouddhiste chrétien hindou juif musulman le jour du Jugement dernier vénéré, sacré s’agenouiller

to prostrate oneself to bless to pledge to swear* a cathedral \kE"Ti…drEl\ a mosque \mÅsk\ a synagogue \"sInEgÅg\

se prosterner bénir jurer / faire serment jurer / blasphémer une cathédrale une mosquée une synagogue

➦ In the Koran, Paradise is associated with the Garden of Eden. Dans le Coran, le Paradis est associé au jardin d’Éden.

➦ Medieval crusades were military expeditions meant to recover the Holy Land. Les croisades du Moyen Âge étaient des expéditions militaires destinées à récupérer la Terre Sainte.

➦ Henry VIII’s struggles with the Roman Catholic Church led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority. Les conflits de Henry VIII avec l’église catholique romaine ont conduit à la séparation de l’église anglicane de l’autorité du pape.

➦ The mind is a universe and can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. (John Milton) L’esprit est un univers et il peut faire du paradis un enfer ou de l’enfer un paradis.

-er Le suffixe -er s’ajoute à un verbe pour désigner l’agent d’une action : to believe (croire)/a believer (un croyant). Comparez au suffixe -ee qui sert à désigner la personne qui est… to employ (employer)/an employee (un employé).

28

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le mot approprié.

A B

1. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is the story of a group of thirty …… who travel together to visit a shrine in Canterbury Cathedral. 2. Spammers do not …… …… laws or regulations. 3. They pray in order to …… themselves from their sins. 4. Quakers hold to a way of life rather than a dogma or a …… . 5. Lumbini in Nepal where the Buddha was born is …… ground. 6. Some environmentalists predict an environmental …… scenario.

2

Traduisez.

A B

1. Le protestantisme est une confession de la foi chrétienne. 2. Les Pères pèlerins sont des colons (settlers) qui sont arrivés dans le Massachusetts au début du XVIIe siècle. 3. Dans un jeu, vous êtes supposé (you’re expected to) respecter les règles. 4. Je jure que je ne t’ai pas vu. Je n’avais pas mes lunettes. 5. C’est un lieu sacré, un lieu de dévotion. Certaines personnes y vont pour racheter leurs péchés. 6. On peut être laïque et prier malgré tout (all the same).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Choisissez le terme qui convient. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. America was first colonized/founded/discovered by Puritans. Most of our earliest immigrants, and many since, have come here in order to ignore/forget/practice their religious beliefs as they please. Our culture has always been, and will most likely always be, profoundly influenced by religion. (James Frey) 2. Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone, ground, mountain, river, each has a secret way of being with/rejecting/fighting the mystery, unique and not to be judged. (Rumi, 13th century Persian poet)

3. Religion enables us to ignore others/our neighbours/nothingness and get on with the jobs of life. (John Updike, Self-Consciousness, 1989)

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases en employant le mot qui convient : developers • interviewees • trainee • addressee • interviewer • achiever • addresser • evacuees. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

During WW II, the …… had to leave their families and homes behind. Every …… is assisted by an experienced professional. The company has received many awards as a top …… in this field. Some names were changed to protect the identities of the …… . The letter was refused by the …… and sent back to the …… . These Web content …… have tried to make their pages more accessible for people with disabilities. 7. The …… used a computerized questionnaire and entered the responses directly into his laptop.

11 - Religions and beliefs

29

The English landscape

12 A

Here is the English landscape at its best: open fields, tree-strung hedges and patches of woodland.

The English countryside rolling hills sprawling dales to stretch away unspoilt hilly tree-strung an oak

des collines ondulées des vallons à perte de vue s’étendre non défiguré vallonné, accidenté entouré d’arbres un chêne

a beech a birch a poplar a willow daffodils bluebells foxgloves

un hêtre un bouleau un peuplier un saule des jonquilles des jacinthes des bois des digitales

➦ Also referred to as Poppy Day or Armistice Day, Remembrance Day (2nd Sunday in November) is observed in the UK and Commonwealth countries. Most people (the young included) wear a paper poppy as a buttonhole. Appelé également le jour du coquelicot ou jour de l’Armistice, le jour du Souvenir (le 2e dimanche de novembre) est célébré au Royaume-Uni et dans le Commonwealth. La plupart des gens (y compris les jeunes) portent un coquelicot en papier à la boutonnière.

B

The English garden a bush \bÁS\ a shrub ivy a vine, a creeper lily of the valley lilac \"laIlEk\ forget-me-not a peony \"pi…Eni\ herbs

un buisson un arbuste du lierre une plante grimpante du muguet du lilas du myosotis une pivoine des plantes aromatiques

a shed a greenhouse a nursery a rake a spade to prune to trim to bloom to blossom

une remise une serre une pépinière un râteau une bêche élaguer tailler [haie] fleurir [plante] fleurir [arbre]

➦ Two images usually come to mind when people think of English gardens: a cottage garden stocked with roses, perennials and a picket fence, or a lavish country estate with well-tended mixed borders and formal hedges. (www.hgtvgardens.com) Deux images viennent couramment à l’esprit lorsque l’on pense aux jardins anglais ; un jardin à l’anglaise rempli de roses, de vivaces, entouré d’une clôture ou une somptueuse propriété à la campagne avec des bordures de plantes variées bien entretenues et des haies bien taillées.

➦ Lancelot “Capability” Brown (1716-1783) was the most influential designer of English landscape gardens. He eliminated geometric structures, created artificial lakes and rivers. His aim was “to create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside”. Lancelot « Capability » Brown (1716-1783) a été le plus influent concepteur de jardins paysagés à l’anglaise. Il a éliminé les structures géométriques, créé des lacs et des rivières artificiels. Son but était de « créer un paysage idéal à partir de la campagne anglaise ».

Country Le mot country apparaît dans de nombreux termes désignant ce qui a un lien avec la campagne (pas seulement le pays) : the countryside (la campagne).

30

CHECK POINT 1

Trouvez le mot qui a été effacé de ce poème. In Flanders fields the …… blow (s’épanouissent) Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks (les alouettes), still bravely singing, fly Scarce (à peine) heard amid the guns below.

2

A

J. McCrae, In Flanders fields, May 1915.

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B

La jonquille est un des emblèmes du Pays de Galles. Le lierre est une plante grimpante. Une feuille de chêne est le symbole du National Trust. La digitale est utilisée dans la fabrication de (the making of) certains médicaments. Le muguet est une plante très toxique (poisonous).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ces trois textes sur le lien entre paysage et identité anglaise. § 1. There’s immense respect for country life in Britain. When you talk to English people about it, you often hear them say that they would like to live in a rural area, preferably in a cottage, surrounded by rolling hills or a lake. That’s probably why they love their back gardens, because a garden is nature, on a small scale though. § 2. A feeling for country life is supposed to relate to a feeling for the nation according to the dominant ideological schemas circulated particularly from the 19th century onwards. And this dual identification of nation and countryside is captured in the vocabulary as “countryside” contains “country”. J. Mischi, Englishness and the Countryside, INRA, 2009.

§ 3. The British feel for the countryside is particular. Here it is not regarded, as in other nations, as merely an alternative to, or escape from, the town (although that is part of it). The landscape is seen as special, even unique, in itself: ideally a small-scale, intimate and unthreatening mix of the farmed and the wild, which is pretty and charming rather than grandiose and magnificent. The Independent, 31 August 2010.

Répondez maintenant aux questions. 1. Dans quel paragraphe sont exprimées les idées suivantes ? Citez un segment précis. a. Le sentiment d’appartenir à une nation est sans doute lié pour les Anglais à leur goût pour la vie à la campagne. b. Pour les Anglais, la campagne n’est pas seulement un moyen d’échapper à la vie en ville. c. Les Anglais aiment les paysages très simplement beaux, non pas les paysages grandioses. d. De nombreux Anglais aimeraient vivre dans une petite maison à la campagne. 2. Traduisez les segments en gras des paragraphes 1 et 3.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez les phrases en vous aidant des mots suivants : a country branch • a country fair • a country estate • town and country planning • country wear. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Barbour est l’une des meilleures marques de vêtements d’extérieur. La kermesse du village a lieu le 27 juin. Ils ont ouvert une succursale de province en 2016. Elle est secrétaire d’État à l’aménagement du territoire. Le château de Balmoral est le domaine écossais à la campagne de la Reine.

12 - The English landscape

31

Urbanization

13 A

San Francisco is seen here from the Golden Gate Bridge. The greater San Francisco area is the second most densely settled urban area in the U.S. behind New York City.

Urban development the urban sprawl a megacity, a metropolis a capital city a dormitory town a shanty town, a slum a no-go zone an inhabitant an urban dweller

l’expansion urbaine une métropole une capitale une ville-dortoir un bidonville une zone de non-droit un habitant un citadin

overpopulation sprawling lively, bustling crowded, packed filthy unsafe, dangerous run-down, decrepit dreary

la surpopulation tentaculaire animé bondé crasseux dangereux délabré sinistre

➦ A conurbation, like Greater London, comprises a number of cities that have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area. Une conurbation, comme le grand Londres, est composée d’un certain nombre de villes, qui ont fusionné au point de former une zone urbaine ininterrompue et industrielle.

➦ Many of the problems raised by overpopulation are explored in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, where people suffer from food shortages, depleted resources and poverty. Nombre des problèmes dus à la surpopulation sont exposés dans le film de science-fiction Soleil Vert, où une terre surpeuplée souffre de pénurie alimentaire, de ressources épuisées et de pauvreté.

➦ In the U.S. you find ghost towns, which are deserted because of the closing down of factories. Aux États-Unis, on trouve des villes fantômes, qui sont désertées suite à des fermetures d’usines.

B

Areas and services a built-up area the city centre [GB], downtown [US] on the outskirts the business district the shopping area the town council sports facilities medical services

une agglomération le centre-ville en périphérie le quartier des affaires le quartier commerçant la municipalité les équipements sportifs les services de santé

public transport system basic amenities sanitation the sewage system household rubbish [GB]/ garbage [US] a dustman [GB], a garbage collector [US]

les transports en commun les infrastructures de base les installations sanitaires le réseau des égouts les ordures ménagères un éboueur

➦ Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres also called malls. Others prefer centrally located shops, where they can walk from one place to another. Certains préfèrent les centres commerciaux à l’extérieur des villes. D’autres préfèrent les magasins de centre-ville, où ils peuvent marcher d’un endroit à un autre.

Down La particule down signifie « vers le bas » ou ajoute une note négative à un mot : to lie down (s’allonger), run-down (délabré), to feel down (être démoralisé).

32

CHECK POINT 1

Lisez ce paragraphe puis traduisez les mots ci-dessous.

A B

Miami is located on the Atlantic coast, in Florida. It is about 1,100 miles from New York. It has a population of ca 400,000. However, the Miami metropolitan area has over 6 million inhabitants. It is the most populous in Florida and the eighth most populous in the U.S. It is famous for its beaches. The city has a good public transport system and high-quality sports facilities. The international airport lies west of Downtown Miami. It can be reached in about thirty minutes. The city is worth visiting. 1. peuplé : … – 2. un habitant : …… – 3. se situer [deux solutions] : …… / …… – 4. les équipements sportifs : … – 5. les transports en commun : ……

2

Relisez le texte de l’exercice 1 puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3

A B

Notre capitale est située sur l’île principale. C’est la ville la plus peuplée du pays. Elle a des équipements sportifs de grande qualité. On peut aller à l’aéroport en environ quarante minutes. On a un très bon système de transports en commun.

Lisez ce paragraphe puis donnez un synonyme des mots en gras.

A B

I live in a picturesque town in New England. It has quite a few stylish buildings. In the daytime, it’s a lively town and its shops are often packed, especially on Saturday afternoons. My aunt Stacey doesn’t like it, though. She thinks it’s dangerous, dirty and decrepit! She even says my street has a sinister appearance. So, she never goes downtown. She claims that it is beset by violence and vandalism!

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Lisez ce texte sur l’urbanisation. The global (mondial) urban population comprises today ca 4 billion. It is estimated that it will grow to 6.5 billion by 2050. This raises a number of issues. Take Delhi for instance. The population of the capital city of India is around 18 million and it is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. According to The Times of India nearly half of Delhi’s population lives in slums, with limited access to basic services like safe drinking water, electricity, sanitation or sewage system. There is a high incidence of diseases such as diarrhoea and anaemia. Delhi is considered to be the most polluted city in the world. With a projected population of 25 million by 2030, how could this city cope with even more people and slums?

Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes. 1. Tous les habitants de Delhi ne disposent pas de services de base. Relevez dans le texte les mots qui désignent ces services. 2. Traduisez : “[…] how could this city cope with even more people and slums?”

BUILD UP 5

Traduisez en vous aidant du contexte. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Property prices have come down in recent months. The train to Washington D.C. was late because the engine broke down. Your radio is driving me crazy. Turn it down! They offered me a position in Cambridge but I turned it down because I want to live in a big city. My in-laws look down on me because I didn’t go to university.

13 - Urbanization

33

14 A

Urban transport Auto rickshaws are common all over India. They provide cheap and efficient transportation for short distances.

Public transport means of transport/ transportation [US] to commute a commuter train the timetable [GB], the schedule [US] a tram [GB], a streetcar [US] a driverless train a coach, a carriage [GB], a car [US]

les moyens de transport faire la navette un train de banlieue les horaires un tramway un véhicule automatique un wagon

to board a trolleybus to get* off the bus a dedicated lane to make* for, to head for to transfer a connection to catch* the last train home

monter dans un trolley descendre du bus un couloir réservé aller en direction de prendre une correspondance une correspondance rentrer par le dernier train

➦ Many Americans work downtown but live in the suburbs, and so they commute to the city centre. Beaucoup d’Américains travaillent en ville mais vivent en banlieue. Ils font donc la navette pour se rendre au centre-ville.

➦ Completely electric solar-powered buses are part of a large move towards greener means of transport. Les bus 100 % électriques fonctionnant à l’énergie solaire font partie d’un grand mouvement vers des moyens de transport plus écologiques.

B

Private means of transport to drive* to work a ride congestion, traffic jams a congestion charge scheme a share taxi

aller au travail en voiture un trajet les bouchons un système de péage urbain un taxi collectif

carpooling to beat* the rush hour a bike lane a pedestrian precinct a pavement [GB], a sidewalk [US]

le covoiturage éviter l’heure de pointe une piste cyclable une zone piétonne un trottoir

➦ In the USA, close to 90% of trips are made by private cars, motorcycles and trucks. Aux États-Unis, près de 90% des déplacements sont effectués par des voitures particulières, des motos ou des camions.

➦ Many cities now offer a ride sharing service. A mobile app arranges rides between city dwellers and independent drivers. De nombreuses villes offrent un service de partage du transport. Une application organise des déplacements entre des citadins et des conducteurs indépendants.

Verbes exprimant un déplacement En anglais, on utilise souvent un verbe concret pour indiquer le déplacement : to bike/drive/walk to work (aller à vélo/en voiture/à pied au travail). Pour d’autres moyens de transport, on dira : to go to work by bus/by train/by tram…

34

CHECK POINT 1

Remplacez les mots en gras par des équivalents américains.

A

1. In Chicago, commuters are encouraged to use alternative means of transport, rather than their car. 2. Getting around New Orleans by tram is a great way to see the city. 3. The carriage was full, so I asked the ticket inspector if I could sit in First Class. 4. Please click here to download the train timetable. 5. I work in the city centre but I live in the suburbs.

2

Chassez l’intrus. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B

commuting • traffic jam • carpooling • pavement underground train • lane • streetcar • trolleybus pedestrian crossing • sidewalk • bike lane • pedestrian precinct to make for • to transfer • to head for • to ask for directions car • truck • rickshaw • motorbike

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui traite des transports de demain. The “new mobility” Many people now agree that cities would be better off with fewer cars, that is, with less noise, less pollution, less stress, and more power to the pedestrian. Many cities pride themselves on having become “pedestrian friendly”. For transport to be sustainable, city dwellers will have to rely more and more on clean public transport, bikes and shared electric cars. According to Gilles Vesco, who is in charge of sustainable transport in Lyon, a revolution is coming, which will create “a city for people, a more walkable city”. He calls it the “new mobility”, which will be made possible thanks to cell phones. Some transport sociologists have predicted that in the not-so-distant future, people will be able to order a small driverless electric car with an application, which will pick them up wherever they are and take them anywhere in the city. All that will be required is a cell phone and a credit card, and computer skills to program the car’s computer.

Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes. 1. Ces affirmations sont-elles justes ? Citez le texte à l’appui de vos réponses. a. Les voitures électriques individuelles sont respectueuses de l’environnement. b. Dans un avenir lointain, on pourra réserver une voiture électrique sans conducteur pour aller où on veut en ville. c. De nombreuses villes pensent être devenues respectueuses des piétons. 2. Traduisez : “they will be better off with fewer cars” et “clean public transport”.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

On y va à pied ? J’irai en bateau plutôt qu’en bus. Paul va au travail en voiture. Ce sera plus rapide en train. Patricia va à Toronto en avion tous les mois.

14 - Urban transport

35

Living together or not

15 A

Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor displayed in Millennium Park, Chicago. It’s a wide-open gate. People are encouraged to walk through it and congregate.

Social inequalities the economic status affluent deprived inhabited uninhabited a city dweller, an urban dweller a borough, a district, a neighbourhood a gated community a residential area a housing estate

le niveau de vie favorisé, riche défavorisé habité inhabité un citadin un quartier un quartier enclos un quartier résidentiel une résidence

green areas, open spaces the inner city a slum, a shanty town urban poverty the housing shortage a tower block, a high rise a council estate, a housing project [US]

les espaces verts les quartiers du centre [délaissés par les riches] un bidonville, un quartier pauvre la pauvreté urbaine la crise du logement une tour d’habitation un lotissement, une cité (HLM)

➦ Social inequalities in urban areas mean extreme differences in people’s well-being and access to jobs, services, housing and education. Les inégalités sociales dans les zones urbaines se traduisent par de grandes différences dans le bien-être des personnes et dans l’accès aux emplois, aux services, au logement et à l’éducation.

➦ People who live in inner-city areas often experience a poor quality of life, because of poorly maintained housing, limited access to open spaces and a feeling of insecurity. Les gens qui vivent dans des quartiers défavorisés connaissent souvent une mauvaise qualité de vie, en raison de logements mal entretenus, d’un accès limité aux espaces verts et d’un sentiment d’insécurité.

B

Mixing people community life council housing [GB], public housing [US] social mixing to bring* together to upgrade to restore

la vie sociale le logement social la mixité sociale rassembler, réunir améliorer restaurer

to demolish, to knock down local governments gathering places settlement policies cultural pursuits

démolir, abattre les collectivités locales des lieux de rencontre les politiques d’habitat les activités culturelles

➦ Some councils in the UK encourage the building of working-class housing in upper-class areas, because they reckon that socially mixed communities are good for urban health. Certains conseils municipaux au Royaume-Uni encouragent la construction de logements ouvriers dans des quartiers bourgeois, parce qu’ils estiment que la mixité sociale est bonne pour la santé urbaine.

-hood Le suffixe -hood décrit la condition ou l’état du mot qui est suffixé : neighbourhood (quartier, voisinage), childhood (enfance), livelihood (les moyens de subsistance)…

36

CHECK POINT 1

Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

22

A B

They come from a poor background. I live in a tower block near the river. The shanty town was demolished last year. I live in a leafy (boisé) neighbourhood. The system is currently being improved.

Complétez le texte suivant en traduisant les groupes de mots entre parenthèses. A B Most …… …… (collectivités locales) are intent on better understanding the myriads of communities that live under their jurisdiction. Some town halls encourage social mixing in …… …… (quartiers défavorisés) through settlement policies or in …… …… (quartiers riches) through …… …… (logement social), also known as …… …… in the U.S. Cities tend to encourage social interaction in public places like cafés, bars, restaurants and youth clubs, and in community spaces like markets and shopping centres and urban parks. …… …… (les activités culturelles) may also bring people together, through music, film, theatre and art. Town planners understood early on the importance of town squares in …… …… (la vie sociale). They provide …… …… (lieux de rencontre) for families, social groups as well as for individuals of all ages and economic status.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui traite des quartiers enclos. Gated communities A gated community is a housing estate in which entrances are strictly controlled. If you want to visit someone who lives in a gated community, you often have to talk to a security guard first, who may then let you in or not, depending on who you are, how you look and who you are friends with. Gated communities are almost always built inside beautiful walls or fences. They often have nice names, like “Paradise” or “Dream come true”. Inside, you will find high value properties and of course many amenities, like a swimming pool, a tennis court, a gym and possibly a small shopping centre and a health centre. While some people love living in gated communities in which they feel “protected from the outside world”, others claim they are contrary to democratic and open cities, and belong to a world of mass surveillance, increased inequality and uneasiness in accepting the world and its diversity.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles exprimées dans le texte ? Citez-le à l’appui de vos réponses. 1. Dans les quartiers enclos, on trouve de nombreux équipements. 2. Les gens qui aiment ces quartiers se sentent protégés du monde extérieur. 3. Ces quartiers font partie de la diversité du monde.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez ces phrases en traduisant le mot entre parenthèses (il se termine toujours par -hood). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

In the majority of countries people legally reach …… (la majorité) at 18. More often than not you lose your …… (moyens de subsistance) when you lose your job. The opposite of truth is …… (le mensonge). In all …… (Selon toute vraisemblance), the sanctions will not work. We live in a friendly …… (quartier).

15 - Living together or not

37

Energy

16 A

These wind turbines were photographed along the road to Palm Springs (California). Palm Springs is home to the oldest wind farm in the U.S. Its energy can power 300,000 homes.

Non-renewable resources fossil fuel coal mining a deposit crude oil to strike* oil to drill for oil an oil rig offshore production a barrel a power station/ plant

le combustible fossile l’extraction du charbon un gisement le pétrole brut trouver du pétrole forer un puits un derrick la production en mer un baril une centrale électrique

shale gas the core to tap, to harness, to exploit inexhaustible scarce finite \"faInaIt\ exhausted, depleted to deplete

le gaz de schiste le cœur [d’un réacteur nucléaire] exploiter, utiliser inépuisable rare limité épuisé épuiser

➦ The government is coming under increasing pressure as people are asking politicians to help save jobs at three coal mines. La pression sur le gouvernement est de plus en plus forte car les gens demandent aux politiques de sauver l’emploi dans trois mines de charbon.

➦ Inspectors have discovered a fault with a boiler unit. As a consequence, the nuclear reactors at two large power plants in the north of England are to be shut down temporarily. Des inspecteurs ont découvert une anomalie dans une chaudière. Par conséquent les réacteurs nucléaires de deux centrales importantes au nord de l’Angleterre vont être temporairement fermés.

B

Sustainable energy a wind turbine, a windmill a wind farm a tidal power station a solar panel geothermal energy

une éolienne un champ d’éoliennes une usine marémotrice un panneau solaire la géothermie

to turn to to switch to to soar to conserve

se tourner vers passer à monter en flèche préserver

➦ Scientists reckon that the sunshine that hits the Earth in one single hour could meet the world’s energy demands for an entire year. The problem is: how do we capture and store that energy? In other words, we have to figure out a way of bottling sunshine so that we can have as much of it as we want and when we want it. Des scientifiques considèrent qu’une seule heure d’ensoleillement sur la surface de la terre pourrait satisfaire la demande énergétique mondiale d’une année. La question est de savoir comment capturer et stocker cette énergie. En d’autres termes, nous devons imaginer un moyen de mettre l’énergie solaire en bouteille afin d’en avoir autant que nous en voulons et quand nous le voulons.

DeLe préfixe de- se rencontre dans les mots d’origine latine (a deposit) mais aussi dans la formation de noms ou de verbes impliquant l’idée de renversement, de remplacement, de réduction : to decode (décoder), to deplete (diminuer, réduire), degrowth (la décroissance).

38

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le terme approprié.

A

1. …… …… are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. 2. In the Punjab, in 2014, miners dig …… with crude pick axes and load it onto donkeys to be transported to the surface. A team of four workers earns around $10 a day to be split between them. 3. A …… …… (also referred to as a …… ……) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. 4. …… …… has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century. 5. An …… resource cannot be entirely consumed or used up. 6. Crude oil, biofuels, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal, nuclear elements are ……-…… resources.

2

Retrouvez les mots dont les définitions suivent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

an area of land with a group of energy-producing wind turbines: …… energy produced by extracting the earth’s internal heat: …… to protect something, especially something environmental from harm or destruction: …… to adopt one thing in place of another, like solar power instead of fossil fuels: …… to increase rapidly above the usual level: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui aborde la question de la décroissance. Degrowth is a political, economic and social movement based on ecological economics. It is anticonsumerist and anti-capitalist in nature. There are several sides to degrowth. First of all, it aims at reducing energy and material output (la production) in the world, which is required to face the existing biophysical constraints. It supports the global environmental justice movement, which has strong roots (des racines) in southern countries. As environmental rights activists say “Leave oil in the soil, coal in the hole, South or North.” Degrowth also tries to tackle (s’attaquer à) social issues. Proponents of degrowth would like to replace our prevalent growth-based approach with the idea of “frugal abundance”. Degrowth also campaigns for a more equitable redistribution of wealth around the world, in order to lessen (réduire) the North/South divide.

Relevez avec précision les segments de texte qui correspondent aux idées suivantes. 1. Ce mouvement veut faire face à un certain nombre de contraintes physiques et biologiques. 2. La décroissance veut remettre en question notre société fondée sur l’idéal de croissance. 3. Ce mouvement prône une redistribution équitable des richesses dans et entre Nord et Sud.

BUILD UP 4

Faites correspondre les mots et leur traduction. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

dégivrer déconstruire diminuer priver décoloniser souiller, abimer

a. b. c. d. e. f.

decrease defile deconstruct decolonize deprive defrost

16 - Energy

39

Pollution

17 A

2014: Houston (Texas) has moved from No. 7 to No. 6 in the rankings of worst ozone in the U.S., which is based on the number of days with elevated pollution levels.

Harmful human activities the ecological carrying capacity an ecological footprint urban sprawl an urban heat island concrete urban runoff an eyesore factory farming

la capacité écologique de la planète une empreinte écologique l’expansion urbaine un îlot de chaleur urbain le béton le ruissellement urbain une horreur pour la vue l’élevage industriel

unplanned industrial growth radioactive waste a nuclear meltdown radiation exposure hazardous carcinogenic to overshoot*

un développement industriel non contrôlé les déchets nucléaires une fusion nucléaire l’exposition aux radiations dangereux cancérigène dépasser, aller au-delà de

➦ Water is used as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. This is a common cause of thermal pollution. L’eau est utilisée comme agent de refroidissement par les centrales électriques et les fabricants industriels. C’est une cause fréquente de pollution thermique.

➦ Noise or sound pollution is annoying, distracting and can be physically harmful. La pollution sonore est agaçante, gênante et peut nuire à la santé.

➦ Billboards and glaring neon signs are part of light pollution in big cities. Les panneaux publicitaires et les néons éblouissants participent à la pollution lumineuse des grandes villes.

➦ Do you think wind turbines are an eyesore on the landscapes?

B

Air pollution a pollutant smog exhaust fumes to release CFCs unbreathable \Øn"bri…DEbl\

un polluant smoke + fog les gaz d’échappement émettre les chlorofluorocarbures irrespirable

to spew \spju…\ to foul \faÁl\ asbestos to deplete the ozone layer global dimming global warming

recracher dans l’atmosphère souiller l’amiante réduire la couche d’ozone l’assombrissement global le réchauffement de la planète

➦ The burning of coal is the largest contributor to the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. La combustion du charbon est le principal facteur de l’augmentation du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans l’atmosphère.

➦ Acid rain contains dangerous chemicals because of smoke from cars and factories.

Les pluies acides contiennent des produits chimiques dangereux issus des gaz d’échappement et des usines.

➦ Greenhouse gases act like a blanket over the earth, thus making it warmer. This process is commonly known as the greenhouse effect. Les gaz à effet de serre agissent comme une couverture au-dessus de la terre et la réchauffent. Ce phénomène est connu sous le nom d’effet de serre.

-ful -ful forme un adjectif à partir d’un nom : harm (le mal)/harmful (nuisible, nocif), use (l’utilité)/useful (utile).

40

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes.

A

1. Two in three farm animals in the world are now …… farmed. 2. In 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan triggered (a déclenché) the …… of reactors at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. 3. Currently, nuclear …… created in the U.S. is stored underwater in pools near nuclear power plants. This …… will eventually be stored deep underground. [deux fois le même mot] 4. Urban …… is claiming (réclame) farmland at the rate of 10.5 million hectares a year.

2

Traduisez les expressions suivantes.

A

1. a global positioning system – 2. the global economy – 3. a global leader – 4. a global airline network – 5. the global village

3

Traduisez la phrase suivante en déduisant le sens des termes décrivant des bruits à partir des sources de ces bruits. A Tyres (des pneus) squealing, brakes (des freins) screeching, radios blaring, planes droning, sirens wailing: all those are nerve-racking sources of noise pollution.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Dans le texte suivant est débattu un projet de pipeline reliant le Canada et le Texas. Lisez-le puis remplissez le tableau ci-dessous en citant le texte. The Canadian company TransCanada hoped to begin building the northern section of an oil pipeline that would trek close to 2,000 miles from Alberta, Canada, to the Gulf Coast of Texas. It would double imports of dirty tar sands oil (des sables bitumineux) into the United States and transport it to refineries on the Gulf Coast and ports for international export. Pollution from tar sands oil greatly eclipses that of conventional oil. The water used in the process comes from rivers and underground aquifers. It takes three barrels of water to extract each single barrel of oil. Ninety-five percent of the water used to extract the oil is so polluted that the water must be stored in large human-made pools. The tar sands oil is underneath the world’s largest intact ecosystem, the Boreal forests of Alberta. Its biodiversity is threatened by the pipeline. Indigenous communities have been forced off their land, but also those living downstream from the ponds have seen spikes in rates of rare cancers, renal failure, etc. Keystone XL pipeline, adapted from Friends of the earth foe.org.

profit

……

plans

……

consequences in terms of ecology

……

BUILD UP 5

À partir des mots proposés, formez des adjectifs en -ful afin de compléter les phrases suivantes : meaning • success • plenty • faith • pain. 1. 2. 3. 4.

We have to change our behaviour, as …… as that may be. Emma will only talk if she has something …… to say. I’ll never cheat on you. I’ll always be …… to you. For many of us, clean water is so …… that we rarely pause to consider what life would be like without it. 5. If you can see your e-mail on the page, your login was …… .

17 - Pollution

41

Other environmental degradation

18

An albatross chick is sitting on plastic trash on Sand Island (Midway Atoll, Hawaii).

A

Threats to the oceans an oil tanker a supertanker to run* aground an oil spill, a black tide an oil slick tank cleaning

un pétrolier un pétrolier géant s’échouer une marée noire une nappe de pétrole le dégazage

to spill* an oiled bird snared to collapse overfishing a trawler

se répandre un oiseau mazouté pris au piège disparaître la surpêche un chalutier

➦ The trash vortex is an area the size of France in the North Pacific in which six kilos of plastic for every kilo of plankton swirls slowly like a clock, choked with dead fish, seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals that get snared. (Adapted from Greenpeace) Le vortex de déchets est une surface de la taille de la France dans le Pacifique nord, où six kilos de plastique pour un kilo de plancton tourne lentement dans le sens des aiguilles d’une montre, bourré de poissons morts, d’oiseaux de mer, de tortues et de mammifères marins pris au piège.

➦ Overfishing as well as unsustainable fishing practices are pushing many fish stocks to the point of collapse. La surpêche et les pratiques de pêche non respectueuses de l’environnement menacent de disparition totale de nombreuses espèces de poissons.

➦ Deep-sea trawling threatens the seafloor’s health and diversity. Le chalutage en eau profonde menace la santé et la diversité biologique des fonds marins.

B

Waste rubbish, trash, garbage a rubbish dump, a tip, a landfill refuse litter to dispose of disposable

les ordures une décharge des détritus des détritus [sur le sol] se débarrasser de jetable

to discard a water table sewage an effluent an algal bloom to dump toxic wastes

mettre au rebut une nappe phréatique les eaux usées un écoulement polluant une prolifération d’algues déverser des déchets toxiques

➦ Plastic constitutes 90% of all trash floating on the ocean’s surface. Le plastique constitue 90% des déchets qui flottent à la surface des océans.

➦ Plastic pollution has a deadly effect on wildlife. Thousands of animals are killed each year after ingesting plastic or getting entangled in it. La pollution par le plastique a des effets mortifères sur la faune sauvage. Des milliers d’animaux meurent chaque année après avoir absorbé du plastique ou en être restés prisonniers.

-ant Le suffixe -ant est utilisé dans la formation de noms ou d’adjectifs à partir d’un verbe, le plus souvent d’origine latine. Il a le sens de « caractérisé » par ce que décrit le verbe : to cool/a coolant, to pollute/a pollutant. Il est aussi utilisé pour désigner l’agent d’une action : to serve/a servant, to apply/an applicant (un postulant).

42

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez le texte de la pancarte à droite de “Say no…” à “water tables”. A B

2

Choisissez le terme qui convient.

A B

High concentrations of floating plastic/metal/wooden debris have been reported in remote areas of the poles/earth/ocean, increasing concern about the accumulation of plastic litter on the ocean surface. Since the introduction of plastic materials in the 1950s, the global production of plastic has increased/gone down/decreased rapidly and will continue in the coming days/ decades/centuries. However, the abundance and the distribution of plastic debris in the open fields/ocean/mountains are still unknown, despite evidence of affects on organisms ranging from small invertebrates/inhabitants/people to whales. Comptes rendus de la National Academy of Sciences (USA), 2013-2014.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte. Il porte sur les moyens modernes de pêche qui entraînent le dépeuplement des océans. How can a fishing fleet do so much damage so quickly? Until recently, many fish, especially deepwater fish, were too hard to find to make tempting commercial targets. But technical advances have given fishermen the power to peer beneath the waves and plot their position with unprecedented accuracy. Sonar makes it possible to locate large shoals of fish that would otherwise remain concealed beneath tens, even hundreds of feet of water. And once a fishing hot spot is pinpointed by sonar, satellite-navigation systems enable vessels to return unerringly to the same location year after year. In this fashion, fishermen from New Zealand to the Philippines have been able to [target deep-sea fish] as they gather to spawn (frayer), in some cases virtually eliminating entire generations of reproducing adults. The New York Times, August 11, 1997.

Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes. 1. Relevez dans le texte les deux technologies qui facilitent le repérage des bancs de poissons. 2. Choisissez pour les mots suivants la traduction qui convient dans le contexte parmi celles proposées par le dictionnaire. • to peer: s’efforcer de voir/scruter • a hot spot: une zone/un point chaud • to plot: comploter/déterminer • to target: atteindre/prendre pour cible • concealed: cachés/camouflés • they gather: ils se rassemblent/ramassent

BUILD UP 4

Faites correspondre les mots des deux colonnes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

an assistant compliant fragrant significant an accountant

a. b. c. d. e.

someone whose job is to keep the financial records of a business docile, obedient. meaningful a person who helps someone sweet smelling

18 - Other environmental degradation

43

19

Biodiversity at risk Polar bears play on ice in Churchill (Manitoba, Canada). How much longer?

A

Deforestation canopy the lungs of the planet to harbour species to upset* the natural balance to fell trees to chop, to cut* up

la canopée les poumons de la planète abriter des espèces bouleverser l’équilibre naturel abattre des arbres débiter

timber to raze, to level to clear land (for) slash-and-burn agriculture to tap resources drought \draÁt\

le bois de construction raser défricher la culture sur brûlis exploiter des ressources la sécheresse

➦ Farming, logging, mining and other forms of development are destroying rainforests. With the loss of each acre of rainforest, hundreds of species disappear forever. L’exploitation agricole, forestière, minière, et d’autres formes de développement détruisent les forêts tropicales. Pour chaque m2 de forêt perdue, des centaines d’espèces disparaissent pour toujours.

B

Endangered animal species wild life in the wild biodiversity loss the loss of habitat to lack food to decrease, to deplete to be* threatened with extinction to become* extinct

la faune et la flore sauvages à l’état sauvage la perte de la bio-diversité la destruction de l’habitat naturel manquer de nourriture diminuer en nombre être menacé de disparition

endangered to jeopardize to slaughter to trade to traffick a poacher a smuggler

en danger, menacé mettre en péril exterminer faire commerce de trafiquer un braconnier un trafiquant

disparaître

➦ The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has compiled and published a red list of threatened species. The updated list is available on their website at www.iucn.org. L’Union internationale pour la protection de la nature a rassemblé et publié une liste rouge des espèces menacées. Une liste actualisée est disponible sur son site www.iucn.org.

➦ The population of the mountain gorilla has decreased to about 900. This is due to traps, kidnapping, poaching, loss of habitat and even lack of food. Some gorillas are also killed for meat. Furthermore, interaction with tourists is also to blame for this decline. La population des gorilles de montagne a été réduite à 900. Sont en cause les pièges, les enlèvements, le braconnage, la destruction de leur habitat naturel et même le manque de nourriture. Certains gorilles sont aussi tués pour leur viande. De plus les contacts avec les touristes sont aussi responsables de ce déclin.

Dis- + verbe/nom/adjectif Le préfixe dis- est employé souvent pour indiquer un contraire : to appear/to disappear, to like/to dislike, approval/disapproval. Il rend également l’idée d’éloignement, de séparation : to discard (se débarrasser de).

44

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

A B

1. De tout temps, des espèces animales ont disparu. 2. Il y a 65 millions d’années, une pléthore (a plethora) de plantes et d’animaux dont (among which) des dinosaures ont disparu. 3. Certains phoques (Some seals) manquent de nourriture à cause de la pêche intensive. 4. Les braconniers tuent des troupeaux (herds) d’éléphants pour faire commerce de l’ivoire de leurs défenses (their tusks’ ivory). 5. Des gorilles et autres singes sont chassés pour leur viande, des tigres et des ours blancs pour leur peau.

2

Choisissez le terme qui convient.

A

1. Rainforests/mangroves/bushes, which are the Earth’s oldest living creatures/species/ ecosystems cover only 6 % of the Earth’s surface and yet they contain more than half of the world’s plant and animal species. 2. Some rain forests, including the Amazon, began experiencing floods/overpopulation/drought in the 1990s, possibly due to deforestation and global warming. 3. Slash-and-burn/cut and exploit/crop rotation is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour compléter les citations suivantes : burning • spread • rain fall • lungs • lessen • predators • clear. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb …… …… and produce water vapor that is released into the atmosphere. Trees also …… the pollution in water. (North Carolina State University) 2. When cattle ranchers …… rain forests to raise beef to sell to fast-food chains that make hamburgers to sell to Americans, who have the highest rate of heart disease in the world (and spend the most money per GNP on health care), we can say easily that business is no longer developing the world. We have become its …… . (Paul Hawken) 3. The tropical rain forests are a telling example. Once cut down, they rarely recover. Rainfall drops, deserts …… , the climate warms. (James Lovelock) 4. Forests are the world’s air-conditioning system - the …… of the planet - and we are on the verge of switching it off. (Prince Charles) 5. [Destroying rain forest for economic gain] is like …… a Renaissance painting to cook a meal. (Edward Osborne Wilson)

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases avec l’un de ces termes : dismissed • discredited • disbelief • distrust • disabled. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Some parking spaces are reserved for the …… . When he told her he was going away, she looked at him in complete …… . He was …… because he refused to work. Scientific discoveries have …… this belief. She looked so nervous. That’s when I began to …… her.

19 - Biodiversity at risk

45

20 A

Green living This hybrid car features four electric motors and a gasoline engine which is small and fuelefficient. It recharges continuously the electric batteries.

Saving energy energy-efficient biofuel to tackle road congestion car-pooling a bike share scheme

économe en énergie un biocarburant combattre les bouchons le co-voiturage un système de vélos en libre-service

piggybacking insulation energy-saving appliances an energy-saving light bulb

le ferroutage l’isolation des appareils économes en énergie une ampoule basse consommation

➦ A park-and-ride system helps reduce urban traffic congestion: drivers leave their cars in car parks on the outskirts of a city and travel to the city centre on public transport. Un système voiture + transport en commun permet de diminuer les bouchons en ville : les conducteurs laissent leur voiture dans un parking en périphérie et vont au centre-ville en transports en commun.

B

Going green environmental concerns eco-friendly, earth-friendly to preserve preservation wastewater treatment

les enjeux écologiques qui respecte l’environnement préserver, protéger la préservation le traitement des eaux usées

selective waste collection a bottle bank to dodge chemicals “the polluter pays” principle to buy* local to be* veggie

la collecte sélective des déchets un conteneur à verre éviter les produits chimiques le principe du pollueur-payeur acheter des produits locaux être végétarien

➦ Public awareness of climate change and other environmental concerns has increased in the last few decades. La prise de conscience collective s’est accrue ces quelques dernières décennies en ce qui concerne le changement climatique et d’autres enjeux écologiques.

➦ A green company acts, or claims to act, in a way that minimizes damage to the environment. Une entreprise respectueuse de l’environnement agit, ou prétend agir, de manière à réduire son impact sur l’environnement.

➦ Greenwashing is when you want to promote environmentally-friendly products when they’re not. In a way, it’s green marketing gone wrong. L’écoblanchiment, c’est quand on veut faire la promotion de produits respectueux de l’environnement alors qu’ils ne le sont pas. D’une certaine façon, c’est du marketing écologique qui a mal tourné.

ReLe préfixe re- indique une répétition ou un mouvement vers l’arrière. Reduce, reuse, recycle are commonly referred to as the three Rs of green living. On dit souvent que « réduire, réutiliser, recycler » sont les trois fondamentaux d’une vie en vert. [Les apprentissages fondamentaux à l’école sont the three Rs: reading, writing, arithmetic.]

46

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant des informations ci-dessous. People’s Trust for endangered species [UK]

trust (fondation)

Friends of the Earth [global]

trust (fondation)

the National Park Service [US]

agency

A B

1. The …… …… …… …… species asserts that you can protect them by taking a few minutes to count stag beetles (lucanes), assess the state of your local orchard or hunt for (repérer) dormice (loirs). 2. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated the …… …… …… “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein”. 3. The global trust …… …… …… …… is a part of the world’s largest environmental network, with activists in 74 countries.

2

Où pouvez-vous lire les mentions suivantes ? 1. 2. 3. 4.

user-friendly dolphin-friendly child-friendly pet-friendly

a. b. c. d.

B

sur une boîte de conserve de thon sur l’annonce de location d’une maison de vacances sur une publicité pour un restaurant dans la description d’un logiciel

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

What can we do for the environment? Traduisez le paragraphe ci-dessous. Less is more The Eielson Visitor center in Alaska only uses solar panels, hydropower and natural lighting. It was built with recycled and locally produced materials. Its heating, ventilation and plumbing systems are highly energy-efficient. Very little fossil fuel energy is required to operate the building.

4

Relevez dans le texte suivant les trois segments de phrases où sont exprimés les arguments contre les emballages. Individually, one of the many things we can do is try to minimise packaging when we go shopping, like when we reuse shopping bags or bring our own containers. Did you know that packaging increases the price of the goods you buy? Packaging wastes resources at every level: production, storage and transport. And then you pay a tax to the council (la municipalité) for the disposal of your rubbish. So why not start by limiting packaging as much as we can?

BUILD UP 5

Traduisez les phrases suivantes en employant un verbe commençant par re-. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Eielson Visitor Center is located in Denali National Park (Alaska). It was designed by RIM (Results with IMagination) architects. “Less is more” was the motto of the famous German American architect Mies van der Rohe. His aesthetic project was to create an impression of extreme simplicity when putting together all the necessary components of a building.

Cet hôpital a été reconstruit en 2015. Lorsque le climat se réchauffe, les glaciers (glaciers) reculent. Est-ce que tu peux m’aider à replier cette carte ? J’aimerais pouvoir revivre ce moment. Elle n’a jamais repris conscience (consciousness).

20 - Green living

47

Science and research

21

Light beams from a multiple wavelength laser are reflected in a moving mirror.

A

The sciences a scientist physics a physicist ≠ a physician quantum mechanics chemistry \"kemIstri\ a chemist a chemical

un scientifique la physique un physicien un médecin la mécanique quantique la chimie un chimiste, un pharmacien un produit chimique

progress an advance a conundrum a breakthrough a basis [pl. bases] to ascertain to harness to be* a landmark

le progrès un progrès une énigme une découverte capitale un fondement établir maîtriser faire date

➦ Some major discoveries such as the microwave oven, safety glass and many more are said to have emerged partly out of serendipity. On dit que quelques-unes des découvertes importantes telles que le micro-ondes, le verre sécurit et bien d’autres encore sont en partie le fruit d’un heureux hasard.

➦ This Japanese company is on the leading edge of optical technology. Cette société japonaise est à la pointe de la technologie optique.

B

Research a field a think tank an experiment a process a blueprint a clue accuracy relevance by trial and error immaterial

un domaine un groupe d’experts une expérience un processus un plan, un projet un indice la justesse la pertinence par tâtonnements sans importance

random disputable to infer to pioneer to devise a device to work out to fund a patent

aléatoire discutable déduire ouvrir la voie mettre au point un procédé trouver la solution financer un brevet

➦ This R&D (research and development) lab conducts basic and applied research in different areas: cryptography, security, and algorithms. Ce labo de recherches et développement mène des recherches fondamentales et appliquées dans différents domaines : la cryptographie, la sécurité et les algorithmes.

➦ This reliable process opens up new vistas for international cooperation. Ce procédé fiable ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour la collaboration internationale.

-ics et -y Le suffixe -ics est fréquent dans la formation de noms désignant un ensemble de faits, de savoirs, de principes : mathematics, mechanics, ethics… Ces noms s’emploient le plus souvent au singulier. Notez également qu’un certain nombre de noms d’origine grecque, latine ou française désignant des sciences se terminent par le suffixe -y : geography, ethnography…

48

CHECK POINT 1

Choisissez le mot qui convient.

A

1. In 1609, the famous scientist/scientific Johannes Kepler published his first two laws of planetary motion. 2. Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physician/physicist and mathematician. 3. These scientific progress/advances have been used by a number of companies to restructure their businesses. 4. The containers lost at sea contained dangerous chemists/chemicals. 5. Quantum mechanics/mechanism is the part of physics that tells us how the things that make up atoms work.

2

Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

a detailed plan of how to do something: …… a particular branch of study: …… to reach a conclusion based on facts: …… having no specific purpose or objective: …… a piece of information that provides a solution to a problem: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui porte sur une science en pleine expansion : la bionique. “Bionics” (biology + electronics) is the study of the means by which humans and animals perform tasks and solve problems, and the application of the findings to the design of electronic devices and mechanical parts. (Webster’s College Dictionary) Here are a few examples of the technologies which are being developed: • The robotic leg prosthesis allows a paralyzed person to move their legs voluntarily. • The Tongue Drive System helps severely paralyzed people to make their way using only tongue movements. • The wireless brain-computer interface transmits brain activity and could allow people to control robotic arms. • A synthetic glue modeled after an adhesive found in nature could be used to repair tissues in the body. Data given by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services, www.nibib.nih.gov.

Les affirmations suivantes sont-elles exactes ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant le texte. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Les paralytiques peuvent se déplacer en se servant des mouvements de leurs yeux. Une colle synthétique pourrait être utilisée dans la réparation des tissus. Les prothèses artificielles de jambe permettent un déplacement volontaire. L’interface branchée sur la radio pourrait permettre le contrôle des bras artificiels.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez ces mots par la finale -ics ou -y. 1. Biolog…… is the science of life and of living organisms. 2. Genet…… is the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms. 3. Cybernet…… is the scientific study of how people, animals, and machines control and communicate information. 4. Aerodynam…… is a science that studies the movement of air and the way that objects move through air. 5. Alchem…… is a “science” that was used in the Middle Ages with the goal of changing ordinary metals into gold.

21 - Science and research

49

22 A

Space exploration Six of the missions of the Apollo Program (1963-1972) achieved the goal of landing humans on the moon and bringing them safely back to Earth.

Flying into space a spaceship a probe a launch-pad the countdown the blastoff to lift off to propel to soar into space to go* into orbit to jettison

un vaisseau spatial une sonde un pas de tir le compte à rebours la mise à feu, le lancement décoller propulser s’élever dans l’espace se mettre en orbite larguer

space junk a manned station a spacesuit weightlessness vacuum to spacewalk a rover to dock with a splashdown spin-offs

les débris spatiaux une station habitée un scaphandre l’apesanteur le vide marcher dans l’espace un véhicule d’exploration s’arrimer à un amerrissage des retombées positives

➦ Once the spacecraft Orion reaches orbit, its Launch Abort System is jettisoned. Lorsque le vaisseau spatial Orion atteint son orbite, son module de sauvetage est largué.

➦ The heat shield is designed to protect the spacecraft and astronaut crews from the 2,200 degree Celsius heat produced when the space capsule is re-entering Earth’s atmosphere. Le bouclier thermique est conçu pour protéger le vaisseau spatial et son équipage des 2200° C produits quand la capsule rentre dans l’atmosphère terrestre.

B

1957-2009: a few landmarks 1957: First Artificial Satellite 1958 : NASA created 1961 : First human in space July 20, 1969: First Manned Moon Landing 1971: First Rover on the Moon 1975: First International Space Rendezvous 1976: First U.S. Mars Landing 1986: Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion 1990: Hubble Space Telescope Deployed 1997: Pathfinder Probe Landing on Mars 2004: Arrival of Cassini Spacecraft at Saturn 2009 : NASA spacecraft Kepler launched

The Soviet Union ushers in a new era — the space age — with the launch of Sputnik 1. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is a civilian agency. The Soviet Union launches cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin on a 108-minute flight. Apollo 11 touches down on the moon: “That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.” (Neil Armstrong) Apollo 15 carries an electric cart to the moon. Crews from Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 meet in Earth orbit. Viking 1 soft-lands on Mars. It disintegrates 73 seconds after liftoff. All seven astronauts are killed. It will be upgraded three times. The first Mars rover, Sojourner, lands on Mars. After seven years in transit, the first probe to circle Saturn reaches its destination and breaks into orbit. It searches for planets outside our solar system.

Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/

50

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

to join two spacecraft mechanically: …… the time when a rocket is about to rise into the air: …… the condition of not experiencing the effects of gravity: …… the landing of a spacecraft or missile in water: …… the collection of defunct objects in orbit around Earth: ……

Voici la suite des repères chronologiques donnés en page de gauche. Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour les compléter. Aidez-vous d’Internet ! A B 2010, October 10

Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the successful first flight/ splashdown of a suborbital plane designed to take private citizens on space flights.

2011, July 8

The space shuttle Atlantis became the last/first American space shuttle to be launched into space.

2012, August 6

NASA’s Curiosity rover/tank successfully landed on Mars.

2013, December 24

NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the International Space Station after a rare Christmas Eve/Halloween spacewalk to fix an equipment cooling system.

2014, November 12

Rosetta’s Philae lander/shuttle, built by the European Space Agency (ESA), is the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on a comet.

2015

Space agencies around the world are using satellite images and other technologies/probes to aid rescue efforts and learn more about the April 25 earthquake in Nepal. Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Voici quelques applications que la recherche spatiale a permis de développer. Classez-les dans le tableau ci-dessous selon le domaine qu’elles concernent. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. Products based on microalgae used in enriched baby food. 2. A reliable anti-icing and deicing system which allows pilots to safely fly through ice encounters. 3. WARP 75 used to relieve pain in bone marrow transplant patients, and to combat the symptoms of bone atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease. 4. Steel coatings devised to make high-rise buildings and public structures safer. 5. A material commonly known as “memory foam”; it is incorporated into a host of widely used and recognized products including mattresses, pillows. 6. Silicon-based cells used in harnessing solar energy. 7. A product used to safely and permanently clean petroleum-based pollutants from water. 8. A cordless miniature vacuum cleaner.

Health and Medicine

……

Public Safety

……

Consumer, Home, and Recreation

……

Environmental and Agricultural Resources

……

22 - Space exploration

51

Anatomy and diseases

23 A

The complex abilities of the hand are part of what makes humans unique. The skeleton of the hand has 29 bones.

Anatomy the skeleton the backbone, spine a rib the hip a limb \lIm\ a sinew \"sInju…\ a joint the wrist the kneecap the ankle the heel

le squelette la colonne vertébrale une côte la hanche un membre un tendon une articulation le poignet la rotule la cheville le talon

the skull the forehead \"fO…hed\ the (eye) socket the chin the jawbone the gums the windpipe the spleen the liver a kidney blood \blØd\

le crâne le front l’orbite (de l’œil) le menton la mâchoire les gencives la trachée la rate le foie un rein le sang

➦ He who joyfully marches to music in rank and file has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would suffice. (Albert Einstein) Celui qui aime marcher au pas et défiler en musique a déjà mérité mon mépris. C’est par erreur qu’il a reçu un gros cerveau, car la moelle épinière lui suffirait amplement.

B

Traumas and diseases a graze a blister a bruise a sprain to limp, to have* a limp to be* crippled a germ (the) measles (the) mumps the plague rabies

une égratignure une ampoule un bleu une entorse boiter être estropié un microbe la rougeole les oreillons la peste la rage

TB HIV positive contagious to contaminate to spread* unprotected sex to have* a temperature heart failure to have* a stroke to be* in agony

la tuberculose séropositif contagieux contaminer (se) propager des rapports non protégés avoir de la fièvre un arrêt cardiaque avoir une attaque souffrir le martyre

➦ She suffers from backache: she should not wear those stilettos. Elle a souvent mal au dos : elle ne devrait pas porter ces chaussures à talons aiguilles.

➦ He was placed in a medically induced coma after suffering a serious head injury while skiing. Il a été placé en coma artificiel après avoir subi un grave traumatisme crânien alors qu’il faisait du ski.

Les noms de maladies Les noms de maladies sans gravité sont précédés d’un article : to have the flu (avoir la grippe) mais to have Ø Parkinson’s disease/Ø cancer. Notez aussi : (a) toothache, (a) stomach ache, (an) earache mais a headache.

52

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes.

A

1. 2. 3. 4.

A …… and crossbones is often used to illustrate warning labels about toxic substances. Industry is the …… of the Chinese economy. This toothpaste effectively removes plaque without irritating …… . Achilles’ mother held him by the …… when dipping him into the Styx, which was supposed to give powers of invulnerability. 5. A few years ago, she slipped on a banana skin and twisted her …… badly. 6. Vampires are said to feed on the …… of living creatures.

2

Traduisez ces phrases.

B

Raccoons (les ratons laveurs) in Ontario have been free of rabies since September 2005. The witness says that the killer was grey-haired and had a limp. I’ve got a blister on my hand from playing too much tennis. At the turn of the 20th century (À la fin du XIXe siècle), immigrants with TB were sent to Ellis Island Hospital. 5. Elizabeth Taylor died of heart failure in 2011. 6. In the 14th century a plague pandemic originating in China spread to Asia, Europe and Africa.

1. 2. 3. 4.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui évoque le rôle joué par la viande de brousse dans la diffusion du virus Ebola. A visit to a traditional market in the region assails the senses with a huge variety of forest game (gibier) – mammal, bird and reptile carcasses smoked and partitioned – and the smell of singed (= burnt) animal hair filling the air. But an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever in Guinea has rekindled concerns about the health risks of age-old African hunting and eating traditions that bring humans into close contact with wild forest animals. The World Health Organization says about 86 suspected cases of Ebola have been reported, with 62 deaths so far. Guinean authorities put the death toll at 63. Experts who have studied the Ebola virus from its discovery in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, then Zaire, say its suspected origin - what they call the reservoir host - is forest bats (chauvesouris). Links have also been made to the carcasses of freshly slaughtered animals consumed as bushmeat. Reuters, March 27, 2014.

Traduisez les segments suivants en inférant leur sens du contexte. 1. “the smell of singed animal hair”: …… 2. “has rekindled concerns”: …… 3. “an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever”: ……

4. “put the death toll at 63”: …… 5. “bushmeat”: ……

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases avec a(n) ou the si nécessaire. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Many people with …… asthma also have allergies. She sneezes, has a runny nose: she has caught …… cold. There are around 54,000 new cases of …… leukemia each year in the U.S. When he has …… severe headache he needs to rest in a dark room. People who are overweight are at risk of …… heart disease. …… Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disorder.

23 - Anatomy and diseases

53

Addiction

24 A

This mural painted on the wall of a nightclub was photographed in Memphis (Tennessee) a few blocks away from the motel where Martin Luther King was shot in 1968.

Drugs a sleeping pill a downer liquor a mind-altering substance an opiate dope, junk, shit

un somnifère un tranquillisant les boissons alcoolisées un psychotrope un opiacé la came

pot [slang] to mainline, to get a fix [slang] to be* high on to drive* under the influence addictive

la marijuana se shooter être sous l’emprise de conduire sous l’emprise de l’alcool ou de stupéfiants qui crée une dépendance

➦ Thrill seekers share many of the same symptoms as drug addicts; they get a rush from skydiving or bungee jumping. (Addictioncam.com) Les fanatiques d’émotions fortes ont de nombreux symptômes en commun avec les toxicomanes ; ils ont une poussée d’adrénaline en faisant de la chute libre ou du saut à l’élastique.

B

Addictive behaviour and remedies a chain smoker binge eating an out of control gamer to indulge in to be* hooked on to crave for

un gros fumeur la consommation compulsionnelle d’aliments un joueur impénitent s’adonner à être accro à être en manque

to be* cold turkey [slang] to freak out [slang] to hit* bottom to go* cold turkey to relapse a health warning a halfway house

être en manque de criser toucher le fond décrocher rechuter une mise en garde sanitaire un centre de réadaptation

➦ Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935 (two years after the end of Prohibition in the United States). AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics “to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety”. Les Alcooliques Anonymes ont été créés en 1935 (deux ans après la fin de la Prohibition aux États-Unis). Ils affirment que leur but premier est d’aider les alcooliques « à s’abstenir de boire et à aider les autres à parvenir à ne plus boire ».

➦ Internet addiction can affect people of any gender, age, and socioeconomic status. L’addiction à Internet peut toucher les hommes comme les femmes, de n’importe quel âge ou situation socio-économique.

➦ Reaching rock-bottom with a gambling or shopping addiction can lead to homelessness. Toucher le fond par addiction au jeu ou aux achats peut mener à la clochardisation.

-holic Le suffixe -holic s’ajoute à un nom de substance ou d’activité pour dénoter une addiction. Si ce nom se termine par une consonne, le suffixe est souvent -aholic : chocoholic, workaholic. Mais on dit : alcoholic.

54

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

a strong alcoholic drink: …… to inject a narcotic into a vein: …… a drug containing opium or a derivative: …… drunk driving: …… to get a sudden strong physical feeling: ……

Complétez les phrases avec le mot approprié.

B

1. This …… addict has had herself banned from casinos. 2. It is estimated that six percent of the American population is affected by …… addiction, also known as “compulsive-buying disorder”. 3. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency requires high-caffeine energy drinks to contain a …… …… stating that these drinks are unsuitable for children and pregnant women. 4. Some leaders get …… …… power and money. 5. If you can’t go …… …… on TV watching, you can certainly cut back on TV time gradually.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ces arguments pour ou contre la légalisation des drogues. Classez-les selon qu’ils reflètent le pour ou le contre en citant des segments pertinents. 1. Prohibition does not work: see what happened in the United States in the 1920s with alcohol prohibition. 2. The decision of putting a substance into your body, whether it is alcohol, marijuana, or junk food concerns the individual, not the legislator. 3. Saying that drug use doesn’t harm anyone but the user is completely wrong and very far from reality. 4. The prohibition of drugs leads to the growth of a criminal underworld. 5. I say legalize drugs because I want to see the criminals put out of business. (Edward Ellison) 6. The goal of the state is to protect citizens’ health and not to expose them to risk.

4

Ce texte porte sur la légalisation de la marijuana au Canada. Traduisez les segments en gras (attention aux faux amis !). Canada’s current system of marijuana prohibition does not work. It does not prevent young people from using marijuana and too many Canadians end up with criminal records for possessing small amounts of the drug. Arresting and prosecuting these offenses is expensive for our criminal justice system. It traps too many Canadians in the criminal justice system for minor, non-violent offenses. At the same time, the proceeds (les bénéfices) from the illegal drug trade support organized crime and greater threats to public safety, like human trafficking and hard drugs. To ensure that we keep marijuana out of the hands of children, and the profits out of the hands of criminals, we will legalize, regulate, and restrict access to marijuana. Justin Trudeau, Canadian Prime Minister, © Copyright 2015, Liberal Party of Canada.

BUILD UP 5

Formez des adjectifs en -(a)holic à partir des addictions suivantes : addicted to alcohol • addicted to shopping • addicted to the web • addicted to coffee • a movie enthusiast • obsessed with making money.

24 - Addiction

55

Care and cures

25

In vitro test methods tend to replace animal studies (in vivo).

A

At the doctor’s and at the hospital a physician a GP (general practitioner) the doctor’s surgery/ office to listen to sb’s chest to take* sb’s blood pressure a screening test a prescription a cure \kjÁE\ an injection a tablet to have* an X-ray to undergo* surgery

un médecin un généraliste le cabinet médical ausculter prendre la tension un test de dépistage une ordonnance un remède une piqûre un comprimé passer une radio subir une intervention

an operating theatre a nurse a ward in intensive care a graft a drip a scar to heal to recover a shrink [informal] a gynaecologist to give* birth (to)

une salle d’opération un infirmier un service en réanimation une greffe une perfusion une cicatrice se cicatriser guérir un psy un gynécologue accoucher

➦ Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) performed the world’s first successful human-to-human heart transplant in 1967. ➦ In the 2010s minimally invasive surgery has become the norm for many operations. Dans les années 2010, la chirurgie mini invasive (cœlioscopie) est devenue la norme pour de nombreuses opérations.

B

Medical research and genetics the gene \dZi…n\ pool a stem cell a clinical trial animal testing cruelty-free to ban experiments selective breeding

le patrimoine héréditaire une cellule souche un essai clinique l’expérimentation sur les animaux sans cruauté pour les animaux interdire les expériences la sélection artificielle

to tamper with a designer baby to draw* the line long-term effects a legal limbo contentious thorny

manipuler, trafiquer un bébé sur mesure fixer une limite des effets à long terme un vide juridique litigieux épineux

➦ In the United States, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is a governmental agency that approves or disapproves new drugs and devices. Aux États-Unis, la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) est une agence gouvernementale qui autorise ou interdit les nouveaux médicaments et traitements.

➦ DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that encodes genetic information.

-free Le suffixe -free ajouté à un nom peut avoir le sens de « sans ». Il peut également avoir le sens de « sans avoir à payer » : an interest-free overdraft (un découvert gratuit).

56

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

Can I get this drug without a …… ? The …… is sometimes worse than the disease. Fortunately, the skin …… she received took without complications. He is fighting for his life in an …… …… unit. I’m afraid this type of injury can be …… only by time.

Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

an unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more different types of specialized cells: …… an effect that occurs over a long period of time: …… full of controversial points: …… to interfere in order to cause damage: …… involving a lot of arguing: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte dont le thème est : la technologie pourrait-elle mettre un terme aux expériences sur les animaux ? Even if you’re not an animal lover, you probably don’t like the idea of animals being used in research, because of the pain inflicted on them. Also, many people say that humans do not react to drugs the way rats or guinea pigs do. The good news is that new computer modelling and bioengineering techniques could make animal testing obsolete. The idea is to create chips (des puces électroniques) that can simulate how a whole body would react to a new drug (médicament). They are like humans on a chip, in which the vital organs are integrated. Besides, some engineers have developed miniature hearts that can beat 30 times a minute, making it possible to induce diseases in them. These mini hearts are thought to be more efficient to test new drugs, as they are closer to real human hearts than the hearts of animals. Furthermore, they could reduce the time it takes to move towards clinical trials, with human volunteers. Adapted from The Guardian, August 23, 2014.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans cet extrait ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment de texte correspondant. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Il est indispensable d’utiliser des animaux dans la recherche médicale. Grâce à de nouvelles techniques, on pourra se passer des expérimentations sur les animaux. Une puce électronique peut contenir toutes les données vitales d’un être humain. Des mini-cœurs peuvent être utilisés dans les greffes de cœur. Grâce aux mini-cœurs les essais cliniques pourront être effectués plus tôt.

BUILD UP 4

Associez chaque terme de la colonne de gauche avec un domaine de la colonne de droite. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

car-free rent-free pain-free tax-free smoke-free gluten-free

a. b. c. d. e. f.

un examen médical un logement une aire de jeux pour enfants un centre-ville une barre chocolatée un parfum

25 - Care and cures

57

26 A

The digital world This is an alley in Jaisalmer (Rajasthan, India). A sacred cow is peacefully making her way in front of a cybercafé.

Computer science a laptop (computer), a notebook a peripheral a touch screen to boot up a backup an update a folder a file an attachment a Wi-Fi hotspot a search engine

un ordinateur portable un périphérique un écran tactile faire démarrer un ordinateur une sauvegarde une mise à jour un dossier un fichier une pièce jointe un point Wi Fi un moteur de recherche

to browse the Internet to log on to log out to scroll up to scroll down to crash, to freeze* to hack into voice-activated a camcorder to restrict Internet access

surfer sur le Net se connecter se déconnecter faire défiler vers le haut faire défiler vers le bas planter pirater à commande vocale un caméscope restreindre l’accès à Internet

➦ Please find attached a copy of your invoice. Veuillez trouver en pièce jointe une copie de votre facture.

➦ When you use cloud computing, you store, manage and process data through a network of remote servers. Quand vous vous servez de l’infonuagique, vous stockez, gérez et traitez des données par l’intermédiaire d’un réseau de serveurs distants.

➦ Many data centers have been relocated north in order to reduce power and cooling costs. De nombreux centres de données ont été transférés dans le nord afin de réduire les coûts d’énergie et de refroidissement.

B

Current abbreviations CPU (central processing unit) KB, MB, GB (kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes) PDA (personal digital assistant) USB FAQ

le processeur kilo (K), mega (M), giga (G) octets un agenda électronique Universal Serial Bus Frequently Asked Questions

HTML VR ICT P2P

HyperText Markup Language Virtual Reality Information and Communications Technology Peer to Peer

➦ When a word or a phrase is preceded by the hash sign # it’s called a hashtag. It’s used on social networks to help users find messages with a specific content. ➦ My computer is state-of-the-art but it keeps crashing. Mon ordinateur est ce qui se fait de mieux mais il n’arrête pas de planter.

e-, i- et cyberLes préfixes e-, i-, cyber- sont fréquemment ajoutés à des termes existants pour indiquer un lien avec Internet ou le monde de l’informatique : e-business (e = electronic), iPhone (i- souvent utilisé par Apple = Internet), cybercrime (cyber- = cybernetic).

58

CHECK POINT 1

Corrigez les phrases suivantes si nécessaire. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

A B

She brossed on the Internet boutique but didn’t find what she was looking for. Just wait for your computer to boot up. UBS flash drives are often used for storage, data back-down and transfer of computer files. Please log on before you leave. ICT means Information and Computers Technology. The virus was delivered in the form of an email attachment. They backed into his computer to get sensitive information about him and his business. Did you google the cheapest flights to New York? FAQ are Frequently Answered Questions.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 2

Prenez connaissance de ces trois paragraphes. § 1. Some people are techno phobic. Actually, they don’t know how new technology works or how to use it. Others are worried about crimes such as hacking, fraud and phishing. They fear malware such as viruses and Trojans. They worry about their privacy, security or identity theft. § 2. The digital divide rests first of all on lack of electricity, as ICT depends primarily on electricity. In Malawi or Chad only around 10% of the population have access to electricity. Access to the Internet can also be limited for political reasons, as in North Korea, where the Net is mostly restricted to government officials or foreigners. By contrast, the penetration rate of countries like the Netherlands is over 95%. Developed countries have excellent technological infrastructure, so that people have easy access to both electricity and the Internet. Many people can also afford to buy computers, tablets, smart-phones or connected watches, which are widely used at home, at work and at school. By contrast, in developing countries, many people have other things to worry about, like food, health care or clean water. Buying technological devices is not at the top of their priorities. § 3. Access is difficult in mountainous, desert and rainforest areas. In some areas, basic infrastructure such as roads and bridges are missing.

Classez-les maintenant selon qu’ils apportent une donnée sur les facteurs économiques, géographiques, psychologiques ou politiques responsables de la fracture numérique.

3

Some remedies… Traduisez. 1. Charities such as Computers 4 Africa refurbish old computers before sending them to schools and colleges to support community projects. 2. One Laptop Per Child is an organization that produces cheap, low-power and connected laptops. 3. According to Mashable, the Indian government has released a new tablet computer, Aakash, dubbed “the world’s cheapest.”

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez les termes suivants : cyberwarfare • e-business • cyberspace • e-banking • i-pod.

26 - The digital world

59

Economic sectors

27

This young woman is working on Del Monte’s banana processing plant in Nicaragua.

A

The main sectors of economy primary sector

It makes use of natural resources, like food, wood, ores (mainly iron), oil or coal. Workers: anyone working in agriculture (farmers), forestry (woodcutters), fishing (fishermen) and mining (miners). It transforms materials into goods: wood being made into furniture, or steel being transformed into cars… Workers: factory workers, construction workers, auto workers, carpenters, etc. It provides services to consumers and businesses. Workers: waiters, bus drivers, teachers, doctors, bankers, insurers, computer specialists, estate agents, cleaners, etc.

secondary sector tertiary sector (service sector)

➦ Most modern world countries have seen a sharp decline in the proportion of people who work in the primary sector. It is estimated that less than 5% of the labour force is engaged in this sector in developed countries. La plupart des pays modernes ont vu baisser fortement la proportion des travailleurs du secteur primaire. On estime que moins de 5% de la population active travaille dans ce secteur dans les pays développés.

➦ The quaternary sector includes services such as information gathering, R and D (research and development), business consulting and media. Le secteur quaternaire comprend des services tels que la collecte des données, la recherche et le développement, le conseil en affaires et les médias.

B

Heavy industry raw materials ore

les matières premières le minerai

a quarry a pit

coal iron \aIEn\ cast iron lead \led\ oil industry a refinery tar

le charbon le fer la fonte du plomb l’industrie pétrolière une raffinerie le goudron

the iron and steel industry a rolling mill a blast furnace a spinning mill a saw mill avionics a shipyard

une carrière un puits de mine de charbon la sidérurgie un laminoir un haut-fourneau une usine de tissage une scierie la construction aéronautique un chantier naval

➦ The pulp and paper industry, which includes office and catalogue paper, glossy paper, tissue and paper-based packaging, uses over 40% of all industrial wood traded globally. (Adapted from WWF) L’industrie des pâtes et papiers, qui comprend la papeterie de bureau et les catalogues, les magazines sur papier glacé, les mouchoirs et le papier d’emballage, utilise plus de 40% du bois destiné à l’industrie dans le commerce mondial.

Noms de métiers La plupart des noms de métier ou de fonction sont neutres. Cependant le masculin et le féminin peuvent être marqués : a craftsman (un artisan)/a craftswoman, a waiter (un serveur)/a waitress, a male cleaner (un agent d’entretien), a female director (une directrice), a male nurse (un infirmier), a female judge (une juge).

60

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases. Remplacez a par an si nécessaire.

A

1. In the daytime I work as a …… (agriculteur) and …… (bûcheron). At weekends I sometimes work as a …… (serveur) in a local restaurant, but my dream is to be a …… (pêcheur). 2. There’s been a …… …… (forte baisse) in unemployment. The …… …… (population active) has increased by 2 percent. 3. They’re looking for …… …… (ouvriers du bâtiment), not …… …… (ouvriers automobiles), unfortunately. 4. My neighbour is a …… …… (informaticienne) and her husband a …… …… (agent immobilier).

2

Complétez ces phrases.

B

1. 2. 3. 4.

Coal and iron are …… materials. …… is rock or soil from which metal can be obtained. …… is an alloy (un alliage) that is used for making tools and cars. …… is a very thick, black liquid that becomes hard when it cools and that is used especially for road surfaces. 5. Un……ed petrol produces fewer harmful substances than most fuels when it is burned.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte sur la question du charbon. Coal is not cool Coal has always been a major source of energy. It was a key component of the Industrial Revolution (from about 1760 to 1820): vast quantities of coal were needed when European countries started to industrialize themselves, especially to fuel steam engines and furnaces, used to melt metal. These days, coal is associated with severe environmental and health effects. Coal mining causes water and air pollution. Coal burning produces millions of tons of solid waste products that contain heavy metals like mercury. According to the international science magazine New Scientist (in an article published in 2013), coal pollution costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year. Cutting air pollution would have beneficial long-term economic impacts for individuals.

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes. 1. Ces idées sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. a. The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without coal. b. Coal is still a major source of energy. c. Coal is a cheap source of energy. d. In the 18th century coal was mainly used for cooking and heating. 2. En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les segments en gras.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4.

La juge a été très compréhensive (understanding) quand je lui ai parlé. L’agent d’entretien était content de (pleased with) son travail. La serveuse a épousé un serveur et leurs enfants sont tous devenus informaticiens. La porte-parole (spokes…) était accompagnée de la directrice.

27 - Economic sectors

61

Farming

28 A

This is a typical dairy farm in Wisconsin, a leading producer of milk, cheese and butter in the U.S.

Growing crops a meadow \"medEÁ\ pasture (land) a plough \plaÁ\ a harvester corn, wheat [US] maize, corn [US] oats barley sunflowers fodder hay

un pré des pâturages une charrue une moissonneuse le blé le maïs l’avoine l’orge le tournesol le fourrage le foin

an orchard \"O…tSEd\ an orange grove wine growing a vineyard \"vInjA…d\ ripe green, unripe to yield to grow* to sow* to reap to harvest

un verger une orangeraie la viticulture un vignoble mûr vert produire pousser, faire pousser semer faucher, récolter récolter

➦ An estimated two million people took to the streets in cities all around the world in May 2013 for a worldwide day of protest against agro-biotech giant Monsanto and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in general. (Worldcrunch.com) Deux millions de personnes sont descendues dans les rues des grandes villes du monde entier en mai 2013 lors d’une journée mondiale de protestation contre le géant agro-alimentaire Monsanto et les organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) en général.

➦ Organic farming bans the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. L’agriculture biologique proscrit l’utilisation des engrais chimiques, des pesticides et des herbicides.

➦ Sustainable farming avoids soil erosion and pollution. L’agriculture durable évite l’érosion des sols et la pollution.

B

Animal breeding cattle livestock a cowshed a pigsty a stable

le bétail le cheptel une étable une porcherie une écurie

poultry farming dairy farming to breed* a breed to feed *

l’élevage de volailles l’élevage laitier élever une race (se) nourrir

➦ A few years ago, the French government decided to vaccinate a million free-range ducks, chickens, geese in an attempt to stem the spread of the H5N1 virus. Il y a quelques années, le gouvernement français a décidé de faire vacciner un million de canards, de poules et d’oies élevés en plein air pour essayer d’endiguer la propagation du virus H5N1.

➦ Five hundred angry farmers dumped manure in front of administrative headquarters in Brussels to demonstrate against the Common Agricultural Policy. Cinq cents fermiers en colère ont déversé du fumier devant des locaux administratifs à Bruxelles pour protester contre la PAC.

Nom + house De nombreux termes désignant des bâtiments sont formés de nom + house : a greenhouse (une serre), a doghouse (un chenil – à ne pas confondre avec a housedog : un chien de maison !).

62

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases.

A B

1. California started making wine in the 18th century when Spanish missionaries planted the first …… to produce wine for Mass (vin de messe). 2. Angus cattle are a …… of cattle commonly used in beef production. 3. On this farm, you can pick your fresh morning …… - …… eggs at the chicken coop (le poulailler). 4. Florida is the largest producer of oranges in the U.S., but its …… …… are under the attack of a disease known as “citrus greening”. 5. There are four main ingredients in beer: ……, water, hops (du houblon) and yeast (de la levure). 6. In the wild West, …… grazed freely, competing for …… and water. The barbed wire (le fil de fer barbelé) changed the West from vast and undefined prairies to a land of farming.

2

Lisez cet article qui porte sur l’étiquetage (labeling) des produits alimentaires en choisissant le terme qui convient.

A B

Many foods, including an estimated 88 percent of the corn crop/breed in the United States, contain ingredients that have plants or animals that were organically/genetically modified, typically to increase disease/death resistance or extend shelf life. Opponents argue that the process may be harmful/beneficial to humans. Supporters contend there is no reason/evidence of that. Sixty countries, including the European Union, require labeling. © Burlington Free Press, 2015.

Maintenant traduisez : “to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life” (a shelf : une étagère, au sens premier).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Choisissez un titre : The dreams of the homeless, The song of the battery hen ou In praise of comfort pour le poème dont voici le début. We can’t grumble (râler) about accommodation: we have a new concrete floor that’s always dry, four walls that are painted white, and a sheet-iron roof the rain drums on. A fan (un ventilateur) blows warm air beneath our feet to disperse the smell of chicken shit and, on dull days, fluorescent lightening sees us. […] Edwin Brock © Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1977.

BUILD UP 4

Associez ces noms à leur définition puis traduisez-les : a lighthouse • a dollhouse • a coffeehouse • a jailhouse • a roadhouse. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

an inn located on a road outside a town or city in the U.S.: …… a tower with a powerful light built on the shore to guide ships away from danger: …… a place for the confinement of persons convicted and sentenced to imprisonment: …… a small model house used as a children’s toy: …… an establishment that serves coffee and other refreshments: ……

28 - Farming

63

29

Industrial production A Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky is one of a series of kinetic giant sculptures displayed in various cities round the world, here in Dallas (Texas). “The Hammering Man is the worker in all of us,” said Borofsky.

A

Machinery and tools a crane scaffolding a smokestack a machine tool a lathe a sledgehammer a wrench, a spanner a file

une grue un échafaudage une cheminée d’usine une machine-outil un tour une masse une clé à molette une lime

a drill a screwdriver a spare part a nut a bolt goggles to weld

une perceuse un tournevis une pièce détachée un écrou un boulon des lunettes de protection souder

➦ Technology is nothing. What’s important is that you have a faith in people, that they’re basically good and smart, and if you give them tools, they’ll do wonderful things with them. (Steve Jobs)

B

Production and robotics an assembly plant an assembly line a processing plant a process the output, the yield automated

une usine de montage une chaîne de montage une usine de traitement un procédé le rendement automatisé

remote-controlled CAD (computeraided design) a compliant robot to streamline

télécommandé la conception assistée par ordinateur un robot à comportement flexible rationaliser

➦ An industrial robot’s principal components are: one or more arms that can move in several directions, a manipulator, a computer controller that gives detailed movement instructions.

C

Crafts a craftsman/-woman a carpenter a joiner a locksmith bookbinding a plumber \"plØmE\

un artisan un charpentier un menuisier un serrurier la reliure un plombier

a mechanic a bricklayer, a builder, a mason to sew* \sEÁ\ to saw* \sO…\ to weave* skilful

un mécanicien un maçon coudre scier tisser habile

➦ The Arts and Crafts movement (1860-1910) was born of ideals. It grew out of a concern for the effects of industrialisation: on design, on traditional skills and on the lives of ordinary people. (The Victoria and Albert Museum, London)

-made De nombreux adjectifs désignant la source de fabrication ou la manière de fabriquer sont composés de nom ou adjectif + made : home-made (fait à la maison).

64

CHECK POINT 1

Inférez le sens des mots suivants à partir du sens de leurs composants.

A

1. a nail file – 2. a pneumatic drill – 3. a bolt-cutter – 4. a wood lathe – 5. a crane driver – 6. to wrench

2

Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

C

a person whose job is to repair and make keys: …… a person whose job is to install or repair sinks, lavatories: …… a person who constructs the wooden components of a building: …… a person who builds walls: …… a skilled manual worker: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui porte sur les utilisations des robots et sur leurs limites. The car industry automates approximately 80 percent of its assembly processes, which consist of many repeatable actions. In contrast, only around ten percent of the assembly processes for electronics, such as cell phones, are automated, because such products change frequently and are highly customized. Tailor-made robots could help close this gap by reducing setup times (temps d’installation) for automation in industries that rely on customization and whose products have short life cycles. Specialized robots would know where things are stored, how to put things together, how to interact with people, how to transport parts from one place to another, how to pack things, and how to reconfigure an assembly line. In a factory equipped with such robots, human workers would still be in control, and robots would assist them. www.foreignaffairs.com, June 16, 2015.

Traitez maintenant ces questions. 1. Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. a. C’est essentiellement l’industrie automobile qui, à l’heure actuelle, se sert de robots. b. Les robots actuels savent localiser les stocks de pièces. c. Il faudrait concevoir des robots « sur mesure » pour qu’ils s’adaptent à la production des objets dont la durée de vie est limitée. d. Un jour, les hommes perdront le contrôle des robots. 2. Traduisez en inférant le sens des mots que vous ne connaissez pas “such products are highly customized” et “how to reconfigure an assembly line”.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez ces phrases en employant un des adjectifs proposés : self-made • ready-made • man-made • hand-made • custom-made. Puis traduisez-les. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

This cheese is …… in the traditional manner. Tunisia exports a lot of …… clothes. The star was wearing a $ 5,000 …… tuxedo. Andrew Carnegie was a …… steel tycoon. Some disasters are natural, others are …… .

29 - Industrial production

65

30

Economic policies This is a market in Nicaragua. Pepsi has spread worldwide. In April 2012, after researching around the world, Pepsi launched their first global campaign, titled “Live For Now”.

A

The economic systems a free-market economy free trade a planned/command economy a state-owned/statecontrolled company barter an underground economy

une économie libérale/de marché le libre-échange une économie planifiée une entreprise publique le troc une économie souterraine

the informal/grey economy undeclared/illicit work an economic policy an economic prospect/outlook to raise economic growth public spending

l’économie informelle le travail au noir une politique économique une perspective économique augmenter la croissance de l’économie les dépenses publiques

➦ Trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners, whose aim is to make profits. Le commerce, l’industrie et les moyens de production sont contrôlés par des propriétaires privés, dont le but est de réaliser des bénéfices.

➦ In post-industrial economies, the service sector outweighs the industrial sector and the agricultural one. Dans l’économie post-industrielle, le secteur tertiaire est plus important que les secteurs industriel et agricole.

B

Globalization globalization competition the deregulation of trade outsourcing a trade agreement foreign trade

la mondialisation la concurrence la déréglementation des échanges commerciaux la délocalisation un accord commercial le commerce extérieur

the removal of trade barriers the balance of trade the trade surplus the per capita income the gross domestic product (GDP) a downturn, a slump

la suppression des barrières douanières la balance commerciale l’excédent commercial le revenu par habitant le produit intérieur brut (PIB) une récession

➦ The consumption of goods and services is affected by globalization. Global flows are creating very high degrees of connectedness among economies. La mondialisation influence la consommation des biens et des services. Les flux globaux créent des degrés extrêmement élevés de connexion entre les économies.

➦ A few countries avoided the worst of the global economic downturn and bounced back more quickly than some of their neighbours. Quelques pays ont évité le pire de la récession économique mondiale et ont rebondi plus vite que certains de leurs voisins.

Les noms composés On peut dire the balance of trade ou the trade balance, mais on n’a pas toujours le choix : safety standards (les normes de sécurité), the division of labour (la division du travail).

66

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases.

A

1. 2. 3. 4.

In an …… economy, goods and services are traded illegally. Private …… (propriété) of enterprises is encouraged in a capitalist system. A synonym of “command economy” is “…… economy”. My neighbour is a big fan of …… . For example, he wants me to mow his lawn in exchange for eggs. 5. Protectionism contrasts with free …… . 6. The government is worried about next year’s economic …… , because the economy seems to be slowing down.

2

Retrouvez les noms dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B

the opposite of domestic production: …… …… relocation from one country to another, in order to cut production costs: …… what a country gets when it sells more than it imports: …… …… a reduction in a country’s economic activities: …… the total national income divided by the total population: …… …… …… ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez le texte suivant. Full capitalism? Even the most capitalist nations regulate one way or another. In the U.S., where we can safely say that the vast majority of people are ardent supporters of capitalism, there’s a federal minimum wage, that is, a minimum wage applicable to the whole country. However, some states also set a minimum wage that is higher than the federal one. The U.S. federal government also imposes safety standards, designed to ensure the safety of employees. Furthermore, it prohibits sex-based wage differentials between men and women employed in the same establishment who perform jobs requiring equal effort, skill, and responsibility. It could be argued that, contrary to common belief, the role played by governments in the economy tends to increase rather than decrease.

Ces idées sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Le capitalisme exclut toute réglementation. Finalement, les Américains ne défendent pas le capitalisme tant que ça. La discrimination économique entre hommes et femmes est interdite aux États-Unis. Le rôle des gouvernements tend à diminuer dans la gestion de l’économie.

BUILD UP 44

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

capital flight: …… economies of scale: …… income tax: …… labour market flexibility: …… producer prices: …… purchasing power: …… trade deficit: …… wealth tax: …… safety standards: …… competition law: ……

30 - Economic policies

67

Working life

31 A

This vintage style wall ornament was photographed in Coarsegold historic village (California). It shows a picture from the famous 1950s American television sitcom I love Lucy.

Access to work the working population labour, the work force a labour shortage apprenticeship qualifications skilled/unskilled a senior executive employment an occupation the professions to be* self-employed to earn a living to be* on the payroll to clock in/out

la population active la main-d’œuvre une pénurie de maind’œuvre l’apprentissage les diplômes qualifié/non qualifié un cadre supérieur l’emploi une profession les professions libérales travailler à son compte gagner sa vie être salarié pointer à l’entrée/à la sortie

to work on the night shift to look for a job to apply for a job an application to go* on a training course a trainee, an intern to take* sb on, to hire sb to turn down an applicant sick leave maternity leave retirement

travailler dans l’équipe de nuit rechercher un emploi postuler à un emploi une candidature faire un stage un stagiaire embaucher qqn refuser un candidat à l’embauche un congé maladie un congé de maternité la retraite

➦ This qualification opens up a number of job prospects. Ce diplôme offre plusieurs débouchés.

➦ The applicants had good references but did not fit the job description. Les candidats avaient de bonnes références mais ne correspondaient pas au descriptif du poste.

B

The business world enterprise a small business a medium-sized business to create/to set* up/ to start up a business to run* a company to buy* out a company a takeover bid

l’esprit d’initiative une petite entreprise une PME créer une entreprise diriger une entreprise racheter une entreprise une OPA

the merger of two companies to make*/clinch a deal to go* bankrupt to bail out to streamline to downsize the workforce

la fusion de deux sociétés conclure un marché faire faillite renflouer rationaliser réduire les effectifs

➦ In these times of fierce competition, we can’t afford to become unprofitable. En ces temps de concurrence féroce, nous ne pouvons pas nous permettre de ne pas être rentables.

➦ The business world often complains about red tape and corporation tax. Le monde des affaires se plaint souvent de la paperasserie et des impôts sur les sociétés.

Faux amis an occupation : une profession ≠ « une occupation » : a pastime, a hobby enterprise : l’esprit d’initiative ≠ « une entreprise » : a company, a firm

68

CHECK POINT 1

Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un synonyme à droite. to take on

a CV

an intern

apprenticeship

to look for a job

a job centre

a résumé

labour

to turn down

qualification

a diploma, a degree

to apply

a trainee

a period of training

a candidate

a meal ticket

a luncheon voucher

the work force

to hire

an employment service

an applicant

2

A

to reject

Complétez avec les mots qui conviennent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A B

Analysts say the company could …… a deal within weeks. She’s an entrepreneur. She’s famous for …… …… (racheter) small firms. The company made a …… …… (OPA) for a rival firm. My wife doesn’t …… (diriger) the company, but she’s a senior …… . I’m on the …… (être salarié) of a large multinational. I have a good salary. We’re all in favour of cutting …… …… (la paperasserie) but we don’t know how!

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte sur le chômage en Grande-Bretagne. There are always several ways of interpreting statistics. Unemployment in the UK has been very low for some years. Some people, especially those in power, are very pleased with the results, claiming that their economic policies have reduced the number of people out of work. It’s true that record numbers of women are now in work in Britain. However, some people point out that many female pensioners are forced to work because their pension is too low. They are often self-employed people in low-paid jobs. Some workers complain that they find it hard to get enough hours to make ends meet. “There is a lack of high-quality, well-paid jobs, especially for women,” says Kathleen McLeod, a secondary school teacher in Birmingham. “If you want to work as a cleaner or childminder, you can find a job overnight. But then you won’t be able to afford high rents. And it’ll be quite a challenge to raise children.”

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Unemployment has risen recently in the UK. There have never been as many women working in the UK. Female pensioners work because they’re bored. There aren’t enough well-paid jobs for women. It’s easy to get a job as a cleaner.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez ces phrases. Attention aux mots en gras. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

My husband is an entrepreneur. He likes starting new businesses. “What’s your occupation?” “I’m a dentist.” It was easy: I sent a résumé and the next day they offered me a job! Does your new company provide a company car? My son is an apprentice carpenter.

31 - Working life

69

32 A

Labour relations On the road to Jodhpur (Rajasthan, 2011): these women, who are road workers, have organised a sit-in. They demand an increase in their very low wages.

Social dialogue or strike? a trade union [GB], a labor union [US] a union member, a trade unionist an industrial/labour dispute industrial/labour unrest a claim, a demand a protest movement to walk out, to go* on strike a striker

un syndicat un syndicaliste un conflit du travail l’agitation sociale une revendication un mouvement de protestation se mettre en grève un gréviste

the right to strike to work to rule to picket a demonstration to take* to the streets to negotiate to reach a deadlock to resume work

le droit de grève faire la grève du zèle faire un piquet de grève une manifestation descendre dans la rue négocier aboutir à une impasse reprendre le travail

➦ London Underground workers are planning to walk out in protest at the new working hours. Last-ditch talks aimed at averting the industrial action are taking place. Les employés du métro de Londres prévoient de se mettre en grève pour protester contre les nouveaux horaires de travail. Des discussions de la dernière chance pour éviter la grève ont lieu en ce moment.

➦ Fast food workers are taking to the streets to demand $15 per hour minimum wage. Des employés de la restauration rapide descendent dans la rue pour exiger 15 dollars de salaire horaire minimum.

B

Pay issues wages a salary an income a payslip a wage claim a pay settlement

le salaire un salaire un revenu un bulletin de salaire des revendications salariales un accord salarial

a wage increase, a pay rise [GB]/raise [US] an allowance an incentive bonus paid holidays, a paid vacation sick pay a retirement pension

une augmentation de salaire une indemnité une prime d’encouragement les congés payés un congé de maladie une pension de retraite

➦ You talk about “wages” for someone who works in a shop or in a factory. Otherwise you use the word “salary”. Thus, a teacher or a banker gets a salary, not wages. However the set phrase is “minimum wage”.

Les noms collectifs Les noms union, party, government, staff (le personnel) sont suivis d’un verbe au singulier ou au pluriel en anglais britannique. En anglais américain, on emploie le verbe au singulier. The Labour Party is/are opposed to any change in the law. The staff is/are not happy about the pay increase. Le nom police est toujours suivi d’un verbe au pluriel. The police have arrested five more suspects.

70

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A B

In democratic countries, workers can join a …… …… and they’re allowed to walk …… . The ……-…… talks achieved nothing. They have once again reached a …… . The fast food workers …… to …… …… . The …… gathered over 2,000 people. Some employees said they didn’t feel like …… work (reprendre le travail). Her firm owes her (lui doit) more than $2,000 and so she may file a wage …… .

Remplacez les termes barrés par les termes qui conviennent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

B

I am a cleaner. My wife and I get the same salary …… . I’m a judge. I can’t complain about my wages …… . I like your job. How much money do you win …… ? I think I’ll get an encouraging …… bonus this year. Your entitlement to malady …… pay depends on your employment contract. Because of the pay accord …… my annual revenues …… should not diminish.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui traite de quelques événements de l’histoire sociale britannique. Every nation has its narratives or myths or popular stories, which are given names and remembered long after the event. • “The general strike” If you talk about “The general strike” in the UK, people are likely to think of the “1926 general strike”, which is regularly mentioned in popular culture. It was the only general strike in British history. Union leaders in the UK tend to think that action through political parties is preferable to general strikes. • “The British disease” The phrase “The British disease” describes the pattern of strikes and industrial unrest in the 1970s and early 1980s supposed by many to be prevalent in Britain at the time. • “The Winter of Discontent” In the winter of 1978-1979 there were widespread strikes in the United Kingdom, especially in the public sector. It was also a very cold winter, with blizzards and deep snow, and the economy was in a bad shape. The phrase “The Winter of Discontent” was used by politicians and commentators of different parties to describe the situation. The phrase is from the opening lines of Shakespeare’s Richard III: “Now is the winter of our discontent/Made glorious summer by this sun of York.”

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. 1. Il n’y a pas eu de grève générale au Royaume-Uni depuis « l’hiver du mécontentement ». 2. Les grèves générales qu’a connues le Royaume-Uni sont à l’origine de l’expression « la maladie britannique ». 3. Le mécontentement durant « l’hiver du mécontentement » était dû à la météo.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4.

La police est déjà là. Apparemment, elle nous attend depuis plus de dix minutes. On dit que ce parti veut limiter (to restrict) le droit de grève. Le gouvernement, qui n’a plus le soutien des députés, va démissionner. Le personnel est en grève. Il compte (to intend to) descendre dans la rue et manifester.

32 - Labour relations

71

World trade

33 A

All the coffee of Lao Mountain Coffee is grown exclusively by Fair Trade certified farmers on the Bolaven Plateau (Laos).

Trade in goods exports foreign markets a free-trade area foreign trade a favourable balance of trade a negative balance of trade the trade surplus

les exportations les débouchés extérieurs une zone de libre échange le commerce extérieur une balance commerciale excédentaire une balance commerciale déficitaire l’excédent du commerce extérieur

a trade deficit, a trade gap a trade barrier a trade war competition, rivalry a sheltered market customs duties a ban (on), an embargo to purchase, to buy* to place an order

un déficit du commerce extérieur une barrière douanière une guerre commerciale la concurrence un marché protégé des droits de douane un embargo acheter passer une commande

➦ Thanks to the reciprocal trade agreement, we’ll be able to find new outlets, and possibly reduce the trade gap with our partners. Grâce à cet accord d’échanges commerciaux, nous pourrons trouver de nouveaux débouchés et peut-être réduire le déficit commercial avec nos partenaires.

➦ The World Trade Organization (WTO) objects to unfair trade practices and rejects import quotas. L’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) s’oppose aux pratiques commerciales inéquitables et rejette les quotas d’importation.

B

Distribution a supply, a stock a supply chain a wholesale supplier, a wholesaler a middleman a retailer to keep* in storage a warehouse handling home delivery

un stock un réseau de distribution un grossiste un intermédiaire un détaillant entreposer, stocker un entrepôt la manutention la livraison à domicile

an invoice the profit margin the purchasing power a commodity, an item, an article a price tag a brand, a trademark a bargain extortionate

une facture la marge bénéficiaire le pouvoir d’achat un article une étiquette (prix) une marque une affaire exorbitant

➦ The UK has one of the biggest e-commerce markets in the world when measured by the money spent per capita. E-commerce has led to intensified price competition. Le Royaume-Uni est l’un des plus gros marchés pour le commerce électronique dans le monde en termes de dépenses par habitant. Le e-commerce a entraîné une concurrence des prix accrue.

Shop Les noms des petits commerces sont souvent formés avec le mot shop : a baker’s shop (une boulangerie), a fish shop (une poissonnerie, a fishmonger: un poissonnier). Notez « chez le coiffeur » : at the hairdresser/at the hairdresser’s.

72

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez ces phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A B

Si vous imposez des quotas, les exportations aussi souffriront. On dit qu’une balance commerciale déficitaire est préjudiciable (detrimental to) à l’économie. Dans un marché protégé, les droits de douane peuvent être exorbitants. Les Émirats Arabes Unis ont un commerce extérieur excédentaire grâce au commerce du pétrole. Le pouvoir d’achat des Canadiens a augmenté de (to go up) 3%.

Complétez ces phrases.

B

1. You use the word “……” for all products, as in “This is my favourite …… of deodorant.” It’s different for cars, though. You say “My favourite car make is Rolls Royce.” 2. I need an …… for this flight to get reimbursed. 3. Retailers often buy their goods from …… …… . 4. We have a ten percent profit …… on sales, which isn’t bad. 5. The goods are kept …… …… until ready for delivery.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent du commerce équitable (fair trade). § 1. The fair trade movement focuses on commodities that are typically exported from developing countries to developed countries. These commodities include mainly food, especially coffee and cocoa, but also handicrafts, textiles and luxury items like gold and diamonds. § 2. These organizations support producers and encourage sustainable practices in farming that are respectful of the environment. They also insist on recycling and proper water management. Needless to say, child and forced labour are strictly banned. § 3. Some people criticize these organizations, though. They claim that fair trade products are more expensive than other goods and that the extra money paid does not reach the producers themselves, but middlemen. Some research showed that “fair trade coffee” for example is not helping the very poor, especially women. § 4. Some fair trade organizations say they are aware of the problem and are doing all they can to address it. Their reputation and future depend on it.

Quel(s) titre(s) pourrai(en)t être utilisé(s) pour chaque paragraphe ? • More expensive and not for the right reasons: …… • The organizations are looking into it …… • Helping developing countries’ exports …… • Sustainable and environmentally friendly …… • What about women then? …… • Who really gains from so-called fair trade? ……

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez ces mots ou groupes de mots. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

un marchand de vin une boucherie un café une confiserie (un magasin de confiserie) un salon de beauté une librairie

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

une oisellerie un carrossier une animalerie un magasin de vêtements une friperie une cordonnerie

33 - World trade

73

34 A

The consumer society Black cabs are iconic features of the London cityscape. Their bodies are now occasionally wrapped with allover advertising, known as “livery”.

Advertising goods, products consumption an advertisement, an advert, an ad a commercial, a break an adman

les produits la consommation une publicité un spot publicitaire un publicitaire

misleading hype to hype (up) a neon sign a poster a hoarding [GB], a billboard [US]

mensonger du battage publicitaire faire du battage pour une enseigne lumineuse une affiche un panneau publicitaire

➦ Advertising is often considered necessary for economic growth. Many products wouldn’t sell so well without advertisements. On considère souvent que la publicité est nécessaire à la croissance économique. Beaucoup de produits ne se vendraient pas aussi bien sans les publicités.

➦ Michelle Obama launched a campaign against junk food ads aimed at kids a few years ago. Michelle Obama a lancé une campagne contre les publicités pour la « malbouffe » destinées aux enfants il y a quelques années.

B

Marketing a brand strengths weaknesses enhancement, improvement timely profitable conclusive, convincing risk-taking detrimental to to target, to aim at

une marque les points forts les points faibles une amélioration opportun rentable concluant la prise de risque préjudiciable à cibler

to promote to follow up to market sth a competitor, a rival competition to stay ahead of a niche a market share

faire la promotion de suivre de près commercialiser qqch. un concurrent la concurrence avoir une longueur d’avance sur un créneau une part de marché

➦ Marketers aim at staying ahead of the consumer. They must continually understand the consumers’ concerns and identify new trends. However launching a new product always involves some risk-taking. Le but des vendeurs est d’avoir une longueur d’avance sur le consommateur. Ils doivent constamment comprendre les préoccupations des consommateurs et déceler les nouvelles tendances. Cependant, lancer un nouveau produit implique toujours une part de risque.

Les acronymes Voici quelques acronymes (sigles formés des initiales des mots) fréquents. AD: anno domini/BC: before Christ AKA: also known as AWOL: absent without leave (sans permission) DIY: do it yourself HR: human resources ID: identity document PR: public relations

74

CHECK POINT 1

Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme.

A B

1. 2. 3. 4.

I changed channels during the break. He’s a man who works in advertising. He loves his job. This advertisement is truly misleading. This advertising company always thinks up (inventer) new ways to encourage the sale of their products. 5. There’s been a lot of excessive promotion about her latest album.

2

Traduisez.

B

1. Bien sûr, je connais les points forts et les points faibles de notre entreprise. 2. Si tu veux avoir une longueur d’avance sur tes clients, il faut que tu adaptes tes produits en permanence. 3. On ne peut pas se permettre d’ignorer la concurrence ou les besoins de nos clients. 4. La prise de risque fait partie du métier.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui traite de la société de consommation. Opponents of the consumer society claim that consumption is now at the heart of our cultural system. They blame big corporations that encourage irrepressible desires to own as many objects as possible or to consume as much leisure as we can. People become obsessed with material possession and the pleasure of consuming. They sometimes even identify strongly with the products or services they consume, for example a luxury car, designer clothing or a trip to the other side of the world. Some people are prepared to sacrifice significant time and money for a status symbol. Also, consumerist societies are more prone to damage the environment than other societies. Others say that we should focus on fighting the excesses of consumerism, rather than consumerism itself, by encouraging “eco-conscious shopping,” or by warning people of the dangers of overconsumption.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Some people want to fight consumerism, others defend it. Big corporations are responsible for the consumer society. Some people are victims of the consumer society. Eco-conscious shopping can save the planet.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43. There’s a DIY superstore round the corner. Please have your ID ready before you get to the gate. I’m Miranda, aka Big Miranda. My neighbours have gone AWOL. They may be on holiday.

34 - The consumer society

75

Fashion

35 A

This picture features a dummy in a shop window in Ginza (Tokyo), which is a Mecca of fashion.

Being trendy a fashion house a fashion designer it’s in/out a craze, a fad the latest fashion fashionable, hot, trendy unfashionable, old-fashioned

une maison de couture un créateur, un styliste c’est à la mode/ démodé un phénomène de mode, un engouement le dernier cri à la mode démodé

naff [slang] to pitch a product an iconic trademark a model a catwalk a fashion show to be* a hipster

ringard lancer un produit une marque emblématique un mannequin un podium un défilé de mode être branché

➦ Short shorts were the latest craze for girls that year. Les shorts courts étaient le dernier cri pour les filles cette année-là.

➦ Haute couture is the business of making expensive clothes, made from high quality fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail. La haute couture consiste à fabriquer des vêtements chers, à partir de tissus de grande qualité, cousus en faisant attention au moindre détail.

B

Style designer clothes an outfit a maker’s label made to measure ready-to-wear second-hand clothes plain unobtrusive casual, informal loose, baggy tight, close-fitting

des vêtements de marque une tenue une griffe de grand couturier fait sur mesure du prêt à porter des vêtements d’occasion simple discret de détente ample, lâche serré, ajusté

slovenly ostentatious, gaudy showy, flashy tacky overdressed to dress up size to fit to suit a fitting room

débraillé voyant, tapageur tape-à-l’oeil de mauvais goût trop bien habillé bien s’habiller la taille bien aller (taille) bien aller une cabine d’essayage

➦ People say that you can wear anything you like when you have a good figure. That’s why there are many clothes you can’t wear if your figure doesn’t conform to fashion norms. The phrase “fashion victims” can sometimes be taken literally. Les gens disent qu’on peut porter ce qu’on veut quand on a la ligne. C’est pourquoi il y a beaucoup de vêtements qu’on ne peut pas porter si on n’a pas une silhouette conforme aux normes de la mode. L’expression « victimes de la mode » peut parfois être prise au pied de la lettre.

➦ That shirt suits you but it doesn’t match those trousers. Cette chemise te va bien mais elle ne va pas bien avec ce pantalon.

Les abréviations des SMS ASAP: As soon as possible • BTW: By the way • LOL: Lots of laugh/Lots of love • FYI: For your information

76

CHECK POINT 1

Entourez le mot qui convient, ou les deux mots s’ils sont synonymes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2

I’m wearing/carrying a red scarf. I need to buy a matching/suiting belt. You’ve got a beautiful line/figure. You should buy tight/unobtrusive trousers. This is the place for plain/trendy clothes. All hipsters come here. Bright colours are the latest fad/craze this summer. It’s very fashionable/tacky. Everyone’s wearing it. I think it’s vulgar. It’s too ostentatious/showy.

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A B

A B

Les tissus africains sont à la mode cette saison. Nos clients achètent des vêtements d’occasion simplement parce qu’ils sont moins chers. En Angleterre on s’habille plus qu’en France pour aller au spectacle. Tout le monde portait des jeans et je me sentais un peu trop bien habillé dans mon costume. Les lunettes sont des accessoires de mode. Victoria Beckham a présenté dans un défilé à New York sa première collection de lainages (woollen collection).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui pose la question : Who is to blame for anorexia? When we see models on catwalks the word “anorexia” instantly comes to mind. The fashion industry is often blamed for encouraging even thin models to lose weight, so that they can fit into size zero outfits. It’s well known that many models develop fears of putting on weight and therefore of losing their jobs. Anorexic models are very likely to develop a variety of health problems, leading to depression and even death. Some former models speak out against the fashion industry’s encouragement of unhealthily thin models and its influence on teenagers who may identify with them, and who may equate beauty with skinniness and with happiness. The number of girls – about 90% of people with anorexia are women – who starve themselves is amazing. Things may be improving, though, as when fashion leaders require a minimum mass index for models, or when magazine editors decide not to feature models who appear unhealthily thin in the publications.

Relevez dans le texte les segments de phrase correspondant aux idées suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

L’anorexie touche principalement les femmes. Les mannequins craignent pour leur emploi. Les choses changent un peu. Certains mannequins osent parler. Les mannequins anorexiques deviennent dépressifs.

BUILD UP 4

Expliquez ces abréviations en vous aidant de leur équivalent français. XOXO

Bises.

J/K

Je rigole.

WYWH

J’aimerais que tu sois là.

NIMBY

Pas près de chez moi.

TX

Merci.

OMG

Oh mon Dieu !

BFF

Meilleurs amis pour toujours

TMI

Moins de détails !

35 - Fashion

77

36 A

Money matters The Bank of Baroda is a global bank with a network of branches in India, and an international presence in 15 countries.

Money to buy things a steady income the purchasing money to spend* money on sth to save a banknote [GB], a bill [US] a coin (small) change

des revenus stables le pouvoir d’achat dépenser de l’argent pour qqch. économiser un billet de banque une pièce de la (petite) monnaie

to pay* by credit card or in cash plastic money to be* short of cash to withdraw* money a withdrawal the exchange rate cheap as chips

payer par carte de crédit ou en liquide les cartes de crédit être à court d’argent retirer de l’argent un retrait le taux de change pas cher du tout

➦ In some countries it’s difficult to find a cashpoint that will not charge to take out money. Dans certains pays, il est difficile trouver un distributeur qui ne fasse pas payer pour retirer de l’argent.

B

Bank accounts a branch a window, a counter, a desk a clerk online banking a saver to manage one’s financial resources a current/savings account outgoings a bank transfer

une agence un guichet un employé de banque la banque en ligne un épargnant gérer ses ressources personnelles un compte courant/ d’épargne les frais fixes un virement bancaire

to lend* an overdraft to be* hard up to borrow from sb to take* out a loan a mortgage to charge interest to pay* off debts to repay*, to pay* back, to reimburse a standing order

prêter un découvert être fauché emprunter à qqn contracter un emprunt un emprunt [immobilier] faire payer des intérêts rembourser des dettes rembourser un virement permanent

➦ With a bank transfer it is possible to send money to an account anywhere in the world. Avec un virement bancaire, il est possible d’envoyer de l’argent sur un compte n’importe où dans le monde.

➦ A commercial bank provides services such as making loans, and offering mortgages. Les banques de dépôt fournissent des services tels que des prêts à la consommation et des prêts immobiliers.

➦ An investment that yields 2% per annum is a good return with a 1% inflation rate. Un investissement qui rapporte 2 % par an a un bon rendement avec une inflation à 1 %.

Win, earn, gain ou make ? Ces verbes ont des sens différents : win (être le vainqueur) ≠ earn/make (percevoir un revenu) ≠ gain (obtenir). They won over $100,000 at the lottery. We gained ten new customers last week. They earn/make over $100,000 a year. I made £100 on the sale of the motorbike.

78

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2

A B

I’m sorry but we don’t take credit cards, nor cheques. It’s …… only. We’re a bit hard up (fauché) at the moment. So, we’re …… of cash. You can say “cash machine”, “cash dispenser”, “ATM”, “hole in the wall” or …… …… ”! A synonym for “take money out” is “…… money”. “My new TV was dirt cheap, £50.” “£50? That’s …… as …… .” You can say “I’ll repay you” or “I’ll …… ……” or “I’ll …… …… …… .”

Traduisez.

A B

1. J’ai contracté un emprunt de 50.000 dollars pour acheter mon appartement. 2. J’ai un revenu stable mais mes frais fixes sont très élevés ! 3. J’ai un découvert sur mon compte courant. Il faut que je transfère de l’argent de mon compte d’épargne. 4. La banque m’a prêté 1000 euros le mois dernier. Je dois encore en emprunter 500.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte où est imaginé un monde sans argent liquide. It’s easy to imagine a cashless world, in which all payments would be made electronically. This would imply that more and more individuals are equipped with portable card readers to accept virtual payments, even your kids when you want to give them pocket money, but this is a fair way off yet. Until then, it’s still pennies in the piggy bank (tirelire). Some people like the idea of a cashless economy, if only because it would lead to a safer society. Indeed, electronic payments have caused the rate of burglary, assault and larceny to fall recently. It would drop dramatically if we got rid of cash altogether. Also, all transactions would be visible — if digital money were to take over — , which would be a good thing for the overall economy. It would also mean the end of undeclared work. However, many experts say it’s important for young children to have coins, as they’re tangible and they really mean something to them. And then you have buskers (musiciens des rues) and wishing fountains to consider…

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes. 1. Relevez quatre arguments pour et trois contre la monnaie électronique. Pros

1. ……

2. ……

3. ……

Cons

1. ……

2. ……

3. ……

4. ……

2. Relevez cinq groupes de mots qui désignent la monnaie électronique.

BUILD UP 4

Choisissez entre win (won), earn, make et gain. Traduisez les phrases obtenues. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Did your country ever …… the World Cup? I …… a good living but I don’t consider myself rich. All we can do is look at who stood to …… from the crime. Congratulations on your new job! How much do you ……? Liz Rossetti is confident she will …… the next election. This is a ……-…… situation. We’ll all benefit from the new agreement. Australian women …… the right to vote in 1902. They …… over $150,000 a year.

36 - Money matters

79

The world of finance

37 A

American National Bank & Trust Co. is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, and operates branch offices in states including Illinois, Wisconsin and Georgia.

Business finance a taxpayer household income income tax VAT (value added tax) assets and liabilities profit and loss to ensure a profit the turnover to plan/to draw* up a budget

un contribuable le revenu des ménages un impôt sur le revenu la TVA (taxe sur la valeur ajoutée)

a rate of return investment management business management

l’actif et le passif les pertes et profits assurer, garantir un bénéfice le chiffre d’affaires établir un budget

bankruptcy to file for bankruptcy to collapse to bail out to entail a cost

un taux de rendement la gestion de placements la gestion des entreprises la faillite déposer son bilan s’effondrer, s’écrouler renflouer engendrer un coût

➦ The company has an annual turnover of ca £10 million. Cette entreprise a un chiffre d’affaires d’environ dix millions de livres.

➦ According to legend, Lady Godiva rode naked through the streets of Coventry to protest against the high taxes levied by her husband on his tenants in the 11th century. Selon la légende, Lady Godiva a traversé nue, à cheval, les rues de Coventry pour protester contre les impôts élevés prélevés par son mari chez ses locataires, au XIe siècle.

B

The stock exchange a share a (junk) bond pension funds a government bond a shareholder, a stockholder a broker a stockbroker the return on investment

une action une obligation (pourrie) des fonds de pension une obligation d’État un actionnaire un courtier un agent de change le retour sur investissement

to raise capital a share price to go* up, to rise* to soar to peak, to reach a peak to go* down, to fall* to drop to plummet

réunir des capitaux un cours en bourse augmenter grimper en flèche atteindre un sommet diminuer chuter dégringoler

➦ The market was steady all week, but has rallied just before the close. Le marché a été stable toute la semaine mais s’est redressé juste avant la clôture.

➦ A bearish day is to be expected but we’re bullish on these bonds. On peut s’attendre à une journée baissière mais nous sommes optimistes pour ces obligations.

-ish Le suffixe -ish sert à former des adjectifs à partir de noms, souvent pour décrire un comportement : child ➞ childish (enfantin), fool ➞ foolish (stupide). Bearish (littéralement « comme un ours ») désigne un marché baissier et bullish (littéralement « comme un taureau ») un marché haussier.

80

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

a tax collected on wages and salaries: …… a tax that’s sometimes called a sales tax or a consumption tax: …… the situation you are in when you can no longer pay what you owe: …… to lend money to a person or organization in difficulty: …… what a company owns and its debts: ……

Chassez l’intrus. 1. 2. 3. 4.

B

a bond • a share • a connection • stocks to rise • to plummet • to peak • to soar to collapse • to fall • to drop • to rise important • steady • bullish • bearish

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui évoque les conséquences possibles d’une crise économique. Economists, industrialists and the typical person in the street all fear the consequences of a recession, i.e. decreasing industrial production, fewer job opportunities, reducing purchasing power, etc. The economic effects of a recession are well known. They are also social when unemployment rises and people find it harder and harder to solve their financial problems, which can lead to mental and physical illness or even depression. In some regions with little social protection, unemployment can mean homelessness. Homes are foreclosed on (être saisi) and sometimes abandoned. Whole neighbourhoods can deteriorate as a result of high unemployment. If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.

Traduisez maintenant : 1. se dégrader – la baisse du pouvoir d’achat – l’absence de toit – moins d’offres d’emploi – la chute de la production industrielle 2. “If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.”

Racine (Milwaukee) is situated in what is now known as the “Rust belt”. It is characterized by economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I wouldn’t say he’s old. He’s oldish, probably in his sixties. Her shirt was greenish. We could meet up at eightish. I met a fiftyish man last week. My new boyfriend is tallish, with beautiful brown eyes.

37 - The world of finance

81

Youth

38 A

A young skateboarder is practising just before school time in Venice (California).

Growing up a peer group to come* of age energetic fit inquisitive rebellious to have* one’s say a flash mob

un groupe du même âge atteindre la majorité énergique en forme curieux [valeur positive] rebelle dire ce qu’on a à dire une mobilisation éclair

a cult figure to be* selfconscious \"kÅnSEs\ to drop out of school to hang* out NEET

une idole manquer d’assurance abandonner ses études traîner

Not in Education, Employment or Training

➦ Teenagers looking consciously or not for a role model often turn to celebrities for inspiration and guidance. Les adolescents qui cherchent consciemment ou non un modèle se tournent souvent vers les vedettes pour trouver l’inspiration et la voie à suivre.

➦ Many flash mobs have been immortalized on YouTube and show large groups of young people doing anything from dancing in train stations to having pillow fights in public squares. (ivillage.com) De nombreuses mobilisations éclairs ont été immortalisées sur YouTube. On y voit de grands rassemblements de jeunes qui font plein d’activités, depuis la danse dans des gares jusqu’aux batailles de polochons sur des places publiques.

B

Getting mature a gap year

to challenge oneself to get* involved to volunteer

une année sabbatique, une parenthèse utile [interruption de la formation pendant une année] se lancer un défi s’impliquer dans une tâche faire du bénévolat

\ÆvÅlEn"tIE\

a worthwhile cause

une cause louable

a rewarding experience a personal goal to further one’s personal development to be* focused to experience to be* tech savvy to be* resilient to be* career-minded

une expérience enrichissante un but personnel progresser dans son développement personnel être déterminé connaître être calé en technologie ne pas se laisser abattre être préoccupé par sa carrière

➦ Gap year volunteering is increasingly being recognised by employers and universities for providing real life experience and the opportunity to learn valuable skills. Les employeurs et les universités reconnaissent de plus en plus les années de bénévolat faites avant ou pendant son cursus car elles apportent une expérience concrète de la vie et sont l’occasion d’acquérir des compétences précieuses.

Jeune un jeune : a young person/man, a youth [péjoratif] les jeunes : young people, the young

82

les jeunes d’aujourd’hui : the youth of today la jeunesse : youth

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les synonymes (=) ou antonymes (≠ ) des mots suivants. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

to waste time = …… …… …… shy, uneasy = ……-…… obedient, manageable ≠ …… to become old enough for full legal rights = …… …… …… …… uninterested ≠ ……

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

B

Passer mon année après le lycée en Australie a été une expérience enrichissante. Elle a perdu son travail mais elle ne se laisse pas abattre. Il y a un an, il a fait du bénévolat dans une école au Zimbabwe. Mettez-vous au défi d’atteindre vos buts.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ces extraits de presse qui réunissent quelques données sur la jeune génération. § 1. The children of Generation Z (“Gen Zers”) were born around the new Millennium. They have “known nothing but an Internet-connected world. From their earliest years, they have been shaped by social media, e-commerce, and on-demand services, using technology to customize the information they receive, the products they buy, and the interactions they have. […] At the same time, they are conservative in their spending, less likely to expect financial help from their parents, and more wary of the future after witnessing their parents or friends’ parents lose jobs in the Great Recession [in 2007-2009]”. The Boston Globe, September 2015.

§ 2. Too young to remember 9/11, they have grown up in a world in political and financial turmoil. As a result, they are keen to look after their money, and make the world a better place. […] Unlike the older Gen Y, they are smarter, safer, more mature and want to change the world. Their pin-up is Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani education campaigner, who survived being shot by the Taliban, and who became the world’s youngest ever Nobel Prize recipient. Adapted from The Telegraph, July 2014.

Dans quel(s) article(s) trouvez-vous les données suivantes ? Citez les segments qui justifient votre réponse. 1. 2. 3. 4.

La génération Z a toujours connu les moyens modernes d’information et de communication. Les jeunes de cette génération font attention à ce qu’ils dépensent. Dès leur plus jeune âge, ils savent ce qu’est une crise économique. Plus matures que leurs aînés, ils veulent rendre le monde meilleur.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Les jeunes n’attendent pas tout de leurs parents. Je ferais n’importe quoi pour retrouver (to get back sth) ma jeunesse. Les jeunes d’aujourd’hui admirent Malala Yousafzai. Ce jeune est calé en technologie.

38 - Youth

83

Old age and death

39

After visiting Bamburgh Castle (Northumberland) on a day trip, a group of elderly people are waiting for the coach that will take them back to their senior citizens’ home.

A

Old age to retire a pensioner, a retiree [US] pep to take* to travelling a wrinkle to go* grey life expectancy a centenarian

prendre sa retraite un retraité le dynamisme se mettre à voyager une ride grisonner l’espérance de vie un centenaire

to live to a ripe old age to be* housebound to flag, to weaken to ramble on grumpy, cranky mentally impaired to dote doddering

vivre jusqu’à un âge avancé être confiné chez soi s’affaiblir radoter grincheux diminué intellectuellement devenir gâteux gâteux

\ÆsentE"neEriEn\

➦ According to the European Commission, by 2025 more than 20% of Europeans will be 65 or over. This phenomenon is sometimes called the greying of Europe. Selon la Commission européenne, d’ici 2025 plus de 20% des Européens auront 65 ans ou plus. Ce phénomène est parfois nommé le grisonnement de l’Europe.

B

Death to draw* up a will to pass away an undertaker, a mortician [US] a coffin, a casket a grave a graveyard, a cemetery to bury \"beri\

rédiger un testament décéder un entrepreneur de pompes funèbres un cercueil une tombe un cimetière enterrer

to be* cremated the ashes to mourn sb, to grieve for sb Here lies… Rest in peace (RIP) an heir

être incinéré les cendres pleurer qqn Ci-gît… Qu’il/elle repose en paix un héritier

➦ Chronic disease affects more than 80 percent of people over 65. It costs an estimated 700 billion euros in health care spending each year in Europe. Les maladies chroniques touchent plus de 80% des plus de 65 ans. Elles coûtent environ 700 milliards d’euros en dépenses de santé, annuellement, en Europe.

➦ Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. (Steve Jobs) La mort est sans doute la seule meilleure invention de la vie. C’est le facteur de changement de la vie. Elle supprime ce qui est ancien pour faire place au neuf.

Mort la mort : death mort (adjectif décrivant un état) : dead les morts : the dead un mort : a dead person/man/woman être mort (participe passé du verbe « mourir ») : died Elle est morte l’an dernier. She died last year.

84

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

Lorsque je prendrai ma retraite, je me mettrai à voyager. Je ne veux pas mourir diminué intellectuellement. Cette retraitée est pleine de dynamisme. Elle se moque (doesn’t care about) des rides et des cheveux grisonnants. L’espérance de vie augmente rapidement.

Associez les termes deux par deux. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

to be cremated a cemetery a will a coffin to mourn

B a. b. c. d. e.

to bury an heir graves to grieve for ashes

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Prenez connaissance des paragraphes suivants. § 1. Is a hospital room full of machines and tubes really the best place to spend our final days before we rest in peace? A “good death” may sound like a contradiction of terms, but the vast majority of Americans (70 percent in one poll) do agree that if they are going to die, they would like to die at home. CBS News, April 2014.

§ 2. To baby boomers, a good death is more about a good life. When they can’t have that any longer, it’s time to pull the plug. This will be the first generation to broadly eschew (éviter) painful life-extending procedures and make the most of palliative care to live better in fewer days, and then die with dignity. Time, August 2013.

§ 3. I’ve said in my advanced directives, if I have any illness that will kill me where treatment has not got at least a 95 per cent chance of my returning to a totally independent life, I don’t want to live. The Independent, April 2015.

§ 4. In modern society people no longer die at home, but hidden away in hospitals. And very often the bereaved (la famille du défunt) no longer wear visible signs of mourning. Dying used to be an integral part of social life. It is now a source of terror and people try to hide death as much as they can.

Dans quel paragraphe les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues ? Justifiez votre choix en citant un segment du texte. 1. Préférer mourir à être dépendant. 2. La mort est source d’angoisse d’autant qu’elle est, de nos jours, de plus en plus dissimulée. 3. Vivre le mieux possible les quelques jours restants puis mourir dignement : c’est le choix de l’homme moderne. 4. Oui, nous allons mourir, mais que ce soit chez nous.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

They were buried yesterday, two days after they …… . Only the forgotten are truly …… . (Tess Gerristen) I am not afraid of …… , I just don’t want to be there when it happens. (Woody Allen) The …… do not hurt you; only the living do. (Tess Gerristen)

39 - Old age and death

85

40

Women and men Men are taller than women, or are they? A young couple is saying goodbye in an airport.

A

Gender roles gender roles inborn, innate acquired to depend on the breadwinner tied by the children trapped at home

les rôles attribués à chaque sexe inné acquis dépendre de le soutien de famille pris par les enfants confiné dans la maison

household chores sex-based attitudes male chauvinism a patronizing attitude a male preserve \prI"z∏…v\

les tâches ménagères les attitudes sexistes la phallocratie une attitude condescendante une chasse gardée des hommes

➦ The nuclear family consisting of the stay-at-home mother and the traditional breadwinner is no longer the norm. La famille nucléaire avec mère au foyer et père au travail ne représente plus la norme.

B

Rights women are still fighting for Right to vote Birth control and abortion (l’avortement) Right to education Equal employment rights End of violence against women Recognition of forced marriage as a practice similar to slavery

C

In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to give women the right to vote on a national level. In 2013, Ireland passed a law allowing limited rights to abortion. It is estimated that well over 60 million girls around the world are not in school. In 1969, in the USA, the Equal Pay Act required that men and women be given equal pay for equal work. In 2013, it was estimated that 35 per cent of women worldwide experienced physical violence. In 2015, in South Asia, 48% of girls were forced to marry before the age of 18.

Women at work a career \kE"rIE\ woman to be* equal to the job to assert oneself high flying a challenging assignment a high-profile project

une femme qui fait carrière être à la hauteur s’affirmer de haute volée une tâche stimulante

self-fulfilment the work-life balance the pay gap to break* the glass ceiling

l’épanouissement l’équilibre entre travail et vie personnelle la différence de salaire briser le plafond de verre

un projet de haut niveau

➦ The top circles of corporate America remain stubbornly male – for instance in 2011, only 14 percent of women served on executive committees, and only 3 percent served as CEOs. Les hautes sphères des entreprises américaines restent obstinément dominées par les hommes ; en 2011 par exemple, seulement 14% de femmes participaient aux comités de direction et seulement 3% étaient PDG.

86

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

jobs that are often just for men: …… …… …… the person who earns money to support the family: …… …… tasks such as cleaning, ironing, cooking: …… …… arrogant and over-confident: …… to be unable to escape: …… …… ……

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

C

Va-t-il être à la hauteur ? La différence de salaire est encore considérable (huge). C’est une musicienne de haute volée. C’est une supermom : elle a trouvé l’équilibre parfait entre travail et vie personnelle.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte sur les femmes et le travail au Japon. Discrimination is deeply engrained into the country’s institutions. “Japan has got numerous antidiscrimination laws,” says Yoshiyuki Takeuchi, professor of economy at the University of Osaka, “but still tax, pension, social security and health insurance are based on the model of a four-person family with a working father and a stay-at-home mother. In Japan, companies pay men a higher salary if their wives stay home. Women who restart as parttimers can only earn a limited amount of money. These are rules and regulations that were developed during the seventies based on the economic reality of that time. They have barely changed since then. Nowadays they keep women from trying to restart a career.” […] “The work force is shrinking and Japan is not very open to immigration,” Kathy Matsui tells IPS. “There’s no other solution than to use your existing population more. Women comprise 50 percent of the Japanese population, they are highly educated but stop working at a certain age. There are no other options than to take measures to try keeping women on the working track. This is not a feminist point of view but the objective analysis of an economist.” However, Japanese society doesn’t seem very willing to accept the idea. Inter press service, www. ipsnews.net, January 2013.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si oui, citez la phrase correspondante. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Les hommes dont les épouses restent à la maison sont mieux payés que les autres. Les femmes japonaises ont un niveau d’éducation assez bas. L’économie japonaise a besoin du travail des femmes. Le journaliste reconnaît avoir un point de vue très féministe.

BUILD UP 4

Voici un exemple d’humour sexiste. Ce panneau indique les toilettes dans un restaurant. Expliquez le jeu de mot.

40 - Women and men

87

Family relationships

41

A happy blended family. Christophe’s two sons, Kim’s two daughters and adopted son attend their parents’ wedding.

A

New families a stepfamily, a blended family an extended family a single-parent family a foster family foster parents a biological parent an adopted child an adoptive parent a test-tube baby IVF (in vitro fertilization)

une famille recomposée

surrogacy \"sØrEgEsi\

une famille élargie une famille monoparentale

a surrogate (mother) to enter into a civil union/partnership the decline in marriage unmarried couples to cohabit to split* up to pay* sb alimony

une famille d’accueil des parents d’accueil un parent biologique un enfant adoptif un parent adoptif un bébé-éprouvette la fécondation in vitro

la GPA (gestation pour autrui) une mère porteuse se pacser la diminution du nombre des mariages les couples non mariés cohabiter se séparer verser une pension alimentaire à qqn

➦ In most countries children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights. Dans la plupart des pays, les enfants nés hors mariage ont des droits reconnus par la loi.

➦ The number of blended families has gone up some 30% in the last ten years. Same-sex couple families now number over 300,000 households in the UK. Le nombre des familles recomposées a augmenté d’environ 30% dans les dix dernières années. Les familles de couples homosexuels représentent maintenant 300 000 foyers au Royaume-Uni.

B

Old and still going kinship a relative siblings offspring to raise children

la parenté un parent, un membre de la famille les frères et sœurs la progéniture élever des enfants

a household a family gathering to hold* a hen/stag party to be* engaged to propose

un ménage, un foyer une fête de famille enterrer sa vie de fille/ de garçon être fiancé demander en mariage

➦ The increased role of love in marriages has altered the institution of the family. Le rôle accru de l’amour dans les mariages a modifié l’institution de la famille.

➦ A beautiful wedding does not necessarily mean a beautiful marriage. Une belle cérémonie de mariage ne signifie pas forcément un beau mariage.

Step- et -in-law Les mots stepmother (nouvelle femme du père) et mother-in-law (mère du conjoint) se traduisent par « belle-mère ».

88

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez ces phrases.

A B

1. Nous nous sommes pacsés il y a trois ans. 2. J’ai vécu dans une famille monoparentale jusqu’à l’âge de dix ans. Ma mère a rencontré mon beau-père, son mari, quand j’ai eu vingt ans. 3. Le nombre de familles recomposées a augmenté de plus de (has gone up over) 10% ces trois dernières années. 4. On (People) parle toujours de la mort de la famille, mais celle-ci est reportée (is postponed) à chaque nouvelle génération. 5. Le divorce n’est plus tabou (taboo) et les couples se séparent plus facilement que dans le passé.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 2

Les titres suivants résument la conception de la famille du passé jusqu’à nos jours. Reliez chaque titre (de 1 à 6) avec son commentaire (de a à f). Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. Fifties

They lived happily ever after their wedding. Divorce was unthinkable.

2. Sixties

Decadence, dissent and freedom.

3. Seventies

The “me” decade.

4. Eighties

Children first (or not); marriage second.

5. Nineties

The family inside out, i.e. the family is redefined.

6. Noughties (2000s)

No more confetti, because weddings are no longer what they used to be. Surrogacy is something people talk about more and more.

a. Families come in all shapes and sizes and include circles of friends. Marriage rates continue to plunge. “Wombs to rent” cause ethical dilemmas with greater frequency. b. The single-parent family is born. The divorce rate shoots up from 45,794 in England and Wales in 1968 to 143,667 in 1978 – divorce is overwhelmingly initiated by women, who are no longer ready to sacrifice themselves for their family. c. Marriage has to last for life. Family life is stable and conformist. Divorce carries a stigma. d. It’s a time of “free love”. The family as the moral mirror of society is pretty much shattered. So is the traditional trilogy for women “housework, motherhood, husband”. e. New families emerge, like single-parent families, stepfamilies and gay parents. The new trends fail to bring back the housewife and the breadwinner father. f. Couples no longer feel the pressure to get married when they have children. Legislation puts the child first in family life, rather than assuming that marriage is the only form of protection. Data given by The Observer, July 2015.

BUILD UP 3

Traduisez. 1. In fairy tales, stepmothers are portrayed as being wicked, as in Cinderella or Snow White. Their most common victims are stepdaughters. They sometimes hate their stepsons too. 2. It’s never easy to be a stepparent. 3. My in-laws love me. To be honest with you, I’m a perfect daughter-in-law. 4. I quite like my mother-in-law but I find my father-in-law a bit dull.

41 - Family relationships

89

Social inequality

42

In 2015, homelessness is considered an epidemic in several American cities such as Los Angeles or New York city.

A

The social fabric the social fabric the social status social cohesion equal opportunities the distribution of resources \rI"zO…sIz\

le tissu social le statut social la cohésion sociale l’égalité des chances la répartition des ressources

access to public goods to entail, to involve social mobility sb’s worth

l’accès aux biens publics impliquer l’ascenseur social la valeur de qqn

➦ Social power is the degree of influence that someone can have among their peers or within society in general. Le pouvoir social est le degré d’influence que quelqu’un peut exercer auprès de ses pairs ou dans la société en général.

➦ The existence of equal opportunities within a society plays a decisive role in social cohesion. L’égalité des chances à l’intérieur d’une société joue un rôle déterminant dans la cohésion sociale.

B

Societal issues a societal issue \"ISu…\ an imbalance rights and privileges the haves and havenots lack of possessions uneven, unequal unfair, biased ethnic, religious and gender inequality to widen (a gap) to cause dissatisfaction

un problème de société un déséquilibre des droits et privilèges les nantis et les pauvres l’absence de biens inégal injuste l’inégalité fondée sur l’appartenance ethnique, la religion et le sexe creuser (un fossé) être source d’insatisfaction

low self-esteem low self-confidence to suffer discrimination to feel* left out a sense of personal failure social frustration resentment

la faible estime de soi le manque de confiance en soi être victime de discrimination se sentir exclu le sentiment d’être en échec la frustration sociale la rancœur

\rI"zentmEnt\

divisive \dI"vaIsIv\

qui divise

➦ Our MP pointed out rightly that social inequality tends to damage the social fabric of society. Notre député a fait remarquer à juste titre que les inégalités sociales tendent à endommager le tissu social.

Worth Le nom worth signifie « la valeur » et l’expression to be worth « mériter ». The worth of this house resides in its architecture. La valeur de cette maison repose sur son architecture. Is the film worth seeing? Est-ce que le film mérite d’être vu ?

90

CHECK POINT 1

Associez ces mots par paires de synonymes.

B

unjust – difference – poor – fair – unequal – unfair – absence – money – unbiased – have-nots – gap – uneven – lack – wealth

2

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B

Il est difficile de ne pas (not to) se sentir exclu dans ce groupe d’ambitieux. Le déséquilibre entre les différents (various) groupes tend à se creuser. Ce système injuste va affecter (to impact) des milliers de personnes. C’est un problème de société qui divise l’opinion. J’éprouvais beaucoup de rancœur à l’époque (at the time), probablement par manque de confiance.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui aborde la question des inégalités sociales. Social inequality on the rise? In the best of all possible worlds, a child’s future should be determined by their talents, their ability to prove their worth in the society they live in and to adapt to society’s needs. In other words, their future should not depend on their colour, gender, economic status or postcode i.e. where they were born. And yet… It is obvious that the son of a successful lawyer in the U.S. – and probably in all countries – is far more likely to become highly successful than the son of a shop assistant. Recent studies tend to show that the gap between the well-off and the poor has widened. A 2015 survey of more than 70,000 managers highlighted the large gender pay gap in the UK, despite undeniable women’s gains. Male managers earn at least 20% more than their female counterparts. Many studies point out the gulf that exists between black students and their white classmates in U.S. public schools. They also show that there are significant gaps in life expectancy depending on your zip code.

“Their future should not depend on their colour, gender, economic status or postcode…” Relevez les segments de phrase qui montrent qu’il n’en est pas ainsi en complétant les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Their future should not depend on their colour. And yet… Their future should not depend on their gender. And yet… Their future should not depend on their economic status. And yet… Their future should not depend on their postcode. And yet…

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The car dealer said my car was worth $500. It’s worth remembering that New York can be very cold in January. The National Portrait Gallery is definitely worth a visit. I had to queue for four hours, but it was worth it. “How much petrol should I get?” “About 40 pounds’ worth, please.” I know you don’t want me to say anything, but for what it’s worth, you should find a new hairdresser.

42 - Social inequality

91

Social progress

43

The Welfare warriors (here a poster in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) consider that “Motherwork IS Work” and must be paid and prioritized by the community and in the workplace.

A

Social progress indicators GDP (gross domestic product) wellbeing, wellness basic human needs staple foods a shelter affordable housing

le PIB (produit intérieur brut) le bien-être les besoins humains fondamentaux des aliments de base un abri des logements abordables

sanitation life expectancy literacy inclusion living conditions working conditions leisure \"leZE\ time

les installations sanitaires l’espérance de vie le taux d’alphabétisation l’intégration les conditions de vie les conditions de travail le temps libre

➦ The international non-profit organisation Social Progress Imperative aims at measuring social progress in three areas: basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing and equal opportunity. L’organisation internationale à but non lucratif Social Progress Imperative a pour objectif de mesurer le progrès social dans trois domaines : les besoins humains fondamentaux, les bases du bien-être et l’égalité des chances.

➦ Equal opportunity covers personal rights, tolerance, freedom from discrimination, and access to higher education. L’égalité des chances inclut les droits individuels, la tolérance, la protection contre la discrimination et l’accès à l’enseignement supérieur.

B

Campaigning for social progress to advocate, to support a defender, a proponent to improve the living conditions

défendre un défenseur, un partisan améliorer les conditions de vie

to value leisure time human advancement far-reaching reforms difficult to achieve

valoriser le temps libre le progrès humain des réformes de grande envergure difficile à atteindre

➦ Broadly speaking, social progress implies free health care and education, and the protection of children, the elderly and minorities. D’une manière générale, le progrès social implique un accès libre à la santé et à l’éducation, ainsi que la protection des enfants, des personnes âgées et des minorités.

➦ Social progress can be measured exactly by the social position of the fair sex, the ugly ones included. (Karl Marx) Le progrès social peut se mesurer exactement par la position sociale du beau sexe, laiderons compris.

Anyone Dans une phrase affirmative, anyone/anybody signifie « n’importe qui » ou « tout le monde ». Anyone knows that. Tout le monde sait ça. Dans une phrase négative, not… anyone signifie « ne… personne ».

92

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A B

…… is a system that takes dirty water and other waste products away from our homes. A ……-…… organisation is not interested in making money. There aren’t enough …… for the homeless in this city. I’m not sure we do enough for the …… (personnes âgées) in our society. …… …… is steadily increasing in the EU. It’s close to 80 years on average.

Remplacez les segments en gras par un synonyme.

B

1. How can we ameliorate the lives of our fellow citizens (concitoyens)? 2. The civil rights movement supported equality before the law in the U.S. in the 60s. It now supports all the rights of minorities. 3. Human progress has come a long way since the days of the cave man (homme des cavernes). 4. They are strong defenders of social progress. 5. I’ve always considered her advice important.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui propose plusieurs définitions de la solidarité. Solidarity implies support for the members of a given group. Social progress is partly based on the notion of solidarity: in a progressive society, people are supposed to provide help for vulnerable people. Many international organisations set great store by (font grand cas de) solidarity. Thus, in 2005 the General Assembly of the United Nations identified solidarity as one of the fundamental and universal values that should underlie relations between peoples in the twenty-first century. In 2014, Ban Ki-moon said: “Only through collective action can we address such far reaching issues as poverty and growing inequality, climate change, chronic poverty and major health challenges, such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.” The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union contains a chapter titled “Solidarity”. It covers workers’ rights – including fair working conditions and protection against unjustified dismissal – health care, social assistance, environmental protection and consumer protection.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant un segment. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Solidarity is important to many international organisations. Solidarity between nations has been achieved by the United Nations. A chapter of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is devoted to solidarity. The United Nations and the European Union define solidarity in the same way.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I haven’t seen anyone all day. Is anyone home? Please, don’t tell anybody. Anyone who wants to get a driving licence has to register online first. Is there anything I can do to help? I didn’t say anything, I promise. Nowadays you can go anywhere in the world in a few hours. I don’t want to go anywhere.

43 - Social progress

93

Discrimination and civil rights

44 A

This plaque was exhibited at the entrance of a swimming pool in the 1930s. It was photographed in a junk shop in the West of the United States in the 2010s.

Discrimination to be* discriminated against segregated prejudice \"predZEdIs\ against inequality a scapegoat peer pressure \"preSE\ a caste

être victime de discrimination où règne la ségrégation raciale un préjugé contre les inégalités un bouc émissaire la pression du groupe une caste

an outcast incitement to racial hatred sexual harassment a hate crime human trafficking slavery child abuse

un exclu l’incitation à la haine raciale le harcèlement sexuel un crime motivé par la haine (raciale, religieuse…) le trafic d’êtres humains l’esclavage la maltraitance des enfants

➦ The U.S. government is intent on tackling the problem of racial prejudice in the police force. Le gouvernement américain est résolu à s’attaquer au problème des préjugés raciaux dans la police.

➦ Fortunately, such blatant discrimination against women is now disappearing. Heureusement, une discrimination aussi flagrante contre les femmes est en train de disparaître.

B

Civil rights human rights a human rights activist/defender inalienable rights the right to vote, suffrage equal opportunities affirmative action the right of asylum

les droits de l’homme un défenseur des droits de l’homme les droits inaliénables le droit de vote

to apply for political asylum to show* solidarity, to stick* together to fight* bigotry

faire une demande d’asile politique être solidaire lutter contre l’intolérance

\"bIgEtri\

l’égalité des chances la discrimination positive le droit d’asile

a demonstration, a protest

une manifestation

\E"saIlEm\

➦ Individual liberties include freedom of speech, opinion, worship, association and the press. Les libertés individuelles incluent la liberté d’expression, d’opinion, de culte, d’association et de la presse.

➦ Freedom of speech is an inalienable right in the U.S., which means that it cannot be taken away from you. La liberté d’expression est un droit inaliénable aux États-Unis, ce qui veut dire qu’on ne peut pas vous l’enlever.

➦ Gandhi is famous for having used civil disobedience during the Indian independence movement. Gandhi est connu pour avoir utilisé la désobéissance civile durant le mouvement d’indépendance indien.

Noms composés Certains noms composés sont formés d’un génitif : women’s rights (les droits des femmes), women’s liberation movement (le mouvement de libération des femmes), children’s books (des livres pour enfants), a children’s home (un foyer pour enfants).

94

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez ces cinq articles de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme adoptée en 1948 par les Nations Unies. A B 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (art. 1) 2. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. (art. 3) 3. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. (art. 7) 4. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (art. 14)

2

Complétez ces phrases par les mots qui conviennent en vous aidant du contexte. A B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

In the past, Catholics were …… against in the UK. If a government takes …… action, it gives preference to some minorities. Child …… is severely punished in most countries. The workers are holding a …… to protest against nonpayment of their salaries. People who are afraid of being prosecuted from their home countries are eligible to …… for political asylum.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui évoque l’époque de la ségrégation aux États-Unis. The doctrine that condoned (cautionnait) segregation The “separate but equal” doctrine was a U.S. law that allowed racial segregation: facilities and services could be separated along racial lines, if the facilities and services provided to each group were equal. In the 1950s it was legal in the State of Alabama, among many others, to have two separate sections on buses: one for coloured people and one for whites. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and was asked to give up her seat to a white passenger. As she refused, she was arrested and fined for it. The blacks of Montgomery, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, boycotted Montgomery buses for over a year. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court declared that bus segregation was unconstitutional. So bus segregation was ended, but other forms of segregation and discrimination remained.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. 1. Rosa Parks a refusé de payer une amende. 2. La ségrégation raciale était permise pour les services et équipements. 3. Le boycott organisé par les noirs de Montgomery a mis fin à la ségrégation raciale aux ÉtatsUnis. 4. Les noirs ne pouvaient pas prendre les mêmes bus que les blancs.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I’m doing a course in …… studies (le féminisme). …… clothing (Les vêtements pour hommes) is on the second floor. People had to fight for …… suffrage (le droit de vote des femmes). I can’t see the …… menu (le menu enfant). I found this …… nest (ce nid d’oiseaux) in the doghouse. I no longer drink …… milk (du lait de vache), only …… milk (du lait de chèvre).

44 - Discrimination and civil rights

95

Social welfare

45 A

Most American states attempt to provide some kind of solution that placates both smokers and nonsmokers alike. This sign was photographed in Dallas (Texas).

Social security social welfare access to health care to be* entitled to benefit to be* on social security [GB]/on welfare [US] the bare necessities to be* on unemployment benefit

le bien-être social l’accès aux soins de santé avoir droit à des prestations sociales vivre d’aides sociales le minimum vital avoir une allocation-chômage

to make* a living wage years of service the retirement age full retirement age pension the basic old age pension

avoir un salaire décent les annuités, les années de service l’âge de la retraite l’âge pour une retraite à taux plein la retraite [argent] le minimum vieillesse

➦ Social security provides economic assistance to people who are ill, old or unable to work. It’s not to be confused with the French Sécurité sociale, which can translate as “the French public welfare system”. La protection sociale fournit une aide économique aux personnes malades, âgées ou dans l’incapacité de travailler. Il ne faut pas la confondre avec la Sécurité sociale française, qui peut se traduire par the French public welfare system.

➦ The word “welfare” tends to have negative connotations in American society. If you’re on welfare it means you’re poor or you can’t get a job. Le mot welfare (allocations) tend à avoir une connotation négative dans la société américaine. Si on a une allocation, c’est qu’on est pauvre ou qu’on ne peut pas trouver du travail.

B

Health safety public health concerns health risks the eradication of infectious diseases a health hazard safe drinking water healthy practices safety at work an occupational hazard

les problèmes de santé publique les risques sanitaires l’élimination de maladies contagieuses un risque pour la santé de l’eau potable une bonne hygiène de vie la sécurité au travail un risque professionnel

an occupational disease \dI"zi…z\ home hazards compulsory vaccination maternal and child safety access to family planning free access to contraception

une maladie professionnelle les risques domestiques la vaccination obligatoire la santé maternelle et infantile l’accès au planning familial l’accès libre à la contraception

➦ Back problems are an occupational hazard for many employees these days. Le mal de dos constitue un risque professionnel pour beaucoup d’employés de nos jours.

Well Well peut être adverbe : Everything is going well. (Tout va bien.) Il peut aussi être préfixe : well-being (le bien-être), a welfare state (un État-providence), well-to-do (riche).

96

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases en vous aidant du contexte.

A B

1. 2. 3. 4.

The legal age when you can retire on a full pension is called the …… …… …… . An …… …… is something that you may risk as a result of doing your job. One way of translating la Sécurité sociale française is “the French …… …… …… ”. A …… is a sum of money paid by a private company or the government to a person who is retired. 5. If you make a …… …… you earn enough money to buy what is necessary in order to live. 6. My brother is on …… …… or on …… as the Americans would say because he is too ill to get a job.

2

Trouvez l’équivalent en français des mots suivants. Pensez aux mots « allocation » et « prestations ». A B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

a jobseeker’s allowance/unemployment benefit(s): …… maternity benefit(s): …… a family allowance: …… housing benefit(s): …… a dependent child allowance: …… sickness benefit(s): ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui traite de l’accès à l’eau potable. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) about 1.1 billion people have no access to any type of improved drinking source of water. Also, some 2.6 billion people, that is, half the developing world, lack even a simple latrine. This has very serious consequences for the health of millions of people. Lack of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (installations sanitaires) is responsible for the death of 1.6 million people every year, who die from diarrhoeal diseases. For the same reason, millions of people are threatened by blindness. The WHO affirms that safe drinking water and adequate sanitation are a precondition to fight poverty and hunger, to promote primary education, gender equality, maternal health and to combat child mortality and diseases like AIDS or malaria. Access to drinking water is defined as being able to obtain at least twenty litres of water per day. It’s really amazing when you think that over 2,000 litres of water are required to produce one hamburger.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Justifiez votre réponse en le citant. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Half of the world’s population lacks toilets. Lack of water can cause eye problems. Access to drinking water is more important than good sanitation. Primary education can improve access to safe water.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

a well-behaved child: …… to be from a well-connected family: …… I like my steak well-done: …… a well-earned holiday: …… a well-known actress: …… a well-to-do family: ……

45 - Social welfare

97

Education

46 A

These South African children are waiting for their senior primary school to open. Uniforms are compulsory in all state schools.

Types of education a nursery school, a kindergarten [GB], a preschool [US] primary schools [GB], elementary schools [US] secondary schools [GB], high schools [US] a curriculum co-educational, co-ed the national curriculum [GB] compulsory

une école maternelle

l’école primaire (5-11 ans) le secondaire (11-18 ans) un programme d’études mixte le programme d’enseignement obligatoire obligatoire

optional apprenticeship further education, adult education higher education

facultatif l’apprentissage la formation continue

a liberal arts college a medical school a law \lO…\ school vocational education

l’enseignement supérieur une fac de lettres et sciences humaines une fac de médecine une fac de droit la formation professionnelle

➦ Some students choose vocational schools, as they prefer practical training for a specific craft. They often work as apprentices or interns. Certains élèves choisissent des écoles professionnelles, car ils préfèrent une formation pratique en vue d’un métier manuel particulier. Ils sont souvent apprentis ou stagiaires.

B

Learning a subject literacy skills learning difficulties to register/to enrol for a course to be* self-taught knowledgeable

une matière les capacités de lecture et d’écriture des difficultés d’apprentissage s’inscrire à un cours être autodidacte cultivé

\"nÅlIdZEbl\

the school staff distance learning a careers advisor/ counselor [US] continuous assessment to pass an exam to fail a test

les enseignants l’enseignement à distance un conseiller d’orientation le contrôle continu réussir un examen rater une épreuve

➦ Our students are taking their A levels [GB]/high school diploma [US] next week. Nos élèves passent le bac la semaine prochaine.

➦ Most U.S. states have a school leaving age of 16 or 17. Dans la plupart des États américains, l’âge de fin de scolarité est de 16 ou 17 ans.

Out of On emploie out of pour donner une note : 10 out of 10 (10 sur 10). Mais out of a beaucoup d’autres sens. The walls are made out of glass. Les murs sont en verre. I’ve been out of work for three months. Je suis sans travail depuis trois mois. Are you out of your mind? Tu as perdu la tête ?

98

CHECK POINT 1

Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

Emma and I went to the same nursery school. The college I attended was for both male and female students. This is the best high school in the neighbourhood. Mathematics should be obligatory for all students after the age of 16. I teach at a college of adult education.

Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

A B

1. Mon but est de transmettre (to impart) des connaissances théoriques (theoretical) sur ce sujet. 2. Grâce au (Thanks to) contrôle continu, je ne vais pas rater mes examens. 3. On est un peu (somewhat) des autodidactes quand on suit (to attend) des cours d’enseignement à distance. 4. Je dois passer une épreuve de langue facultative cet après-midi. 5. L’absence de compétences de base en écriture et lecture réduit le développement de la personne.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte sur le coût des études universitaires aux États-Unis. The cost of a university education According to the Institute for College Access and Success, the average American student will graduate with a debt close to $30,000, which implies a repayment of over $320 per month over a ten-year period. If the average student’s debt is “only” $30,000 it’s because parents usually save money to cover their children’s post-secondary education. Many parents face a difficult choice: either put money aside for their own retirement or for their children’s education. You need brains and sometimes a lot of money to Some economists claim that students’ debts are go to university. detrimental to the economy, because they push back the moment they can buy a home, start a family or borrow money to start their own business. Some politicians, especially in the Democratic Party, find this system absurd and would like the government to fund access to higher education, which, they claim, will make the U.S. richer and more competitive and will also revive the American dream for all young people. Others consider that a university degree will make students richer, and so, they should pay for it…

Citez le texte à l’appui des affirmations suivantes : 1. De nombreux parents sont confrontés à un choix difficile. 2. L’endettement des étudiants nuit à l’économie. 3. Financer l’enseignement supérieur serait bon pour le pays.

BUILD UP 4

Associez chaque phrase à l’un des mots suivants : crazy • not at • non-central • not in • old-fashioned • wonderful de manière à expliciter le sens de out of. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I am out of the office until 30th August. My girlfriend is out of this world! I love her so much. Millions of children of primary school age are out of school around the world. Your computer looks so out of date. Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres. You’ve chosen too many classes. You must be out of your mind.

46 - Education

99

The law and the courts

47

Short wigs must be worn in court in the UK and several other Commonwealth countries. In very hot weather they may be taken off, though.

A

The law judicial \dZu…"dISl\ power by law to pass a law to enforce the law to make* sth legal to break* the law

le pouvoir judiciaire selon la loi faire voter une loi (faire) appliquer la loi rendre qqch. légal enfreindre la loi

law-abiding lawful, legal unlawful, illegal to defend one’s rights to take* the law into one’s own hands

respectueux des lois légal illégal défendre ses droits se substituer à la justice

➦ Civil law deals with personal matters, such as marriage and property, rather than crime, which falls within the realm of penal codes. Le droit civil traite des affaires personnelles, comme le mariage et les biens immobiliers, plutôt que des affaires criminelles, qui relèvent du code pénal.

➦ Tennessee was one of the first states to pass a tough law on drunken drivers. Le Tennessee a été l’un des premiers États à voter une loi sévère sur l’alcool au volant.

B

The courts to commit an offence to bring* sb to trial/ to take* sb to court a trial a case to prosecute/to sue sb to charge (with) a barrister, a lawyer a plea to take* an oath to give* evidence against sb a testimony evidence, proof

commettre un délit intenter une action contre qqn un procès une affaire poursuivre qqn accuser (de) un avocat une plaidoirie prêter serment témoigner contre qqn un témoignage une preuve

to sentence a conviction the culprit \"kØlprIt\ attenuating circumstances to bail sb out to release on parole a fine an alternative sentence a suspended sentence a criminal record

condamner une condamnation le coupable les circonstances atténuantes payer la caution de qqn mettre en liberté conditionnelle une amende une peine de substitution une peine avec sursis un casier judiciaire

➦ The key witness will testify at the trial next week. Le témoin clé témoignera au procès la semaine prochaine.

➦ The prime suspect in this case denies all allegations. Le principal suspect dans cette affaire rejette toute allégation portée contre lui.

➦ The burglars got a two-year sentence. Les cambrioleurs ont été condamnés à deux ans de prison.

The accused Certains adjectifs peuvent s’utiliser comme des noms. Ils ne prennent pas le -s du pluriel. The accused are present. Les accusés sont présents.

100

CHECK POINT 1

Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

They violated the law and were punished accordingly. According to law, you’re entitled to receive a free copy. It is totally illegal. They want to make people obey this unfair law. She’s a citizen who obeys the law. She never does anything wrong.

Chassez l’intrus (s’il y en a !). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A

B

Charlotte is an excellent barrister/lawyer/defendant. She always wins her cases. He was brought to process/trial/court for acts of violence. They wanted to prosecute/sue/charge my neighbour because she was drunk driving. The judge needed proof/probes/evidence. I feel like the sentence/verdict/condemnation was based on emotion. It’s better to acquit five guilty people/culprits/witnesses than to convict one innocent person.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent de la peine de mort. § 1. The two phrases “death penalty” and “capital punishment” are often used interchangeably to refer to the condemnation to death, after conviction by a court of law. § 2. In most countries, the death penalty is only used as a punishment for murder. But in some countries treason, drug smuggling, adultery are capital crimes. § 3. The majority of countries have abolished it. About 20% of countries retain it. China executes the most people per year overall, followed by Iran, the USA, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. § 4. People who defend capital punishment say it fits their sense of justice. It’s also supposed to act as a deterrent to other would-be (potentiels) offenders. § 5. Those against it say they value human life above anything else, that it’s barbaric, unfairly applied and that innocent people may be executed too.

Choisissez pour chaque paragraphe un titre parmi les suivants. For the death penalty – Against the death penalty – Types of capital crimes – A shameful first rank – Synonyms

BUILD UP 4

Soulignez les adjectifs utilisés comme noms puis traduisez les phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

There are over two million unemployed in this country. The poor deserve good housing too. There were many children among the dead. Today the young are much more vocal (se faire entendre). I train guide dogs for the blind.

47 - The law and the courts

101

Delinquency and criminality

48 A

This warning notice was photographed outside a house in Beverly Hills (Calif.). For property crime, Beverly Hills is 24% higher than the U.S. national average.

Types of crimes and offences a crime a murder a minor offence a theft, a robbery breaking and entering

un crime, un délit, une infraction un crime, un meurtre un délit mineur un vol un cambriolage avec effraction

arson bribery domestic violence sexual abuse \E"bju…s\ child abuse harassment

un incendie volontaire la corruption la violence conjugale des sévices sexuels la maltraitance des enfants le harcèlement

➦ The word “crime” means “illegal activities”. Unlike the French word crime, it covers minor offences and murders. Le mot crime signifie « activités illégales ». Contrairement au mot français « crime », il couvre à la fois les délits mineurs et les meurtres.

➦ Figures show that most delinquents fall in line with societal standards when they become adults. Les chiffres montrent que la plupart des jeunes délinquants finissent par respecter les valeurs de la société une fois adultes.

B

Criminals and criminal acts a thief, a robber to rob sb of sth, to steal* sth from sb (juvenile) delinquency a thug, a hooligan a burglar to bully, to persecute a murderer a mugger, an aggressor, an attacker to mug, to assault to ransack, to loot, to pillage

un voleur voler qqch. à qqn la délinquance juvénile un voyou un cambrioleur tyranniser, persécuter un meurtrier un agresseur

to stab to slaughter, to massacre to abuse \E"bju…z\ sb to rape sb a bloodshed a gun, a handgun, a pistol a rifle, a shotgun

poignarder massacrer maltraiter qqn violer qqn une effusion de sang un pistolet, un revolver un fusil

[hunting]

agresser piller, saccager

to shoot* sb at point-blank range

tirer sur qqn à bout portant

➦ The verb “assassinate” is only used for famous or important people. Other people are “murdered”. Le verbe assassinate ne s’emploie que pour les personnes célèbres ou importantes. Les autres sont murdered.

➦ Armed robbery is as serious a crime as robbery with violence. Le vol à main armée est un crime aussi grave que le vol avec coups et blessures.

Shoot La traduction de to shoot varie selon ses constructions. He was shot at dawn. Il a été fusillé à l’aube. The gunman shot him. Le gangster l’a tué/l’a blessé par balle. They shot at the enemy. Ils ont fait feu sur l’ennemi.

102

CHECK POINT 1

Associez chaque mot ou groupe de mots de la colonne de gauche avec un de ceux de la colonne de droite. A B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2

a. b. c. d. e. f.

breaking and entering mugger ransack stab theft arson

assault burglar fire knife loot steal

Traduisez les mots suivants. Ce sont – en totalité ou en partie – des faux amis : abuse • assassinate • crime • delinquency • domestic (violence) • offence. A B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui compare la loi sur les armes à feu en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis. The word “firearms” is used to describe weapons that can be carried by a single person. They include handguns, rifles, machine guns (des mitrailleuses) and submachine guns (des mitraillettes). As every American will tell you, the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms. In other words, the right to have a gun is an integral part of American culture. In the land of the free, you should be free to protect yourself against any person that threatens you. Several lobbying groups in Washington defend this right, the most famous and influential one being the National Rifle Association.

This picture was taken in a café in Alaska. 40 states (out of 50) have constitutional right to bear arms. The Constitution of the State of Alaska was adopted in 1956. It is a short document on the model of the Constitution of the United States.

In the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to have a licence to own a gun. Therefore, few British people own one. It is even illegal to carry a knife (by which we don’t mean table knives, of course). The first restrictions on the sale of firearms were implemented in the Pistols Act of 1903. The UK has one of the lowest rates of gun homicides in the world.

Répondez maintenant à ces questions. 1. Relevez les deux phrases qui résument le point de vue dominant sur les armes à feu dans la culture américaine. 2. Relevez les deux phrases qui montrent l’efficacité du contrôle des armes en Grande-Bretagne.

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

They’re not armed. Don’t shoot! The body was found two weeks later. The man had been shot in the head. Several people were shot dead during the riots. The minister shot himself in the foot by saying too much to the press. The film was shot on location in Alaska.

48 - Delinquency and criminality

103

Political regimes and parties

49

In a shop window in Chicago, posters entice (encouragent) people to express their opinion by voting for the Democrats (logo: a donkey) or the Republicans (logo: an elephant).

A

Political regimes a constitutional monarchy \"mÅnEki\

a sovereign \"sÅvrIn\ an emperor, an empress to rule/to lead* a country a head of state citizenship the government [GB], the administration [US] to overthrow* a tyrant

une monarchie constitutionnelle un souverain un empereur, une impératrice gouverner un pays un chef d’État la citoyenneté le gouvernement

to remove from power to unseat sb a regime change to declare/to impose martial law to stage a coup dictatorship authoritarian

chasser du pouvoir évincer qqn un changement de régime proclamer la loi martiale faire un coup d’État la dictature autoritaire

renverser un tyran

➦ A republic has a head of state, but he or she cannot be a monarch. The only known exception is the French president, who is also co-prince of Andorra. Une république a un chef d’État, mais celui-ci ne peut pas être un monarque. La seule exception connue est le Président français, qui est aussi co-prince d’Andorre.

➦ Some Europeans dream of a Federation of Europe, something akin to the earliest union of American states. Certains Européens rêvent d’une Europe fédérale, comparable à la première union des États d’Amérique.

B

Political parties the ruling party the main opposition party to be* the leader of a policy left-wing right-wing conservative progressive

le parti au pouvoir le principal parti d’opposition être à la tête de une politique de gauche de droite conservateur progressiste

a political platform to stand* for Parliament to run* against sb to run* for President to run* for re-election to support sb

une plate-forme politique se présenter aux élections législatives se présenter contre qqn être candidat à la présidence briguer un nouveau mandat soutenir qqn

➦ The Shadow Cabinet [UK] comprises important politicians in the main opposition party whose role is to develop alternative policies and scrutinize the Government’s actions. Le Cabinet fantôme [GB] rassemble des politiciens importants du principal parti d’opposition dont le rôle est de concevoir des politiques alternatives et d’examiner les actions du gouvernement.

The main political parties of the UK the Conservative party (the Tories): le Parti conservateur • UKIP (United Kingdom Independent Party): le Parti indépendant du Royaume-Uni • the Liberal Democrats: les Démocrates libéraux • the Labour party: le Parti travailliste • the SNP (Scottish National Party): le Parti national écossais [indépendantiste]

104

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte.

A

1. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom and …… of India. In Victoria’s time, the UK was already a constitutional …… , in which the …… had relatively little political power. 2. In the 19th century, when you said “the sun never sets on it,” you meant the …… …… . 3. The state of being a member of a country is called …… . This status bestows rights and duties on that person. 4. The army …… a coup and unseated the democratically elected President. 5. Several opposition groups are determined to have the Prime minister …… from power.

2

Traduisez ces phrases.

B

1. Alors que Margaret Thatcher était à la tête du Parti conservateur, Tony Blair était un membre du Parti travailliste. Tous deux ont occupé les fonctions de (to serve as) Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni. 2. Le Parti républicain est à la droite de l’échiquier (spectrum) politique américain. 3. Le leader de l’opposition soutient (to claim) que la politique du gouvernement sur le conflit n’est pas défendable (indefensible). 4. Le contraire de « parti d’opposition » est « parti au pouvoir ». 5. Les Démocrates aux États-Unis sont soutenus par les syndicats et les gens de gauche.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce court extrait de Richard III de William Shakespeare ainsi que sa version modernisée puis répondez à la question qui suit. Richmond opposes King Richard and describes him as follows: For what is he they follow? Truly, gentlemen, A bloody tyrant and a homicide; One raised in blood, and one in blood established; One that made means to come by what he hath, And slaughtered those that were the means to help him; A base foul stone, made precious by the foil Of England’s chair, where he is falsely set; One that hath ever been God’s enemy. William Shakespeare, Richard III, act V, scene 3.

Version moderne Because who is this man they follow? Truly, gentlemen, a violent tyrant and a murderer, who rose to his high position by shedding blood and kept the position the same way. He rose to the top by means of others and then slaughtered them. He’s like a worthless stone, who only seems like a valuable gem because he’s on the throne, where he doesn’t belong. He has always been God’s enemy. No fear Shakespeare, Sparknotes, Barnes & Nobles.

Retrouvez l’équivalent dans le texte original de : • violent:…… • a murderer:…… • to murder:…… • a worthless stone:…… • where he doesn’t belong:……

49 - Political regimes and parties

105

Democracy

50 A

The Representatives Hall in the Old State Capitol (Springfield, Illinois) is the site of candidacy announcements by Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and Barack Obama in 2007.

Elements of democracy politics legislative and executive power the incumbent president a four-year presidential term a five-year term a Member of Parliament, an MP [GB] the House of Commons [GB] the House of Lords [GB]

la politique le pouvoir législatif et exécutif le président sortant un mandat présidentiel de quatre ans un quinquennat un député la Chambre des Communes la Chambre des Lords

a Representative [US] \ÆreprI"zentEtIv\

the House of Representatives [US] the Senate [US] to dissolve parliament a parliamentary session a bill to amend a bill a committee \kE"mIti\

un membre de la chambre des Représentants la chambre des Représentants le Sénat dissoudre le parlement une session parlementaire un projet de loi amender un projet de loi une commission

➦ Unlike most democratic countries, Britain doesn’t have a written constitution. Contrairement à la plupart des pays démocratiques, la Grande-Bretagne n’a pas de constitution écrite.

➦ The head of a government is often a Prime minister. In the UK the Prime minister leads the Cabinet, i.e. the Executive. He or she enacts the legislative agenda of his or her political party. He or she also appoints all ministers and of course he or she dismisses them. Le chef d’un gouvernement est souvent un Premier ministre. Au Royaume-Uni le Premier ministre dirige le Cabinet, c’est-à-dire l’exécutif. Il met en œuvre le programme législatif de son parti politique. Il nomme tous les ministres et, bien sûr, c’est lui qui les renvoie.

B

Voting a voter, an elector to call an election an election, a poll a constituency an opinion poll to abstain an abstainer, a non-voter the voting age

un électeur organiser des élections une élection une circonscription un sondage s’abstenir un abstentionniste la majorité électorale

a polling station a polling booth a ballot paper a ballot box the turnout to canvass an election campaign accountable, liable

un bureau de vote un isoloir un bulletin de vote une urne le taux de participation faire du démarchage électoral une campagne électorale responsable

➦ Should everyone be allowed to vote? Tout le monde devrait-il avoir le droit de vote ?

Greek words Le mot democracy signifie littéralement « le pouvoir » (kratos in Greek) « du peuple » (dêmos). Attention à l’accentuation : 'democrat, mais de'mocracy. De même : 'aristocrat/ari'stocracy, 'bureaucrat/ bu'reaucracy, 'merit/meri'tocracy, 'technocrat/tech'nocracy.

106

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases avec le(s) terme(s) qui convien(nen)t : President • executive • amend • four-year • Parliament • powers • MPs • Prime minister.

A

1. Guy Fawkes is a famous conspirator who wanted to blow up the …… house with gunpowder in 1604. 2. The executive power is exercised by a …… or a …… ……, with the help of the government. 3. In the U.S. the president is elected for a ……-…… term. 4. The separation of …… divides authority into three branches: legislative, …… and judiciary. 5. Opposition …… want to …… the bill.

2

Traduisez.

B

1. Notre député sortant a fait du démarchage pendant toute la campagne électorale, mais je ne l’ai pas vu au bureau de vote. 2. Il y a généralement peu d’abstentionnistes dans notre circonscription. Mais cette fois, le taux de participation a été faible (low). 3. Ma sœur adore les élections, les sondages et la politique en général. Elle fait même la collection (to collect) des bulletins de vote !

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte qui aborde la question du suffrage universel. Should everyone be allowed to vote? Even in a highly democratic country like the UK some people are barred from voting: people in prison, people who are convicted of electoral malpractice or who have severe intellectual disabilities, like people who are detained in psychiatric hospitals. It is commonly thought that members of the British Royal family are not allowed to vote. This is not true. They can vote, even the Queen or King, but they do not do so because they do not want to seem partisan. In some countries, homeless people are not allowed to vote. So, there are limits to “universal suffrage”, i.e. the right of all people to vote. Needless to say, all countries have a legal voting age, which varies from 16 to 21.

Répondez maintenant aux questions suivantes. 1. Qui ne peut pas voter en Grande-Bretagne ? 2. Traduisez le premier paragraphe.

BUILD UP 4

Trouvez les mots en -crat ou -cracy qui correspondent aux définitions suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a person of high social rank: …… when a small minority of very wealthy citizens rules a society: …… when you’re overwhelmed by red tape (la paperasserie): …… a member of a powerful technical elite: …… when power is held by people selected on the basis of their educational ability: ……

50 - Democracy

107

The media

51 A

This picture features a row of newspaper boxes in Charlotte (North Carolina).

Traditional media a press baron \"bœrn\ a media mogul the gutter press a breach of privacy a copy an issue \"ISu…\ a topical issue a cover story to hit* the headlines

un magnat de la presse un magnat des medias la presse à scandale une violation de la vie privée un exemplaire un numéro un sujet d’actualité un article en couverture faire la une

a front-page story a heading to cover an event an op-ed [opposite

un article qui fait la une un titre couvrir un événement une tribune libre

the editorial page]

the entertainment section an insert the circulation

les pages culture un encart le tirage

➦ If you have an interesting opinion to share, you can express it in an op-ed article. If you’re persuasive enough, you can reach thousands of people and actually change minds. Sometimes op-eds sway more people than columns. Si on a une opinion intéressante à partager, on peut l’exprimer dans une tribune libre. Si on est suffisamment persuasif, on peut toucher des milliers de personnes et changer leur opinion. Parfois les tribunes libres convainquent plus de gens que les chroniques.

B

Online media digital media \"mi…dIE\ social networks virtual communities

les médias numériques les réseaux sociaux les communautés virtuelles

photo and video sharing

le partage de photos et de vidéos

social bookmarking online games to provide online information online entertainment

le marque-page social des jeux en ligne fournir des informations en ligne les divertissements en ligne

➦ If you spend much of your spare time on Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Hacker News and other online social networking services, do you still have time for your real friends in your real life? Si on passe beaucoup de son temps libre sur Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Hacker News et autres services de socialisation en ligne, est-ce qu’on a encore le temps de voir ses vrais amis dans la vraie vie ?

➦ It’s difficult to appraise the media coverage of this conflict after only one week. The media hype hasn’t been helpful. In fact, it’s been rather damaging. Il est difficile d’évaluer la couverture médiatique de ce conflit après seulement une semaine. Le battage médiatique n’a pas beaucoup aidé. En fait, il a plutôt été néfaste.

Head En plus de heading et headline, il existe un verbe, to head, qui a plusieurs sens : to head a team (être à la tête d’une équipe), to head a firm (diriger une entreprise), to head for disaster (aller droit au désastre). Les noms hand, shoulder et toe (orteil) peuvent aussi s’employer comme verbes.

108

CHECK POINT 1

Trouvez le mot qui correspond à chacune de ces définitions.

A

1. a person who owns newspapers and who is considered to have too much influence: …… 2. an article in a paper or a magazine that expresses a personal opinion and which is written by someone who doesn’t work for that paper or magazine: …… 3. such an important event that it has to be printed on the very first page of a newspaper: …… 4. the opposite of the quality press: ……

2

Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A B

A daily is published every day; a …… is published once a week; a …… once a month. The minister was forced to resign after it …… the …… that she had employed several siblings. I like reading Sunday papers, but they tend to have a lot of advertising …… . The …… section of a newspaper has articles that focus on different aspects of culture. Could you get me two …… of The Guardian, please? One for me and one for my sick neighbour. My girlfriend is addicted to social …… . She can’t stop sending texts even when we’re dining.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte sur l’avenir des médias. It’s very difficult to guess where the media, whether traditional or social, will be going in 20 years’ time, as the digital age we live in is still in its infancy. What’s for certain is that we’ll be sharing more and more information about ourselves on social media sites, willingly or not, because these sites will make sure users present the most complete profiles possible. For example we’ll be encouraged to share more and more pictures and videos of ourselves, of relatives or friends. The idea is to keep users engaged on social media platforms for as long as possible, while allowing marketers to target their ads to a more specific group of individuals. With the rise of the Internet, quite a few commentators have announced the death of television or the radio. However, TV has proved far more resilient than many imagined not that long ago. The days of programmes pulling in over 100 million viewers in the U.S. may be over due to the multiplicity of TV channels and media, but the traditional TV industry is still very strong and will be for many, many years to come.

Répondez maintenant aux questions. 1. Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse. a. The digital age has existed for decades. b. The world of advertisement follows social media closely. c. The days of TV and the radio are numbered. 2. Traduisez : “The days of programmes pulling in over 100 million viewers in the U.S. may be over due to the multiplicity of TV channels and media…”

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez ces phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Leslie Craig headed the list of candidates. My son heads his class in language studies. It’s getting late, we should head back home. Could you hand me a tissue? I need to blow my nose. I cannot shoulder responsiblity for my parents’ behaviour. Politicians are often asked to toe the line.

51 - The media

109

Remembering, imagining…

52

This hoarding advertises a visit to Graceland, Elvis Presley’s home in Memphis (Tennessee). It is one of the most visited private homes in the U.S. It was made a historic landmark in 2006.

A

Past, present and future in those days, at that time ancient an antique \œn"ti…k\ a relic to date from/back to outdated, obsolete past former formerly

à cette époque antique, très vieux une antiquité un vestige, une relique remonter à désuet passé ancien, précédent autrefois

previously lately, recently currently in the near future after a while subsequently \"sØbsIkwEntli\

soon, shortly before long in the long run

antérieurement récemment actuellement dans un proche avenir après un certain temps ultérieurement, par la suite bientôt, sous peu sous peu à la longue

➦ The Tower of London dates from the Norman Conquest. La Tour de Londres date de la conquête normande.

➦ Up to now/So far, Jack the Ripper has remained unidentified. Jusqu’à présent, Jack l’Éventreur n’a pas été identifié.

➦ Queen Victoria’s reign spanned more than half a century. Le règne de Victoria a couvert plus d’un demi-siècle.

B

Remembering and planning ahead a memory, a recollection oblivion remote to bear* in mind to recollect, to recall to remind sb of sth to look back/forward to make* plans in the long/short run a prospect, an outlook a forecast

un souvenir l’oubli lointain ne pas oublier se remémorer rappeler qqch. à qqn se tourner vers le passé/l’avenir faire des projets à long/court terme une perspective une prévision

an omen \"EÁmEn\ fate to draw* near to outlast sb/sth to postpone, to put* off novel impending provisional fleeting everlasting timeless

un présage le destin approcher [date] survivre (à), durer plus longtemps (que) remettre à plus tard nouveau, original imminent provisoire fugace éternel intemporel

➦ This day last week I was flying back from Greece. Il y a une semaine aujourd’hui, je rentrais de Grèce par avion.

➦ There is no telling what the future holds in store. On ne peut pas dire ce que l’avenir nous réserve.

ForeLe préfixe fore- indique ce qui précède dans le temps ou dans un rang : a forecast (une prévision), a foreman (un contremaître) ou ce qui est vers l’avant dans l’espace : the forehead (le front).

110

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes.

A

1. 2. 3. 4.

Who is the …… President of the USA? I know that Barack Obama was a …… President. With the advent of the GPS, printed maps have become …… . It’s only a matter of time until the CD becomes just a …… of past times. The Mars Science Laboratory has …… completed one Martian year (687 Earth days) working on the Red Planet. 5. These experiments are expensive to carry out but will prove profitable in …… …… …… . 6. In 1790, she received a three-month sentence and was …… deported to Australia.

2

Retrouvez les antonymes (≠) ou les synonymes (=) des mots suivants.

B

1. ephemeral ≠ …… – 2. destiny = …… – 3. to survive = …… …… – 4. to act immediately ≠ …… …… – 5. near ≠ …… – 6. imminent = …… – 7. to look forward ≠ …… …… …… – 8. memory ≠ ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Do we have the duty to remember or forget? Classez les citations suivantes selon qu’elles évoquent le devoir de mémoire ou le devoir d’oubli. 1. Remembering the past will prevent future crimes and heal countries. 2. You build on failure. You use it as a stepping stone. Close the door on the past. You don’t try to forget the mistake, but you don’t dwell on it. (Johnny Cash) 3. Forgetting the past is forgetting our roots and our basic structure. 4. My motto is: “Forget the past and move on!” It is stupid to hold on to painful memories.

July 12th 2012, Londonderry. Orangemen parade in the streets to commemorate the Battle of the Boyne won by William of Orange. The battle secured the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland for generations. It retains huge symbolic importance in Northern Ireland.

July 8th 1981, Londonderry. This is a commemorative plaque in memory of Joe McDonnell who was a member of the IRA. He died in the 1981 Irish hunger strike in protest against the loss of the rights of political prisoners. Bobby Sands was the leader of that strike and also died in HM Prison Maze.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez les phrases avec l’un des mots suivants : foreword • foretell • foresee • forefathers • foreground. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The people, objects in a picture or photograph that seem nearest to you are in the …… . They are very pessimistic and …… crises on the horizon of our life as a nation. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s …… were Irish. Don’t believe the prophets who …… the end of the world. Was the …… written by the author?

52 - Remembering, imagining…

111

Moving and doing things

53

This notice was photographed in Mount Rainier National Park (Washington State). The park contains outstanding subalpine meadows.

A

Moving to step to tread* \tred\ to amble to toddle to stumble to hop, to skip to trample to rush \rØS\ to march to creep*

faire un pas marcher, fouler marcher d’un pas tranquille marcher d’un pas chancelant trébucher sautiller piétiner foncer défiler avancer sans bruit

to crawl the pace on tiptoe clockwise anticlockwise still swift brisk

ramper l’allure sur la pointe des pieds dans le sens des aiguilles d’une montre dans le sens inverse des aiguilles d’une montre immobile prompt vif, rapide

➦ He dashed upstairs when he heard that the baby was awake. Il s’est précipité au premier lorsqu’il a entendu que le bébé était réveillé.

➦ “I wandered lonely as a cloud” is the first line of a famous lyrical poem by William Wordsworth (1770-1850). « J’errais seul comme un nuage » est le premier vers d’un célèbre poème lyrique de William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

B

Doing things to undertake* to handle sth to tackle sth to strive* to do sth to make* alterations to sth to resort to sth

entreprendre s’occuper de qqch., prendre en main s’attaquer à qqch. s’évertuer à faire qqch. apporter des modifications à qqch. avoir recours à qqch.

\rI"zO…t\

to cope with

faire face à [une situation]

to carry sth out to achieve sth to fail to do sth to procrastinate eventually, in the end to put* an end to sth to postpone sth a work a go-getter

accomplir qqch. réussir qqch. ne pas réussir à faire qqch. remettre à plus tard finalement mettre fin à qqch. différer qqch. une œuvre, un ouvrage un battant

➦ “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.” (Mark Twain) Ne remettez jamais à demain ce que vous pouvez faire après-demain.

➦ “Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. No idleness, no laziness, no procrastination.” (Lord Chesterfield) Connaissez la véritable valeur du temps ; saisissez, capturez et savourez chaque instant. Pas d’oisiveté, pas de paresse, pas de procrastination.

To do et to make Le verbe to do implique l’idée d’activité (to do things: agir) ou d’effet (to do good: faire du bien). Le verbe to make implique l’idée d’une production (to make alterations), d’une construction (to make peace).

112

CHECK POINT 1 2

La pancarte photographiée en page de gauche comporte une erreur grammaticale ; pourquoi ne peut-on pas dire : “Do not trod” ? Consultez le dictionnaire si besoin est.

Traduisez les phrases suivantes en déduisant le sens figuré des mots en gras de leur sens propre et du contexte. A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3

A

How can I get my two-year-old toddler to eat a balanced diet? He was not used to speaking in front of an audience: he stumbled over the words. It’s a short hop from Edinburgh to Birmingham by plane. That country’s government has obviously decided to trample on human rights. The book was so boring that I skipped lots of pages.

Complétez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

B

There are many reasons why you might want to …… postgraduate studies. After her breakdown she could no longer …… …… her responsibilities. The debate was heated and the speaker …… to make himself understood. I had so much to do that I decided to …… my departure to the following day. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark’s …… are on display at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds. Is the government ready to …… the real problems? …… is the root of all evil.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Lequel de ces paragraphes représente : un éloge du choix personnel ? un éloge de la marche ? un éloge du travail ? Justifiez votre choix en traduisant un segment pertinent de chaque texte. 1. By walking through a setting we are exposed to it in an ideal manner for imprinting its details on our minds. We take it in at a natural pace. To walk through a landscape is to explore it. To drive through it in some form of vehicle is merely to traverse it. Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behaviour, 1978.

2. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I – I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, 1920.

3. If you believe in what you are doing, then let nothing hold you up in your work. Much of the best work of the world has been done against seeming impossibilities. The thing is to get the work done. Dale Carnegie.

BUILD UP 5

Complétez les phrases avec make ou do à la forme qui convient. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What are you going to …… after you graduate? Her husband sometimes …… the cooking on Sundays. Have all the arrangements for the wedding been …… ? I’ll …… a cup of coffee while you wait. You’ve really …… a good job.

53 - Moving and doing things

113

54 A

Thinking In Drumcliffe Cemetery (County Sligo, Ireland), where the Irish poet W.B. Yeats is buried, a squatting figure seems to be pondering about the poet’s words. The sculpture is the work of Jackie McKenna.

Intellectual abilities to ponder about/on/ over sth to regard to guess to assess to reckon, to deem to enlighten sb on sth awareness common sense

réfléchir à qqch. considérer deviner, supposer évaluer estimer, penser éclairer qqn sur qqch. la conscience le bon sens

gifted shrewd, clever heedful of witty well-read astute relevant sensible

doué astucieux attentif à, conscient de spirituel cultivé sagace pertinent sensé

➦ Government think tanks are important in every country. In the U.S., they’re particularly valued in the security and defense field. Les groupes de réflexion gouvernementaux sont importants dans tous les pays. Aux États-Unis, on leur accorde surtout une grande importance dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la défense.

➦ After Louise had gone to her own home, she mulled over the situation… (Mildred A. Wirt) Une fois rentrée chez elle, Louise réfléchit sérieusement à la situation.

B

Reasoning to examine \Ig"zœmIn\ to solve a problem to deduce from sth that to grasp to assume to be* knowledgeable about sth to think* sth through to brood on sth to undermine accuracy \"œkjErEsi\

analyser résoudre un problème déduire de qqch. que saisir supposer s’y connaître en qqch. soupeser les conséquences de qqch. ressasser qqch. saper, ébranler la justesse

a clue acumen grounds a rebuttal engrossed in a red herring intricate obvious disputable thorny unerringly

un indice la perspicacité des raisons une réfutation absorbé par une diversion complexe évident, manifeste discutable épineux infailliblement

➦ I don’t see the point in starting something I can’t finish. Je ne vois pas l’intérêt de commencer quelque chose que je ne peux pas finir.

➦ If you jump to a conclusion, you evaluate or judge something without having enough information or without examining facts. Si vous tirez une conclusion hâtive, vous évaluez ou jugez quelque chose sans avoir assez d’informations ou sans analyser les faits.

-ly Le suffixe le plus employé dans la formation d’adverbes à partir d’adjectifs est -ly : obvious (manifeste)/ obviously (manifestement). Attention, certains mots terminés par -ly sont des adjectifs : cowardly (lâche), lonely (solitaire)…

114

CHECK POINT 1

Ces définitions sont-elles justes (J) ou fausses (F) ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2

A

sensible: quick to respond to small changes, easily upset common sense: the ability to think and behave in a reasonable way awareness: lack of knowledge or information shrewd: mentally sharp witty: humourless, unamusing relevant: relating to a subject in an appropriate way

Complétez par une expression équivalente aux segments en gras.

B

1. 2. 3. 4.

She knows a lot about computers. She is very …… about computers. This argument has nothing to do with the issue. It is a …… …… . I didn’t like the film: the plot is too complicated. The plot is too …… . The recent events have gradually weakened people’s confidence in the government. They have …… their confidence. 5. It’s easy to see that he’s wrong. He is …… wrong.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Choisissez les termes appropriés pour compléter ces extraits de presse. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. § 1. Marcela Louie is a whiz/lazy kid. “She’s been ahead of/with her peers since she was a toddler. […] By the time she was sixteen/two, Roxana says her daughter knew she wanted to be a doctor. So the proud mom admits she’s not too surprised that [15-year-old] Marcela was recently granted early/late admission to the University of Alberta, where she’ll be majoring in Biology this fall.” Patricia Kozicka, The Global Post, February 4, 2014.

§ 2. Thinking things through can be a great handicap/thing of course. However if you’re an over-thinker, you might become someone who stands still/busy in life, someone who forgets the good things that happen in life. § 3. Laughter/Hatha yoga is fast emerging as the healing balm for people having their life full of stress/fun. This therapy has attracted very few/a lot of people from all walks of life barring age as they find it a natural stress reliever. The Times of India, May 27, 2012.

Traduisez maintenant les segments suivants en vous servant des indications, du contexte ou de la proximité des termes avec le français. § 1. “her peers (people of the same age)”: …… “she was granted early admission”: …… § 2. “someone who self-sabotages”: …… § 3. “the healing balm (to heal = to regenerate)”: …… “from all walks of life”: ……

BUILD UP 4

Identifiez l’intrus et traduisez-le. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

slowly • quickly • friendly • nicely endlessly • costly • dearly • fully lively • nearly • thoroughly • fairly truthfully • sincerely • luckily • chilly certainly • closely • disorderly • frankly

54 - Thinking

115

Describing personality

55

He worked for 40 years at the Jack Daniel’s Distillery (Kentucky). He now takes visitors around. He is a real character, jocular (enjoué) and outgoing (extraverti).

A

In a positive way an asset awesome \"O…sEm\ energetic confident assertive dependable, reliable well-balanced keen (on) gallant, brave daring, bold dauntless \"dO…ntlEs\ earnest

un atout, une qualité impressionnant, « génial » énergique confiant qui a de l’assurance fiable équilibré passionné (de) courageux audacieux intrépide sérieux

overly serious appreciative devoted shrewd sharp, sharp-witted resourceful well-mannered, courteous easy-going gregarious, sociable far-sighted

exagérément sérieux admiratif, reconnaissant dévoué, fervent perspicace malin débrouillard poli facile à vivre sociable prévoyant

➦ This journalist is an astute observer of the current political scene. Ce journaliste est un observateur sagace de la scène politique actuelle.

➦ Any fool can criticize, condemn, and complain but it takes character and self control to be understanding and forgiving. (Dale Carnegie) N’importe quel imbécile peut critiquer, condamner et se plaindre mais il faut avoir du caractère et de la maîtrise de soi pour arriver à comprendre et à pardonner.

B

In a negative way a shortcoming shy gullible sullen, bad-tempered finicky touchy short-/quick-tempered conceited cowardly reckless stubborn

un défaut timide crédule maussade tatillon susceptible irascible vaniteux lâche téméraire têtu

rash unpredictable whimsical messy sneaky, devious deceitful, deceptive dishonest quarrelsome disparaging rowdy \"raÁdi\ [used for children]

impétueux imprévisible capricieux désordonné sournois trompeur malhonnête querelleur désobligeant bruyant

➦ Some psychologists, like Ron Kurtus, say that personality primarily consists of inborn traits, while character consists of learned behaviour. Certains psychologues, comme Ron Kurtus, disent que la personnalité est constituée avant tout de traits innés alors que le caractère est du domaine du comportement acquis.

-some Le suffixe -some est utilisé dans la formation d’adjectifs à partir de noms. Nom + -some = « caractérisé par… » : a quarrel (une querelle) fi quarrelsome (querelleur).

116

CHECK POINT 1

Trouvez les synonymes (=) ou antonymes (≠) des termes suivants. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2

A B

well-balanced ≠ …… gallant ≠ …… courageous and adventurous = …… timid = …… uncritical and easy ≠ …… humble ≠ …… false and misleading = …… self-reliant and positive = ……

Faites correspondre un adjectif à ces types de comportement.

B

1. He believes anything you tell him, he is naive and easily deceived: he is …… . 2. She bought a house just before property prices started to rise: this was a …… decision. 3. They constantly express negative opinions to lower Dorian’s reputation: their comments are …… . 4. He is not easily frightened or intimidated: he is …… . 5. This politician will lie and trick people in order to get what he wants: he is …… . 6. She was fond of company, very sociable and popular: she was …… .

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Voici un texte sur la graphologie. Choisissez les termes appropriés pour le compléter. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. Graphology is not an exact science, but it can be fun! For those who still use a pen… According to research carried out by the National Pen Company in the U.S., people with small handwriting tend to be withdrawn, that is, shy/messy/open-minded, and meticulous. By contrast, outgoing people will have larger handwriting. Do you leave large gaps between words? That’s a sign that you don’t enjoy being crowded. You like your life/freedom/sleep. If the words are close together, that may mean that you can’t stand being alone. How do you write the letter “l”? With a wide loop or a narrow one? Wide implies that you’re stressed/ selfish/relaxed, spontaneous and open-minded. Where do you place the dot over the letter “i”? If it’s high over the “i”, then you tend to be imaginative. If the dot is closer to the letter, you tend to be organised/messy/rash, detail-oriented, and empathetic. The way you sign is supposed to say a lot about your personality too. If your signature is illegible, then you’re likely to be private/popular/gregarious. If it is legible, you tend to be comfortable and self-confident.

BUILD UP 4

Faites correspondre les mots et leurs définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

loathsome troublesome tiresome handsome toilsome awesome

a. b. c. d. e. f.

causing feelings of respect or fear attractive (usually for a man) disgusting giving trouble or anxiety characterized by physical effort to the point of exhaustion causing you to feel bored or impatient

55 - Describing personality

117

Happiness

56 A

The Kiss by Rowan Gillespie (born 1953) stands in Dublin. His sculptures span the whole gamut (couvrent toute la gamme) of human emotions, from love and awe, to hate and self-destruction.

Feelings to fancy sb to appeal to sb to fall* for sb to dote on sb delight thrilled beloved \bI"lØvId\

être attiré par qqn plaire à qqn tomber amoureux de qqn aimer qqn à la folie le ravissement au comble de la joie bien-aimé

an affair a mate, a pal to get* on well with likeable, friendly caring sympathetic to cheer up

une liaison un copain, une copine bien s’entendre avec sympathique attentionné compatissant reprendre courage

➦ Smile when he makes you happy, yell when he makes you mad, and miss him when he’s not there. Love hard when there is love to be had. Because perfect guys don’t exist, but there’s always one guy that is perfect for you. (Bob Marley) ➦ How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,/That has such people in ’t! Shakespeare, The Tempest, act V, scene 1. Que le genre humain est superbe ! Oh le meilleur des mondes/Où vivent de telles créatures !

B

Emotions to long for sth to wonder at elated sensitive to buoyant \"bOIEnt\, lively exhilarating moving

aspirer à qqch. s’émerveiller de fou de joie sensible à plein d’entrain grisant émouvant

breathtaking composure collected relief to unwind* to burst* out laughing

à couper le souffle le sang-froid d’un calme absolu le soulagement se détendre éclater de rire

➦ He is a very calm, cool, collected boss who is very much respected. C’est un patron très calme, serein et posé qui est très respecté.

➦ “You look terrific in this dress!” “That’s sweet; actually, I had a terrible day at work.” « Tu es superbe dans cette robe. – C’est vraiment gentil ; en fait, j’ai passé une journée épouvantable au bureau. »

Get Le verbe get est très employé. Ses sens premiers sont : – « recevoir, obtenir » fi How many texts did you get today? – « devenir, changer d’état » fi I’m getting old. – « se rendre, arriver » fi How are you getting home? L’ajout d’une particule ou d’une préposition change plus ou moins son sens : to get behind (prendre du retard), to get by (se débrouiller financièrement), to get down (démoraliser), to get off (descendre d’un bus, d’un train…), to get over (surmonter), to get through (parvenir à, utiliser entièrement), to get to (arriver à), to get on with (s’entendre avec).

118

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2

A

I’m a doting grandmother. Thank you so much for these sympathetic words. The idea appealed to her. I’m delighted to see you again. His roommate is Japanese. You know what? I think she’s falling for him. Cheer up! It’s not the end of the world.

Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

B

astonishing and beautiful: …… calmness especially of mind: …… very happy and excited, over the moon with joy: …… to feel a strong desire for sth: …… easily upset by what people say about you: …… a pleasant feeling one has when something painful is over: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez ce texte sur les mariages en Inde. We may have the feeling that love marriages have always been around when in fact they began to appear in the 14th century and became really popular in Europe in the 17th century. They are relatively new in India, where arranged marriages are still the norm and often considered to be more likely to succeed than love marriages, despite the impact of Bollywood films, which tend to glorify romantic love. Rajini Vaidyanathan (BBC World Service, March 8, 2010) explains the success of online matrimonial sites in India by pointing out that the wedding industry has always been big in India. Quite logically, online matrimonial sites are big business too, especially as they make it easier for people to find their perfect match and allow Indians to continue with traditional matchmaking but using state-of-the art technology. The criteria used online are the same as those used by traditional matchmakers. For example, Rajini mentions the caste that you want your future spouse to be, the money they make, their job, their education, if any, and even their Indian horoscope!

Citez les phrases précises qui correspondent aux idées suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Le cinéma a une influence sur l’idée que les Indiens ont de l’amour. De nombreux Indiens consultent les sites matrimoniaux en ligne. Vous pouvez choisir à quelle caste doit appartenir votre partenaire. Il y a peu de différences avec les critères de sélection qu’utilisent les marieurs.

BUILD UP 4

Complétez ces phrases à l’aide de over, off, by, down, away with ou out of. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

How did she get …… …… trouble? This rotten weather is really getting me …… . She is slowly getting …… a bad cold. It’s hard to get …… with such a low salary. Leave me alone! Get …… my back! You won’t get …… …… cheating on your taxes.

56 - Happiness

119

Displeasure

57 A

They both look exhausted, withdrawn (renfermés), impervious (imperméables) to what is going on around them.

From grief to confusion grief, sorrow boredom, weariness concern gloom disheartened dejected dismayed devastated miserable, wretched

le chagrin la lassitude l’inquiétude la morosité découragé abattu consterné anéanti malheureux, misérable

desperate \"desprEt\ to feel* low to be* on edge to be* under stress, to be* stressed out annoyed at upset withdrawn \wID"drO…n\ muddled

désespéré être démoralisé être très énervé être stressé contrarié par ennuyé, vexé, inquiet renfermé, taciturne à l’esprit confus

➦ The most unpleasant feeling is the feeling of your helplessness. (Thomas Carlyle) Le sentiment le plus désagréable est de se sentir impuissant.

➦ To weep is to make less the depth of grief. (William Shakespeare) Pleurer allège le poids du chagrin.

➦ Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shores. Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus, lines inscribed inside the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.

Donnez-moi ceux qui sont las, ceux qui sont pauvres, Vos masses entassées assoiffées d’air libre, Les rebuts misérables de vos terres surpeuplées.

B

Stronger negative feelings callous reckless mean, spiteful reluctant to loathe can’t bear*, can’t stand* to bear* a grudge against sb

dur, insensible irréfléchi malveillant réticent détester ne pas supporter garder rancune à qqn

to dread \dred\ to long for pathetic appalling awful, dreadful, atrocious scary, stressful

redouter aspirer à navrant épouvantable atroce angoissant

➦ Negative emotions like loneliness, envy, and guilt have an important role to play in a happy life; they’re big, flashing signs that something needs to change. (Gretchen Rubin) Les émotions négatives telles que la solitude, l’envie, la culpabilité ont un rôle important à jouer dans une vie heureuse ; ce sont autant de signes impérieux que quelque chose doit changer.

-ed et -ing De nombreux adjectifs sont formés de verbe + -ed ou verbe + -ing. En général, -ed donne un sens passif à l’adjectif (annoyed: contrarié) et -ing un sens actif (annoying: contrariant).

120

CHECK POINT 1

Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2

A

This novel is written in a lively style, with a sense of humour, sometimes biting but never mean. Their faces showed boredom as the speech dragged on. All the players were down-hearted after their defeat. I strongly dislike wind and rain. Tom felt miserable thinking of what he had done to her. Does she bite her nails when she is nervous? What makes you feel so sad and melancholy? She was very worried about having no news from her daughter. He was distressed when his friend left. She has been unsociable since her mother died.

Complétez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

B

That’s a …… waste of opportunity. Tell me more: I can’t …… the suspense any longer. Do you …… getting old? She’s been away for a month and I am …… …… her to come back. That dictator was selfish, …… and indifferent to suffering. You can’t …… …… …… against someone who hasn’t done anything to you. The junior executive was …… to take on new responsibilities since he was already overworked. Bungee jumping is the last thing I would like to do; it’s too …… for me.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Lisez les deux dernières strophes de ce poème et dites dans quelles circonstances vous pensez qu’il a été écrit : à la suite d’un mariage • à la suite de la mort d’un ami • à la suite d’un anniversaire. He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong. The stars are not wanted now: put out every one; Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun; Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. For nothing now can ever come to any good. W.H. Auden, Song IX, 1976.

Dans quelle strophe le poète exprime-t-il son désir de voir l’univers entier se faire l’écho de son émotion ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant des segments du texte et en les traduisant.

BUILD UP 4

Ajoutez la terminaison -ed ou -ing qui convient. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

She was confus… by his ambiguous remarks. It’s very frustrat… to feel like you’re not making progress. She was devastat… when he left her for another woman. He was stunn… when they told him he had won the first prize. These refugees are living in appall… conditions. This abridg… version is easy to read. San Francisco is an amaz… city.

57 - Displeasure

121

Expressing oneself

58 A

These young people are expressing themselves in several ways: eye contact and hand holding. The young woman is carrying a placard on her back warning people about the risks of lung cancer for women.

Facial expressions a grin to wink at sb to make* faces at to put* out one’s tongue at to purse one’s lips to glare at

un large sourire faire un clin d’œil à qqn faire des grimaces tirer la langue pincer les lèvres lancer un regard furieux

to frown \fraÁn\ to pull a face, to pout to sob bland grim sullen \"sØlEn\

froncer les sourcils faire la moue sangloter impassible [expression] grave renfrogné

➦ We are all pretending. The important thing is to keep a straight face. (Maurice Valency) Nous faisons tous semblant. L’important est de garder son sérieux.

➦ The President appeared grim-faced before the meeting in the White House Cabinet Room. Le Président avait le visage grave avant la réunion dans la salle du Conseil à la Maison Blanche.

B

The voice to howl/ to scream at sb to shriek to wail to roar with laughter to giggle to sneer to chuckle to stammer, to stutter to whisper

hurler contre qqn pousser un cri perçant brailler rire aux éclats rire bêtement ricaner glousser bégayer murmurer

to hum to mumble to moan, to groan to hush, to shut* up high-pitched shrill harsh hoarse \hO…s\ soft

fredonner marmonner gémir faire taire, se taire aigu perçant dur enroué doux

➦ The voice pitch is determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds. La hauteur de la voix est déterminée par la fréquence des vibrations des cordes vocales.

➦ Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them with deeper meaning. (Maya Angelou) Les mots ont plus de sens que ce qui est figé sur le papier. C’est à la voix humaine de leur insuffler un sens plus profond.

➦ His name sounds French but he is English. Son nom a l’air français mais lui est anglais.

Adjectifs composés Un certain nombre d’adjectifs composés décrivant des caractéristiques physiques ou mentales sont formés à partir d’un adjectif suivi d’un nom + -ed : high (adjectif) + pitched (nom + -ed) fi high-pitched narrow-minded (étroit d’esprit) black-haired (aux cheveux noirs)…

122

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2

A B

a wide smile: …… to laugh in a childish way: …… to show displeasure or disappointment: …… to cry noisily: …… a face that shows no emotion: …… to close and open one eye quickly: ……

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

C’est inutile de lui hurler après. Il a marmonné des excuses (an apology) et il est parti. Les supporters se sont enroués à force de crier (shouted themselves). Tu ne peux pas les faire taire ? Elle a une voix perçante lorsqu’elle est exaspérée (to get upset).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Choisissez les mots appropriés pour compléter ces extraits d’articles de presse sur les différentes manières de communiquer. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. The difference/similarity between the words people speak and our understanding of what they are saying comes from non-verbal communication, otherwise known as “body/mind language”. Mind Tool.

2. It’s not just what you say, it’s how/why you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud/far you speak, your tone and inflection, and shrieks/sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Nonverbal Communication, Helpguide.org.

3. Contrary to what one might expect, research shows that when people speak with a lower/higher pitch they feel more powerful. 4. While good/wrong eye contact is praised and expected in the West, it is seen as a sign of disrespect/honesty and challenge in other cultures, including Asian and African. The more/less eye contact these groups have with an individual, the more respect they show. Kris Rugsaken, Body Speaks, 2014.

5. By the time most of us are adults, we’ve learned to show/mask our true feelings — at least as they show up in our face/hands – because we have to get along at work, at home, and in social settings. So we pretend to be interested, we pretend to smile, we assume a boring/bland expression when we’re actually peeved (agacé), and so on. www.forbes.com, October 25, 2012.

BUILD UP 4

Trouvez les contraires des adjectifs composés figurant dans les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

She is very narrow-minded. He was dancing with a short-haired woman. Why does she love such a weak-willed boy? I felt heavy-hearted when I heard the news. How come he is so high-spirited (gai)? Are frogs hot-blooded animals? This is a short-sighted approach.

58 - Expressing oneself

123

Books

59 A

The Thomas Hughes Public Library (1882) in the utopian colony of Rugby (Tennessee) is a period library (une bibliothèque d’époque), frozen in time, virtually unchanged since the end of the 19th century.

Texts and authors fiction a novel by a romance a short story a tale comics a play a playwright

les romans, la fiction un roman de un roman à l’eau de rose une nouvelle un récit, un conte les bandes dessinées une pièce de théâtre un dramaturge

to print to bind* a hardback a paperback out of print an ebook an e-reader

imprimer relier un livre relié un livre de poche épuisé un livre électronique une liseuse

➦ The Pulitzer Prize established by the American journalist Joseph Pulitzer has been awarded since 1918 for distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life. Le prix Pulitzer créé par le journaliste américain Joseph Pulitzer est attribué depuis 1918 à un auteur américain pour une œuvre de fiction particulièrement remarquable ayant de préférence pour sujet la vie américaine.

➦ POLONIUS – What do you read, my lord? HAMLET – Words, words, words. Shakespeare, Hamlet, act II, scene 2.

B

Style and literary criticism the setting the plot a character \"kœrEktE\ the narrator \nE"reItE\ a device to describe \dI"skraIb\ to depict to allude to, to refer to to embody

le décor l’intrigue un personnage le narrateur un procédé décrire dépeindre faire allusion à incarner

gifted engrossing matter-of-fact

doué captivant prosaïque

commonplace tedious to praise to disparage a blunt criticism a reviewer

banal ennuyeux faire l’éloge de dénigrer une critique acerbe un critique [roman, théâtre, gastronomie ]

➦ The Lost Continent by Bill Bryson is described as “an unsparing and hilarious account of one man’s rediscovery of America and his search for the perfect small town”. Le Continent Perdu de Bill Bryson est décrit comme « un récit implacable et hilarant de la redécouverte de l’Amérique par un homme seul en quête de la petite ville parfaite ».

-ic et -ical Les suffixes -ic et -ical forment des adjectifs souvent à partir de noms : artistic, musical. Ces adjectifs sont accentués sur l’avant-dernière syllabe. Parfois les deux suffixes ont un sens identique (symbolic = symbolical), parfois un sens différent : a comic strip (comique, humoristique) ≠ comical (qui provoque le rire) economic (qui appartient au domaine de l’économie) ≠ economical (bon marché) electric (qui fonctionne à l’électricité) ≠ electrical [autres cas]

124

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte.

A

1. Barbara Cartland often billed as the Queen of …… enchanted millions of readers with her dashing heroes, beautiful heroines, and of course, her trademark happy endings. 2. Ernest Hemingway was …… the Nobel …… in literature in 1954. 3. …… are a collection of multiple drawings that tell a story. 4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet, …… , and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. 5. Bookfinder.com can help you find used books, …… …… …… books (épuisés), textbooks, rare books and new books.

2

Trouvez les mots dont voici la définition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

also called the storyline; it’s the plan, scheme, or main story of a literary or dramatic work: …… to give a tangible or visible form to an idea, quality, or feeling: …… something in a literary work designed to achieve a particular artistic effect: …… taking up the attention completely: …… to speak contemptuously of: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Classez les phrases suivantes en deux catégories : pour ou contre l’utilisation d’un support électronique de lecture. Puis traduisez les phrases 1, 5 et 8. 1. A well-designed book jacket can stop you. It may make you smile or pause for a second, or surprise you. You might even want to pick up the book and look inside, and possibly buy it. 2. It’s like having a library in one small source. 3. Thousands of books can be downloaded for free. So it’s much cheaper. 4. “I would definitely recommend The Hours. I’ve read it twice.” “Can I borrow it?” “Sorry, it is on my e-reader.” 5. There is something unique about its feel, its smell. 6. They save trees, millions of them. 7. You can read them in bed without disturbing anyone, because you don’t need to turn a lamp on. 8. I personally own every digital device you can imagine, but I still love to be surrounded by printed books. I feel smarter when I see great writers staring down at me from a shelf.

Cloth, less expensive than leather, was used in the 19th and 20th centuries as binding material.

Does the biggest pleasure come from what we read, or from on what we read?

BUILD UP 4

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Le développement économique devrait réduire l’inégalité des chances (disparity in opportunities). Je viens de lire une nouvelle triste et pourtant comique. Les véhicules électriques ont de nombreux avantages sur (over) les véhicules traditionnels. Elle est sceptique quant à cette idée. Ils recherchent des méthodes de production plus économiques.

59 - Books

125

Museums and music

60 A

The Milwaukee Art Museum: the Quadracci Pavilion, a postmodern addition, was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. A wing-like sunscreen unfolds and folds twice daily.

Museums and the price of art the visual arts a masterpiece an exhibition on display the canvas entitled a landscape a still life a brushstroke

les arts plastiques un chef-d’œuvre une exposition exposé la toile intitulé un paysage une nature morte un coup de pinceau

to daub to carve, to sculpt a fake, a forgery an art dealer an auctioneer an auction sale to bid* for a bidder

barbouiller sculpter un faux un marchand d’art un commissaire-priseur une vente aux enchères faire une enchère de un enchérisseur

➦ In this museum you’ll find a fascinating collection of exhibits and models about whales. Dans ce musée, vous trouverez une collection fascinante d’objets et de modèles réduits concernant les baleines.

➦ Conceptual art is very different from traditional art. Rather than creating an art object, the artist’s intent is to convey a concept. L’art conceptuel est très différent de l’art traditionnel. Plutôt que de créer un objet d’art, l’intention de l’artiste est de transmettre un concept.

B

Music a concert hall a concert venue \"venju…\ an orchestra a conductor the score the lyrics the rhythm

une salle de concert un lieu de concert un orchestre [classique] un chef d’orchestre la partition les paroles le rythme

A, B, C… a chord to tune a choir \kwaIE\ a brass band to lip-synch \"lIpsINk\ to top the chart

la, si, do… un accord accorder [un instrument] une chorale une fanfare chanter en playback être en tête des ventes

➦ If you have pre-ordered your tickets online, you can collect them from the box office. Si vous avez acheté vos places en ligne à l’avance, vous pouvez les retirer au guichet.

➦ The Proms is an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts held annually, predominantly in the Royal Albert Hall in London. ➦ “Proms” is short for “promenade concerts”, because originally they were outdoor concerts given in London’s gardens, where the audience could stroll around while listening (or not) to the orchestra. « Proms » est un raccourci de « concerts-promenades », parce qu’à l’origine c’était des concerts en plein air dans les jardins de Londres, où le public pouvait se promener en écoutant l’orchestre (ou pas).

to bid \bId\ ➞ a bidder \"bIdE\ Lorsqu’un mot d’une seule syllabe se termine par consonne + voyelle + consonne (sauf x et w), on double la consonne quand on ajoute un suffixe (-ed, -er, -est, -y…) : stop ➞ stopped, fun ➞ funny, big ➞ biggest.

126

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte.

A

1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota) is a sculpture featuring the heads of four U.S. presidents …… into the granite face of Mount Rushmore. 2. Mona Lisa is “the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied …… in the world”. (The Independent) 3. A …… …… is a painting that depicts commonplace objects, especially natural objects like flowers, dead animals or shells. But they can also be man-made, like books, jewelry, etc. 4. The Museum of Art …… , in Vienna, is filled with faked paintings. It is unique in Europe. 5. An art …… is a person or company that buys and sells works of art.

2

Trouvez les mots correspondant à ces définitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

a person who directs an orchestra or chorus: …… the words of a song: …… a document showing all the notes of a piece of music: …… to adjust a musical instrument: …… a combination of musical tones sounded simultaneously: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Classez les arguments suivants selon qu’ils s’inscrivent pour ou contre l’art de rue. Soulignez les segments pertinents puis traduisez la phrase qui correspond le mieux à votre propre opinion. What is Street Art? Would you call it vandalism or public art? 1. Street art is not limited to museums or galleries. It’s difficult to collect. You can’t really buy it as a trophy. 2. Graffitists want to leave a message in a public place in order to reach as many people as possible. 3. To many people, places with graffiti look dirty and can give you a feeling of insecurity. The places may look abandoned and therefore unsafe. 4. Street art often appears on areas that would normally be eyesores, like a long concrete wall. And so, it brings beauty to our surroundings. 5. “And the words of the prophets are written on the subway walls…” Simon and Garfunkel, The Sounds of Silence.

6. Artists who paint on the street or on walls are merely expressing themselves. They’ve never hurt anyone and don’t intend to.

4

Traduisez ces titres d’articles de presse. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A yarn bombed tree (couvert de tricot graffiti) in Rotorua (New Zealand).

The MP3 Generation: At Risk for Hearing Loss? Pianist’s new album links Romantic-era chamber music and modern-day pop. Music Education Could Help Close The Achievement Gap Between Poor And Affluent Students Why Your Brain Craves Music. Met Competition Features Nation’s Top Opera Talent.

BUILD UP 5

Redoublez la consonne lorsque c’est nécessaire. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

They hop…ed across to London for the weekend. She was hop…ing for the best. She loves swim…ing. Life can be so sweet on the sun…y side of the street. Is it worth help…ing her?

60 - Museums and music

127

The cinema and television

61 A

Forever Marilyn, the giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson, was displayed for two years in Palm Springs (California).

The cinema (the movies) a director to screen the cast an extra the set, the scenery the shooting a close-up a stunt the credits the soundtrack

un metteur en scène porter à l’écran la distribution un figurant le décor le tournage un gros plan une cascade le générique la bande-son

to dub a subtitle a trailer to release the release a show U(niversal) rating PG (parental guidance) rating

doubler un sous-titre une bande-annonce sortir [un film] la sortie une séance [de cinéma] tout public surveillance parentale recommandée

➦ Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane is said to be technically innovative, especially in its use of deep focus. On dit du film Citizen Kane d’Orson Welles qu’il est innovant sur le plan technique, surtout dans son utilisation de la profondeur de champ.

➦ Charlie Chaplin started acting in films in the 1910s and soon became a worldwide cinematic idol. He is best known for his tramp character. Charlie Chaplin a commencé à jouer dans des films dans les années 1910 et il est rapidement devenu une idole internationale. Il est surtout connu pour son personnage de vagabond.

B

Television a TV viewer a newscaster, an anchorman, a newsreader a compere \"kÅmpeE\, a host hard news infotainment a series \"sIEri…z\

un téléspectateur un présentateur de journal un animateur l’information sérieuse l’information divertissement une série

a repeat, a rerun a live \laIv\ broadcast a quiz/game show independent TV encrypted, scrambled a satellite dish to channel hop

une rediffusion une émission en direct un jeu télévisé les chaînes privées crypté une antenne parabolique zapper

➦ In the United States, the largest broadcast television networks are the traditional Big Three: ABC, CBS and NBC. ➦ Internet streaming television has changed the way viewers watch their favourite programmes. La télévision en flux continu via Internet a changé la manière dont les téléspectateurs regardent leurs émissions préférées.

Series… Les noms series, species, means (moyen), crossroads (carrefour), works (usine)… sont dénombrables. Ils se terminent par un -s au singulier et ne changent pas au pluriel : a series (sg)/series (pl.). Le nom news est un nom indénombrable : il s’accorde donc au singulier (No news is good news). « Une nouvelle » se dit a piece of news.

128

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

Quand est la prochaine séance ? Beaucoup de gens prêtent (to pay) peu d’attention au générique. Les cinquante jours de tournage se dérouleront en Pologne. C’est bien Sean Penn le metteur en scène de Into the Wild ? On peut regarder les bandes-annonces des nouvelles sorties sur Comingsoon.net.

Donnez le synonyme (=) ou l’antonyme (≠) des mots suivants. 1. a compere = …… 2. state-owned television ≠ …… 3. a quiz show = ……

B

4. to zap = …… 5. pre-recorded ≠ …… 6. a newsreader = ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Choisissez les termes appropriés pour compléter ce texte. Attention : parfois plusieurs ou tous conviennent ! Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. Bollywood films… Masala is a famous Indian spice/coffee/food mix. In India, some films are called “masala films” because they provide a mixture of several things that the Indian moviegoers/filmgoers/cinemagoers appreciate, like action, comedy, tragedy, novels/romance, dances, songs, love triangles/ rectangles… In most Indian films, you get the typical hero, needless to say a man, who manages to fight off/defeat/befriend the villains/baddies all by himself. They last about three hours with an intermission/an interval/a break.

4

Complétez le texte avec les mots suivants : advice • comments • edge • emotional • mock • return. Not all audiences behave the same way. We are used to the reserved British filmgoers. Things are quite different in Indian cinemas, where viewers often shout out …… to the screen, give …… to the characters, boo them or cheer them. They sometimes …… the hero, for example when he stands at the …… of a cliff and tells the woman he loves that he will jump if she doesn’t …… his love. It’s fairly common for viewers to shout “Jump!” or even “Jump, you chicken!”, in such an …… moment.

5

Lisez ce texte puis relevez les segments précis qui décrivent d’une part le plaisir du spectateur, d’autre part l’ambiguïté de ses sentiments. Reality TV… Reality TV has become the public executions of our times. We sit on the edge of our seats waiting eagerly for the guillotine to fall, yet don’t want the end to come too quickly. We want to savor the lingering death of humiliation and rejection. And when the “execution” finally occurs, we feel conflicted in enjoying others’ “deaths”, yet relief in our continued existences, guilty for the exhilaration we feel, yet giddy (ivres) in knowing that we are “survivors” of our own reality show called Life. In these times of economic and global uncertainty, thanks to the contestants’ symbolic deaths on reality TV, we can return to our lives feeling somehow better, safer… that we are going to be okay. The Power of Prime, Psychologytoday.com, January 31, 2011.

BUILD UP 6

Ajoutez un -s si c’est nécessaire. 1. His car is his only mean… of transport. 2. He is new… here. 3. Turn right at the crossroad… .

4. He is looking for work… . 5. Is the lynx an endangered specie… ?

61 - The cinema and television

129

62 A

Architecture and photography The Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) in downtown Los Angeles was designed by Frank Gehry. His works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture.

Architecture concrete \"kÅNkri…t\ a flat roof the eaves a beam a steeple the spire a flying buttress

du béton un toit en terrasse le rebord du toit, l’avant-toit une poutre un clocher la flèche un arc-boutant

the nave the aisles \aIlz\ a pillar a capital a stained glass window a cloister Romanesque

la nef les bas-côtés un pilier un chapiteau un vitrail un cloître roman [art]

➦ “Form follows function” architect Louis Sullivan declared in 1896. In 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright argued that “form and function are one.” He believed that every building should grow naturally from its environment. « La forme suit la fonction » a déclaré l’architecte Louis Sullivan en 1896. En 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright a répondu que « forme et fonction ne font qu’un ». Il pensait que tout bâtiment devrait être la prolongation naturelle de son environnement.

B

Photography photography \fE"tÅgrEfi\ a photograph, a photo, a picture a lens \lenz\ the trigger the shutter digital art

la photographie [art] une photo un objectif le déclencheur l’obturateur l’art numérique

a photo editor to doctor/to retouch a picture to crop to tamper, to fake sharp blurred, fuzzy

un logiciel de retouche retoucher une photo rogner falsifier net flou

➦ A camera is a save button for the mind’s eye. (Roger Kingston) Un appareil photo est une sauvegarde pour l’esprit.

➦ The camera is an instrument that teaches people to see without a camera. (Dorothea Lange) L’appareil photo est un instrument qui apprend aux gens à voir sans lui.

➦ A lot of photographers think that if they buy a better camera they’ll be able to take better photographs. A better camera won’t do a thing for you if you don’t have anything in your head or in your heart. (Arnold Newman) De nombreux photographes pensent que s’ils achètent un meilleur appareil, ils pourront prendre de meilleures photos. Un meilleur appareil ne fera rien pour vous si vous avez la tête ou le cœur vide.

Les mots nouveaux En anglais, comme en français, de nouveaux mots puisent leur origine dans les nouvelles pratiques. Quelques exemples : to Photoshop (to retouch) ; to Google (faire une recherche sur Google) ; to text (envoyer un texto) ; to bookmark a page (ajouter une page aux favoris).

130

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A 1. 2. 3. 4.

2

He sat forward steepling his fingers and said: “I don’t know; you might tell me more…” His argument is buttressed with solid facts. I’d rather have an aisle seat on this long flight. You eavesdropped from behind the kitchen door, didn’t you?

Traduisez ces phrases.

B

1. Cette photo a manifestement été retouchée. 2. Une image floue peut-elle être belle ? 3. L’artiste américain Louis Comfort Tiffany reçut une médaille d’or à l’Exposition Universelle de 1900 pour ses vitraux Les quatre saisons. 4. Il est photographe ou artiste numérique ?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Voici des citations d’architectes célèbres. Faites correspondre chacune d’elles à l’une des idées ci-dessous (il ne s’agit pas de traductions). 1. The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization. (Frank Lloyd Wright) 2. Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But if you make bad architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred years. (Renzo Piano) 3. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness. (Frank Gehry) 4. I would like my architecture to inspire people to use their own resources, to move into the future. (Tadao Ando)

5. The long path from material through function to creative work has only one goal: to create order out of the desperate confusion of our time. (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) a. b. c. d. e.

4

Atteindre l’intemporalité est le but de l’architecture. L’architecture est l’âme propre d’une civilisation. L’architecture que je crée a pour but d’inciter les gens à se projeter dans l’avenir. Le seul but est de créer de l’ordre dans le chaos qui nous entoure. Vous encourez le risque d’imposer la laideur pour une centaine d’années.

Insérez ces mots dans le paragraphe suivant : ethics • language • intentionally • purpose • genuine • photographs. Is it real or is it Photoshop? It’s part of human nature to make things up. It started with ...… . And inventing things is often fun! Most of us enjoy telling stories, which doesn’t mean that we’re liars. It’s the same with art. The …… artist doesn’t …… want to mislead anyone or misrepresent anything. The only problem is when the artist lies about his or her intentions, when he or she tries to manipulate us, as when he or she puts together two separate …… of two people to make it look like they are friends. In this case, the …… of the photographer is clearly to deceive the viewer. Then it becomes a question of …… .

62 - Architecture and photography

131

63 A

Pleasures of the table This plate is typical of pub grub: steak and kidney pie, broccoli and mashed potatoes.

Eating out catering a diner \"daInE\ a take-away a deli, a delicatessen a food booth/truck/cart a gourmet restaurant

la restauration un petit restaurant un restaurant de plats à emporter un traiteur un restaurant mobile un restaurant gastronomique

a food court all-you-can-eat fusion food vegan \"vi…gEn\ food health food pub grub, pub food cuisine \kwI"zi…n\

une aire de restauration à volonté la cuisine multiculturelle la nourriture végétalienne la nourriture diététique la nourriture de pub la cuisine [art culinaire]

➦ According to a 2007 study from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2.5 billion people eat street food every day. Selon une étude de la FAO datant de 2007, deux milliards et demi de personnes mangent de la nourriture de rue tous les jours.

➦ Good food is a global thing and I find there is always something new and amazing to learn. I love it! (Jamie Oliver) La bonne nourriture est un phénomène mondial et je trouve qu’il y a toujours des choses nouvelles et étonnantes à apprendre. J’adore ça !

B

Dishes and the taste of food a set menu \"menju…\ lunch today’s special a side dish a combo baked breaded deep-fried

une formule déjeuner le plat du jour un accompagnement une assiette composée cuit au four pané frit

crispy crunchy juicy yummy greasy mushy bland

croustillant croquant juteux super-bon gras ramolli fade

➦ Would you like the apple pie à la mode? Voulez-vous de la glace avec la tarte aux pommes ?

➦ The dinner was so long that the desserts were complimentary. Le dîner a été si long qu’on nous a offert les desserts.

➦ Are these drinks to go or to stay? Ces boissons, c’est à emporter ou à consommer sur place ?

➦ Every year just before Thanksgiving the president of the United States pardons a turkey. Tous les ans, juste avant Thanksgiving, le président des États-Unis gracie une dinde.

Crispy, crunchy, juicy… Le suffixe -y est très courant pour former un adjectif à partir d’un nom. Il exprime l’idée de « qui a la qualité de » : rain (la pluie) ➞ rainy (pluvieux).

132

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes.

A

1. a restaurant considered to serve the highest quality food: …… …… 2. an area within a building (such as a shopping mall) where there are many small restaurants that share a large area of tables for their customers: …… …… 3. food prepared by using the techniques and ingredients of ethnic or regional cuisines: …… …… 4. food served in pubs: …… ……

2

Traduisez le plus vite possible.

B

1. baked potatoes – 2. deep-fried chicken – 3. breaded fish – 4. crispy bacon – 5. crunchy baby carrots – 6. a juicy burger – 7. a kid-friendly yummy recipe

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Des repas à la maison ou à l’extérieur ? Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. Not only will your health improve by forgoing high-calorie meals at restaurants, so will your finances! Eating healthy meals at home can cut your food budget dramatically. (Daily Health Post) 2. Having a meal in a restaurant can be an enjoyable and celebratory event, an occasional break from the tedium of cooking at home. (Paula Martinac, sfgate.com) 3. With hectic work and family schedules, many Americans find it hard to carve out the time to prepare meals at home. (Paula Martinac, sfgate.com) 4. Restaurants are in business to make money and calorie counting is not at the top of the list.

4

Voici deux ardoises de restaurants. 1. À votre avis, quel mot a été effacé de cette ardoise : oyster (huître), mussel (moule) ou snail (escargot) ?

5

2. Tr a d u i s e z ce texte proposé à l’extérieur d’un restaurant en Nouvelle-Zélande. Il vous faudra peutêtre recourir au dictionnaire !

À propos de quelques abréviations… 1. Il est courant, dans les restaurants australiens, de lire sur la porte BYO. À quoi correspond cette abréviation ? Buy your own wine. • Bring your own wine. • Bring your own food. 2. Si vous demandez a BLT, que va-t-on vous servir ? Un sandwich composé de : Bread, Lentils and Tuna fish • Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato • Beets, Lamb and Turkey 3. À quoi correspond l’abréviation KFC ? King Food Corporation • Kentucky Food Chain • Kentucky Fried Chicken

BUILD UP 6

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. San Francisco is often foggy in the evening. 2. The flight was rather bumpy (a bump : une bosse). 3. I think she is too skinny.

4. This curry was very tasty. 5. His clothes are baggy.

63 - Pleasures of the table

133

Sports

64 A

Dog mushing or sledding is Alaska’s official state sport: dozens of races take place each winter; the most famous is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

Sports competition an event \I"vent\ a sportsman a contestant a substitute a ref(eree) a jersey a venue a field, a pitch a grandstand

une épreuve un sportif un concurrent un remplaçant un arbitre un maillot un lieu, une salle un terrain une tribune

tough \tØf\ rough \rØf\ to host to score to dodge to retire to catch* up with to rank a crushing defeat

rude, dur brutal accueillir marquer esquiver abandonner rattraper se classer une écrasante défaite

➦ Performance-enhancing drugs are an illusion. I wish I had never gotten involved with steroids. It was wrong. It was stupid. (Mark McGwire) Les drogues destinées à améliorer les performances sont une illusion. Je regrette d’avoir touché aux stéroïdes. C’était une erreur. C’était idiot.

➦ In sports, people reach their peak very early. You have to move on. I don’t know if I will ever surpass what I did at the Olympics, but I’m still doing the work I always wanted to do. (Greg Louganis) En sport, on atteint son maximum très tôt. Il faut continuer. Je ne sais pas si un jour je surpasserai ce que j’ai fait aux jeux Olympiques, mais je fais encore le travail que j’ai toujours voulu faire.

B

Indoor and outdoor sports football [GB], soccer [US] a rugby player the kick-off a scrum a try a three-nil victory the umpire on clay

le football un rugbyman le coup d’envoi une mêlée un essai une victoire trois à zéro l’arbitre [tennis] sur terre battue

love-15 deuce \dju…s\ a hurdle fencing ice-skating hang-gliding bungee-jumping

zéro-quinze égalité une haie [course] l’escrime le patinage sur glace le parapente le saut à l’élastique

➦ Football is a gentleman’s game played by ruffians (des brutes), and rugby is a ruffian’s game played by gentlemen. (Old British saying) ➦ The tennis ball doesn’t know how old I am. The ball doesn’t know if I’m a man or a woman or if I come from a communist country or not. Sport has always broken down these barriers. (Martina Navratilova)

Mots se terminant par -ough Attention à leur prononciation dont voici quelques exemples. \Åf\ cough \aÁ\ plough \Øf\ tough, enough, rough \EÁ\ although, borough, though \ru…\ through

134

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B 1. They broke the law by dodging tax. 2. I hadn’t seen my Australian friends for a whole year, I was glad to catch up with them at the party. 3. The steak was tough. 4. The rough weather makes life difficult in those mountains. 5. This famous actress has been hosting a TV show for a year. 6. The young singer had to fight her way through the scrum of photographers. 7. Getting a driving licence will be the most difficult hurdle to overcome. 8. The ceremony marked the kick-off of a new project.

2

A rugby player est un rugbyman. Comment diriez-vous « un footballeur », « un basketteur », « un tennisman » ?

B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Prenez connaissance des citations suivantes. Reliez-les ensuite aux idées exprimées dans les phrases a-d. 1. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the shooting. (George Orwell) 2. The difference between the old ballplayer and the new ballplayer is the jersey. The old ballplayer cared about the name on the front. The new ballplayer cares about the name on the back. (Steve Garvey)

3. I know when I have kids, when I’m older, I’m going to encourage them to play sports because I think it teaches you a lot. It teaches you discipline, teamwork, and that there’s really no “I” in team. (Gregg Sulkin) 4. The sport of horse racing which, at its best, showcases the majestic beauty of this animal and the athleticism of jockeys, has reached an alarming level of corruption and exploitation. (Tom Udall)

a. b. c. d.

4

Les joueurs d’aujourd’hui sont très attentifs aux marques qui les sponsorisent. Les courses de chevaux sont corrompues. La violence domine le sport. On ne peut pas pratiquer un sport et être égoïste.

Dans les phrases suivantes, relevez les segments qui peuvent être utilisés pour débattre de la question : Is there too much money in professional sport? Classez-les sous les rubriques : Yes there is… ou No there is not… 1. They work hard and they train every day, so they deserve to be paid for that. 2. Yes, they’re overpaid but it’s the fault of the fans who spend so much money on plain entertainment. 3. There are so many problems going on around the world. The amount of their pay has gotten out of hand. 4. They have to pay taxes, health insurance, their trainers. They are finished with their career earlier than other people. 5. Many star athletes today have used their large amounts of money to set up charities and foundations to support humanitarian causes. 6. By getting so much money, they think they are the most valued members of society and believe they can get away with anything. Yes there is too much money: …… No there is not too much money: ……

64 - Sports

135

Travelling

65 A

A cruise in the Svalbard (formerly known by its Dutch name Spitsbergen) on board the sailing ship (a schooner) Noorderlicht affords the opportunity of walrus watching…

Getting there a journey \"dZ∏…ni\ a route \ru…t\ a coach trip a round trip ticket hiking a seasoned traveller to be* headed for to be* bound for to book ahead

un voyage, un trajet un itinéraire une excursion en car un billet aller-retour la randonnée un voyageur chevronné se diriger vers partir à destination de réserver

non-refundable to stop over at to call at a liner a berth a porthole to weigh anchor

non remboursable faire escale à [en avion] faire escale à [en bateau] un paquebot une couchette un hublot lever l’ancre

\weI "œNkE\

to dock

arriver à quai

➦ The origin of the adjective “posh” would be that on the ships from England to India and back, the port cabins were mostly in the shade when travelling out (easterly) and the starboard ones when coming home. So the best and most expensive cabins were POSH (port out starboard home). L’origine de l’adjectif posh (chic, cher) serait que sur les bateaux qui faisaient l’aller-retour entre l’Angleterre et les Indes, les cabines à bâbord étaient la plupart du temps à l’ombre quand on voyageait vers l’est et les cabines à tribord quand on rentrait en Angleterre. Aussi les meilleures et les plus chères étaient POSH (Port Out Starboard Home).

B

Staying somewhere a package holiday a resort a spa a camp site an RV (recreational vehicle), a motorhome self-catering accommodation overpriced no vacancies full board

un voyage organisé un lieu de villégiature une ville thermale un camping un camping-car un logement indépendant trop cher complet en pension complète

an en-suite bathroom an extra pillow a cot to vacate a room to unwind* off the beaten track remote unspoilt crowded

une salle de bain privée un oreiller de plus un lit d’enfant libérer une chambre se détendre hors des sentiers battus lointain, reculé intact encombré de monde

➦ The Grand Tour defined by the New York Times in 2008: “Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization.” Le Grand Tour défini par le New York Times en 2008 : « Il y a trois cents ans, de jeunes Anglais riches commencèrent à parcourir la France et l’Italie après leurs études à Oxford ou Cambridge en quête d’art, de culture et des racines de la civilisation occidentale. »

SelfLe préfixe self- exprime l’idée de réflexivité : self-confidence (la confiance en soi) ; self-satisfied (autosatisfait) ; self-control (le contrôle de soi). Le nom self désigne l’ego, le moi : He is back to his old self again. (Il est de nouveau lui-même.)

136

CHECK POINT 1

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

A

Nous lèverons l’ancre à 6 heures du matin. C’est complet. Vous auriez dû réserver. Nous avons fait escale six heures à Chicago. Quel est l’itinéraire le plus direct pour aller au centre-ville ? Vous aurez une réduction si vous prenez un aller-retour.

Complétez ces phrases avec les mots : spa • off the beaten track • self-catering • unwind • resorts. B 1. Looking for a beautiful and unique destination where you can shop until you drop but also relax and …… ? Then, go to Bath, the ultimate …… break destination for thousands of years. 2. Hawaii ……-…… accommodation provides all the facilities you need for your home-away-fromhome. 3. Most of the 5 star hotels and …… in Goa are located in south Goa, which is great if you want to get away from it all. 4. If you’re after a truly unique experience, a real …… …… …… …… cultural experience, to discover places very few outsiders have travelled, then these are the tours for you.

3

Cette petite carte était posée sur la table de nuit dans une chambre d’hôtel en NouvelleZélande. Un mot a été effacé : lequel ? B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour compléter ces paragraphes sur le tourisme. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. I don’t look down/up on tourism. I live in Hawaii where we have 7 million visitors a year. If they weren’t there, there would be no economy. So I understand why a tourist economy is insignificant/ necessary. (Paul Theroux) 2. The global phenomenon of poverty tourism - or “poorism” - has become less/increasingly popular during the past few years. Tourists pay/are allowed to be guided through the favelas of Brazil and the shantytowns of South Africa. The recently opened Los Angeles Gang Tour carries visitors through battle-scarred territories of country/urban violence and deprivation. (Leslie Jamison) 3. Some 898 million international tourists are invading/protecting beaches, historic monuments, great cities and even smaller/greater wilderness areas, doing irreversible damage. (Elizabeth Becker)

BUILD UP 5

Associez les noms ou adjectifs composés suivants aux définitions ci-dessous : self-sufficient • self-centered • self-taught • self-reliance • self-evident • self-pity. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

educated by your own efforts: …… independent: …… the ability to depend on yourself to meet your own needs: …… true, requiring no explanation: …… a negative emotion felt when you think you are a victim of unfortunate circumstances: …… concerned chiefly with one’s own interest, selfish: ……

65 - Travelling

137

Une brève histoire de l’anglais

66

In 1966, Guinness chose to advertise their famous stout by celebrating the anniversary of the Norman Conquest as it is related in the Bayeux Tapestry. Notice the pun: “battle/“bottle”.

Le tableau suivant retrace très brièvement les origines de la langue anglaise.

55 BC

Roman invasion of Britain.

436 AD

The Romans withdraw.

Local people speak Celtic languages.*

* Very few words in English are of Celtic origin except place names such as York or Avon.

450-1100 AD

The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes push away the Celtic speakers to what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. *

9th century

The Vikings conquer most of the territories north of London. **

The invading tribes speak Germanic languages, which produced “Old English” (5th century to 11th century).

* Approximately one third of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary survives into modern English, including many of the most basic, everyday words: earth, house, food, sing, night… ** Words derived from Norse or Danish include anger, cake, die, egg, freckle, knife, shame, shoulder, ship, silver, skirt, smile, take… 1066

William the Conqueror (from Normandy) conquers England.

Norman French becomes the language of the court and of the ruling classes.*

* Thousands of French words were absorbed into the English vocabulary: crown, castle, court, parliament, army, grief, honest, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, coast, duke… Many words were borrowed from Latin too, during the Middle Ages, when that language spread all over Europe. 1348 1362 1388

1400-1500

1564 1500-1800

English replaces Latin as the language of instruction. English replaces French as the language of law. Chaucer starts writing the Canterbury Tales considered one of the most important literary works in English. A sudden change in pronunciation occurs with vowels being pronounced longer, like the letter “i”, which changed from \I\ to \aI\. William Shakespeare is born.* The British have contacts with many peoples from around the world. **

Middle English

Early modern English

* Shakespeare coined new words and expressions that have remained in modern English: to dwindle (diminuer), gloomy (lugubre), fretful (agité), it’s high time… (il est grand temps que…), Good riddance (bon débarras), an eyesore (une horreur), the game is up (tout est perdu). ** With these fresh findings come new words from across the globe, including macaroni, violin from Italian; magazine, sherbet (un sorbet) from Arabic; coffee, yoghurt, kiosk from Turkish; tomato, potato, tobacco from Spanish; waltz, delicatessen from German, robot from Czech.

138

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez la suite du tableau de gauche avec les termes suivants : technology • globalization • dictionary. 1828

Webster publishes his American English …… .

1800-1947

The Industrial Revolution and …… create a need for new words. *

20th-21st century

New words appear, due to technology, fashion and …… .

* Newly coined words include biology, caffeine, cityscape, centigrade, watt, bacterium, chromosome and claustrophobia.

2

Complétez les phrases suivantes avec un de ces mots d’origine latine : versus • Census • millenium • Museum • climax. 1. The latest …… Bureau estimate recorded California’s official population as 37,691,912. 2. The Metropolitan …… of Art, which includes its Main Building on Fifth Avenue and The Cloisters museum and gardens in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866. 3. The Dome on the Greenwich peninsula is a large dome-shaped building, originally used to house a major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the third …… . 4. Control …… freedom: what is the wise course? 5. At the age of 45, he reached the …… of his career.

3

Les paysans anglo-saxons les élevaient, les seigneurs normands les mangeaient. Complétez le tableau suivant. live animal

ox – cow

……

calf

……

meat

……

mutton

……

pork

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Traduisez ces titres de pièces de Shakespeare ou ces phrases qui en sont extraites et que (presque) tous les anglophones connaissent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

5

Much ado about nothing “It’s all Greek to me.” (Julius Cesar) “The world’s my oyster.” (The Merry Wives of Windsor) “This is a sorry sight.” (Macbeth) “All the world’s a stage.” (As you like it) All is well that ends well “Now is the winter of our discontent.” (Richard III)

Du français et du latin dans les devises de l’Angleterre et des États-Unis. Remettez les devises à leur place : E pluribus unum (Out of many, one) • “Dieu et mon droit” • “Honi soit qui mal y pense”. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. …… is the motto (la devise) of the British monarch. It refers to the divine right of the monarch to govern. It’s supposed to have been used by Richard the Lionheart, who reigned from 1189 to 1199, as a battle cry. It became the official motto of English monarchs in the 15th century. 2. One legend claims that whilst dancing the Countess of Salisbury lost her garter, which caused some courtiers to snigger. King Edward III (1312-1377) then picked it up and tied it to his own leg, exclaiming …… . This phrase quickly became the motto of the Order of the Garter, the world’s oldest national order of knighthood, first instituted in 1344. 3. …… is the motto suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4, 1776 to design “a seal for the United States of America”. The motto implies that there’s one nation despite the diversity of its people.

66 - Une brève histoire de l’anglais

139

67

Quelques origines Wellies are drying outside Brooke Camp’s trading post (Alaska).

A

Noms dont l’origine est un nom de personne wellingtons (wellies) [GB] (des bottes en caoutchouc) a sandwich (un sandwich)

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), was a British soldier and statesman. John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), would spend long hours at the gaming tables. In order to carry on with his gambling and not waste time having lunch, he would order a bread and meat concoction.

Adjectifs dérivés de noms propres Certains adjectifs sont dérivés du nom de personnalités historiques ou littéraires célèbres pour qualifier ce qui est « à la manière de… » : Machiavelli ➞ Machiavellian, Dickens ➞ Dickensian, Orwell ➞ Orwellian, Freud ➞ Freudian, Napoleon ➞ Napoleonic, Kafka ➞ Kafkaesque.

B

Noms dont l’origine est un nom de lieu bedlam (un tohu-bohu, un chahut) suede (du daim) denim (de la toile de jean) gipsy (bohémien) tawdry (de mauvais goût, clinquant)

C

Bedlam was the name of a famous London mental hospital. It was borrowed in the 17th century from the French Suède (Sweden) in the expression gants de Suède. The word comes from the French Serge de Nîmes. This sturdy fabric was originally made in the French city of Nîmes. The word is an alteration of “gypcian”, a dialectal form in Middle English of “egypcien” (Egyptian), from the supposed origin of these people. “Audrey” was a later form of “Etheldrida” (died in 679), patron saint of Ely, where tawdry laces (dentelles), along with other cheap finery, were traditionally sold at a fair.

Faux emprunts Le français a emprunté et emprunte de nombreux termes à l’anglais en conservant leur sens (Internet, du chewing-gum, un best seller…). Attention cependant à un certain nombre de faux amis.

camping baskets smoking lifting un parking un recordman

140

activité de camper des paniers

un camping

a campsite, a campground

des baskets

l’action de fumer

un smoking

action de lever

un lifting

trainers, tennis shoes, sneakers [US] a tuxedo, a dinner jacket a facelift

a car park a record holder

un coca light un rugbyman

a diet coke a rugby player

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B C

The exhibition had never seen so many visitors at one time. It was total …… . It’s muddy, you should slip on your …… to work in the garden. His jacket was made of soft, supple …… the colour of chestnuts. The sea front is now full of …… souvenir shops and lousy coffee shops. The building has been given a complete …… , which gives it a more contemporary look.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 2

Assemblez les mots donnés dans la colonne de gauche avec les données de la colonne de droite puis complétez les noms propres dont ils proviennent. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. a teddy bear 2. a hoover 3. a mac(kintosh) 4. a boycott 5. a biro 6. jeans 7. a derrick 8. macadam

3

b. the city in Italy where they were made: G……a c. the Scottish engineer who first proposed compacted crushed stone as a road covering: John Loudon …… d. the President who spared the life of a bear cub on a hunting trip: Theodore Roosevelt, nicknamed Teddy. e. an English land agent in Ireland who was ostracized for refusing to reduce rents in the 1880s: Captain Charles …… f. an engineer who invented a method for making waterproof garments: Charles …… g. an American businessman who produced vacuum cleaners: William Henry …… h. a 17th century hangman; the word originally referred to a gallows (un gibet): Goodman ……

Les phrases suivantes sont-elles correctes ? Corrigez-les si besoin est. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

4

From the name of… a. the Hungarian inventor of ballpoint pens: Jozsef ……

The parking was full so I had to drive round the block several times before I could find a free space. He’s planning a safari in Kenya for the holidays. He was ahead of his planning. Will you wear a smoking for her wedding? This famous tennisman retired when he was 30. Don’t buy another dress, your dressing is full! Who is the current world recordman in high jump?

Cette publicité photographiée à Montréal pour la voiture “FIT” comporte un jeu de mot sur un adjectif emprunté à l’américain. Lequel ?

BUILD UP 5

Complétez ces phrases à l’aide des adjectifs dérivés de noms propres donnés à gauche. 1. Ultimately, we will find ourselves in an …… world where “all animals are equal but some are more equal than others”. 2. It is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. It is a …… slip. 3. This campaign marked the end of the …… domination in Italy. 4. Those inquiries have been secretive, bureaucratic, …… . 5. The working conditions of some miners can only be described as …… situations.

67 - Quelques origines

141

68

Binômes Buy and save!

A

Binômes composés de noms, de verbes ou d’adjectifs • Les binômes sont des expressions figées comportant deux mots de même nature, le plus souvent reliés par and. L’ordre des mots est très rarement inversé. Les deux mots ont un sens proche ou sont souvent associés.

peace and quiet law and order life and times safe and sound salt and vinegar

la quiétude, le repos l’ordre public la vie et l’époque sain et sauf du sel et du vinaigre

fish and chips pros and cons lost and found (objects) men and women wait and see

du poisson avec frites le pour et le contre les objets trouvés hommes et femmes on verra bien

➦ Time to get ready for school. Come on, rise and shine! C’est l’heure de te préparer pour l’école. Allez, debout ! • Certains binômes sont fondés sur la rime ou l’allitération.

odds and ends hustle and bustle spick and span trials and tribulations rest and relaxation

des bricoles un tourbillon d’activités, l’effervescence impeccable les tribulations la paix et le bien-être

fair and square high and mighty to leave* sb high and dry tit for tat

juste et loyal arrogant laisser qqn en plan un prêté pour un rendu

➦ Don’t act so high and mighty! Ne te donne pas de grands airs.

➦ This is Europe’s strength, which we must preserve through thick and thin. (europarl.europa.eu) C’est la force de l’Europe, que nous devons préserver contre vents et marées.

➦ Fluctuations in oil prices are part and parcel of the oil industry. Les fluctuations du prix du pétrole font partie intégrante de l’industrie du pétrole.

B

Binômes composés de mots grammaticaux ups and downs ifs and buts ins and outs down and out

les hauts et les bas des objections les tenants et les aboutissants dans la misère, indigent

back and forth up and about dos and don’ts now and again

aller-retour, de long en large sur pied ce qu’il faut faire et ne pas faire de temps à autre

➦ Our democracies are slowly but surely infiltrated by dirty money. Nos démocraties sont infiltrées lentement mais sûrement par de l’argent sale.

➦ I collected these articles here and there last week. J’ai recueilli ces articles ici et là la semaine dernière.

➦ We sat around talking about this and that. On était assis, à parler de tout et de rien.

142

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez ces phrases à l’aide des binômes suivants : do’s and don’ts • pros and cons • safe and sound • down and out • high and dry • tit-for-tat • R&D (Research and Development) • life and times • ifs or buts. A B 1. In their declaration, they are saying “yes” to human rights with no …… or …… . 2. …… and …… in Paris and London, by George Orwell, is a memoir on the theme of poverty in the two cities. 3. Did you carefully weigh the …… and …… before making this decision? 4. The United States condemns the …… - …… - …… spiral of violence. 5. This book documents Abraham Lincoln’s …… and …… . 6. Over the past five years, the government has committed $910 million to fund advanced …… & …… projects. 7. The video provides a list of …… and …… for the consumer. 8. When the factory closed, the community was left …… and …… . 9. Both her brothers came home …… and …… after the war.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 2

Formez des binômes en utilisant un mot de la colonne de gauche avec un mot de la colonne de droite (tous les mots de la colonne de droite ne doivent pas être utilisés). Traduisez les binômes ainsi formés. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

pick and sick and leaps and rise and back and once and bread and on and

• • • • • • • •

up – for all butter – die choose – thick miss – forth again – fall pull – bounds off – jump then – tired

3

Au Japon, il est parfois un peu difficile de comprendre les binômes ! Expliquez en français ce que vous comprenez de cet avis photographié dans un riokan.

4

Joignez les deux termes à l’aide de and, or ou but. Traduisez les expressions obtenues. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

sooner …… later first …… foremost friend …… foe strange …… true dead …… alive all …… nothing

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

sink …… swim slowly …… surely black …… blue wash …… wear heads …… tails hugs …… kisses

68 - Binômes

143

69

Homographes/-nymes /-phones On this road sign in Alaska, the slogan is a play on two homophones: brake (frein de voiture) and give sb a break (laisser qqn tranquille). You might translate: « Freinez votre élan ! »

A

Quelques homographes Les homographes sont identiques par leur graphie mais pas par leur sens ni par leur prononciation !

close \klEÁs\ close \klEÁz\ desert \"dezEt\ desert \dI"z∏…t\ lead* \li…d\ lead \led\ live \lIv\ live \laIv\

B

proche fermer un désert abandonner, déserter mener, conduire du plomb vivre vivant, en direct

minute \"mInIt\ minute \maI"nju…t\ row \rEÁ\ row \raÁ\ tear* \teE\ tear \tIE\ wind \wInd\ wind* \waInd\

une minute infime, minime une rangée/ramer une dispute déchirer, une déchirure une larme le vent serpenter/remonter [une montre]

Quelques homophones Les homophones sont identiques par leur prononciation mais pas par leur graphie ni par leur sens ! \aIl\ \E"laÁd\ \beE\ \breIk\ \"sIErIEl\ \daI\ \hO…s\ \hEÁl\ \saIz\ \sti…l\ \weIt\ \wItS\

C

aisle aloud bear* break* cereal die hoarse hole size steal* wait which

nef, couloir à haute voix supporter casser céréale mourir enroué trou taille voler attendre que [pronom relatif]

isle allowed bare brake serial dye horse whole sighs steel weight witch

île autorisé nu freiner feuilleton teindre cheval entier soupirs acier poids sorcière

Quelques homonymes Les homonymes sont identiques par leur graphie et leur prononciation mais pas par leur sens !

bear change date down fine light sink sole wave

144

un ours un changement une date [dans le temps] en bas, vers le bas beau, fin lumière un évier une semelle une vague

porter, supporter de la monnaie un rendez-vous, une datte [fruit] le duvet une amende clair, léger, facile sombrer seul faire un geste de la main, agiter

CHECK POINT 1

Choisissez la bonne prononciation. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.

A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

These regulations limit the concentration of lead \li…d\ • \led\ in petrol. Why did you tear \tIE\ • \teE\ up his letter? Her wedding was planned in minute \maI"nju…t\ • \"mInIt\ detail. She was close \klEÁz\ • \klEÁs\ to tears. The Serpentine River, which winds \wIndz\ • \waIndz\ through Hyde Park, provided a focal point for the Great Exhibition of 1851. 6. He won the Wimbledon championships three times in a row \raÁ\ • \rEÁ\.

2

Choisissez le mot qui convient.

B

1. 2. 3. 4.

What kind of cereal/serial do you have for breakfast? The Liverpool supporters shouted themselves hoarse/horse. Stainless steal/steel is sometimes called inox steel/steal. The Bridge of size/sighs is located in Venice but there are two Bridges of sighs/size in England: one in Oxford, the other in Cambridge. 5. You can take a brake/break now but be back in five minutes.

3

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

C

A detailed itinerary for this trip will be published at a later date. For this expedition we recommend very warm clothing: down jacket, hat, mittens… I gave the driver a fifty-dollar bill and told him to keep the change. What happens if I do not pay my foreign traffic fine? Store in the original packaging in order to protect from light and moisture.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Les phrases suivantes sont-elles correctes ? Corrigez-les si elles sont fausses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

5

Its high time you made up your mind. He went back and fourth. I wonder whether she will come. I’m astounded by people who want to know the universe when it’s so hard to find your way around Chinatown. (Woody Allen) This company wants to have it’s cake and eat it. There plane was three hours late and they were glad to get there at long last. Jonathan, who’s usually late, was early for once. Do you know Fiona, who’s father works with yours? You were in Ireland. What was the whether like?

Cette pancarte photographiée en Inde comporte une erreur fondée sur deux mots très proches. Lesquels ?

69 - Homographes/-nymes /-phones

145

70

Onomatopées et interjections A sea otter is crunching on a starfish in Valdez harbour (Alaska).

A

Quelques onomatopées Une onomatopée est un mot dont le son évoque ce qu’il désigne. • cr- en début de mot : évoque souvent le bruit de quelque chose qui craque

to crackle to crunch crispy

grésiller, crépiter crisser, croquer croustillant

to crush to crack to creak

froisser, écraser faire claquer, casser [un œuf] grincer, craquer [parquet]

• sp- ou dr- en début de mot : décrit souvent le son de l’eau

to splash to spray to sprinkle to squirt to spill*

éclabousser pulvériser asperger jaillir, gicler renverser un liquide

a spring to spurt to drip to drizzle drenched

une source gicler tomber goutte à goutte, s’égoutter bruiner trempé

• cl- en début de mot : évoque souvent un choc entre des objets métalliques ou en verre

a clang, a clank a clap a clatter

un cliquetis une tape un martèlement, un bruit de vaisselle

to click to clink

faire un bruit métallique tinter

• wh- en début de mot : évoque souvent un souffle d’air

a whiff a whizz to whip

une bouffée un sifflement fouetter

to whisper to whirr a whimper

murmurer vrombir un gémissement

Quelques bruits d’animaux A dog barks when he is disturbed. • A sheep baas. • Bees buzz. • A young bird chirps. • A snake hisses. • A cow moos. • A cat purrs when he or she is happy. • A duck quacks.

B

Quelques interjections Si vous désirez en apprendre davantage, lisez des bandes dessinées… Phew, that smells awful! Eek! I saw a spider. Tsk, tsk, tsk, what a bad decision that was! Ugh, that drink tastes terrible. Huh? You don’t like it, huh? Ouch! That hurts, stop it. Ahem… could I have your attention please?

Oops, I made a mistake! Bingo, that’s what I was looking for! “Achoo!” “God bless you.” Wow, that’s a great idea! Gee, it’s hot! [US] “Snap, Crackle, Pop, Rice Krispies.” “Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is.” [slogan of Alka Seltzer, US]

146

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases suivantes avec une onomatopée.

A B

1. “Nightingale Floors” (parquets rossignols) were used in some Japanese castles to …… and sing when walked upon. This warned of intruders. 2. A Bigger …… is a large painting by British pop artist David Hockney. It shows a swimming pool disturbed by a large …… of water created by a figure that’s disappeared under the water. [utiliser deux fois le même mot]

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2

Traduisez. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3

Don’t be so upset: it’s no use crying over …… milk. I heard the tyres of his car ……ing on the gravel outside: he was back home. They were washing up, I could hear the …… of dishes in the kitchen. You do not need to iron this shirt: the material is ……-dry. What would breakfast be without …… bacon and eggs?

A B

The sergeant barked orders at the new recruits. Their new line of products is generating a buzz. I was sitting in his gorgeous new Jaguar. Suddenly, he said: “Listen, it purrs!” The orator was hissed off the platform. “This is the way the world ends/Not with a bang but a whimper…” (T. S. Eliot, The Hollow Men)

Attribuez une des onomatopées suivantes à chacune de ces photos : Eek! • Ouch! • Huh? • Splash • Oops! A B

1. ……

2. ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Faites coïncider les interjections avec ce qu’elles expriment puis traduisez-les. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

5

Ahem Eek Oops Ouch Phew Ugh Wow

• • • • • • •

expresses relief is used to gain attention expresses an unpleasant surprise signals pain calls attention to an error expresses pleasure is an exclamation of disgust

Complétez les phrases avec l’interjection qui vous paraît appropriée : Sh… • Er \∏…\… • Yoo-hoo • Hurray • Mmm • Yum… • Hey… Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

“Well, you know, yes …… the thing is…” “ …… ! There’s something that might interest you!” “You’ve won? …… !” “Would you like some cheesecake?” “ …… yes please, it looks delicious.” After tasting it: “ …… it is delicious.” “ …… , keep your voice down, my cat is sleeping.” “ …… , did you hear me?”

70 - Onomatopées et interjections

147

71

Quelques comparaisons courantes As free as a bird…

Ces expressions sont de véritables clichés. N’en abusez pas lorsque vous rédigez mais il est bon de les connaître car elles font partie intégrante de la culture de la langue parlée. Notez les différences avec le français.

A

(As…) as comparison as hungry as a wolf as sick as a dog as quiet as a mouse as happy as a lark (une alouette) as blind as a bat (une chauve-souris) as stubborn as a mule as busy as a bee (une abeille) as snug as a bug (une mite) in a rug (un tapis) as red as a beetroot (une betterave) as white as snow as white as a sheet (un drap) as thin as a rake (un rateau)

meaning very hungry very sick very quiet very happy who can’t see well obstinate very busy warm and comfortable very red white and beautiful pale from horror or fear very thin

Le premier as peut être supprimé : I can’t go to the beach tomorrow. I’ll be busy as a bee/I’ll be as busy as a bee. (Je ne pourrai pas aller à la plage demain. Je serai très occupé.)

B

Like comparison to sleep* like a log (une bûche) to be* like a bull (un taureau) in a china shop to eat* like a bird to drink* like a fish to know* sth like the back of one’s hand to work like a dream [speaking of a plan, a machine] to be* like a cat on a hot tin roof

C

meaning to sleep very well to be very clumsy to eat very little to drink a lot of alcoholic beverages to know sth very well to work very well to be jumpy and nervous

Collocations comparison a birdbrain to have* butter fingers to have* an eagle eye

148

meaning a stupid person [péjoratif] to be* very clumsy [péjoratif] to notice many things, even small details

CHECK POINT 1

Complétez les phrases en employant une comparaison. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2

I can’t read this text: the print is too small and I am as blind as …… …… . She drank like …… …… at the party and then she was as sick as …… …… on the way home. She turned as white as …… …… when she learned that her son had been rushed to hospital. The hotel was very tidy, the sheets were as white as …… . Why do you always refuse my suggestions? You really are as stubborn as …… …… . He smiled at her, she turned as red as …… …… . It’s very quiet here, I slept like …… …… . “Don’t wake me up please if you come home late.” “I promise, I’ll be as quiet as …… …… .”

Voici trois photos. Composez une légende comprenant une comparaison appropriée.

1. She is …… …… …… …… .

3

A B

2. This vintage car still works like …… …… .

A B

3. He is as …… …… …… …… …… …… …… .

Faites correspondre les comparaisons et leur sens. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

lion-hearted an ugly duckling a hail (la grêle) of abuse a heart of stone the apple of somebody’s eye on a rollercoaster (montagnes russes) of emotions

C

• • • •

somebody very dear experiencing ups and downs very brave, courageous somebody who is not attractive or successful but who is likely to become attractive or successful • a lot of abuse • very cold and unfeeling

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 4

Formez des comparaisons en associant un terme de gauche à un terme de droite puis traduisez les expressions en français. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

5

ugly warm soft solid gentle strong straight

• • • • • • •

toast silk sin an ox (un bœuf) an arrow (une flèche) a rock a lamb

Lisez les phrases suivantes puis traduisez-les. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Her elder son is the apple of her eye. You’ve broken another glass; you really have butter fingers! Over the last few years the popularity of the pro Europeans has been on a roller coaster. The ugly duckling eventually became a beautiful swan. That “birdbrain” just drove right through three rows of traffic lights and into a front garden.

71 - Quelques comparaisons courantes

149

72

Proverbes “Birds of a feather flock together.” (Qui se ressemble s’assemble.) Here you can see King penguins (des manchots royaux) in South Georgia, a British Overseas Territory in the Southern Atlantic ocean.

Il est important de connaître les proverbes les plus usuels car ils font partie de la langue parlée. Certains ne sont pas toujours cités intégralement ; le début suffit souvent à l’interlocuteur pour saisir le sens du message.

A

Proverbes comprenant do ou don’t Do as I say, not as I do. Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched. Don’t judge a book by its cover. Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket. Don’t put the cart before the horse. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

B

Fais ce que je dis, non ce que je fais. Il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir tué. Il ne faut pas se fier aux apparences. Il ne faut pas mettre tous ses œufs dans le même panier. Il ne faut pas mettre la charrue avant les bœufs. Il ne faut pas cracher dans la soupe. Autre pays, autres mœurs.

Proverbes comprenant un modal You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs. Beggars can’t be choosers. All good things must come to an end. Accidents will happen. As you sow, so shall you reap. Boys will be boys.

C

On ne fait pas d’omelette sans casser des œufs. Nécessité fait loi. Toute bonne chose a une fin. Un malheur est vite arrivé. On récolte ce qu’on sème. Il faut que jeunesse se passe.

Autres structures A friend in need is a friend indeed. A penny saved is a penny earned. A debt paid is a friend kept. Easy come, easy go. Forewarned is forearmed. First come, first served. Out of sight, out of mind. He who laughs last laughs best. The early bird catches the worm. Better late than never. Charity begins at home. Where there’s a will there’s a way.

150

C’est dans le besoin qu’on reconnaît ses amis. Il n’y a pas de petit profit. Les bons comptes font les bons amis. Ça va, ça vient… C’est la vie. Un homme averti en vaut deux. Premier arrivé, premier servi. Loin des yeux, loin du cœur. Rira bien qui rira le dernier. L’avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt. Mieux vaut tard que jamais. Charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même. Quand on veut, on peut.

CHECK POINT 1

Retrouvez les proverbes anglais à partir de ces gloses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2

A B C

If someone helps you, be careful not to say bad things about them. Saving money is like making money. Be patient. Wait until you’ve succeeded to think about what to do next. If you’re asking for a favour from someone, take whatever they give. Don’t risk all your time or money in one plan. Wake up early and start work early if you want to succeed.

Complétez les proverbes suivants. 1. 2. 3. 4.

A C 5. 6. 7. 8.

Where there’s a …… there’s a way. A debt paid is a …… kept. Do as I say, not as I …… . Better …… than never.

First …… , first served. Out of …… , out of mind. Don’t put the …… before the horse. When in …… , do as the Romans do.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

Un certain nombre de proverbes contiennent des noms d’animaux. Retrouvez de quel animal il s’agit : leopard • camel • dogs • bird • fish • swallow (hirondelle) • cat. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Let sleeping …… lie. One …… doesn’t make a summer. It’s the last straw that breaks the …… ’s back. When the …… is away the mice will play. A …… in the hand is worth two in the bush. A …… can’t change its spots. There are plenty more …… in the sea.

Traduisez maintenant les proverbes que vous venez de reconstituer.

4

Faites correspondre les proverbes ci-dessous et leur sens. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. Proverbe

Sens

1. The pen is mightier than the sword.

a. Everybody needs help from other people.

2. No man is an island.

b. When two people cooperate, they have better ideas.

3. There’s no place like home.

c. You can’t oblige someone to accept your help.

4. God helps those who help themselves.

d. You have to work a lot to earn money. It doesn’t come without effort.

5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

e. The best place to be is your own home.

6. Two heads are better than one.

f. Trying to convince with words is more effective than fighting.

7. You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him drink.

g. Different people have different ideas about what is beautiful.

8. All’s well that ends well.

h. Don’t wait for a miracle. Work hard if you want to succeed.

9. Call a spade a spade.

i. Speak honestly and directly.

10. Money doesn’t grow on trees.

j. A difficult situation has ended with a positive result.

72 - Proverbes

151

73

L’anglais journalistique (journalese) Eye-catching headlines are characteristic of most newspapers.

A

Les titres (headlines) Un titre se doit d’être accrocheur et assez bref. Parfois, on n’en comprendra le sens qu’en lisant le début de l’article. • Spécificités grammaticales les plus courantes emploi du présent pour se référer à des événements passés, omission des auxiliaires emploi de l’infinitif pour faire allusion à des événements à venir omission des articles omission du verbe say

Typhoon Lashes Northeast Philippines, Landslides Feared (Reuters, 10 May 2015) Inquiry To Be Held Into Election Poll Accuracy (Sky News, 10 May 2015) Dog rescued from house fire (CNN, June 2015) EU Vote “Could Trigger New Scottish Referendum” (Sky News, May 2015)

• Spécificités lexicales prédilection pour les mots courts pour cette même raison, utilisation d’archaïsmes utilisation de jeux de mots pour attirer le lecteur

“poll” pour “election”, “blast” pour “explosion” “foe” pour “enemy”, “agog” pour “impatient” From Russia with… gloves. Siberian weather to hit UK (The Daily Mirror) [Jeu de mot sur le titre du film From Russia with Love, deuxième film autour du personnage James Bond.]

B

Quelques termes très employés dans la presse the aftermath all-time backlash a benchmark a deadlock

les suites sans précédent des répercussions, une réaction violente un critère une impasse

dyed-in-the-wool groundwork impending a mainstay overkill a toll

bon teint les bases imminent un pilier exagéré un bilan, un prix négatif

to backfire to defuse to endorse to flare up to map out to monitor

avoir un effet imprévu désamorcer soutenir s’embraser planifier surveiller

to pool to scupper to shelve to skyrocket to tackle to vet

mettre en commun faire échouer mettre au placard monter en flèche s’attaquer à [problème] examiner avec soin

cut and dried to pave the way for to pay* lip service to

clair et net préparer le terrain pour reconnaître pour la forme caracoler en tête des sondages

to sit* on the fence a knock-on effect a losing battle

to ride* high in the polls

152

ne pas prendre parti un effet domino un combat perdu d’avance

CHECK POINT 1

Réécrivez ces titres en rétablissant les formes grammaticales usuelles.

A

1. Picasso painting sets record for art at auction, selling for $179M (USA Today) 2. RMT (Rail, Maritime and Transport) union to announce decision on “most disruptive (perturbateur) industrial action in living memory” (The Independent) 3. Woman CRUSHED by giant advertising billboard on London street (The Daily Express)

2

Traduisez les phrases suivantes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

B

They have to vet any expenditure exceeding 700 euros. A diplomatic initiative is necessary to try and break the deadlock. The issue of pension reform is not cut and dried. The new party is riding high in the polls. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) was a dyed-in-the-wool conservative. The President’s popularity is at an all-time low.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 3

4

Faites correspondre ces titres d’article avec leur sujet. Explicitez ensuite le jeu de mots dont ils se servent. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

“Burning questions on tunnel safety unanswered” (The Guardian) “Gord help us now” (The Daily Express) “On board but never bored” (The Financial Times) “Material obsessions” (The Financial Times) “Zing and yang” (The Financial Times) “From fact to friction” (The Financial Times)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

a new mega ship which offers endless entertainment a berry which can spice up a dressing for raw fish what historians and novelists can learn from each other the possibility of fires in the Channel tunnel Gordon Brown’s arrival at 10 Downing Street fabrics in every texture ruled the runway at Milan fashion shows

Les noms de lieu sont souvent utilisés dans la presse pour désigner les institutions qui y sont installées. Retrouvez ce que désigne le lieu indiqué. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Buckingham Palace Stormont Fleet street Westminster Broadway Capitol Hill White Hall Madison avenue The Oval Office Main Street

• • • • • • • • • •

la presse britannique la présidence américaine le gouvernement britannique la royauté, la famille royale l’Assemblée nord-irlandaise le Parlement britannique les gens ordinaires (États-Unis) le monde du théâtre (New York) le Congrès américain le monde de la publicité aux États-Unis

73 - L’anglais journalistique (journalese)

153

Tableaux de synthèse 1

Verbes ou expressions suivis de V-ing : She enjoys meeting people. They kept calling us. I don’t mind going with you. Verbes qui supposent une expérience vécue acknowledge : reconnaître admit : admettre appreciate : apprécier be worth : valoir la peine can’t bear : ne pas supporter can’t help : ne pas pouvoir s’empêcher de can’t stand : ne pas supporter deny : nier/refuser dislike : ne pas aimer enjoy : prendre plaisir à hate : détester it’s no good/no use : il est inutile de miss : s’ennuyer de spend time : passer du temps tolerate : tolérer Verbes qui décrivent une action ayant déjà commencé finish : finir give up : cesser de, abandonner keep : ne pas arrêter de keep on : continuer à stop : arrêter Verbes qui signalent du déjà envisagé avoid : éviter consider : envisager contemplate : songer à imagine : imaginer involve : impliquer mind : voir une objection à prevent : empêcher risk : risquer suggest : suggérer

2

Verbes ou expressions suivis de to + V-ing : I am used to getting up early. it amounts to doing sth : cela revient à faire qqch. be accustomed to doing sth : être habitué à faire qqch. be addicted to doing sth : s’adonner à qqch. be used to doing sth : être habitué à faire qqch. get round to doing sth : arriver à faire qqch. get used to doing sth : s’habituer à faire qqch. look forward to doing sth : avoir hâte de faire qqch. object to doing sth : ne pas vouloir faire qqch. prefer doing sth to doing sth : préférer faire qqch. à faire qqch. take to doing sth : se mettre à faire qqch.

154

3

Verbes suivis de to + verbe : Do you refuse to obey? agree : être d’accord appear : sembler choose : choisir de consent : consentir à decide : décider de fail : omettre de hope : espérer manage : réussir à refuse : refuser de swear : jurer de

4

Verbes suivis soit de to + verbe, soit d’un complément + to + verbe : I want to leave./He wants them to leave. ask : demander beg : demander, supplier expect : s’attendre à help : aider intend/mean : avoir l’intention de/vouloir que offer : proposer prefer : préférer promise : promettre propose : proposer wait : attendre want : vouloir wish : souhaiter

5

Verbes nécessitant un complément avant to + verbe : She persuaded him to read the letter. advise : conseiller allow : autoriser compel : contraindre encourage : encourager force : forcer invite : inviter oblige : obliger à order : ordonner persuade : persuader recommend : recommander remind : rappeler qqch. à qqn teach : enseigner tell : dire warn : prévenir

Tableaux de synthèse

155

Tableaux de synthèse 6

Quelques verbes + prépositions • Verbe + about + complément care about sth/sb (s’intéresser à qqch./bien aimer qqn), talk about sth/sb (parler de qqch./qqn), think about sth/sb (penser à qqch./qqn) • Verbe + after + complément look after sth/sb (s’occuper de qqch./qqn), take after sb (ressembler à, tenir de qqn) • Verbe + at + complément stare at sth (regarder fixement qqch.), laugh at sb (se moquer de qqn), shout at sb (crier sur qqn) • Verbe + for + complément ask sb for sth (demander qqch. à qqn), blame sb for sth (reprocher qqch. à qqn), thank sb for sth (remercier qqn pour qqch.), pay for sth (payer qqch.), wait for sth/sb (attendre qqch./qqn) • Verbe + from + complément borrow sth from sb (emprunter qqch. à qqn), buy sth from sb (acheter qqch. à qqn), escape from sth (s’échapper de qqch.), prevent sb from doing sth (empêcher qqn de faire qqch.), suffer from sth (souffrir de qqch.) • Verbe + in + complément take part in sth (participer à qqch.), succeed in sth (réussir dans qqch.) • Verbe + into + complément divide into sth (diviser par qqch.), drive into sth (heurter qqch. avec sa voiture), run into sb (rencontrer qqn par hasard), translate into English (traduire en anglais) • Verbe + of + complément accuse sb of sth (accuser qqn de qqch.), dream of sth/sb (rêver de qqch./qqn), remind sb of sth (rappeler qqch. à qqn), think of sth/sb (penser à qqch. /qqn) • Verbe + off + complément get off [a plane] (descendre [d’un avion]) • Verbe + on + complément depend on sth/sb (dépendre de qqch./qqn), get on(to) [a train] (monter [dans un train]), rely on sth/sb (compter sur qqch./qqn) • Verbe + to + complément announce sth to sb (annoncer qqch. à qqn), belong to sb (appartenir à qqn), describe sth to sb (décrire qqch. à qqn), suggest sth to sb (suggérer qqch. à qqn) • Verbe + with + complément agree with sb (être d’accord avec qqn), cover with sth (couvrir de qqch.), fill with sth (remplir de qqch.), provide sb with sth (fournir qqch. à qqn), trust sb with sth (confier qqch. à qqn)

7

Verbes qui se construisent comme give : Leila gave Fred the keys./Leila gave the keys to Fred. bring (apporter), feed (nourrir), give (donner), lend (prêter), offer (offrir), pay (payer), present (présenter), promise (promettre), read (lire), sell (vendre), send (envoyer), show (montrer), take (apporter), teach (enseigner), tell (raconter), write (écrire)

156

8

Verbes qui se construisent comme buy : Randolph bought Liz a ticket. / Randolph bought a ticket for Liz. book (réserver), build (construire), buy (acheter), choose (choisir), cook (cuisiner), do (faire), fetch (aller chercher), find (trouver), get (obtenir), keep (garder), leave (laisser), make (faire), order (commander), play (jouer), reserve (réserver), save (mettre de côté)

9

Les adverbes Adverbes de lieu above : plus haut behind : derrière here : ici there : là/là-bas upstairs : en haut Adverbes de temps afterwards : après/par la suite already : déjà eventually : finalement/en fin de compte now : maintenant once : autrefois soon : bientôt still : encore then : alors today : aujourd’hui weekly : chaque semaine Adverbes de fréquence always : toujours never : ne... jamais now and then : de temps à autre occasionally : de temps en temps often : souvent rarely/seldom : rarement sometimes : parfois usually : d’habitude Adverbes d’ajout also (en début de phrase) : en outre also, too : aussi as well : également else : d’autre [What else? Quoi d’autre ?] in addition : de plus Adverbes de degré a little/a bit/slightly : un peu almost/nearly : presque enough : assez even : même extremely : extrêmement fairly : relativement hardly/scarcely : à peine highly : grandement pretty : assez quite : tout à fait/[parfois] plutôt so : tellement

somewhat : quelque peu too : trop totally : totalement utterly : complètement very : très Adverbes de liaison actually : en fait and then : ensuite anyway : de toute façon besides : d’ailleurs firstly, secondly : premièrement, deuxièmement hence : d’où incidentally : à propos moreover : de plus so : ainsi somehow : pour une raison ou pour une autre therefore : par conséquent thus : ainsi Adverbes de liaison exprimant un contraste all the same : quand même however : cependant nevertheless : néanmoins otherwise : sinon still : cependant though (en fin de phrase) : pourtant It’s not difficult though. Ce n’est pourtant pas difficile. (and) yet : (et) pourtant Adverbes de phrase admittedly : certes/il faut le reconnaître certainly : certainement clearly : de toute évidence definitely : sans aucun doute (un)fortunately : (mal)heureusement frankly : franchement hopefully : je l’espère maybe : peut-être naturally : naturellement obviously : manifestement of course : bien sûr personally : à mon avis probably, presumably : vraisemblablement surely : sûrement surprisingly : de manière surprenante

Tableaux de synthèse

157

Tableaux de synthèse 10

11

158

Les principales particules : around, along… PARTICULE

VALEUR PRINCIPALE

EXEMPLE

about

dans différentes directions

walk about : se promener

across

à travers (espace à deux dimensions – une rue par exemple)

walk across : traverser

along

idée d’avancer le long de qqch.

move along : avancer

around/round

idée de circularité

look round : regarder autour de soi

away

idée d’éloignement

move away : s’éloigner

back

idée de retour

come back : revenir

down

mouvement vers le bas / idée de diminution

go down : descendre turn the radio down : baisser la radio

in

idée d’intérieur

come in : entrer

off

idée de séparation/ de coupure/de rejet

take off : décoller cut off electricity : couper l’électricité be put off : être rebuté

on

mouvement vers une surface idée de continuité/de mise en marche

put (clothes) on : mettre (des vêtements) work on : continuer de travailler turn sth on : allumer qqch.

out

mouvement vers l’extérieur

move out : déménager

over through up

mouvement au-dessus de qqch. à travers (espace à trois dimensions) vers le haut/ idée d’achèvement

lean over : se pencher en avant go through : traverser look up : lever les yeux drink up : vider son verre

Les principaux préfixes : re- (reappear), de- (deforestation)…

Fiche 60

PRÉFIXE

VALEUR PRINCIPALE

EXEMPLE

counter-

opposition

counterattack : contre-attaque

de-

idée de changement négatif

dehumanize : déshumaniser

dis-

négatif

disobedient : désobéissant disagree : ne pas être d’accord

fore-

vers l’avant

foreground : premier plan foresee : prévoir

il-/im-/in-/ir-

négatif

illogical : illogique impolite : impoli incredible : incroyable irresponsible : irresponsable

mis-

de manière fausse

misbehave : se conduire mal

out-

à l’extérieur ou dépassement

outlive sb : survivre à qqn outpatient : malade externe

PRÉFIXE

VALEUR PRINCIPALE

EXEMPLE

over-

excès ou au-dessus

overstate : exagérer overstatement : exagération

re-

répétition

rewrite : récrire

un-

négatif

unfair : injuste unbutton : déboutonner

under-

au-dessous ou insuffisance

underground : en sous-sol underestimate : sous-estimer

up-

mouvement vers le haut

up-market : haut de gamme uproot : déraciner

Tableaux de synthèse

159

Corrigés 01 The universe 1 1. Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, and he suddenly thought of the Universal Law of gravitation: that is what the legend says. 2. A shooting star is another name for a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere, becoming a meteor. 3. A light year is equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres. 2 1. rust – 2. slate – 3. flint – 4. peat 3 1./b. in the twinkle of an eye: en un clin d’œil 2./f. a dazzling speed: une vitesse vertigineuse 3./e. the shadow of a doubt: l’ombre d’un doute 4./c. sparkling clean: d’une propreté étincelante 5./a. a glimmer of hope: une lueur d’espoir 6./d. a flash of inspiration: un éclair de génie 4 “agency”: quel phénomène/quel processus/quelle cause “to shy away”: éviter “may hold”: peuvent être pertinentes/valables “self-contained”: autonome 5 1. This sad piece of news left her speechless. 2. “To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune. To lose both looks like carelessness.” 3. Marilyn Monroe is a screen icon whose ageless beauty still enthrals audiences today. 4. At college she felt isolated and friendless. 5. Asthma attacks can lead to episodes of extreme breathlessness. 6. Without a worthy goal, life becomes aimless. 7. Is the United States still the land of endless opportunities?

02 The Earth 1 1. Il y a eu une forte augmentation du prix de l’essence récemment. 2. Malheureusement, ce pays est à la merci des fluctuations du contexte mondial. 3. La crise fait augmenter le nombre de chômeurs. 4. Les affaires sont calmes. 2 1. They find it difficult to adapt to the norms of mainstream society. Ils trouvent difficile de s’adapter aux normes de la société dominante/traditionnelle. 2. These problems spring from a misunderstanding. Un malentendu est à la source de ces problèmes. 3. Then, the enterprise became a bubble on a whirlpool of speculation. Ensuite l’entreprise est devenue une bulle d’air dans un tourbillon spéculatif. 4. Those studies are absolutely wrong, shallow and shortsighted. Ces études sont complètement fausses, superficielles et ne tiennent pas compte du long terme. 5. In 2014, on the occasion of its Centennial, the Panama Canal opened its new locks to the huge cargo ships that could not cross the isthmus. En 2014, à l’occasion de son centenaire, le canal de Panama a ouvert ses nouvelles écluses aux immenses navires de fret qui ne pouvaient pas traverser l’isthme.

160

3 1. The earth has music for those who listen. 2. Flowers are the earth laughing. 3. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. 4. In a sense, each of us is an island. In another sense, however, we are all one. For though islands appear separate, and may even be situated at great distances from one another, they are only extrusions of the same planet, Earth. 5. It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and blue, was the Earth. I put up my thumb and shut one eye, and my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn’t feel like a giant. I felt very, very small. 4 1. He was dismissed: the boss said he was underperforming. 2. Everything in this store is overpriced, I can’t afford to shop there. 3. This child is overweight: he should stop drinking Coke. 4. Overfishing has major effects on ecosystems. 5. They declared they were overworked and underpaid.

03 The climate 1 1. sweltering/c. suffocating 2. lightning/f. flashes of light followed by thunder 3. a drought/e. a long period of time with no rain 4. drizzle/g. very light rain 5. chilly/a. cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable 6. to abate/b. to become less intense 7. a gale/d. a very strong wind 2 1. A strong earthquake near Alaska’s Aleutian Islands triggered a tsunami warning Monday, but only small waves measuring several inches hit coastal communities. 2. A monstrous tornado at least a half-mile wide roared through the Oklahoma City suburbs Tuesday, flattening entire neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school. 3. From May through September of 1993, the Midwest suffered record flooding, resulting in the deaths of at least 50 people and damages approaching $15 billion. 4. The death toll from strong winds and monsoon rains across Sri Lanka’s coastal belt rose to 27 while another 29 fishermen are missing. 5. Landslides are common in mountainous Nepal during the monsoon season. 3 I shall never forget the poor gentleman who once travelled with me on the Channel boat. Only the two of us were on deck as a violent storm was raging. A tremendous gale was lashing mountainous seas. We huddled there for a while, without saying anything. Suddenly a fearful gust blew him overboard. His head emerged just once from the water below me. He looked at me calmly and remarked somewhat casually: “Rather windy, isn’t it?” 4 Afghanistan Blizzard (2008) “with regards to casualties”: pour ce qui est du nombre de pertes humaines “some were frozen to death”: certains sont morts de froid “frostbite amputations”: des amputations à la suite d’engelures

5 1. an afterthought – 2. an aftertaste – 3. an aftereffect – 4. an afterword – 5. afterlife

04 The conquest of the world 1 northern – eastern – western 2 1. The Magellan-Elcano expedition circumnavigated the world for the first time in history. They sailed from Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522. 2. The magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty (starting about 206 BC). 3. The trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships for centuries. They enabled the Europeans to create new empires in the Americas. 4. From the early 1830s to 1869 the Oregon Trail was used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners and their families. They made the trip in covered wagons pulled by mules and oxen. 3 1. “the North American continent west of the Missouri River”, “that land west of the Missouri River” 2. “the known and the unknown”, “the settled and the wild” 3. “a place where you are on your own, where the rules are not yet made”, “a mental realm of new ideas” 4. “dry, perhaps even arid, where crops grow with a struggle” 4 1. Her Excellency Ms. Rosemary Banks presided over the New Zealand delegates: she was chairperson/chairwoman of the Delegation of New Zealand. 2. The president’s spokesman/spokeswoman/spokesperson said that the speech was scheduled for Wednesday. 3. The United States is sometimes called the policeman of the world. 4. Sir Winston Churchill is recognized as one of the greatest statesmen of the 20th century. 5. Emma is a sportswoman at heart. She enjoys playing rugby, skiing and surfing.

2 1. Maria Callas was an American-born Greek soprano. 2. John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African novelist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He became an Australian citizen in 2006. 3. Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, he died in 1955 in New Jersey. 4. James Cook discovered New Zealand in 1770. He became the first European who encountered Aborigines. 5. Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890) was a post-Impressionist painter of Dutch origin. 6. Most of the workers employed in the building of the first transcontinental railway in the USA were Chinese or Irish. 3 An old popular joke Heaven is where the cooks are French, the police are British, the mechanics are German or Swiss, the lovers are Italian and everything is organized by the Germans or Swiss. Hell is where the cooks are British, the police are German, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and everything is organized by the Italians. 4 Stereotypes Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably the same people who think that the Canadian capital is Toronto, that Canadian culture is based around Celine Dion, and that Canadians live in igloos. The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in this country. Canada offers a wide range of exciting activities such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports for the adventurous. You’ll also not run out of reasons to laugh in this morethan-maple country. After all, many comedians in Hollywood are Canadians — Mike Myers, John Candy, Matthew Perry, Eugene Levy and Jim Carrey among others. Their names hardly sound boring, do they?

06 The world’s population

05 Nations and countries 1

pays

les…

un/une…

adjectif

France

the French

a Frenchman/woman

French

Ireland

the Irish

an Irishman/woman

Irish

Russia

the Russians

a Russian

Russian

Mexico

the Mexicans

a Mexican

Mexican

Japan

the Japanese

a Japanese

Japanese

Korea

the Koreans

a Korean

Korean

Poland

the Poles

a Pole

Polish

Israel

the Israelis

an Israeli

Israeli

Wales

the Welsh

a Welshman/woman

Welsh

Turkey

the Turks

a Turk

Turkish

1 1. In Australia, there are 23 million inhabitants, 40 million kangaroos and 75 million sheep. 2. In 2013, according to the WHO (World Health Organization), life expectancy was 84.6 years in Japan, 79.8 in the USA and 47.5 in Sierra Leone. 3. Nine asylum seekers were found hidden under a Eurostar train yesterday. 4. Fifteen million people are stateless. No country recognizes them as nationals. They are some of the most invisible people on the planet. 2 1. the birth rate – 2. the growth rate – 3. the replacement rate – 4. the death rate – 5. the literacy rate – 6. the unemployment rate – 7. the survival rate 3 1. “They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every single way but one: on paper.” 2. “[They] have no idea that they’re undocumented until they apply for [a job or] a driver’s license [or a college scholarship].” 3. “Put yourself in their shoes.” 4. “to suddenly face the threat of deportation” 5. “if your parents brought you here as a child, you’ve been here for five years and you’re willing to go to college or serve in our military”

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4 1. membership – 2. ownership – 3. dictatorship – 4. censorship

07 International relations 1 1. an adviser/an advisor – 2. a host country – 3. an envoy – 4. to endorse – 5. a counterpart – 6. a thaw – 7. to hold a summit 2 1. to top the agenda: venir en tête des préoccupations – 2. to put together an agenda: mettre au point un ordre du jour – 3. an item on the agenda: un point à l’ordre du jour – 4. the medical corps: le service de santé – 5. the intelligence corps: le service de renseignements – 6. the press corps: le service de presse 3 These nations are using food to project power around the world. And it’s working. “Noodle diplomacy” and “chopstick diplomacy” may be new phrases, but the concept that food and diplomacy go together is as old as, well, food. Even the ancient Romans knew the best way to make peace with an enemy was to share a good meal. It’s just taken us until relatively recently to come up with a word for it: gastrodiplomacy. But now that we’ve got one, we’re not wasting time. At least five countries — Thailand, South Korea, Peru, Taiwan and the United States — have “official” culinary diplomacy programs, and colleges are even teaching courses in how to eat your way to cultural understanding. Thailand should be credited with reviving the ancient trend in 2002, with its “Global Thai program”. The idea was to increase the number of Thai restaurants worldwide, which The Economist presaged would “not only introduce delicious spicy Thai food to thousands of new tummies and persuade more people to visit Thailand, but it could subtly help deepen relations with other countries.” 4 1. In the summer of 1940, Great Britain remained alone to fight off a possible German invasion. 2. They have sacrificed their ecological potential to achieve an economic take-off. 3. When the economy slowed down, a lot of families were unable to pay off their loans. 4. Please switch off your mobile phones during the meeting. 5. Flooded roads cut off at least 90 villages.

08 War 1 1. This question has been avoided because it is highly sensitive and could derail talks. 2. The peace process is getting bogged down and tensions are rising again. 3. We’ll do everything we can to get out of the deadlock we have been facing for far too long. 4. The long-standing Indian-Pakistani feud over Kashmir remains contentious and fractious. 5. The high illiteracy rate and the low level of education bode ill for the future. 2 1. The last American POW from the Afghanistan war has just been released. 2. Dogfighting/Air combat first appeared during World War I, shortly after the invention of the airplane.

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3. The estimated number of USSR casualties during World War II stands at 26.6 million. 4. Try to remain in control and not retaliate. 5. The war broke out in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. 3 1. “the plane to ’Nam set him down” – “stepping off the plane” – “their incoming jetliner” – “the plane that had borne him in” 2. “riotously alive”: débordant de vie – “close”: étouffant – “missing limbs”: leurs membres amputés – “[the] countervailing sense”: le sentiment contradictoire 4 1. unaware – 2. impersonal – 3. illegal – 4. uncertain – 5. immature – 6. unbeatable – 7. unexpected – 8. illegitimate – 9. irregular – 10. unthinkable

09 Modern warfare 1 1. The explosive payload of those bombs could destroy several cities. 2. A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle or ship. 3. Asymmetric warfare is a conflict between countries or groups with very different military capabilities and strategies. 4. Their military base was an easy target for an air attack. 5. Would wars fought by remotely operated robots make the world a safer place? 2 1. Unexploded ordnance is/are still wreaking havoc in this country. 2. Selon l’UNESCO, de 3 à 7000 objets qui ont été pillés au Musée national d’Irak n’ont toujours pas été retrouvés. 3. These children are shell-shocked. 4. In Europe, many refugees don’t even reach dry land. 5. 120. 000 soldats ont été mutilés ou tués. 3 1. a. Femmes et enfants, victimes des conflits modernes : § 3 b. La guerre moderne, à distance des champs de bataille : § 2 c. Les parfaits petits soldats : § 1 d. La guerre : empreintes à long terme : § 4 2. “landmines were perfect soldiers”: les mines antipersonnel étaient de « parfaits soldats » “Does the use of UAVs promote a feeling of being ‘removed from the battlefield’?” Est-ce que l’utilisation de drones accroît le sentiment d’être loin du champ de bataille ? “debris-strewn bodies of women”: des corps de femmes couverts de débris “the stiffening in your spine”: le raidissement de votre colonne vertébrale

10 Peace 1 1. the withdrawal – 2. to prevail (over), to gain the upper hand – 3. a setback – 4. to yield – 5. de-escalation 2 1. Ils espèrent pouvoir atteindre le but fixé dans leur récent communiqué commun. 2. Le discours du Président/de la Présidente avait pour but d’apaiser l’opinion internationale. 3. Au fond, le concept stratégique de dissuasion a pour but d’éviter la guerre. 4. Le Mémorial des Anciens Combattants du Vietnam porte les noms de plus de 58 000 soldats américains qui sont morts dans la très controversée Guerre du Vietnam.

5. La Trêve de Noël fut une série de cessez-le-feu officieux, qui eurent lieu sur le Front de l’Ouest aux environs de Noël 1914, pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. 3 Le 6 août 1945 à 8h 15 du matin, la première bombe atomique fut larguée sur Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki avait deux ans. Elle se trouvait à deux kilomètres du lieu de l’explosion mais ne fut pas blessée. En 1955 on diagnostiqua qu’elle était atteinte d’une leucémie due aux retombées radioactives. Une de ses amies lui raconta une histoire qui dit que si on fabrique 1000 grues de papier on verra son vœu le plus cher exaucé. Elle parvint à en faire 644 mais mourut en octobre 1955. Ses camarades de classe collectèrent des fonds dans tout le pays et un monument dédié à Sadako fut érigé dans le Parc du Mémorial de la Paix à Hiroshima. Des milliers d’enfants envoient des grues de papier qui sont exposées tout autour du monument. « J’écrirai Paix sur tes ailes et tu voleras au-dessus du monde entier, » avait dit Sadako. 4 1. Some politicians say we should have loosened our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties with the U.S. are too strong? 2. The data gathered through this survey will deepen our knowledge of the various aspects of energy consumption. 3. It will take some time to straighten things out. 4. A compromise was reached and they decided to shorten the transition period. 5. The brightening economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.

11 Religions and beliefs 1 1. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is the story of a group of thirty pilgrims who travel together to visit a shrine in Canterbury Cathedral. 2. Spammers do not abide by laws or regulations. 3. They pray in order to redeem themselves from their sins. 4. Quakers hold to a way of life rather than a dogma or a creed. 5. Lumbini in Nepal where the Buddha was born is hallowed/holy ground. 6. Some environmentalists predict an environmental doomsday scenario. 2 1. Protestantism is a denomination of the Christian faith. 2. The Pilgrim Fathers are settlers who arrived in Massachusetts at the beginning of the 17th century/in the early 17th century. 3. In a game you’re expected to abide by the rules. 4. I swear (that) I didn’t see you. I didn’t have my glasses on./I wasn’t wearing my glasses. 5. It’s a holy/hallowed place, a shrine. Some people go there to redeem their sins. 6. You can be a secular person/You can be secular and pray/worship all the same. 3 1. America was first colonized by Puritans. Most of our earliest immigrants, and many since, have come here in order to practice their religious beliefs as they please. Our culture has always been, and will most likely always be, profoundly influenced by religion. 2. Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone, ground, mountain, river, each has a secret way of being with the mystery, unique and not to be judged.

3. Religion enables us to ignore nothingness and get on with the jobs of life. 4 1. During WW II, the evacuees had to leave their families and homes behind. 2. Every trainee is assisted by an experienced professional. 3. The company has received many awards as a top achiever in this field. 4. Some names were changed to protect the identities of the interviewees. 5. The letter was refused by the addressee and sent back to the addresser. 6. These Web content developers have tried to make their pages more accessible for people with disabilities. 7. The interviewer used a computerized questionnaire and entered the responses directly into his laptop.

12 The English landscape 1 Poppies est le mot effacé de ce poème qui serait à l’origine de la coutume du Poppy Day. 2 1. The daffodil is one of the emblems of Wales. 2. Ivy is a vine/a creeper. 3. An oak leaf is the symbol of the National Trust. 4. Foxglove is used in the making of some medicines. 5. Lily of the valley is a highly poisonous plant. 3 1. a. “A feeling for country life is supposed to relate to a feeling for the nation…” (§ 2) b. “Here it is not regarded, as in other nations, as merely an alternative to, or escape from, the town.” (§ 3) c. “(The landscape is seen as) pretty and charming rather than grandiose and magnificent.” (§ 3) d. “you often hear them say that they would like to live in a rural area, preferably in a cottage.” (§ 1) 2. “they love their back gardens, because a garden is nature, on a small scale though”: ils aiment le jardin à l’arrière de leur maison parce qu’un jardin, c’est de la nature, même à échelle réduite. “ideally a small-scale, intimate and unthreatening mix of the farmed and the wild”: dans l’idéal, un mélange à petite échelle, intime et apaisant, de terre cultivée et d’espace sauvage. 4 1. Barbour is one of the best country wear brands. 2. The country fair takes place on June 27th. 3. They opened a country branch in 2016. 4. She is Secretary of State for town and country planning. 5. Balmoral Castle is the Queen’s Scottish country estate.

13 Urbanization 1 1. populous – 2. an inhabitant – 3. to be located/to lie – 4. sports facilities – 5. public transport system 2 1. Our capital city is located on the main island. 2. It’s the most populous city in the country. 3. It has high-quality sports facilities. 4. The airport can be reached in about forty minutes. 5. We have a very good public transport system.

Corrigés

163

3 I live in a picturesque town in New England. It has quite a few stylish buildings. In the daytime, it’s a lively/bustling town and its shops are often packed/crowded, especially on Saturday afternoons. My aunt Stacey doesn’t like it, though. She thinks it’s dangerous/unsafe, dirty/filthy and decrepit/run-down! She even says my street has a sinister/dreary appearance. So, she never goes downtown/to the town centre. She claims that it is beset by violence and vandalism! 4 1. “basic services like safe drinking water, electricity, sanitation or sewage system” 2. “[…] how could this city cope with even more people and slums?” Comment cette ville pourrait-elle s’en sortir avec encore plus de monde et de bidonvilles ? 5 1. Les prix de l’immobilier ont baissé ces derniers mois. 2. Le train pour Washington D.C. était en retard parce que la locomotive est tombée en panne. 3. Ta radio me rend fou/folle. Baisse le son ! 4. Ils m’ont proposé un emploi à Cambridge mais je l’ai refusé parce que je veux vivre dans une grande ville. 5. Ma belle-famille me regarde de haut parce que je n’ai pas fait d’études.

14 Urban transport 1 1. In Chicago, commuters are encouraged to use alternative means of transport/transportation, rather than their car. 2. Getting around New Orleans by tram/streetcar is a great way to see the city. 3. The carriage/The car was full, so I asked the ticket inspector if I could sit in First Class. 4. Please click here to download the train timetable/ schedule. 5. I work in the city centre/downtown but I live in the suburbs. 2 1. pavement : ne concerne pas le transport 2. lane : ne concerne pas un moyen de locomotion 3. bike lane : non destiné aux piétons 4. to ask for directions : n’implique pas directement l’idée de déplacement 5. truck : transport de marchandise

15 Living together or not 1 1. They come from a poor/deprived background. 2. I live in a tower block/a high rise near the river. 3. The shanty town/slum was demolished/knocked down last year. 4. I live in a leafy neighbourhood/borough/district. 5. The system is currently being improved/upgraded. 2 Most local governments are intent on better understanding the myriads of communities that live under their jurisdiction. Some town halls encourage social mixing in deprived neighbourhoods through settlement policies or in affluent neighbourhoods through council housing, also known as public housing in the U.S. Cities tend to encourage social interaction in public places like cafés, bars, restaurants and youth clubs, and in community spaces like markets and shopping centres and urban parks. Cultural pursuits may also bring people together, through music, film, theatre and art. Town planners understood early on the importance of town squares in community life. They provide gathering places for families, social groups as well as for individuals of all ages and economic status. 3 1. Oui : “you will find […] many amenities, like a swimming pool, a tennis court, a gym and possibly a small shopping centre and a health centre” 2. Oui : “some people […] feel ‘protected from the outside world’ ” 3. Non, au contraire, les gens qui y habitent ont du mal à accepter la diversité du monde : “[they] belong to a world of […] uneasiness in accepting the world and its diversity”. 4 1. In the majority of countries people legally reach adulthood at 18. 2. More often than not you lose your livelihood when you lose your job. 3. The opposite of truth is falsehood. 4. In all likelihood, the sanctions will not work. 5. We live in a friendly neighbourhood.

16 Energy

3 1. a. Non : “For transport to be sustainable, city dwellers will have to rely more and more on […] shared electric cars.” L’article parle de voitures électriques partagées. b. Non : “in the not-so-distant future, people will be able to order a small driverless electric car with an application.” Il s’agit d’un avenir assez proche. c. Oui : “Many cities pride themselves on having become ‘pedestrian friendly’.” De nombreuses villes s’enorgueillissent d’être devenues respectueuses des piétons. 2. “they will be better off with fewer cars” : elles se porteront mieux avec moins de voitures “clean public transport” : des transports publics propres/ non polluants

1 1. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. 2. In the Punjab, in 2014, miners dig coal with crude pick axes and load it onto donkeys to be transported to the surface. A team of four workers earns around $10 a day to be split between them. 3. A power station (also referred to as a power plant) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. 4. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century. 5. An inexhaustible resource cannot be entirely consumed or used up. 6. Crude oil, biofuels, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal, nuclear elements are non-renewable resources.

4 1. Shall we walk there?/Shall we go there on foot? 2. I’ll go there by boat rather than by bus. 3. Paul drives to work./Paul goes to work by car. 4. It’ll be quicker/faster by train. 5. Patricia flies to Toronto every month.

2 1. a windfarm – 2. geothermal energy – 3. to conserve – 4. to switch to – 5. to soar

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3 1. “First of all, it aims at reducing energy and material output in the world, which is required to face the existing biophysical constraints.”

2. “Degrowth also tries to tackle social issues. Proponents of degrowth would like to replace our prevalent growthbased approach with the idea of ‘frugal abundance’.” 3. “It supports the global environmental justice movement, which has strong roots in southern countries. As environmental rights activists say ‘Leave oil in the soil, coal in the hole, South or North.’ ” “Degrowth also campaigns for a more equitable redistribution of wealth around the world, in order to lessen the North/South divide.” 4 1./f. dégivrer : defrost 2./c. déconstruire : deconstruct 3./a. diminuer : decrease 4./e. priver : deprive 5./d. décoloniser : decolonize 6./b. souiller, abimer : defile

17 Pollution 1 1. Two in three farm animals in the world are now factory farmed. 2. In 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan triggered the meltdown of reactors at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. 3. Currently, nuclear waste created in the U.S. is stored underwater in pools near nuclear power plants. This waste will eventually be stored deep underground. 4. Urban sprawl is claiming farmland at the rate of 10.5 million hectares a year. 2 1. un GPS – 2. l’économie mondiale – 3. un leader mondial – 4. un réseau aérien mondial – 5. le village planétaire 3 Crissement de pneus, grincements de freins, vacarme de radios, vrombissements d’avions, hurlement de sirènes : voici autant de sources de pollution sonore éprouvantes pour les nerfs. 4

profit the pipeline “would double imports of dirty tar sands oil into the United States and transport it to refineries on the Gulf Coast and ports for international export.” plans “building the northern section of an oil pipeline that would trek close to 2,000 miles from Alberta, Canada, to the Gulf Coast of Texas.” consequences in terms of ecology “Pollution from tar sands oil greatly eclipses that of conventional oil.” “Ninety-five percent of the water used to extract the oil is so polluted that the water must be stored in large human-made pools.” “[The Boreal forests’] biodiversity is threatened by the pipeline.” “Indigenous communities have been forced off their land, but also those living downstream from the ponds have seen spikes in rates of rare cancers, renal failure, etc.”

5 1. We have to change our behaviour, as painful as that may be. 2. Emma will only talk if she has something meaningful to say. 3. I’ll never cheat on you. I’ll always be faithful to you. 4. For many of us, clean water is so plentiful that we rarely pause to consider what life would be like without it. 5. If you can see your e-mail on the page, your login was successful.

18 Other environmental degradation 1 Dites non aux sacs en plastique. Les déchets de plastique finissent dans la nature. Aidez-nous à réduire le nombre de décharges sauvages. Brûler du plastique pollue l’atmosphère et endommage les nappes phréatiques. 2 High concentrations of floating plastic debris have been reported in remote areas of the ocean, increasing concern about the accumulation of plastic litter on the ocean surface. Since the introduction of plastic materials in the 1950s, the global production of plastic has increased rapidly and will continue in the coming decades. However, the abundance and the distribution of plastic debris in the open ocean are still unknown, despite evidence of affects on organisms ranging from small invertebrates to whales. 3 1. “sonar” – “satellite-navigation systems” 2. “to peer”: scruter – “to plot”: déterminer – “concealed”: cachés – “a hot spot”: une zone – “to target”: prendre pour cible – “they gather”: ils se rassemblent 4 1./d. an assistant: a person who helps someone 2./b. compliant: docile, obedient 3./e. fragrant: sweet smelling 4./c. significant: meaningful 5./a. an accountant: someone whose job is to keep the financial records of a business

19 Biodiversity at risk 1 1. Animal species have always disappeared. 2. 65 million years ago, a plethora of plants and animals, among which dinosaurs, became extinct. 3. Some seals lack food because of intensive fishing. 4. Poachers kill herds of elephants to trade their tusks’ ivory. 5. Gorillas and other monkeys are hunted for meat, tigers and polar bears for their skin. 2 1. Rainforests, which are the Earth’s oldest living ecosystems, cover only 6 % of the Earth’s surface and yet they contain more than half of the world’s plant and animal species. 2. Some rain forests, including the Amazon, began experiencing drought in the 1990s, possibly due to deforestation and global warming. 3. Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields. 3 1. Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb rain fall and produce water vapor that is released into the atmosphere. Trees also lessen the pollution in water.

Corrigés

165

2. When cattle ranchers clear rain forests to raise beef to sell to fast-food chains that make hamburgers to sell to Americans, who have the highest rate of heart disease in the world (and spend the most money per GNP on health care), we can say easily that business is no longer developing the world. We have become its predators. 3. The tropical rain forests are a telling example. Once cut down, they rarely recover. Rainfall drops, deserts spread, the climate warms. 4. Forests are the world’s air-conditioning system - the lungs of the planet - and we are on the verge of switching it off. 5. [Destroying rain forest for economic gain] is like burning a Renaissance painting to cook a meal. 4 1. Some parking spaces are reserved for the disabled. 2. When he told her he was going away, she looked at him in complete disbelief. 3. He was dismissed because he refused to work. 4. Scientific discoveries have discredited this belief. 5. She looked so nervous. That’s when I began to distrust her.

20 Green living 1 1. The People’s Trust for endangered species asserts that you can protect them by taking a few minutes to count stag beetles, assess the state of your local orchard or hunt for dormice. 2. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated the National Park Service “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein”. 3. The global trust Friends of the Earth is a part of the world’s largest environmental network, with activists in 74 countries. 2 1./d. user-friendly : dans la description d’un logiciel 2./a. dolphin-friendly : sur une boîte de conserve de thon (le thon a été pêché sans utiliser de filets qui piègent aussi les dauphins) 3./c. child-friendly : sur une publicité pour un restaurant 4./b. pet-friendly : sur l’annonce de location d’une maison de vacances 3 Moins égal plus Le centre d’accueil Eielson en Alaska n’utilise que des panneaux solaires, de l’hydroélectricité et de la lumière naturelle. Il a été construit avec des matériaux recyclés et produits localement. Son chauffage, sa ventilation et sa tuyauterie sont très économes en énergie. Le bâtiment requiert très peu de combustibles fossiles pour son fonctionnement.

21 Science and research 1 1. In 1609, the famous scientist Johannes Kepler published his first two laws of planetary motion. 2. Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. 3. These scientific advances have been used by a number of companies to restructure their businesses. 4. The containers lost at sea contained dangerous chemicals. 5. Quantum mechanics is the part of physics that tells us how the things that make up atoms work. 2 1. a blueprint – 2. a field – 3. to infer – 4. random – 5. a clue 3 1. Non : “helps severely paralyzed people to make their way using only tongue movements” (les mouvements de leur langue) 2. Oui : “A synthetic glue […] could be used to repair tissues” 3. Oui : “[The] prosthesis allows a paralyzed person to move their legs voluntarily.” 4. Non : “The wireless brain-computer interface […] could allow people to control robotic arms.” wireless = sans fil 4 1. Biology is the science of life and of living organisms. 2. Genetics is the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms. 3. Cybernetics is the scientific study of how people, animals, and machines control and communicate information. 4. Aerodynamics is a science that studies the movement of air and the way that objects move through air. 5. Alchemy is a “science” that was used in the Middle Ages with the goal of changing ordinary metals into gold.

22 Space exploration 1 1. to dock sth (with) – 2. the blastoff – 3. weightlessness – 4. the splashdown – 5. space junk 2

2010, October 10 Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the successful first flight of a suborbital plane designed to take private citizens on space flights. 2011, July 8 The space shuttle Atlantis became the last American space shuttle to be launched into space. 2012, August 6 NASA’s Curiosity rover successfully landed on Mars.

4 • “packaging increases the price of the goods you buy” • “Packaging wastes resources at every level: production, storage and transport.” • “you pay a tax to the council for the disposal of your rubbish.”

2013, December 24

5 1. This hospital was rebuilt in 2015. 2. When the climate warms (up), glaciers recede. 3. Can you help me refold this map, please? 4. I wish I could relive this moment. 5. She never regained consciousness.

2014, November 12

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NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the International Space Station after a rare Christmas Eve spacewalk to fix an equipment cooling system. Rosetta’s Philae lander, built by the European Space Agency (ESA), is the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on a comet.

2015 Space agencies around the world are using satellite images and other technologies to aid rescue efforts and learn more about the April 25 earthquake in Nepal. 3 Health and Medicine 3. WARP 75 used to relieve pain in bone marrow transplant patients, and to combat the symptoms of bone atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease.

Public Safety 2. A reliable anti-icing and deicing system which allows pilots to safely fly through ice encounters. 4. Steel coatings devised to make high-rise buildings and public structures safer. Consumer, Home, and Recreation 1. Products based on microalgae used in enriched baby food. 5. A material commonly known as “memory foam”; it is incorporated into a host of widely used and recognized products including mattresses, pillows. 8. A cordless miniature vacuum cleaner. Environmental and Agricultural Resources 6. Silicon-based cells used in harnessing solar energy. 7. A product used to safely and permanently clean petroleum-based pollutants from water.

23 Anatomy and diseases 1 1. A skull and crossbones is often used to illustrate warning labels about toxic substances. 2. Industry is the backbone of the Chinese economy. 3. This toothpaste effectively removes plaque without irritating gums. 4. Achilles’ mother held him by the heel when dipping him into the Styx, which was supposed to give powers of invulnerability. 5. A few years ago, she slipped on a banana skin and twisted her ankle badly. 6. Vampires are said to feed on the blood of living creatures. 2 1. Les ratons laveurs de l’Ontario n’ont plus la rage depuis septembre 2005. 2. Le témoin dit que le meurtrier avait les cheveux gris et boitait. 3. J’ai une ampoule à la main à force d’avoir trop joué au tennis. 4. À la fin du XIXe siècle, les immigrants tuberculeux étaient envoyés à l’hôpital d’Ellis Island. 5. Elizabeth Taylor est morte d’un arrêt cardiaque en 2011. 6. Au XIVe siècle une pandémie de peste venue de Chine s’est propagée en Asie, en Europe et en Afrique. 3 1. “the smell of singed animal hair”: l’odeur de brûlé des poils d’animaux 2. “has rekindled concerns”: a ravivé des craintes 3. “an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever”: une épidémie de la fièvre mortelle Ebola 4. “put the death toll at 63”: estiment le nombre de morts à 63 5. “bushmeat”: la viande de brousse

4 1. Many people with Ø asthma also have allergies. 2. She sneezes, has a runny nose: she has caught a cold. 3. There are around 54,000 new cases of Ø leukemia each year in the U.S. 4. When he has a severe headache he needs to rest in a dark room. 5. People who are overweight are at risk of Ø heart disease. 6. Ø Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disorder.

24 Addiction 1 1. liquor – 2. to mainline, to get a fix – 3. an opiate – 4. driving under the influence – 5. to get a rush 2 1. This gambling addict has had herself banned from casinos. 2. It is estimated that six percent of the American population is affected by shopping addiction, also known as “compulsive-buying disorder”. 3. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency requires highcaffeine energy drinks to contain a health warning stating that these drinks are unsuitable for children and pregnant women. 4. Some leaders get hooked on/addicted to power and money. 5. If you can’t go cold turkey on TV watching, you can certainly cut back on TV time gradually. 3 Pour 1. “Prohibition does not work” 2. “concerns the individual, not the legislator” 4. “leads to the growth of a criminal underworld.” 5. “the criminals [will be] put out of business” Contre 3. “Saying that drug use doesn’t harm anyone but the user is completely wrong” 6. The goal of the state is to protect citizens’ health and not to expose them to risk. 4 “too many Canadians end up with criminal records”: trop de Canadiens se retrouvent avec un casier judiciaire “prosecuting these offenses is expensive”: poursuivre ces infractions coûte cher “the proceeds from the illegal drug trade support organized crime”: les recettes provenant du commerce des drogues illégales aident le crime organisé 5 alcoholic [contraction de alcohol et de -holic] – shopaholic – webaholic –- coffeeholic – movieholic – moneyholic

25 Care and cures 1 1. Can I get this drug without a prescription? 2. The cure is sometimes worse than the disease. 3. Fortunately, the skin graft she received took without complications. 4. He is fighting for his life in an intensive care unit. 5. I’m afraid this type of injury can be healed only by time. 2 1. a stem cell – 2. a long-term effect – 3. thorny – 4. to tamper with – 5. contentious 3 1. Non : “new computer modelling and bioengineering techniques could make animal testing obsolete”

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2. Oui : “new computer modelling and bioengineering techniques could make animal testing obsolete” 3. Oui : “The idea is to create chips that can simulate how a whole body would react to a new drug. They are like humans on a chip, in which the vital organs are integrated.” 4. Non : “These mini hearts are thought to be more efficient to test new drugs, as they are closer to real human hearts than the hearts of animals.” 5. Oui : “they could reduce the time it takes to move towards clinical trials, with human volunteers.” 4 1. car-free/d. un centre-ville – 2. rent-free/b. un logement – 3. pain-free/a. un examen médical – 4. tax-free/f. un parfum – 5. smoke-free/c. une aire de jeux pour enfants – 6. gluten-free/e. une barre chocolatée

26 The digital world 1 1. She brossed browsed on the Internet boutique but didn’t find what she was looking for. 2. Just wait for your computer to boot up. 3. UBS USB flash drives are often used for storage, data back-down backup and transfer of computer files. 4. Please log on out before you leave. 5. ICT means Information and Computers Communications Technology. 6. The virus was delivered in the form of an email attachment. 7. They backed hacked into his computer to get sensitive information about him and his business. 8. Did you google the cheapest flights to New York? 9. FAQ are Frequently Answered Asked Questions. 2 Facteurs économiques : § 2 Facteurs géographiques : § 3 Facteurs psychologiques : § 1 Facteurs politiques : § 2 3 1. Certaines organisations caritatives comme « Des ordinateurs pour l’Afrique » rénovent de vieux ordinateurs avant de les envoyer dans des écoles et des universités pour soutenir des projets communautaires. 2. La société « Un portable par enfant » produit des portables connectés peu onéreux et peu gourmands en énergie. 3. Selon Mashable, le gouvernement indien a mis sur le marché une nouvelle tablette, Aakash, surnommée « la moins chère du monde ». 4 cyberwarfare: la cyber-guerre, la guerre de l’information e-business: le commerce en ligne cyberspace: le cyberespace, l’espace virtuel e-banking: les services bancaires en ligne, les banques électroniques i-pod: lecteur MP3 (diffusé par Apple)

27 Economic sectors 1 1. In the daytime I work as a farmer and woodcutter. At weekends I sometimes work as a waiter in a local restaurant, but my dream is to be a fisherman. 2. There’s been a sharp decline in unemployment. The labour force has increased by 2 percent. 3. They’re looking for construction workers, not auto workers, unfortunately.

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4. My neighbour is a computer specialist/IT engineer and her husband an estate agent. 2 1. Coal and iron are raw materials. 2. Ore is rock or soil from which metal can be obtained. 3. Steel is an alloy that is used for making tools and cars. 4. Tar is a very thick, black liquid that becomes hard when it cools and that is used especially for road surfaces. 5. Unleaded petrol produces fewer harmful substances than most fuels when it is burned. 3 1. a. Oui : “It was a key component of the Industrial Revolution” b. Oui : “Coal burning produces millions of tons of solid waste products/coal pollution costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year.” c. Non : the text doesn’t say that it’s cheap, and “coal pollution costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year.” d. Non : it was mainly used “to fuel steam engines and furnaces (fourneaux d’usines)” 2. “a key component”: une composante essentielle “to fuel steam engines and furnaces”: pour alimenter des machines à vapeur et des fourneaux “Cutting air pollution would have beneficial long-term economic impacts for individuals.” Réduire la pollution de l’air aurait des retombées économiques bénéfiques sur le long terme pour les particuliers. 4 1. The female judge was very understanding when I talked to her. 2. The male cleaner was pleased with his work. 3. The waitress married a waiter and their children/kids all became computer specialists. 4. The spokeswoman was accompanied by the female director.

28 Farming 1 1. California started making wine in the 18th century when Spanish missionaries planted the first vineyards to produce wine for Mass. 2. Angus cattle are a breed of cattle commonly used in beef production. 3. On this farm, you can pick your fresh morning freerange eggs at the chicken coop. 4. Florida is the largest producer of oranges in the U.S., but its orange groves are under the attack of a disease known as “citrus greening”. 5. There are four main ingredients in beer: barley, water, hops and yeast. 6. In the wild West, livestock/cattle grazed freely, competing for fodder/hay and water. The barbed wire changed the West from vast and undefined prairies to a land of farming. 2 • Many foods, including an estimated 88 percent of the corn crop in the United States, contain ingredients that have plants or animals that were genetically modified, typically to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life. Opponents argue that the process may be harmful to humans. Supporters contend there is no evidence of that. Sixty countries, including the European Union, require labeling. • “to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life”: pour augmenter la résistance aux maladies ou prolonger la durée de conservation

3 Ce poème empreint de beaucoup d’ironie a pour titre The Song of the Battery Hen. Voici ce qu’Edwin Brock a écrit sur sa composition : “It was written… when I was staying on a farm in Worcestershire. The farmer showed me his battery house with some pride and when I made the usual clichéd comment about the poor bloody hens he said: ‘Do you know we had an experiment one day, we left the flaps of all the cages up to see what the hens would do. Well, they looked around and walked right back in.’ ” 4 1. a roadhouse : un relais – 2. a lighthouse : un phare – 3. a jailhouse : une prison – 4. a dollhouse : une maison de poupées – 5. a coffeehouse : un café

29 Industrial production 1 1. une lime à ongles – 2. un marteau-piqueur – 3. un coupe-boulons – 4. un tour à bois – 5. un grutier – 6. arracher violemment 2 1. a locksmith – 2. a plumber – 3. a joiner, a carpenter – 4. a bricklayer, a builder, a mason – 5. a craftsman/woman 3 1. a. Oui : “The car industry automates approximately 80 percent of its assembly processes”. Pour les autres industries, les chiffres sont moins élevés : “only around ten percent”. b. Non, pas encore : “Specialized robots would know where things are stored” c. Oui : “Tailor-made robots could help close this gap by reducing setup times for automation in industries that rely on customization and whose products have short life cycles.” d. Non : “human workers would still be in control” 2. “such products are highly customized”: de tels produits sont faits le plus souvent sur commande “how to reconfigure an assembly line”: comment reconfigurer une chaîne de montage 4 1. This cheese is hand-made in the traditional manner. Ce fromage est artisanal, fabriqué de manière traditionnelle. 2. Tunisia exports a lot of ready-made clothes. La Tunisie exporte beaucoup de vêtements de confection. 3. The star was wearing a $ 5,000 custom-made tuxedo. La star portait un smoking fabriqué sur mesure, d’une valeur de 5000 dollars. 4. Andrew Carnegie was a self-made steel tycoon. Andrew Carnegie était un magnat de l’acier qui avait réussi par lui-même. 5. Some disasters are natural, others are man-made. Certaines catastrophes sont naturelles, d’autres sont provoquées par les hommes.

30 Economic policies 1 1. In an underground economy, goods and services are traded illegally. 2. Private ownership of enterprises is encouraged in a capitalist system. 3. A synonym of “command economy” is “planned economy”. 4. My neighbour is a big fan of barter. For example, he wants me to mow his lawn in exchange for eggs. 5. Protectionism contrasts with free trade.

6. The government is worried about next year’s economic outlook/prospect, because the economy seems to be slowing down. 2 1. foreign trade – 2. outsourcing – 3. trade surplus – 4. a downturn – 5. the per capita income 3 1. Non : “Even the most capitalist nations regulate one way or another.” 2. Non : “In the U.S., where we can safely say that the vast majority of people are ardent supporters of capitalism” 3. Oui : “[The U.S. federal government] prohibits sex-based wage differentials between men and women employed in the same establishment who perform jobs requiring equal effort, skill, and responsibility.” 4. Non : “contrary to common belief, the role played by governments in the economy tends to increase rather than decrease.” 4 1. la fuite des capitaux – 2. des économies d’échelle – 3. l’impôt sur le revenu – 4. la flexibilité du marché du travail – 5. les prix à la production – 6. le pouvoir d’achat – 7. le déficit commercial – 8. l’impôt sur la fortune – 9. les normes de sécurité – 10. la législation sur la concurrence

31 Working life 1

to take on

to hire

to look for a job

to apply

to turn down

to reject

a trainee

an intern

a luncheon voucher

a meal ticket

an applicant

a candidate

a CV

a résumé

a job centre

an employment service

qualification

a diploma, a degree

a period of training

apprenticeship

the work force

labour

2 1. Analysts say the company could clinch/make/sign a deal within weeks. 2. She’s an entrepreneur. She’s famous for buying out small firms. 3. The company made a takeover bid for a rival firm. 4. My wife doesn’t run the company, but she’s a senior executive. 5. I’m on the payroll of a large multinational. I have a good salary. 6. We’re all in favour of cutting red tape but we don’t know how! 3 1. Non : “Unemployment in the UK has been very low for some years.” 2. Oui : “It’s true that record numbers of women are now in work in Britain.” 3. Non : “female pensioners are forced to work because their pension is too low.” 4. Oui : “There is a lack of high-quality, well-paid jobs, especially for women” 5. Oui : “If you want to work as a cleaner or childminder, you can find a job overnight.”

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4 1. Mon mari est entrepreneur. Il adore créer de nouvelles affaires/entreprises. 2. « Quelle est votre profession ? » « Je suis dentiste. » 3. C’était facile : j’ai envoyé un CV et le lendemain ils m’ont proposé un emploi. 4. Est-ce que votre nouvelle société fournit une voiture de fonction ? 5. Mon fils est apprenti charpentier.

32 Labour relations 1 1. In democratic countries, workers can join a trade/labor union and they’re allowed to walk out. 2. The last-ditch talks achieved nothing. They have once again reached a deadlock. 3. The fast food workers took to the streets. The demonstration gathered over 2,000 people. 4. Some employees said they didn’t feel like resuming work. 5. Her firm owes her more than $2,000 and so she may file a wage claim. 2 1. I am a cleaner. My wife and I get the same wages. 2. I’m a judge. I can’t complain about my salary. 3. I like your job. How much money do you get/make/ earn? 4. I think I’ll get an incentive bonus this year. 5. Your entitlement to sick pay depends on your employment contract. 6. Because of the pay settlement my annual income should not diminish. 3 1. Non : depuis 1926 et non depuis l’hiver 1978-1979. “The ‘1926 general strike’ […] was the only general strike in British history.” 2. Non : il y a eu une seule grève générale au Royaume-Uni. 3. Oui en partie uniquement : le mécontentement était surtout dû aux grèves très fréquentes (“widespread strikes”) et à l’état de l’économie (“the economy was in a bad shape”).

Voici la traduction des deux vers de Shakespeare : “Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York.” Voici l’hiver de notre déplaisir Mué en glorieux été par ce soleil d’York. 4 1. The police are already here. Apparently/It seems that they’ve been waiting for us for over ten minutes. 2. People say that this party wants/want to restrict the right to strike. 3. The government, who are no longer supported by the MPs, are going to resign./The government, which is no longer supported by the MPs, is going to resign. 4. The staff is/are on strike. They intend to take to the streets and demonstrate.

4. The United Arab Emirates has a trade surplus/a favourable balance of trade thanks to the oil trade. 5. The Canadians’ purchasing power has gone up 3%. 2 1. You use the word “brand” for all products, as in “This is my favourite brand of deodorant.” It’s different for cars, though. You say “My favourite car make is Rolls Royce.” 2. I need an invoice for this flight to get reimbursed. 3. Retailers often buy their goods from wholesalers/ wholesale suppliers. 4. We have a ten percent profit margin on sales, which isn’t bad. 5. The goods are kept in storage until ready for delivery. 3 More expensive and not for the right reasons: § 3 The organizations are looking into it: § 4 Helping developing countries’ exports: § 1 Sustainable and environmentally friendly: § 2 What about women then? § 3 Who really gains from so-called fair trade? § 3 4 1. a wine shop – 2. a butcher’s shop – 3. a coffee shop – 4. a sweet shop – 5. a beauty shop – 6. a bookshop – 7. a bird shop – 8. a body shop (body : carrosserie d’une voiture) – 9. a pet shop – 10. a clothes shop – 11. a second-hand clothes shop – 12. a shoe repair shop En anglais américain, on préfère nettement le nom store : a bookstore, a wine store, etc.

34 The consumer society 1 1. I changed channels during the break/commercial. 2. He’s a man who works in advertising/an adman. He loves his job. 3. This advertisement/ad/advert is truly misleading. 4. This advertising company always thinks up new ways to encourage the sale of/promote their products. 5. There’s been a lot of excessive promotion/hype about her latest album. 2 1. Of course I know the strengths and weaknesses of our company/firm. 2. If you want to stay ahead of your customers, you have to adjust your goods/products continually/permanently. 3. We can’t afford to ignore the competition or the needs of our customers/our customers’ needs. 4. Risk-taking is part of the job.

33 World trade

3 1. Non : Some people want to fight consumerism: “Opponents of the consumer society” ≠ “Others say that we should focus on fighting the excesses of consumerism, rather than consumerism itself.” 2. Oui : “They blame big corporations that encourage irrepressible desires to own as many objects as possible or to consume as much leisure as we can.” 3. Oui : “Some people are prepared to sacrifice significant time and money for a status symbol.” 4. Non : “eco-conscious shopping” can fight “the excesses of consumerism” or “overconsumption”, but there is no mention of saving the planet.

1 1. If you impose quotas, exports will suffer too. 2. They say that a negative balance of trade/trade balance is detrimental to the economy. 3. In a sheltered market, customs duties can be exorbitant/ extortionate.

4 1. Les Romains ont envahi la Grande-Bretagne en l’an 43 de notre ère. 2. Il y a un grand magasin de bricolage au coin de la rue. 3. Merci d’avoir une pièce d’identité à la main avant d’arriver à la porte d’embarquement.

170

4. Je m’appelle Miranda, alias « Big Miranda ». 5. Mes voisins ont disparu de la circulation/sont aux abonnés absents. Ils sont peut-être en vacances.

35 Fashion 1 1. I’m wearing a red scarf. I need to buy a matching belt. 2. You’ve got a beautiful figure. You should buy tight trousers. 3. This is the place for trendy clothes. All hipsters come here. 4. Bright colours are the latest fad/craze this summer. 5. It’s very fashionable. Everyone’s wearing it. 6. I think it’s vulgar. It’s too ostentatious/showy. 2 1. African fabrics are fashionable/are in this season. 2. Our customers buy second-hand clothes simply because they’re cheaper. 3. People dress up more in England than in France to go to the theatre. 4. Everyone was wearing jeans and I felt a bit overdressed in my suit. 5. Glasses are fashion accessories. 6. Victoria Beckham (has) presented her first woollen collection in a New York fashion show. 3 1. “about 90% of people with anorexia are women” 2. “many models develop fears of putting on weight and therefore of losing their jobs” 3. “Things may be improving, though, as when fashion leaders require a minimum mass index for models, or when magazine editors decide not to feature models who appear unhealthily thin in the publications.” 4. “Some former models speak out against (dénoncent) the fashion industry’s encouragement of unhealthily thin models and its influence on teenagers who may identify with them, and who may equate beauty with skinniness and with happiness.” 5. “Anorexic models are very likely to develop a variety of health problems, leading to depression and even death.” 4

3. You can say “cash machine”, “cash dispenser”, “ATM”, “hole in the wall” or “cash point”! 4. A synonym for “take money out” is “withdraw money”. 5. “My new TV was dirt cheap, £50.” “£50? That’s cheap as chips.” 6. You can say “I’ll repay you” or “I’ll reimburse you” or “I’ll pay you back.” 2 1. I took out a $50,000 mortgage (fifty-thousand dollar mortgage) to buy my apartment/flat. 2. I’ve got a steady income but my outgoings are very high! 3. I’ve got an overdraft in my current account. I have to transfer money from my savings account. 4. The bank lent me 1000 (a thousand/one thousand) euros last month. I still need to borrow 500 (five hundred). 3 1. Pros “it would lead to a safer society”/“electronic payments have caused the rate of burglary, assault and larceny to fall recently. It would drop dramatically if we got rid of cash altogether.”/“all transactions would be visible”/“It would also mean the end of undeclared work.”

Cons “This would imply that more and more individuals are equipped with portable card readers to accept virtual payments, even your kids”/“it’s important for young children to have coins, as they’re tangible and they really mean something to them.”/“buskers and wishing fountains” 2. payments made electronically – portable card readers – virtual payments – electronic payments – digital money 4 1. Did your country ever win the World Cup? 2. I earn/make a good living but I don’t consider myself rich. 3. All we can do is look at who stood to gain from the crime. 4. Congratulations on your new job! How much do you earn/make? 5. Liz Rossetti is confident she will win the next election. 6. This is a win-win situation. We’ll all benefit from the new agreement. 7. Australian women gained the right to vote in 1902. 8. They make/earn over $150,000 a year.

XOXO

Bises.

X = bises, O = accolade

WYWH

J’aimerais que tu sois là.

Wish you were here

TX

Merci.

Thanks

37 The world of finance

BFF

Meilleurs amis pour toujours.

Best friends forever

J/K

Je rigole.

Just kidding

1 1. an income tax – 2. VAT (value added tax) – 3. bankruptcy – 4. to bail out – 5. assets and liabilities

NIMBY

Pas près de chez moi.

Not in my backyard

OMG

Oh mon Dieu !

Oh my God!

TMI

Moins de détails !

Too much information!

36 Money matters 1 1. I’m sorry but we don’t take credit cards, nor cheques. It’s cash only. 2. We’re a bit hard up at the moment. So, we’re short of cash.

2 1. a connection: pas le vocabulaire de la bourse 2. to plummet: seul verbe qui n’indique pas une augmentation 3. to rise: seul verbe qui n’indique pas une chute 4. important: pas le vocabulaire de la bourse 3 1. se dégrader : to deteriorate – la baisse du pouvoir d’achat : reduced purchasing power – l’absence de toit : homelessness – moins d’offres d’emploi : fewer job opportunities – la chute de la production industrielle : decreasing industrial production 2. “If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.” Dans le pire des cas, c’est toute une ville qui peut faire faillite, comme Détroit aux États-Unis.

Corrigés

171

4 1. Je ne dirais pas qu’il est vieux. Il est plutôt âgé, il a probablement une soixantaine d’années. 2. Sa chemise était verdâtre. 3. On pourrait se retrouver vers les 8 heures. 4. J’ai fait la connaissance d’un homme dans les cinquante ans la semaine dernière. 5. Mon nouveau petit copain est plutôt grand, avec de beaux yeux marron.

38 Youth 1 1. to hang out – 2. self-conscious – 3. rebellious – 4. to come of age – 5. inquisitive, involved 2 1. Spending my gap year in Australia was a rewarding experience. 2. She has lost her job but she is resilient. 3. A year ago, he volunteered in a school in Zimbabwe. 4. Challenge yourself to reach your goals. 3 1./§ 1 : “They have known nothing… the interactions they have.” 2./§ 1 : “they are conservative in their spending”/ § 2 : “they are keen to look after their money” 3./§ 1 : “after witnessing their parents or friends’ parents lose jobs in the Great Recession.”/§ 2 : “they have grown up in a world in political and financial turmoil.” 4./§ 2 : “more mature [they] want to change the world.” 4 1. The young do not expect everything from their parents. 2. I would do anything to get back my youth. 3. The youth of today/Today’s youth admire Malala Yousafzai. 4. This young person/young man is tech savvy.

39 Old age and death 1 1. When I retire, I’ll take to travelling. 2. I do not want to die mentally impaired. 3. This female pensioner/retiree is full of pep. 4. She doesn’t care about wrinkles and greying hair/going grey. 5. Life expectancy is increasing fast/quickly. 2 1. to be cremated/e. ashes 2. a cemetery/c. graves 3. a will/b. an heir 4. a coffin/a. to bury 5. to mourn/d. to grieve for 3 1./§ 3 “where treatment has not got at least a 95 per cent chance of my returning to a totally independent life, I don’t want to live.” 2./§ 4 “Dying used to be an integral part of social life. It is now a source of terror and people try to hide death as much as they can.” 3./§ 2 The baby boomers want to “make the most of palliative care to live better in fewer days, and then die with dignity.” 4./§ 1 “if they are going to die, they would like to die at home.” 4 1. They were buried yesterday, two days after they died. 2. Only the forgotten are truly dead. 3. I am not afraid of death, I just don’t want to be there when it happens. 4. The dead do not hurt you; only the living do.

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40 Women and men 1 1. a male preserve – 2. the breadwinner – 3. household chores – 4. patronizing – 5. to be trapped 2 1. Will he be equal to the job? 2. The pay gap is still huge. 3. She is a high-flying musician. 4. She is a supermom: she has found the perfect work-life balance. 3 1. Oui : “companies pay men a higher salary if their wives stay home.” 2. Non : “they are highly educated” 3. Oui : “There are no other options than to take measures to try keeping women on the working track.” 4. Non : “This is not a feminist point of view but the objective analysis of an economist.” 4 Jeu de mot sur les deux sens de right : droite ≠ gauche et to be right : avoir raison.

41 Family relationships 1 1. We entered into a civil union/partnership three years ago. 2. I lived in a single-parent family until I was ten. My mother met my stepfather, her husband, when I was twenty. 3. The number of stepfamilies/blended families has gone up over 10% (ten percent) in the last three years. 4. People always talk about the death of the family, but it is postponed with each new generation. 5. Divorce is no longer taboo and couples split up more easily than in the past. 2 1. Fifties: They lived happily ever after their wedding. Divorce was unthinkable. c. Marriage has to last for life. Family life is stable and conformist. Divorce carries a stigma. 2. Sixties: Decadence, dissent and freedom. d. It’s a time of “free love”. The family as the moral mirror of society is pretty much shattered. So is the traditional trilogy for women “housework, motherhood, husband”. 3. Seventies: The “me” decade. b. The single-parent family is born. The divorce rate shoots up from 45,794 in England and Wales in 1968 to 143,667 in 1978 – divorce is overwhelmingly initiated by women, who are no longer ready to sacrifice themselves for their family. 4. Eighties: Children first (or not); marriage second. f. Couples no longer feel the pressure to get married when they have children. Legislation puts the child first in family life, rather than assuming that marriage is the only form of protection. 5. Nineties: The family inside out, i.e. the family is redefined. e. New families emerge, like single-parent families, step families and gay parents. The new trends fail to bring back the housewife and the breadwinner father. 6. Noughties (2000s): No more confetti, because weddings are no longer what they used to be. Surrogacy is something people talk about more and more. a. Families come in all shapes and sizes and include circles of friends. Marriage rates continue to plunge. “Wombs to rent” cause ethical dilemmas with greater frequency.

3 1. Dans les contes de fées, les belles-mères sont représentées comme des méchantes femmes, comme dans Cendrillon ou Blanche Neige. Leurs victimes sont le plus souvent les bellesfilles. Parfois elles détestent aussi leurs gendres. 2. Ce n’est jamais facile d’être un beau-père ou une bellemère. 3. Ma belle-famille m’adore. À vrai dire, je suis une bellefille parfaite. 4. J’aime bien ma belle-mère mais je trouve mon beau-père un peu ennuyeux.

42 Social inequality 1 unfair/unjust • unbiased/fair • have-nots/poor • gap/difference • uneven/unequal • lack/absence • wealth/money 2 1. It’s difficult not to feel left out in this group of ambitious people. 2. The imbalance between the various groups tends to widen. 3. This unfair/biased system is going to impact thousands of people. 4. It’s a divisive societal issue. 5. I felt a lot of resentment at the time, probably because of low self-confidence. 3 1. Their future should not depend on their colour. And yet… “Many studies point out the gulf that exists between black students and their white classmates in U.S. public schools.” 2. Their future should not depend on their gender. And yet… “A 2015 survey of more than 70,000 managers highlighted the large gender pay gap in the UK, despite undeniable women’s gains. Male managers earn at least 20% more than their female counterparts.” 3. Their future should not depend on their economic status. And yet… “It is obvious that the son of a successful lawyer in the U.S. – and probably in all countries – is far more likely to become highly successful than the son of a shop assistant.” 4. Their future should not depend on their postcode. And yet… “there are significant gaps in life expectancy depending on your zip code.” (postcode [GB]/ zip code [US]) 4 1. Le concessionnaire a dit que ma voiture valait 500 dollars. 2. Il est bon de rappeler qu’il peut faire très froid à New York en janvier. 3. La National Portrait Gallery mérite vraiment une visite. 4. J’ai dû faire la queue pendant quatre heures, mais ça en valait la peine. 5. « Je prends combien d’essence ? – À peu près pour 40 livres. » 6. Je sais que tu ne veux pas que j’en parle, mais si tu veux mon avis, tu devrais te trouver un nouveau coiffeur.

43 Social progress 1 1. Sanitation is a system that takes dirty water and other waste products away from our homes. 2. A non-profit organisation is not interested in making money. 3. There aren’t enough shelters for the homeless in this city. 4. I’m not sure we do enough for the elderly in our society.

5. Life expectancy is steadily increasing in the EU. It’s close to 80 years on average. 2 1. How can we ameliorate/improve the lives of our fellow citizens? 2. The civil rights movement supported/advocated equality before the law in the U.S. in the 60s. It now supports/advocates all the rights of minorities. 3. Human progress/advancement has come a long way since the days of the cave man. 4. They are strong defenders/proponents of social progress. 5. I’ve always considered her advice important./I’ve always valued her advice. 3 1. Oui : “Many international organisations set great store by solidarity.” 2. Non : “[solidarity] should underlie relations between peoples in the twenty-first century.” 3. Oui : “The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union contains a chapter titled ‘Solidarity’.” 4. Non : In the United Nations solidarity is defined in terms of “relations between peoples”, and adresses issues such as “poverty and growing inequality, climate change […] and health”. In the European Union, it is in terms of “workers’ rights, […] health care, social assistance, environmental protection and consumer protection”. 4 1. Je n’ai vu personne de toute la journée. 2. Est-ce qu’il y a quelqu’un à la maison ? 3. S’il te plaît, ne le dis à personne. 4. Toute personne qui veut passer son permis de conduire doit d’abord s’enregistrer en ligne. 5. Est-ce que je peux faire quoi que ce soit pour vous aider ? 6. Je n’ai rien dit, promis. 7. De nos jours, on peut voyager partout dans le monde en quelques heures. 8. Je ne veux aller nulle part.

44 Discrimination and civil rights 1 1. Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. 2. Tout individu a droit à la vie, à la liberté et à la sécurité de sa personne. 3. Tous sont égaux devant la loi et ont droit sans distinction à une égale protection de la loi. 4. Face à la persécution, toute personne a le droit de chercher asile et de bénéficier de l’asile en d’autres pays. 2 1. In the past, Catholics were discriminated against in the UK. 2. If a government takes affirmative action, it gives preference to some minorities. 3. Child abuse is severely punished in most countries. 4. The workers are holding a demonstration to protest against nonpayment of their salaries. 5. People who are afraid of being prosecuted from their home countries are eligible to apply for political asylum. 3 1. Non : “she was arrested and fined for it.” 2. Oui : “facilities (équipements) and services could be separated along racial lines, if the facilities and services provided to each group were equal.” 3. Non : “So bus segregation was ended, but other forms of segregation and discrimination remained”

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4. Non : “[there were] two separate sections on buses: one for coloured people and one for whites [but they took the same buses]” 4 1. I’m doing a course in women’s studies. 2. Men’s clothing is on the second floor. 3. People had to fight for women’s suffrage. 4. I can’t see the children’s menu. 5. I found this bird’s nest in the doghouse. 6. I no longer drink cow’s milk, only goat’s milk.

45 Social welfare 1 1. The legal age when you can retire on a full pension is called the full retirement age. 2. An occupational hazard is something that you may experience as a result of doing your job. 3. One way of translating la Sécurité sociale française is “the French public welfare system”. 4. A pension is a sum of money paid by a private company or the government to a person who is retired. 5. If you make a living wage you earn enough money to buy what is necessary in order to live. 6. My brother is on social security or on welfare as the Americans would say because he is too ill to get a job. 2 1. une allocation chômage – 2. une allocation de maternité – 3. une allocation familiale – 4. une allocation logement – 5. une allocation pour enfant à charge – 6. les prestations de santé 3 1. Non : “half of the developing world lack[s] even a simple latrine.” 2. Oui : “For the same reason [lack of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation] millions of people are threatened by blindness.” 3. Non : the article does not dissociate access to drinking water and sanitation. 4. Non : “safe drinking water” is a “precondition […] to promote primary education” 4 1. un enfant bien élevé – 2. venir d’une famille qui a des relations – 3. J’aime mon steak bien cuit. – 4. des vacances bien méritées – 5. une actrice connue – 6. une famille riche

46 Education 1 1. Emma and I went to the same nursery school/kindergarten/preschool. 2. The college I attended was for both male and female students/co-educational. 3. This is the best high school/secondary school in the neighbourhood. 4. Mathematics should be obligatory/compulsory for all students after the age of 16. 5. I teach at a college of adult education/further education. 2 1. My aim is to impart theoretical knowledge about this subject. 2. Thanks to/Because of continuous assessment I won’t fail/I’m not going to fail my exams. 3. We’re somewhat self-taught people when we attend distance learning classes. 4. I have to take an optional language test this afternoon. 5. Lack of basic literacy skills diminishes/will diminish the development of the individual.

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3 1. “Many parents face a difficult choice: either put money aside for their own retirement or for their children’s education.” 2. “Some economists claim that students’ debts are detrimental to the economy, because they push back the moment they can buy a home, start a family or borrow money to start their own business.” 3. “Some politicians, especially in the Democratic Party, find this system absurd and would like the government to fund access to higher education, which, they claim, will make the U.S. richer and more competitive…” 4 1. I am out of the office/not in the office/not at the office until 30th August. 2. My girlfriend is out of this world/wonderful! I love her so much. 3. Millions of children of primary school age are out of school/not at school/not in school around the world. 4. Your computer looks so out of date/old-fashioned. 5. Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres/noncentral shopping centres. 6. You’ve chosen too many classes. You must be out of your mind/crazy.

47 The law and the courts 1 1. They violated/broke the law and were punished accordingly. 2. According to law/By law, you’re entitled to receive a free copy. 3. It is totally illegal/unlawful. 4. They want to make people obey/to enforce this unfair law. 5. She’s a citizen who obeys the law/She’s a lawabiding citizen. She never does anything wrong. 2 1. Charlotte is an excellent barrister/lawyer/defendant. She always wins her cases. 2. He was brought to process/trial/court for acts of violence. 3. They wanted to prosecute/sue/charge my neighbour because she was drunk driving. 4. The judge needed proof/probes/evidence. 5. I feel like the sentence/verdict/condemnation was based on emotion. 6. It’s better to acquit five guilty people/culprits/witnesses than to convict one innocent person. 3 § 1: Synonyms § 2: Types of capital crimes § 3: A shameful first rank § 4: For the death penalty § 5: Against the death penalty 4 1. two million unemployed: Il y a plus de deux millions de chômeurs dans ce pays. 2. The poor: Les pauvres méritent eux aussi d’être bien logés. 3. the dead: On comptait beaucoup d’enfants parmi les morts. 4. the young: De nos jours, les jeunes se font entendre davantage. 5. the blind: Je dresse des chiens pour aveugles.

48 Delinquency and criminality 1 1. breaking and entering/b. burglar 2. mugger/a. assault 3. ransack/e. loot 4. stab/d. knife 5. theft/f. steal 6. arson/c. fire 2 “abuse”: ne signifie pas « abuser » mais « maltraiter » “assassinate”: ne s’emploie que pour des personnes célèbres ou les personnalités politiques “crime”: peut aller du petit délit (vol mineur) à l’assassinat “delinquency”: désigne la délinquance juvénile “domestic (violence)”: la violence conjugale ; “domestic” décrit ce qui concerne la maison (“domestic chores”: les tâches ménagères) ou un pays (“domestic flights”: les vols intérieurs) “offence”: c’est un délit, une infraction ; « une offense » se dit “an insult”, “an affront”. 3 1. “the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms. In other words, the right to have a gun is an integral part of American culture.” “In the land of the free, you should be free to protect yourself against any person that threatens you.” 2. “In the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to have a licence to own a gun.” “The UK has one of the lowest rates of gun homicides in the world.” 4 1. Ils ne sont pas armés. Ne tirez pas ! 2. On a retrouvé le corps deux semaines plus tard. On lui avait tiré une balle dans la tête. 3. Plusieurs personnes ont été tuées par balle durant les émeutes. 4. Le ministre s’est tiré une balle dans le pied en en disant trop à la presse. 5. Le film a été tourné en extérieur en Alaska.

49 Political regimes and parties 1 1. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India. In Victoria’s time, the UK was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign/the Queen had relatively little political power. 2. In the 19th century, when you said “the sun never sets on it,” you meant the British Empire. 3. The state of being a member of a country is called citizenship. This status bestows rights and duties on that person. 4. The army staged a coup and unseated the democratically elected President. 5. Several opposition groups are determined to have the Prime minister removed from power. 2 1. Whereas Margaret Thatcher was the leader of the Conservative Party, Tony Blair was a Labour Party politician/a member of the Labour Party. Both served as Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. 2. The Republican Party is on the right of the U.S. political spectrum. 3. The opposition leader claims that the government’s policy on the conflict is indefensible.

4. The opposite of “opposition party” is “ruling party”. 5. The Democrats in the United States are supported by trade unions and left-wing people. 3 violent: “bloody” – a murderer: “a homicide” – to murder: “to slaughter” – a worthless stone: “a base foul stone” – where he doesn’t belong: “where he is falsely set”

50 Democracy 1 1. Guy Fawkes is a famous conspirator who wanted to blow up the Parliament house with gunpowder in 1604. 2. The executive power is exercised by a President or a Prime minister, with the help of the government. 3. In the U.S. the president is elected for a four-year term. 4. The separation of powers divides authority into three branches: legislative, executive and judiciary. 5. Opposition MPs want to amend the bill. 2 1. Our incumbent MP canvassed during the whole electoral campaign, but I didn’t see him at the polling station. 2. There are usually few non-voters/abstainers in our constituency. But this time, the turnout was low. 3. My sister loves elections, opinions polls and politics in general. She even collects ballot papers/ballots. 3 1. People in prison – people who are convicted of electoral malpractice – people who have severe intellectual disabilities, like people who are detained in psychiatric hospitals. 2. Même dans un pays très démocratique comme le Royaume-Uni, certaines personnes n’ont pas le droit de voter : les prisonniers, les personnes condamnées pour fraude électorale ou celles qui ont un grave handicap mental, comme les personnes confinées dans des hôpitaux psychiatriques. 4 1. an aristocrat – 2. plutocracy – 3. bureaucracy – 4. a technocrat – 5. meritocracy

51 The media 1 1. a press baron – 2. an op-ed – 3. a front-page story – 4. the gutter press 2 1. A daily is published every day; a weekly is published once a week; a monthly once a month. 2. The minister was forced to resign after it hit the headlines that she had employed several siblings. 3. I like reading Sunday papers, but they tend to have a lot of advertising inserts. 4. The entertainment section of a newspaper has articles that focus on different aspects of culture. 5. Could you get me two copies of The Guardian, please? One for me and one for my sick neighbour. 6. My girlfriend is addicted to social networks. She can’t stop sending texts even when we’re dining. 3 1. a. Non : “the digital age we live in is still in its infancy.” b. Oui : “[social media allow] marketers to target their ads to a more specific group of individuals.” c. Non : “TV has proved far more resilient than many imagined not that long ago.”/ “the traditional TV industry is still very strong and will be for many, many years to come.” 2. L’époque où les émissions télévisées attiraient plus de 100 millions de téléspectateurs aux États-Unis est peut-être révolue en raison de la multiplicité des chaînes de télévision et des supports médiatiques…

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4 1. Leslie Craig était en tête de la liste des candidats. 2. Mon fils est premier de sa classe en langues. 3. Il se fait tard, on devrait rentrer. 4. Tu pourrais me passer un mouchoir (en papier) ? Je dois me moucher. 5. Je ne peux pas endosser la responsabilité du comportement de mes parents. 6. On demande souvent aux politiciens de rentrer dans le rang.

52 Remembering, imagining… 1 1. Who is the current President of the USA? I know that Barack Obama was a former President. 2. With the advent of the GPS, printed maps have become outdated/obsolete. 3. It’s only a matter of time until the CD becomes just a relic of past times. 4. The Mars Science Laboratory has lately/recently completed one Martian year (687 Earth days) working on the Red Planet. 5. These experiments are expensive to carry out but will prove profitable in the long run. 6. In 1790, she received a three-month sentence and was subsequently deported to Australia. 2 1. everlasting – 2. fate – 3. to outlast – 4. to postpone/to put off – 5. remote/far – 6. impending – 7. to look back – 8. oblivion 3 The duty to remember 1. Remembering the past will prevent future crimes and heal countries. 3. Forgetting the past is forgetting our roots and our basic structure. The duty to forget 2. You build on failure. You use it as a stepping stone. Close the door on the past. You don’t try to forget the mistake, but you don’t dwell on it. 4. My motto is: “Forget the past and move on!” It is stupid to hold on to painful memories. 4 1. The people, objects in a picture or photograph that seem nearest to you are in the foreground. 2. They are very pessimistic and foresee crises on the horizon of our life as a nation. 3. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s forefathers were Irish. 4. Don’t believe the prophets who foretell the end of the world. 5. Was the foreword written by the author?

53 Moving and doing things 1 “Do not trod” est impossible car “trod” est le prétérit du verbe “tread” ; or “do not” (impératif négatif) est suivi de la base verbale : “do not tread” est la forme correcte. On peut aussi envisager qu’il s’agit d’une erreur de saisie : “do not trot” (ne trottez pas) serait correct. 2 1. Comment faire pour que mon bébé de deux ans mange de façon équilibrée ? 2. Il n’avait pas l’habitude de parler en public : il butait sur les mots.

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3. Edimbourg est à un saut de puce en avion de Birmingham. 4. Le gouvernement de ce pays a manifestement décidé de bafouer/piétiner les droits de l’homme. 5. Ce livre était tellement ennuyeux que j’ai sauté des tas de pages. 3 1. There are many reasons why you might want to undertake postgraduate studies. 2. After her breakdown she could no longer cope with her responsibilities. 3. The debate was heated and the speaker strove to make himself understood. 4. I had so much to do that I decided to postpone my departure to the following day. 5. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark’s works are on display at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds. 6. Is the government ready to tackle/handle the real problems? 7. Idleness is the root of all evil. 4 Éloge du choix personnel § 2 : “I-I took the one less traveled by.” Quant à moi, j’ai pris la route la moins fréquentée. Éloge de la marche § 1 :“By walking… minds” ou aussi “To walk… explore it”. En parcourant un lieu à pied, nous nous y exposons de manière idéale pour fixer ses détails dans notre esprit./ Marcher, c’est explorer le paysage. Éloge du travail § 3 : “The thing is to get the work done.” L’important (Ce qui compte), c’est d’accomplir la tâche. 5 1. What are you going to do after you graduate? 2. Her husband sometimes does the cooking on Sundays. 3. Have all the arrangements for the wedding been made? 4. I’ll make a cup of coffee while you wait. 5. You’ve really done a good job.

54 Thinking 1 1. Faux fi “quick to respond to small changes, easily upset”: définition de “sensitive” ; “sensible”: sensé. 3. Faux fi “lack of knowledge or information”: définition de “ignorance” ; “awareness”: la conscience. 5. Faux fi “witty”: spirituel 2., 4. et 6. Justes. 2 1. She knows a lot about computers. She is very knowledgeable about computers. 2. This argument has nothing to do with the issue. It is a red herring. 3. I didn’t like the film: the plot is too complicated. The plot is too intricate. 4. The recent events have gradually weakened people’s confidence in the government. They have undermined their confidence. 5. It’s easy to see that he’s wrong. He is obviously wrong. 3 § 1. Marcela Louie is a whiz kid. “She’s been ahead of her peers since she was a toddler. […] By the time she was two, Roxana says her daughter knew she wanted to be a doctor. So the proud mom admits she’s not too surprised that [15-year-old] Marcela was recently granted early admission to the University of Alberta, where she’ll be majoring in Biology this fall.”

§ 2. Thinking things through can be a great thing of course. However if you’re an over-thinker, you might become someone who stands still in life, someone who forgets the good things that happen in life. § 3. Laughter yoga is fast emerging as the healing balm for people having their life full of stress. This therapy has attracted a lot of people from all walks of life barring age as they find it a natural stress reliever. § 1. “her peers” (people of the same age): les jeunes de son âge • “she was granted early admission”: elle a été admise avant l’âge normal § 2. “someone who self-sabotages”: quelqu’un qui se détruit lui-même § 3. “the healing balm”: le baume apaisant • “from all walks of life”: de tous les horizons 4 1. friendly: amical – 2. costly: coûteux – 3. lively: animé – 4. chilly: frais – 5. disorderly: désordonné. Ces mots sont des adjectifs ; les autres sont des adverbes.

55 Describing personality 1 1. unpredictable – 2. cowardly – 3. daring, bold – 4. shy – 5. finicky – 6. conceited – 7. deceitful, deceptive, sneaky, devious – 8. confident 2 1. He believes anything you tell him, he is naive and easily deceived: he is gullible. 2. She bought a house just before property prices started to rise: this was a shrewd decision. 3. They constantly express negative opinions to lower Dorian’s reputation: their comments are disparaging. 4. He is not easily frightened or intimidated: he is dauntless/bold. 5. This politician will lie and trick people in order to get what he wants: he is devious/sneaky. 6. She was fond of company, very sociable and popular: she was gregarious/easy-going/sociable. 3 Graphology is not an exact science, but it can be fun! For those who still use a pen… According to research carried out by the National Pen Company in the U.S., people with small handwriting tend to be withdrawn, that is, shy, and meticulous. By contrast, outgoing people will have larger handwriting. Do you leave large gaps between words? That’s a sign that you don’t enjoy being crowded. You like your freedom. If the words are close together, that may mean that you can’t stand being alone. How do you write the letter “l”? With a wide loop or a narrow one? Wide implies that you’re relaxed, spontaneous and open-minded. Where do you place the dot over the letter “i”? If it’s high over the “i”, then you tend to be imaginative. If the dot is closer to the letter, you tend to be organised, detailoriented, and empathetic. The way you sign is supposed to say a lot about your personality too. If your signature is illegible, then you’re likely to be private. If it is legible, you tend to be comfortable and self-confident.

4 1. loathsome/c. disgusting 2. troublesome/d. giving trouble or anxiety 3. tiresome/f. causing you to feel bored or impatient 4. handsome/b. attractive (usually for a man) 5. toilsome/e. characterized by physical effort to the point of exhaustion 6. awesome/a. causing feelings of respect or fear

56 Happiness 1 1. J’adore mes petits-enfants./Je suis une grand-mère gâteau. 2. Merci beaucoup pour ces paroles compatissantes/bienveillantes. 3. L’idée lui plaisait. 4. Je suis ravi(e) de te revoir. 5. Son/Sa colocataire est japonais(e). 6. Tu sais quoi ? Je crois qu’elle est en train de tomber amoureuse de lui. 7. Courage !/Ne te laisse pas abattre. Ce n’est pas la fin du monde. 2 1. breathtaking – 2. composure – 3. elated/thrilled – 4. to long for – 5. sensitive – 6. relief 3 1. “despite the impact of Bollywood films, which tend to glorify romantic love.” 2. “Online matrimonial sites are big business too…” 3. “Rajini mentions the caste that you want your future spouse to be…” 4. “The criteria used online are the same as those used by traditional matchmakers…” 4 1. How did she get out of trouble? 2. This rotten weather is really getting me down. 3. She is slowly getting over a bad cold. 4. It’s hard to get by with such a low salary. 5. Leave me alone! Get off my back! 6. You won’t get away with cheating on your taxes.

57 Displeasure 1 1. This novel is written in a lively style, with a sense of humour, sometimes biting but never spiteful/mean. 2. Their faces showed weariness/boredom as the speech dragged on. 3. All the players were dejected/down-hearted after their defeat. 4. I strongly dislike/ I loathe wind and rain. 5. Tom felt miserable/wretched thinking of what he had done to her. 6. Does she bite her nails when she is nervous/on edge/ under stress/stressed out? 7. What makes you feel so sad and melancholy/low? 8. She was very worried about/annoyed at having no news from her daughter. 9. He was distressed/devastated when his friend left. 10. She has been unsociable/withdrawn since her mother died. 2 1. That’s a pathetic waste of opportunity. 2. Tell me more: I can’t bear/stand the suspense any longer. 3. Do you dread getting old?

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4. She’s been away for a month and I am longing for her to come back. 5. That dictator was selfish, callous and indifferent to suffering. 6. You can’t bear a grudge against someone who hasn’t done anything to you. 7. The junior executive was reluctant to take on new responsibilities since he was already overworked. 8. Bungee jumping is the last thing I would like to do; it’s too scary for me. 3 Ce poème a été composé à la suite de la mort d’un ami. Son titre est Funeral Blues. La deuxième strophe citée exprime le désir qu’a le poète de voir l’univers entier se faire l’écho de sa douleur : “The stars are not wanted now” (Qu’à présent partent les étoiles), “Pack up the moon” (Effacez la lune), “dismantle the sun” (démantelez le soleil), “Pour away the ocean” (Videz l’océan). 4 1. She was confused by his ambiguous remarks. 2. It’s very frustrating to feel like you’re not making progress. 3. She was devastated when he left her for another woman. 4. He was stunned when they told him he had won the first prize. 5. These refugees are living in appalling conditions. 6. This abridged version is easy to read. 7. San Francisco is an amazing city.

58 Expressing oneself 1 1. a grin – 2. to giggle, to chuckle – 3. to pout, to pull a face – 4. to sob – 5. a bland face – 6. to wink 2 1. Screaming at her/him is useless. (It’s useless to scream est possible mais moins idiomatique.) 2. He mumbled an apology and left. 3. The supporters shouted themselves hoarse. 4. Can’t you hush them?/Can you shut them up? 5. Her voice is shrill when she gets upset. 3 1. The difference between the words people speak and our understanding of what they are saying comes from non-verbal communication, otherwise known as “body language”. 2. It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” 3. Contrary to what one might expect, research shows that when people speak with a lower pitch they feel more powerful. 4. While good eye contact is praised and expected in the West, it is seen as a sign of disrespect and challenge in other cultures, including Asian and African. The less eye contact these groups have with an individual, the more respect they show. 5. By the time most of us are adults, we’ve learned to mask our true feelings — at least as they show up in our face – because we have to get along at work, at home, and in social settings. So we pretend to be interested, we pretend to smile, we assume a bland expression when we’re actually peeved, and so on.

178

4 1. She is very open-minded. 2. He was dancing with a long-haired woman. 3. Why does she love such a strong-willed boy? 4. I felt light-hearted when I heard the news. 5. How come he is so low-spirited? 6. Are frogs cold-blooded animals? 7. This is a long-sighted approach.

59 Books 1 1. Barbara Cartland often billed as the Queen of Romance enchanted millions of readers with her dashing heroes, beautiful heroines, and of course, her trademark happy endings. 2. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1954. 3. Comics are a collection of multiple drawings that tell a story. 4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. 5. Bookfinder.com can help you find used books, out of print books, textbooks, rare books and new books. 2 1. the plot – 2. to embody – 3. a device – 4. engrossing – 5. to disparage 3 Pour 2. It’s like having a library in one small source. 3. Thousands of books can be downloaded for free. So it’s much cheaper. 6. They save trees, millions of them. 7. You can read them in bed without disturbing anyone, because you don’t need to turn a lamp on. Contre 1. A well-designed book jacket can stop you. It may make you smile or pause for a second, or surprise you. You might even want to pick up the book and look inside, and possibly buy it. 4. “I would definitely recommend The Hours. I’ve read it twice.” “Can I borrow it?” “Sorry, it is on my e-reader.” 5. There is something unique about its feel, its smell. 8. I personally own every digital device you can imagine, but I still love to be surrounded by printed books. I feel smarter when I see great writers staring down at me from a shelf. Traduction 1. Une couverture de livre bien faite peut retenir votre attention. Elle peut vous faire sourire, vous arrêter un instant ou vous surprendre. Vous pourriez même être tenté de prendre le livre et de le feuilleter, et peut-être de l’acheter. 5. Il y a quelque chose d’irremplaçable dans son contact, son odeur. 8. Personnellement, je possède tous les gadgets électroniques imaginables, mais j’aime encore être entouré de livres imprimés. Je me sens plus intelligent quand je vois de grands auteurs me regarder du haut d’une étagère. 4 1. Economic development ought to/should reduce disparity in opportunities. 2. I’ve just read a sad yet comical short story. 3. Electric vehicles have many/numerous advantages over traditional vehicles. 4. She is sceptical (skeptical) about the idea. 5. They are trying to find more economical production methods.

60 Museums and music 1 1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota) is a sculpture featuring the heads of four U.S. presidents carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore. 2. Mona Lisa is “the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied masterpiece in the world”. 3. A still life is a painting that depicts commonplace objects, especially natural objects like flowers, dead animals or shells. But they can also be man-made, like books, jewelry, etc. 4. The Museum of Art Fakes/Forgeries, in Vienna, is filled with faked paintings. It is unique in Europe. 5. An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works of art. 2 1. a conductor – 2. the lyrics – 3. a score – 4. to tune – 5. a chord 3 Pour 1. Street art is not limited to museums or galleries. It’s difficult to collect. You can’t really buy it as a trophy. 2. Graffitists want to leave a message in a public place in order to reach as many people as possible. 4. Street art often appears on areas that would normally be eyesores, like a long concrete wall. And so, it brings beauty to our surroundings. 5. “And the words of the prophets are written on the subway walls…” 6. Artists who paint on the street or on walls are merely expressing themselves. They’ve never hurt anyone and don’t intend to.

Contre 3. To many people, places with graffiti look dirty and can give you a feeling of insecurity. The places may look abandoned and therefore unsafe. Traduction 1. L’art de la rue n’est pas réservé aux musées ou aux galeries. On peut difficilement le collectionner. On ne peut pas vraiment l’acheter pour en faire un trophée. 2. Les graffeurs veulent laisser un message dans un endroit public pour atteindre un maximum de gens. 3. Pour beaucoup de gens les endroits graffés ont l’air sale et peuvent donner un sentiment d’insécurité. Ces endroits peuvent sembler abandonnés et donc peu sûrs. 4. L’art de la rue apparaît souvent dans des endroits qui seraient des horreurs, comme un long mur de béton. Et comme ça, il embellit notre environnement. 5. « Et les mots des prophètes sont inscrits sur les murs du métro… » 6. Les artistes qui peignent dans la rue ou sur des murs ne font que s’exprimer. Ils n’ont jamais fait de mal à personne et n’ont aucune intention de le faire. 4 1. La génération MP3 : en danger de surdité ? 2. Dans son nouvel album, le pianiste relie musique de chambre romantique et pop music actuelle. 3. L’éducation musicale pourrait contribuer à combler l’écart en termes de réussite entre étudiants défavorisés et étudiants riches. 4. Pourquoi votre cerveau a grand soif de musique.

5. Le concours du Metropolitan (Opera) présente les meilleurs talents lyriques du pays. 5 1. They hopped across to London for the weekend. 2. She was hoping for the best. 3. She loves swimming. 4. Life can be so sweet on the sunny side of the street. 5. Is it worth helping her?

61 The cinema and television 1 1. When is the next show? 2. Lots of/Many people pay little attention to the credits. 3. The fifty days of shooting will take place in Poland. 4. Sean Penn is the director of Into the Wild, isn’t he? 5. You can watch the trailers of new releases on Comingsoon.net. 2 1. a host – 2. independent television 3. – a game show – 4. to channel hop – 5. live – 6. a newscaster, an anchorman/an anchorwoman 3 Bollywood films Masala is a famous Indian spice mix. In India, some films are called “masala films” because they provide a mixture of several things that the Indian moviegoers/filmgoers/ cinemagoers appreciate, like action, comedy, tragedy, romance, dances, songs, love triangles… In most Indian films, you get the typical hero, needless to say a man, who manages to fight off/to defeat the villains/ the baddies all by himself. They last about three hours with an intermission/an interval/a break. 4 Not all audiences behave the same way. We are used to the reserved British filmgoers. Things are quite different in Indian cinemas, where viewers often shout out comments to the screen, give advice to the characters, boo them or cheer them. They sometimes mock the hero, for example when he stands at the edge of a cliff and tells the woman he loves that he will jump if she doesn’t return his love. It’s fairly common for viewers to shout “Jump!” or even “Jump, you chicken!” in such an emotional moment. 5 Le plaisir du spectateur “waiting eagerly”, “to savor”, “enjoying”, “[we feel] relief/ giddy”, “feeling somehow better, safer… that we are going to be okay” L’ambiguïté de ses sentiments “yet don’t want the end to come too quickly”, “we feel conflicted/guilty” 6 1. His car is his only means of transport. 2. He is new here. 3. Turn right at the crossroads. 4. He is looking for work. 5. Is the lynx an endangered species?

62 Architecture and photography 1 1. Il se pencha en avant en joignant les mains et dit : « Je ne sais pas mais vous, vous pourriez m’en dire davantage… » 2. Son argument est étayé par des faits concrets. 3. Je préférerais une place côté couloir pour ce vol long-courrier. 4. Tu as écouté ce qui se disait derrière la porte de la cuisine, non ?

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2 1. This photograph/photo/picture has obviously been doctored/retouched/Photoshopped. 2. Can a blurred/fuzzy picture be beautiful? 3. The American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Universal Exhibition for his stained (glass) windows The Four Seasons. 4. Is he a photographer or a digital artist? 3 1. The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization./ b. L’architecture est l’âme propre d’une civilisation 2. Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But if you make bad architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred years./e. Vous encourez le risque d’imposer la laideur pour une centaine d’années. 3. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness./a. Atteindre l’intemporalité est le but de l’architecture 4. I would like my architecture to inspire people to use their own resources, to move into the future./c. L’architecture que je crée a pour but d’inciter les gens à se projeter dans l’avenir 5. The long path from material through function to creative work has only one goal: to create order out of the desperate confusion of our time./d. Le seul but est de créer de l’ordre dans le chaos qui nous entoure. 4 It’s part of human nature to make things up. It started with language. And inventing things is often fun! Most of us enjoy telling stories, which doesn’t mean that we’re liars. It’s the same with art. The genuine artist doesn’t intentionally want to mislead anyone or misrepresent anything.

The only problem is when the artist lies about his or her intentions, when he or she tries to manipulate us, as when he or she puts together two separate photographs of two people to make it look like they are friends. In this case, the purpose of the photographer is clearly to deceive the viewer. Then it becomes a question of ethics.

63 Pleasures of the table 1 1. a gourmet restaurant – 2. a food court – 3. fusion food – 4. pub grub/pub food 2 1. des pommes de terre au four – 2. du poulet frit – 3. du poisson pané – 4. du bacon croustillant – 5. des minicarottes croquantes – 6. un hamburger moelleux/juteux – 7. une recette super-bonne pour les enfants. 3 1. Non seulement votre santé s’améliorera en renonçant aux menus caloriques des restaurants, mais votre budget aussi ! Manger des repas sains à la maison peut réduire vos dépenses en nourriture de manière considérable. 2. Manger au restaurant peut être un moment agréable et festif, une façon de faire une pause de temps en temps dans la corvée de cuisiner à la maison. 3. Entre la frénésie du travail et l’emploi du temps familial, beaucoup d’Américains trouvent difficilement du temps pour préparer des repas à la maison. 4. Les restaurants sont une affaire d’argent ; calculer les calories ne fait pas partie de leurs priorités.

180

4 1. Il s’agit de mussel. 2. Bienvenue à l’hôtel de la Mer du Sud. Cabillaud bleu. Écrevisses. Moules et bien davantage… Heures d’ouverture du restaurant : 11h30-14h/17h30-20h. Réservation indispensable pour le dîner. 5 1. BYO: Bring Your Own Wine 2. BLT: Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato 3. KFC: Kentucky Fried Chicken 6 1. Il y a souvent du brouillard à San Francisco le soir. 2. Il y a eu pas mal de turbulences pendant le vol. 3. Je pense qu’elle est trop maigre (squelettique). 4. Ce curry avait beaucoup de goût. 5. Ses vêtements sont trop amples./Il flotte dans ses vêtements.

64 Sports 1 1. Ils ont enfreint la loi en évitant de payer les impôts. 2. Je n’avais pas vu mes amis australiens de toute l’année, j’ai été heureuse de rattraper le temps perdu en les revoyant à la fête. 3. Le steak était dur. 4. La rudesse du climat rend la vie difficile dans ces montagnes. 5. Cette actrice célèbre présente un spectacle télévisé depuis un an. 6. La jeune chanteuse a eu beaucoup de mal à se frayer un chemin dans la foule des photographes. 7. Obtenir le permis sera l’obstacle le plus difficile à franchir. 8. La cérémonie a marqué le coup d’envoi du nouveau projet. 2 a football player – a basketball player – a tennis player 3 1. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the shooting./c. La violence domine le sport. 2. The difference between the old ballplayer and the new ballplayer is the jersey. The old ballplayer cared about the name on the front. The new ballplayer cares about the name on the back./a. Les joueurs d’aujourd’hui sont très attentifs aux marques qui les sponsorisent. 3. I know when I have kids, when I’m older, I’m going to encourage them to play sports because I think it teaches you a lot. It teaches you discipline, teamwork, and that there’s really no “I” in team./d. On ne peut pas pratiquer un sport et être égoïste. 4. The sport of horse racing which, at its best, showcases the majestic beauty of this animal and the athleticism of jockeys, has reached an alarming level of corruption and exploitation./b. Les courses de chevaux sont corrompues. 4 There is too much money 2. “Yes, they’re overpaid but it’s the fault of the fans” 3. “There are so many problems going on around the world. The amount of their pay has gotten out of hand.” 6. “they think they are the most valued members of society and believe they can get away with anything.” There is not too much money 1. “They work hard and they train every day, so they deserve to be paid for that” 4. “They have to pay taxes, health insurance, their trainers. They are finished with their career earlier than other people.” 5. “[They] set up charities and foundations to support humanitarian causes.”

65 Travelling 1 1. We’ll weigh anchor at 6 a.m. 2. We are full. You should have booked ahead. 3. We stopped over at Chicago for six hours. 4. What is the most direct route to the town centre? 5. You’ll have a discount if you take a round trip ticket. 2 1. Looking for a beautiful and unique destination where you can shop until you drop but also relax and unwind? Then, go to Bath, the ultimate spa break destination for thousands of years. 2. Hawaii self-catering accommodation provides all the facilities you need for your home-away-from-home. 3. Most of the 5 star hotels and resorts in Goa are located in south Goa, which is great if you want to get away from it all. 4. If you’re after a truly unique experience, a real off the beaten track cultural experience, to discover places very few outsiders have travelled, then these are the tours for you. 3 Le mot effacé est pillow. 4 1. I don’t look down on tourism. I live in Hawaii where we have 7 million visitors a year. If they weren’t there, there would be no economy. So I understand why a tourist economy is necessary. 2. The global phenomenon of poverty tourism - or “poorism” - has become increasingly popular during the past few years. Tourists pay to be guided through the favelas of Brazil and the shantytowns of South Africa. The recently opened Los Angeles Gang Tour carries visitors through battle-scarred territories of urban violence and deprivation. 3. Some 898 million international tourists are invading beaches, historic monuments, great cities and even greater wilderness areas, doing irreversible damage. 5 1. self-taught – 2. self-sufficient – 3. self-reliance – 4. selfevident – 5. self-pity – 6. self-centered

66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais

4 1. Beaucoup de bruit pour rien 2. Pour moi, c’est du chinois. 3. Le monde est à moi. 4. Que ce spectacle est affligeant. 5. Le monde entier est un théâtre. 6. Tout est bien qui finit bien 7. Voici l’hiver de notre déplaisir/mécontentement. 5 1. “Dieu et mon droit” is the motto of the British Monarch. It refers to the divine right of the Monarch to govern. It’s supposed to have been used by Richard the Lionheart, who reigned from 1189 to 1199, as a battle cry. It became the official motto of English monarchs in the 15th century. 2. One legend claims that whilst dancing the Countess of Salisbury lost her garter, which caused some courtiers to snigger. King Edward III (1312-1377) then picked it up and tied it to his own leg, exclaiming “Honi [un seul « n »] soit qui mal y pense”. This phrase quickly became the motto of the Order of the Garter, the world’s oldest national order of knighthood, first instituted in 1344. 3. “E Pluribus Unum” (« De plusieurs, un ») is the motto suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4, 1776 to design “a seal for the United States of America”. The motto implies that there’s one nation despite the diversity of its people.

67 Quelques origines 1 1. The exhibition had never seen so many visitors at one time. It was total bedlam. 2. It’s muddy, you should slip on your wellies/wellingtons to work in the garden. 3. His jacket was made of soft, supple suede the colour of chestnuts. 4. The sea front is now full of tawdry souvenir shops and lousy coffee shops. 5. The building has been given a complete facelift, which gives it a more contemporary look. 2

1

1. a teddy bear d. the President who spared the life of a bear cub on a hunting trip: Theodore Roosevelt, nicknamed Teddy.

1828

Webster publishes his American English dictionary.

1800-1947

The Industrial Revolution and technology create a need for new words.

g. an American businessman who produced vacuum cleaners: William Henry Hoover.

20th-21st century

New words appear, due to technology, fashion and globalization.

3. a mac(kintosh) (un imperméable)

2 1. The latest Census Bureau estimate recorded California’s official population as 37,691,912. 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes its Main Building on Fifth Avenue and The Cloisters museum and gardens in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866. 3. The Dome on the Greenwich peninsula is a large domeshaped building, originally used to house a major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the third millennium. 4. Control versus freedom: what is the wise course? 5. At the age of 45, he reached the climax of his career. 3

live animal

ox – cow

sheep

calf

pig

meat

beef

mutton

veal

pork

2. a hoover (un aspirateur)

f. an engineer who invented a method for making waterproof garments: Charles Mackintosh. 4. a boycott e. an English land agent in Ireland who was ostracized for refusing to reduce rents in the 1880s: Captain Charles Boycott. 5. a biro (un stylo à bille) a. the Hungarian inventor of ballpoint pens: Jozsef Biro. 6. jeans b. the city in Italy where they were made: Genoa.

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7. a derrick h. a 17th century hangman; the word originally referred to a gallows (un gibet): Goodman Derrick. 8. macadam c. the Scottish engineer who first proposed compacted crushed stone as a road covering: John Loudon Macadam. 3 1. The parking car park was full so I had to drive round the block several times before I could find a free space. 2. He’s planning a safari in Kenya for the holidays. Juste 3. He was ahead of his planning schedule/program(me). [“planning”: planification] 4. Will you wear a smoking a tuxedo/a dinner jacket for her wedding? 5. This famous tennisman tennis player retired when he was 30. 6. Don’t buy another dress, your dressing walk-in closet is full! 7. Who is the current world recordman record holder in high jump? 4 La structure « Es-tu… » appelle l’emploi d’un adjectif. En anglais “to be fit” signifie « être en forme », et aussi « être prêt ». En québécois, le verbe « fitter » en langage populaire signifie « convenir » : « Ce genre de truc, ça fitte pas avec moi » (cela ne me convient pas). Remarquez également la cohérence entre l’idée de “fitness” et de moindre consommation. On pourrait traduire le slogan « Prêt pour la FIT ? ». On perd bien sûr le jeu de mot. 5 1. Ultimately, we will find ourselves in an Orwellian world where “all animals are equal but some are more equal than others”. 2. It is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. It is a Freudian slip (un lapsus). 3. This campaign marked the end of the Napoleonic domination in Italy. 4. Those inquiries have been secretive, bureaucratic, Kafkaesque. 5. The working conditions of some miners can only be described as Dickensian situations.

68 Binômes 1 1. In their declaration, they are saying “yes” to human rights with no “ifs or buts”. 2. Down and Out in Paris and London, by George Orwell, is a memoir on the theme of poverty in the two cities. 3. Did you carefully weigh the pros and cons before making this decision? 4. The United States condemns the tit-for-tat spiral of violence. 5. This book documents Abraham Lincoln’s life and times. 6. Over the past five years, the government has committed $910 million to fund advanced R&D projects. 7. The video provides a list of do’s and don’ts for the consumer. 8. When the factory closed, the community was left high and dry. 9. Both her brothers came home safe and sound after the war.

182

2 1. pick and choose: choisir librement 2. sick and tired: en avoir par-dessus la tête 3. leaps and bounds: à pas de géant 4. rise and fall: grandeur et décadence 5. back and forth: idée d’aller et venir 6. once and for all: une fois pour toutes 7. bread and butter: pain beurre 8. on and off: par intervalles, de temps à autre 3 Cette pancarte comporte tout d’abord une erreur grammaticale : “men and women” ; “might be replaced” n’a guère de sens : on peut penser que les plages horaires attribuées aux femmes et aux hommes peuvent être inversées. 4 1. sooner or later: tôt ou tard 2. first and foremost: tout d’abord 3. friend or foe: ami ou ennemi 4. strange but true: incroyable mais vrai 5. dead or alive: mort ou vif 6. all or nothing: tout ou rien 7. sink or swim: apprendre à se débrouiller tout seul 8. slowly but surely: lentement mais sûrement 9. black and blue: couvert de bleus 10. wash and wear: qui ne nécessite aucun repassage 11. heads or tails: pile ou face 12. hugs and kisses: bises/je t’embrasse

69 Homographes/-nymes/-phones 1 1. These regulations limit the concentration of lead \led\ in petrol. 2. Why did you tear \teE\ up his letter? 3. Her wedding was planned in minute \maI"nju…t\ detail. 4. She was close \klEÁs\ to tears. 5. The Serpentine River, which winds \waIndz\ through Hyde Park, provided a focal point for the Great Exhibition of 1851. 6. He won the Wimbledon championships three times in a row \rEÁ\. 2 1. What kind of cereal do you have for breakfast? 2. The Liverpool supporters shouted themselves hoarse. 3. Stainless steel is sometimes called inox steel. 4. The Bridge of sighs is located in Venice but there are two Bridges of sighs in England: one in Oxford, the other in Cambridge. 5. You can take a break now but be back in five minutes. 3 1. Un itinéraire détaillé du voyage sera publié à une date ultérieure. 2. Pour cette expédition nous recommandons des vêtements très chauds : veste de duvet, bonnet, moufles… 3. J’ai donné un billet de cinquante dollars au chauffeur et lui ai dit de garder la monnaie. 4. Qu’est-ce qui se passe si je ne paie pas la contravention que j’ai eue à l’étranger ? 5. Garder dans l’emballage d’origine pour protéger le produit de la lumière et de l’humidité. 4 1. Its It’s high time you made up your mind. 2. He went back and fourth forth. (“fourth”: le quatrième) 3. I wonder whether she will come. 4. I’m astounded by people who want to know the universe when it’s so hard to find your way around Chinatown.

5. This company wants to have it’s its cake and eat it. (“its”: déterminant possessif) 6. There Their plane was three hours late and they were glad to get there at long last. (“their”: déterminant possessif) 7. Jonathan, who’s usually late, was early for once. 8. Do you know Fiona, who’s whose father works with yours? (“whose”: pronom relatif génitif) 9. You were in Ireland. What was the whether weather like? 5 Confusion entre “of” préposition et “off” particule. Il faudrait écrire : “Take off your shoes.” (Enlevez vos chaussures.)

70 Onomatopées et interjections 1 1. “Nightingale Floors” were used in some Japanese castles to creak and sing when walked upon. This warned of intruders. 2. A Bigger Splash is a large painting by British pop artist David Hockney. It shows a swimming pool disturbed by a large splash of water created by a figure that’s disappeared under the water. 3. Don’t be so upset: it’s no use crying over spilled/spilt milk. 4. I heard the tyres of his car crunching on the gravel outside: he was back home. 5. They were washing up, I could hear the clatter of dishes in the kitchen. 6. You do not need to iron this shirt: the material is drip-dry. 7. What would breakfast be without crispy bacon and eggs? 2 1. Le sergent aboyait des ordres aux nouvelles recrues. 2. On parle beaucoup de leur nouvelle gamme de produits. 3. J’étais assis dans sa superbe Jaguar neuve. Tout à coup il a dit : « Écoute, elle ronronne ». 4. L’orateur quitta la tribune sous les sifflets. 5. C’est ainsi que finit le monde/Pas dans un fracas mais dans un gémissement… 3 1. Splash 2. Ouch! 4 1. “Ahem” is used to gain attention: « Euh… » 2. “Eek” expresses an unpleasant surprise: « Ah… Oh… » 3. “Oops” calls attention to an error: « Hop là… » 4. “Ouch” signals pain: « Ouille » 5. “Phew” expresses relief: « Ouf ! » 6. “Ugh” is an exclamation of disgust: « Beurk… » 7. “Wow” expresses pleasure: « Super », « Ouah ! » 5 1. “Well, you know, yes er… the thing is…” 2. “Hey! There’s something that might interest you!” 3. “You’ve won? Hurray!” 4. “Would you like some cheesecake?” “Mmm… yes please, it looks delicious.” 5. After tasting it: “Yum… it is delicious.” 6. “Sh, keep your voice down, my cat is sleeping.” 7. “Yoo-hoo, did you hear me?”

71 Quelques comparaisons courantes 1 1. I can’t read this text: the print is too small and I am as blind as a bat. 2. She drank like a fish at the party and then she was as sick as a dog on the way home. 3. She turned as white as a sheet when she learned that her son had been rushed to hospital. 4. The hotel was very tidy, the sheets were as white as snow.

5. Why do you always refuse my suggestions? You really are as stubborn as a mule. 6. He smiled at her, she turned as red as a beetroot. 7. It’s very quiet here, I slept like a log. 8. “Don’t wake me up please if you come home late.” “I promise, I’ll be as quiet as a mouse.” 2 1. She is happy as a lark. 2. This vintage car works like a dream. 3. He is as snug as a bug in a rug. 3 1. lion-hearted: very brave, courageous 2. an ugly duckling: somebody who is not attractive or successful but who is likely to become attractive or successful 3. a hail of abuse: a lot of abuse 4. a heart of stone: very cold and unfeeling 5. the apple of somebody’s eye: somebody very dear 6. on a rollercoaster of emotions: experiencing ups and downs 4 1. as ugly as sin: moche comme un pou 2. as warm as toast: chaud comme la braise/bien au chaud 3. as soft as silk: doux comme de la soie 4. as solid as a rock: solide comme un roc 5. as gentle as a lamb: doux comme un agneau 6. as strong as an ox: fort comme un bœuf 7. as straight as an arrow: direct, honnête, « réglo » 5 1. Son fils aîné est la prunelle de ses yeux. 2. Tu as encore cassé un verre. Tu as vraiment deux mains gauches. 3. Ces dernières années, la popularité des pro-Européens a connu des hauts et des bas. 4. Finalement, le vilain petit canard s’est transformé en superbe cygne. 5. Cette tête de linotte a brûlé trois feux rouges de suite et terminé dans un jardin.

72 Proverbes 1 1. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you. 2. A penny saved is a penny earned. 3. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 4. Beggars can’t be choosers. 5. Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket. 6. The early bird catches the worm. 2 1. Where there’s a will there’s a way. 2. A debt paid is a friend kept. 3. Do as I say, not as I do. 4. Better late than never. 5. First come, first served. 6. Out of sight, out of mind. 7. Don’t put the cart before the horse. 8. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 3 1. Let sleeping dogs lie. Il ne faut pas réveiller chien qui dort. 2. One swallow doesn’t make a summer. Une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps. 3. It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. C’est la goutte d’eau qui fait déborder le vase. 4. When the cat is away the mice will play. Lorsque le chat n’est pas là, les souris dansent. 5. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Un « tiens » vaut mieux que deux « tu l’auras ». 6. A leopard can’t change its spots. Chassez le naturel, il revient au galop.

Corrigés

183

Corrigés 7. There are plenty more fish in the sea. Un(e) de perdu(e), dix de retrouvé(e)s. 4 1. The pen is mightier than the sword./f. Trying to convince with words is more effective than fighting. 2. No man is an island./a. Everybody needs help from other people. 3. There’s no place like home./e. The best place to be is your own home. 4. God helps those who help themselves./h. Don’t wait for a miracle. Work hard if you want to succeed. 5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder./g. Different people have different ideas about what is beautiful. 6. Two heads are better than one./b. When two people cooperate, they have better ideas. 7. You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him drink./c. You can’t oblige someone to accept your help. 8. All’s well that ends well./j. A difficult situation has ended with a positive result. 9. Call a spade a spade./i. Speak honestly and directly. 10. Money doesn’t grow on trees./d. You have to work a lot to earn money. It doesn’t come without effort.

3 1. Burning questions on tunnel safety unanswered/ d. the possibility of fires in the Channel tunnel • jeu sur burning qui évoque le feu (« brûlant »). 2. Gord help us now/e. Gordon Brown’s arrival at 10 Downing Street • détournement de l’expression God help us now. 3. On board but never bored/a. a new mega ship which offers endless entertainment • similarité des sons dans board et bored. 4. Material obsessions/f. Fabrics in every texture ruled the runway at Milan fashion shows • material peut être adjectif (« matériel ») ou nom (« du tissu »). 5. Zing and yang/b. A berry which can spice up a dressing for raw fish • jeu sur zing (du punch : la baie apporte un goût relevé) et yin dans l’expression yin and yang. 6. From fact to friction/c. what historians and novelists can learn from each other • From fact to fiction désigne le passage de la réalité à la fiction. Ici fiction est devenu friction puisqu’il s’agit de la confrontation des historiens et des romanciers. 4

1. Buckingham Palace

la royauté, la famille royale

73 L’anglais journalistique (journalese)

2. Stormont

l’Assemblée nord-irlandaise

1 1. A painting by Picasso has set a record for art at auction, selling for $179M. 2. The RMT (Rail, Maritime and Transport) union is about to announce a decision on the “most disruptive industrial action in living memory”. 3. A woman has been crushed by a giant advertising billboard on a London street.

3. Fleet street

la presse britannique

4. Westminster

le Parlement britannique

5. Broadway

le monde du théâtre (New York)

6. Capitol Hill

le Congrès américain

7. White Hall

le gouvernement britannique

2 1. Ils doivent vérifier toute dépense supérieure à 700 euros. 2. Une initiative diplomatique est nécessaire pour tenter de sortir de l’impasse. 3. La question de la réforme des retraites n’est pas bouclée. 4. Le nouveau parti caracole en tête des sondages. 5. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) était un conservateur bon teint/pur et dur. 6. La popularité du Président n’a jamais été aussi basse.

8. Madison avenue

le monde de la publicité aux États-Unis

9. The Oval Office

la présidence américaine

10. Main Street

les gens ordinaires (États-Unis)

184

01 Origine de l’univers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 02 Relation entre l’homme et la terre. . . . 11 03 Catastrophes naturelles . . . . . . . . . . . 13 04 Notion de « Frontière » . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 05 Stéréotypes nationaux . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 06 Naturalisation aux États-Unis . . . . . . . 19 07 Diplomatie par la gastronomie . . . . . . 21 08 Guerre du Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Problèmes de société

À l’échelle du monde

Thèmes des Food for thought

Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages.

38 Génération Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 39 Vieillir dans la société contemporaine . 85 40 Travail des femmes au Japon . . . . . . . . 87 41 La famille des années 50 à nos jours . 89 42 Accroissement des inégalités ? . . . . . . 91 43 Définitions de la solidarité . . . . . . . . . . 93 44 Ségrégation aux États-Unis . . . . . . . . . 95 45 Accès à l’eau potable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

09 Guerre moderne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

46 Coût des études aux États-Unis . . . . . 99

10 Pour la paix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

47 Peine de mort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

11 Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

48 Armes à feu feu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

La question environnementale

12 Paysage et identité anglaise . . . . . . . . 31

Sciences et techniques

49 Tyrannie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

21 Bionique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

59 Pour ou contre les liseuses ? . . . . . . . 125

22 Applications de la recherche spatiale . 51

60 Pour ou contre l’art de la rue ? . . . . . 127

23 Virus Ebola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

61 Bollywood • Télé-réalité. . . . . . . . . . . 129

24 Légalisation des drogues . . . . . . . . . . 55

62 Buts de l’architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

25 Expérimentation animale . . . . . . . . . . 57

63 Repas dehors ou à la maison ? . . . . . 133

26 Fracture numérique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

64 Sport et morale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

50 Droit de vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

13 Urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

51 Avenir des médias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

14 Transports en commun de demain . . . 35 16 Décroissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 17 Le projet Keystone XL de pipeline . . . . 41 18 Surpêche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 19 Déforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 20 Respect de l’environnement . . . . . . . . 47

52 Devoir de mémoire ou d’oubli . . . . . . 111

La vie au quotidien

15 Quartiers enclos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

53 Éloge de l’action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 54 Manières de penser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 55 Graphologie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 56 Mariages en Inde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 57 Douleur du deuil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 58 Manières de communiquer . . . . . . . . 123

28 Conditions d’élevage des animaux . . . 63 29 Robotisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 30 Libéralisme ou régulation . . . . . . . . . . 67 31 Chômage en Grande-Bretagne . . . . . . 69 32 Histoire sociale britannique . . . . . . . . 71 33 Commerce équitable équitable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 34 Société de consommation . . . . . . . . . 75 35 Mode et anorexie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 36 Monnaie électronique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 37 Conséquences sociales d’une crise financière . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

À propos de la langue anglaise

Réalités économiques

65 Effets du tourisme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 27 Place du charbon dans l’économie . . . 61 66 Devises en Angleterre et aux États-Unis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 67 Noms dont l’origine est un nom de personne . . . . . . . . . . 141 68 Binômes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 69 Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 70 Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 71 Comparaisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 72 Proverbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 73 Titres de journaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Thèmes des Food for thought

185

Verbes irréguliers infinitif

prétérit

p. passé

awake

awoke

awoken

s’éveiller

be

was, were

been

être

bear \eE\

bore

borne be born

porter naître

beat

beat

beaten

battre

become

became

become

devenir

begin

began

begun

commencer

bend

bent

bent

courber

bet

bet

bet

parier

bid

bid

bid

faire une enchère

bind

bound

bound

relier

bite

bit

bitten

mordre

bleed

bled

bled

saigner

blow

blew

blown

souffler

break

broke

broken

casser

breed

bred

bred

élever

bring

brought

brought

apporter

build \I\

built

built

construire

burn

burnt, burned

burnt, burned

brûler

burst

burst

burst

éclater

buy

bought

bought

acheter

cast

cast

cast

jeter

catch

caught

caught

attraper

choose \u…\

chose \EÁ\

chosen \EÁ\

choisir

cling

clung

clung

s’accrocher

come

came

come

venir

cost

cost

cost

coûter

creep

crept

crept

ramper

cut

cut

cut

couper

deal \i…\

dealt \e\

dealt \e\

distribuer

dig

dug

dug

creuser

do

did

done

faire

draw

drew

drawn

dessiner\tirer

dream \i…\

dreamt \e\, dreamed

dreamt \e\, dreamed

rêver

drink

drank

drunk

boire

drive

drove

driven

conduire

dwell

dwelt

dwelt

résider

eat

ate \eI\

eaten

manger

fall

fell

fallen

tomber

feed

fed

fed

nourrir

186

infinitif

prétérit

p. passé

feel

felt

felt

ressentir

fight

fought

fought

combattre

find

found

found

trouver

flee

fled

fled

fuir

fly

flew

flown

voler [avec des ailes]

forbid

forbade

forbidden

interdire

forget

forgot

forgotten

oublier

freeze

froze

frozen

geler

get

got

got, gotten [US]

obtenir

give

gave

given

donner

go

went

gone

aller

grow

grew

grown

pousser

hang

hung

hung

pendre

have

had

had

avoir

hear \IE\

heard \∏…\

heard \∏…\

entendre

hide \aI\

hid \I\

hidden \I\

cacher

hit

hit

hit

frapper

hold \EÁ\

held

held

tenir

hurt \∏…\

hurt

hurt

faire mal

keep

kept

kept

garder

kneel

knelt, kneeled

knelt, kneeled

s’agenouiller

know \nEÁ\

knew

known

savoir\connaître

lay

laid

laid

étendre\poser

lead \i…\

led

led

mener

lean \i…\

leant \e\, leaned

leant \e\, leaned

appuyer

leap \i…\

leapt \e\, leaped

leapt \e\, leaped

sauter

learn

learnt, learned

learnt, learned

apprendre

leave

left

left

quitter

lend

lent

lent

prêter

let

let

let

laisser\louer

lie

lay

lain

être allongé

light

lit

lit

allumer

lose \u…\

lost \Å\

lost \Å\

perdre

make

made

made

faire

mean \i…\

meant \e\

meant \e\

vouloir dire

meet \i…\

met \e\

met \e\

rencontrer

pay

paid

paid

payer

put

put

put

poser

quit

quit

quit

abandonner

read \i…\

read \e\

read \e\

lire

Verbes irréguliers

187

infinitif

prétérit

p. passé

rid

rid

rid

débarrasser

ride

rode

ridden

aller à cheval\à bicyclette

ring

rang

rung

sonner

rise

rose

risen

se lever

run

ran

run

courir

saw

sawed

sawn, sawed

scier

say \eI\

said \e\

said \e\

dire

see

saw

seen

voir

seek

sought

sought

chercher

sell

sold

sold

vendre

send

sent

sent

envoyer

set

set

set

placer\fixer

sew

sewed

sewn, sewed

coudre

shake

shook

shaken

secouer

shine

shone

shone

briller

shoot

shot

shot

tirer\abattre

show

showed

shown

montrer

shrink

shrank

shrunk

rétrécir

shut

shut

shut

fermer

sing

sang

sung

chanter

sink

sank

sunk

sombrer

sit

sat

sat

être assis

sleep \i…\

slept \e\

slept \e\

dormir

slide

slid

slid

glisser

slit

slit

slit

fendre

smell

smelt, smelled

smelt, smelled

sentir

sow

sowed

sowed, sown

semer

speak

spoke

spoken

parler

spell

spelt, spelled

spelt, spelled

épeler

spend

spent

spent

passer\dépenser

spill

spilt, spilled

spilt, spilled

renverser

spit

spat

spat

cracher

split

split

split

fendre\séparer

spoil

spoilt, spoiled

spoilt, spoiled

gâcher

spread \e\

spread

spread

étaler

spring

sprang

sprung

bondir

stand

stood

stood

être debout

steal

stole

stolen

voler, dérober

stick

stuck

stuck

coller, mettre

sting

stung

stung

piquer

188

infinitif

prétérit

p. passé

stink

stank

stunk

sentir mauvais

strike

struck

struck

frapper

strive

strove, strived

striven, strived

s’évertuer

swear

swore

sworn

jurer

sweep

swept

swept

balayer

swell

swelled

swollen, swelled

pousser

swim

swam

swum

nager

swing

swung

swung

balancer

take

took

taken

prendre

teach

taught

taught

enseigner

tear

tore

torn

déchirer

tell

told

told

dire\raconter

think

thought

thought

penser

tread

trod, treaded

trodden

marcher

throw \EÁ\

threw \u…\

thrown \EÁ\

lancer

understand

understood

understood

comprendre

undertake

undertook

undertaken

entreprendre

upset

upset

upset

bouleverser

wake

woke

woken

réveiller

wear \eE\

wore

worn

porter [vêtement]

weave

wove, weaved

woven, weaved

tisser

weep

wept

wept

pleurer

win

won \Ø\

won \Ø\

gagner

wind \aI\

wound \aÁ\

wound \aÁ\

enrouler

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

retirer

write \raIt\

wrote \rEÁt\

written \"rItEn\

écrire

Verbes irréguliers

189

Table des illustrations

Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages. Couverture (de haut en bas) ph © shutterstock.com, view of Tower Bridge-and the Gherkin from across the Thames ph © Michèle Malavieille ph © Michèle Malavieille ph © Michèle Malavieille, Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California (USA), engineers: Joseph Strauss, Leon Moisseiff, Charles Ellis et Irving Morrow (1933-1937) ph © nenetus/Fotolia Intérieur de l’ouvrage Sauf mention contraire toutes les photographies sont de Michèle Malavieille. 16 © www.explore-books.com 18 Statue of Annie Moore (Cobh, Ireland) by Jeanne Rynhart of Bantry (1993, Cobh Heritage Trust Ltd) 26 Product Exhibition Hall building: architect Jan Letzel • Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park: architect Kenzō Tange at Tange Lab 32  Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California (USA), engineers: Joseph Strauss, Leon Moisseiff, Charles Ellis et Irving Morrow (1933-1937) 36 Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor (2004), Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA) – © Adagp, Paris 2016 47 Eielson Visitor Center, Denali National Park, Alaska (USA), architects: RIM 50 ph © Nasa 56 ph © Andrew Brookes/Corbis 64 A Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky (1985), Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas, Texas (USA) 100 ph © Homer Sykes/Corbis 114  He wishes for the cloths of Heaven by Jackie McKenna (2002), Drumcliffe Cemetery, Sligo County (Ireland) 118 The Kiss by Rowan Fergus Meredith Gillespie (1989), Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin (Ireland) 126 Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin (USA), architect : Santiago Calatrava (2001) – © Adagp, Paris 2016 128 Forever Marilyn by Seward Johnson, Palm Springs, California (2012) 130 Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California (USA), architect: Frank Gehry (2003)

Crédits textes

Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages. 9 Origin of the Universe’ by S.W. Hawking Copyright 1988 Stephen W. Hawking. All rights reserved. D.R. 15  The idea of a “frontier”. North west of the west /www.lib.washington.edu/ © 2016 University of Washington, Seattle, WA 17 Even today when the international community promotes diversity © 2016 nationalstereotype.com. D.R. 21  These nations are using food to project power around the world. And it’s working, by Emily Lodish on March 25, 2014 © 2009 by Global News Enterprises, LLC . D.R. 23 The plane to ’Nam ©  Newsweek, February 18, 1983, D.R. 41 Keystone XL pipeline, adapted from Friends of the earth, foe.org © Keystone XL pipeline. 43  J. Madeleine Nash © The fish crisis : the oceans that once seemed a bottomless source of highprotein…Times, August 11, 1997; D.R. 51  Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/. National Geographic 53 © www.reuters.com 63 Edwin Brock, The song of the battery hen, © Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1977 87  Japan Values Women Less – As It Needs Them More, Inter press service, www. ipsnews.net, Daan Bauvens, January 31, 2013 113 Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, 1920, D.R. 121 W.H. Auden, Song IX © 1976 by W.H. Auden. Reprinted by permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd. 129  Popular Culture: Reality TV Is NOT Reality, by Jim Taylor Ph.D. on Jan 31, 2011 in The Power of Prime, Psychologytoday.com © Sussex Publisher. D.R. D. R. Malgré nos efforts, il nous a été impossible de joindre les auteurs, éditeurs ou ayants droit de certains textes pour solliciter l’autorisation de reproduction, mais nous avons réservé en notre comptabilité tous les droits usuels.

Maîtriser le vocabulaire

anglais Lycée, classes préparatoires et université Niveaux B2-C1 du CECRL

Pour maîtriser les mots clés de l’anglais contemporain et mieux s’exprimer à l’écrit et à l’oral w Un vocabulaire sur mesure, en 65 fiches thématiques Sur la page de gauche • la sélection des mots utiles sur le thème ; • des exemples pour les mémoriser en contexte ; • un point clé sur la formation des mots anglais. Sur la page de droite, une série d’exercices • pour réemployer les mots (Check point) ; • pour formuler ses idées sur une question de société (Food for thought) ; • pour construire et étendre son vocabulaire (Build up).

Couverture : Marc & Yvette

w Tous les corrigés à la fin de l’ouvrage.

Pour travailler chaque thème à l’oral, rendez-vous sur le site : www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais. Vous y trouverez tous les fichiers audio associés à l’ouvrage.

Ce flash code vous permet d’y accéder directement à partir de votre smartphone ou de votre tablette. www.editions-hatier.fr