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That was about time!
The guys who deforest the Amazon finally agree to do something for the Environment
Now they will use unleaded petrol in their chainsaws
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The objectives Acquire a critical global approach to environmental issues by decoding: Contexts, Challenges, Complexities. Broaden the environmental general culture on selected topics, particularly: Global warming, Energy transition, … but not only !
Identify the ways to improve, correct, anticipate, ... environmental impacts, in particular Energy transition Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Syllabus I - Context, definition, and models II - Some “key” knowledge air water waste
IV renewable energy III- Which solutions to reduce the impacts
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Part 1
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News
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An unsustainable global pressure
Quizz
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To what extend has the world’s primary energy consumption increased between 1950 and today? a) b) c) d)
x 1,5 x2 x4 x8
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An unsustainable global pressure
To what extend has the world’s primary energy consumption increased between 1950 and today? a) b) c) d)
x 1,5 x2 x4 x8
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Energy
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kWh
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Energy
Average global energy consumed/person
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How much did the world water withdrawals (agriculture, industry, domestic use) grow up between 1950 and 2010?
a) b) c) d)
x 1.4 x 2.7 x 5.3 x 10.6
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An unsustainable global pressure
How much did the world water withdrawals (agriculture, industry, domestic use) grow up between 1950 and 2010?
a) b) c) d)
x 1.4 x 2.7 x 5.3 x 10.6
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Population and World water withdrawals evolution
Une pression planétaire insoutenable De combien a augmenté la consommation d'énergie primaire mondiale entre 1950 et aujourd’hui ?
a) b) c) d)
50% (x 1,5) 100% (x 2) 400% (x 4) 800% (x 8)
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An unsustainable global pressure The uses of water in the world
Eau
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How much did the consumption of aggregates in France (building materials) increase between 1950 and 2000?
a) b) c) d)
x x x x
2 7 14 23
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An unsustainable global pressure
How much did the consumption of aggregates in France (building materials) increase between 1950 and 2000?
a) b) c) d)
x x x x
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France aggregates consumption - 17 Mt en 1950, - 400 Mt en 2000
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Impact raw material Raw material extraction 1900-2009
An unsustainable global pressure
Materials World
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Metal
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Pesticides
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Kilomètres d'autoroutes
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Superficie d'hypermarchés
France
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Déchets nucléaires cumulés
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X Source : Bio Intelligence Service
1970 1990
X 10
X 20
X 30
X 40
X 50
X 60
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Earth will have around 9 billion inhabitants in 2050 75% of humans will live on 5% of the Earth's surface
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Combien de déchets ménagers un Français produit par jour ?
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Une pression planétaire insoutenable
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The production of household waste has doubled in 40 years. (Source ADEME)
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Combien de déchets ménagers un Français produit par jour ?
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https://www.climatewatchdata.org/
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Changes in global GHG emissions
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FAO,
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Changes in global GHG emissions
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Changes in global GHG emissions
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(Source ADEME)
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(Source ADEME)
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What did we do to avoid such unsustainable disasters?
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
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This growing pressure is explained by - The explosion of resource consumption In 1985, a person consumed as much fossil fuel as his 4 grandparents consumed in 1900
- The explosion of population 35,000 years ago, the population doubled in 25,000 years 2,000 years ago, the population doubled in 2,000 years In 1975, the population doubled in 45 years - The explosion of the occupation of space 25,000 years ago, 25 km2 were available per capita In 1985, 0.03 km2 were available per inhabitant - The increase in emissions (waste, pollution, etc.) and its consequences on physical and biological balances Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
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– The sea level rose from 0.1 to 0.2 meters during the 20th century (effect of global warming) – The retreat of mountain glaciers was a widespread phenomenon in the 20th century – The pack ice has lost 40% of its thickness in 40 years
Glaciers à la Meije (Hautes-Alpes) en juillet 1979 (à gauche) et en août 2003 (à droite). Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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– Every year, 13 million hectares of forests disappear 90% of top marine predators have been caught in the past 50 years
1 in 4 mammals, 1 in 8 birds, 1 in 3 amphibians are threatened with extinction
Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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The modifications created by man are made in a time discordant with the times necessary for the physical and biological adaptations of the planet
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
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Not only Global Warming at all
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Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure
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Not only Global Warming at all
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Human Activities Energy Industry Transport Dwellings Agriculture and Forest Management Fisheries and aquaculture Tourism and leisure Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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The pressures Growing population Exploitation of growing resources Growing production, consumption Emissions in water, Air emissions, Waste, Noise, vibrations, radiation Health risks Natural and industrial risks Social risks
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The targets Air, Atmosphere, Climate Oceans, Seas Lakes, Rivers, Groundwaters Soils, Landscape Fauna, Flora, Ecosystems Urban environment Comfort Human health Economy Society Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Some Consequences Climate change Nuclear risks, Major accidents, Pollution of rivers, seas, oceans, Urban inconveniences: noise, pollution, diseases, Soil pollution, Destruction of ecosystems, Decrease in biodiversity, Atmospheric imbalances: Ozone, smog, etc. Forest degradation, Degradation of landscapes, coasts, Chemical pollution, Etc. Chemla - ESTP 1 Not only Global Warming, but human activitiesPatrick impacts
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Lots of consequences on human’s life Nuclear accidents - depletion of the ozone layer - loss of biodiversity - drinking water quality and resources - acidification - hazardous waste (transport, storage) climate change - forest degradation - waste landfill - nuclear waste - quality of air in the city - preservation of nature and sensitive ecosystems - long-lived toxic substances in the air - industrial accidents - direct pollution of the sea (landfill, oil slicks, drains) - soil contamination by landfills - preservation of endangered species - increase in tropospheric ozone - production of waste - contamination of soils and resources - fragmentation and disappearance of natural habitats - eutrophication of surface water - modification of hydraulic flows - management of rivers and lakes - desertification - lack of water resources - stress and degradation due to tourism food reserves - urban waste - addiction increase in the vulnerability of complex systems - bioaccumulation - energy security - soil erosion - biotechnological risks biological pollution of surface water - oil slicks - rise in water levels - intensification of crops - genetic mutations - depletion of natural resources - erosion of odds natural radioactivity - loss of agricultural land - irrigation - floods - social health landscape modification - noise - indoor air quality - occupational health - loss of cultural heritage - seismic and volcanic activities - thermal water pollution Source : The Dobris Assessment
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Environmental impacts according to ADEME (2016) Air - contribution to the greenhouse effect - air acidification - tropospheric ozone formation - ozone layer depletion - particles and respiratory effects of inorganic - substances
Water - freshwater eutrophication - aquatic ecotoxicity - eutrophication of marine waters - water consumption
The environmental impacts to be retained for eco-design (Orée)
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Global warming Ozone layer depletion Ground-level ozone formation Acidification Eutrophication Human toxicity Ecotoxicity Resource depletion / impoverishment Use of space
For soil resources and human health - primary energy consumption - depletion of non-renewable resources - human toxicity L- and use Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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The goal of man on earth?
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The goal of man on earth?
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Improve your well-being?
"Too much well-being kills well-being" Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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The goal of man on earth?
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Improve your well-being?
Harmony
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The minute of the philosopher
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Philosophy n °1: eco-HARD “The planet and nature are perfect in essence. Man should only borrow from nature and return what he borrowed as close as possible to his original state. He is a temple keeper. " Philosophy n °2: eco-SOFT “The planet and nature are inherently imperfect. Man must finish perfecting nature by enhancing it to improve his well-being. He is a designer of the living environment. " Examples…
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What is sustainable development? Bruntland Report (1987) “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own”
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What is sustainable development?
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Rio Convention (1992) (Agenda 21) “Human beings are at the center of sustainable development concerns. They have the right to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.” We do not inherit the land from our parents, we borrow it from our children. (Inuit proverb) We cannot afford to betray future generations. They will judge us very harshly if we fail at this crucial moment. (Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway, UNCED 1992) [...] no matter we may waste the resources of the planet for a few more decades, one day, the storm will hit our descendants head-on. For them, it will be too late then. (Boutros-Ghali, UN Secretary General, UNCED 1992) What I see leads me to believe that we are on the way to tragedy. I do not agree with those who claim that the answer lies in the status quo. (Maurice Strong, Secretary General of the UNCED, UNCED 1992) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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What is sustainable development?
Three pillars 3P Economy - Profit Environment - Planet Social - People
Triple bottom line Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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What is sustainable development? If I were very, very, very rich
I would distribute my money until I was only very rich
very rich, it's enough for me
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What is CSR? CSR : Corporate Social Responsibility It is the contribution of companies to the challenges of sustainable development, to meet society's expectations of better taking into account the environmental, social and societal impacts of their activities. Responsibilities Environmental: concerns the elements of living environment Social: concerns relationships between individuals Societal: concerns relations with society Governance: concerns how to lead or manage
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Some 'new business models’ ?
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Circular economy It operates in a loop, thus avoiding the notion of waste: the goal is to produce goods and services by severely limiting the consumption and waste of raw materials and non-renewable energy sources.
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The 'new business models' Circular economy
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Economies of features It is the sale of the use of a good and not of the good itself. It replaces the sale of a simple good or service with the provision of integrated solutions of goods and services that meet functional expectations: transportation, health and well-being, dwelling, food, education, ...
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Collaborative economy
It aims to produce value in common and is based on new forms of work organization: pooling of goods, spaces and tools, organization of citizens in networks or communities.
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Pollution Definitions 1. Unfavorable modification of the natural environment which appears as a by-product of human activity, through direct or indirect effects, altering the criteria for the distribution of energy flows, levels of radiation, physical constitution. chemical of the natural environment and the abundance of living species 2. Degradation of the biophysical and human environment by the introduction of materials - known as pollutants - not present in normal times. This degradation leads to a significant disturbance of the ecosystem. Although it is mostly of human origin, it can also be caused by a natural phenomenon such as a volcanic eruption.
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Natural Resources Market resources They are divisible, appropriable, have a quantifiable price and are traded on a market. Amenities or well-being resources They are difficult to divide, difficult to appropriate, and cannot be traded in a market. Long considered not rare and therefore priceless, today, for example, they can be assessed according to the principle of willingness to pay: cleanliness, silence, aesthetics, etc. Natural assimilation capacity Nature can also be valued according to its capacity for storing and assimilating residues: natural decomposition, water selfpurification power, etc. This ability has become rare. Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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How much does this lion cost?
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/p4150f/p4150f05.htm Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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How much does this lion cost?
[…] D'après le modèle informatisé et en admettant un taux d'actualisation raisonnable de 10 pour cent par an, la valeur actuelle des devises dépensées par les visiteurs d'Amboseli non résidents au cours de la période de 15 ans 1977-92 s'élèverait à 47 760 000 dollars US, la part imputable au lion (2,5 pour cent) étant de 1 195 000 dollars US. Etant donné qu'un lion à crinière doit pouvoir être observé pendant six à sept ans, un seul sujet rapporterait 515 000 dollars US en devises; telle est sa valeur en tant que ressource pour le tourisme d'observation. Du point de vue de la chasse sportive, le chiffre serait de 8 500 dollars, somme qu'un chasseur non résident dépense pour un safari de chasse au lion d'une durée de 21 jours. Sur le plan commercial, une peau de lion bien traitée se vend entre 960 et 1 325 dollars. […] (Etude réalisée il y a plus de 20 ans, mais dont la conclusion n’a fait que se renforcer avec le temps)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/p4150f/p4150f05.htm Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Safeguarding of planetary heritage
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Depending on the sources and their definition, the "services rendered by nature" (water, pollination, soil stability, climate regulation, etc.) has been estimated by economists at 125,000 billions dollars per year, or one and a half times the global GDP. For example, pollination by insects is valued around 200400 billions dollars annually, And yet, "the future of species does not seem to be receiving enough attention from leaders," according to WWF, for whom it is necessary to "raise the alert", causing a wide movement, as is the case for the climate. “Let everyone understand that the status quo is not an option. " https://www.forbes.com/sites/bayer/2019/10/14/the-value-of-pollinators-to-the-ecosystem-and-oureconomy/?sh=760a03807a1d https://www.businessinsider.com/collapse-of-the-honeybee-industry-could-cost-hundreds-of-billions-of-dollars-2013-6 https://www.novethic.fr/actualite/environnement/biodiversite/isr-rse/edito-video-mettre-un-prix-sur-la-nature-pour-la-sauverPatrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 147313.html 79
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Example of 2 possible projects Project environmental characteristics Project A
Focus on: - energy savings (heating, insulation), - water savings, - material savings (recycling, ...).
Project B
Focus on: - architectural integration, - indoor air pollution (work site and use), - respect for hydrology (site and use).
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Example of 2 possible projects Impact 1: Energy savings Impact 2: Water savings Impact 3: material quality
Impact 4: Architectural integration Impact 5: indoor air quality Impact 6: Respect for hydrology
Solution A
Solution B
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-+ + +++ + + Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Graphic translation A (base 100)
Impact A/ Impact B
B
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Criterion 1
Criterion 2
Criterion 3
Criterion 4
Criterion 5
Criterion 6
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« Roasted or boiled"? • Energy: nuclear power? Coal? Oil?
• • • •
Insulation: asbestos? glass wool? Cellulose? Unleaded petrol? Diesel? Biofuels? Phosphate-free laundry? Biofuels?
•Biofuels sawchains to decimate forests?
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Complexity of decisions
An environmental decision is the result of a complex process, based on: Several criteria Several actors Uncertainties Interdependencies
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Measure to decide
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Environmental impacts Definition These are the results of chain effects as a result of quantitative changes in the environment. Possible classification for evaluation: - Depending on the target medium (air, ground water, ...) - Depending on geographical range (local, regional, ...) - On a time scale (short, medium, long-term) - Depending on the irreversibility of the ultimate effects - Depending on the weight of the effect on humans
Source : Bio Intelligence Service
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Impact chain
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Needs
Initiation
Use of means Stressful production Changes in elementary states (dispersion, ...)
Physical and chemical changes
Changing the physical and chemical effects Physical-chemical disturbances of environments
Interactions with living organisms
biological changes
Changing biological behaviours Biological disturbances of populations Changing the structure of ecosystems
Social or systemic changes
Disruption of collective functioning Behaviour change
Source : Bio Intelligence Service Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Examples of impact chains (1) Transport
Facteur d'impact
Impact initial
Combustibles fossiles
Chauffage
Nourriture
Elevage, culture
Bien-être
Bombes aérosols, gaz réfrigérants, propulsants,
Accroissement de la concentration en CO2, CH4, CFC, et autres gaz à effet de serre
Impact niveau 2
Emission, dispersion
Impact niveau 3
Augmentation de l'effet radiatif de l'atmosphère aux Infra-Rouges
Impact niveau 4
Réchauffement moyen de l'atmosphère
Impact niveau 5
Augmentation de l'intensité des phénomènes climatiques
Fusion des glaciers
Changement des courants marins
Développement de végétation tropicale
Désertification
Montée du niveau moyen des eaux
Inondations
Dispersions des vecteurs de Source : Bio Intelligence Servicetropicales 1998 maladies
Perte de zones agricoles
Perte de biodiversité
Impact niveau 6
Impact niveau 7
Global warming
Disparition des îles Pertes d'espaces
Dommages économiques
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Examples of impact chains (3) Brûlage Forêts tropicales
Trafic routier
Trafic aérien
Urban ozone peaks
Emission, dispersion de N0x et COV
Réactions chimiques complexes Formation d'O3 troposphérique
Contribution à l'acidifiation voir chaîne "acidification"
Augmentation de la concentration d'ozone dans l'air troposphérique
Empoisonnement cellulaire des végétaux
Réduction de l'activité de photosynthèse
Irritations (yeux, gorge, nez), toux
Douleur à l'inspiration profonde
Dégradation de certains matériaux, décoloration des textiles
Baisse de rendement agricole
Augmentation du taux de morbidité
Pertes de productivité (dépenses médicales)
Affections pulmonaires
Perte de qualité de vie
Perte de productivité industrielle
Source : Bio Intelligence Service Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Examples of impact chains (4) Facteur d'impact
Bombes aérosols
Fluides réfrigérants
Solvants
Mousses
Impact initial
Emission, dispersion de CFC et autre aérosols chlorés
Impact niveau 2
Migration des composés chlorés vers la stratosphère
Impact niveau 3
Diminution de la concentration d'03 stratosphérique
Réactions chimiques complexes
Présence de N0x
Impact niveau 4
Non absorption des U.V. solaires
Impact niveau 5
Croissance perturbée des phytoplanctons océaniques
Maladies chez l'homme
Dérèglement de la chaîne alimentaire dont celle de l'homme (pêche, ...)
Cancers de la peau
Impact niveau 6
Impact niveau 7
Pertes économiques
Ozone layer
Cataractes
Déficiences immunitaires
Bouleversement des écosystèmes
Source : Bio Intelligence Service Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Collective gain/individual gain
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Example: saves and wastes time on the road: how does a traffic jam be created? User behaviour?
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Collective gain/individual gain
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Prisoner's paradox in game theory •If Bonnie and Clyde betray each other, each one takes 10 years in prison. if one betrays and makes all responsibility on the other, and other does not, the traitor comes free and only the culprit takes years.
the the out 10
If neither betrays the other, they cannot be charged for robbery. We'll find a minor misdemeanor, and each one takes 2 years.
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Collective gain/individual gain
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Aarhus Convention (1998) CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO INFORMATION, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AND ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Everyone has the right to be informed, to be involved in decisions and to exercise environmental remedies. This is, in short, the content of the Aarhus Convention. This essential text helps to create the confidence of the citizen in its institutions, and more broadly, their democratic functioning. By offering citizens a place in environmental debates, it meets the demands of transparency and proximity, synonymous with good public governance. Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Part 2
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Air pollution
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Air pollution
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What is the greenhouse effect? A natural physical process similar to what happens in a greenhouse: some of the solar radiation, trapped as heat between the atmosphere and the earth, involve: An increase in the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere Increases radiation re-emission to the earth Increases the temperature of the earth's surface
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What is the greenhouse effect? This property comes from natural greenhouse gases that include ◼ Water vapour (H2O) ◼ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ◼ Ozone (O3) ◼ Methane (CH4) ◼ nitrous oxide (N2O) ◼ CFC, ◼ Etc. Source : Chiffres clés du climat - France et Monde - Édition 2011 Commissariat général au développement durable – SOeS
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What is the greenhouse effect?
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Anthropogenic evolution of GHG concentration
Carbon dioxide
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Methane
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Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
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What are the major sources of GHGs?
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Changes in global GHG emissions
Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,
2021;2
FAO,
20203
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Changes in global GHG emissions
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Changes in global GHG emissions
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FAO,
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chain of impacts Transport
Facteur d'impact
Impact initial
Combustibles fossiles
Chauffage
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Nourriture
Elevage, culture
Bien-être
Bombes aérosols, gaz réfrigérants, propulsants,
Accroissement de la concentration en CO2, CH4, CFC, et autres gaz à effet de serre
Impact niveau 2
Emission, dispersion
Impact niveau 3
Augmentation de l'effet radiatif de l'atmosphère aux Infra-Rouges
Impact niveau 4
Réchauffement moyen de l'atmosphère
Impact niveau 5
Augmentation de l'intensité des phénomènes climatiques
Fusion des glaciers
Changement des courants marins
Inondations
Global warming
Impact niveau 6
Développement de végétation tropicale
Désertification
Montée du niveau moyen des eaux
Impact niveau 7
Dispersions des vecteurs de maladies tropicales
Perte de zones agricoles
Perte de biodiversité
Disparition des îles Pertes d'espaces
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Findings – Intensification of climate phenomena
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Des effets observables et quantifiables
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Findings – Intensification of climate phenomena
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Findings - temperature changes
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Findings - temperature changes
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Findings - Average Sea Level Des effets observables et quantifiables
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Findings - Melting glaciers
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Findings - Melting glaciers
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Principle of refutability of a science
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Findings - temperature changes
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Human activities – Which impact? The temperature of the atmosphere has increased during the industrial age due to the amplification of the natural greenhouse effect by human activities which emit “anthropogenic GHGs” There is a correlation between temperature and CO2 concentration For 2 centuries, CO2 concentration increased by 35% ◼
◼ ◼
Evolution of atmospheric GHG concentrations
Same order of magnitude as the previous variations 500 times shorter period Current concentration 30% higher than the maximum observed over 450,000 years Chiffres clés du climat France et Monde, Édition 2011, Service de l’observation et des statistiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 122
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Human activities – Which impact?
Evolution of atmospheric GHG concentrations
Chiffres clés du climat France et Monde, Édition 2011, Service de l’observation et des statistiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 123
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Human activities – Which impact?
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Human activities – Which impact?
Chiffres clés du climat France et Monde, Édition 2011, Service de l’observation et des statistiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 125
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Unevenly distributed emissions
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Unevenly distributed emissions The largest emitters (2018): - Chine : 11,900 Mt eq CO₂ - United States: 5,900 Mt eq CO2
Some orders of magnitude of emissions per capita (2017)
Qatar (30.3)
USA (14.6)
EU (6.0)
India (1.8)
Russia (10.6)
Brazil (2,0)
France (4.6)
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Congo (0.03) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
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Unequally distributed emissions
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Changes in GHG emission in France
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Unequally distributed emissions
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What are the impacts of climate change?
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Latest IPCC forecasts: between 0.3 and 4.8 degrees Celsius in 2100 A few degrees is a change of climate era... - Impact on ecosystems (weakening, disappearance, displacement) - Rising sea levels - Changes in ocean currents, and therefore of regional climates - Changes in extreme events (heat peaks, intense rainfall, droughts, etc.) - Direct impacts on human health (extension of malaria, dengue fever...) - Dramatic geopolitical consequences (eco-refugees, tensions over water supplies,...)
With an amplitude that will depend on our emissions Unequal consequences in the world: developing countries hit harder Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 132 Sources : données ADEME
What are the impacts of climate change?
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What are the impacts of climate change?
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What are the impacts of climate change?
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What are the impacts of climate change?
What are the impacts of climate change?
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What are the costs? Which means? An exorbitant economic cost: if nothing is done to reduce GHG emissions, the consequences of global warming could cost up to 20% of global GDP (approximately $15,000 billion/year) each year Conversely, the costs of implementing GHG emission reduction actions can be limited to less than 1% of global GDP per year. (approximately $800 billion/year) Source: Climate Change Economics Report, Nicholas Stern, October 2006.
Reminder: Global GDP 2018: $84,740 billion/year
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International political and regulatory context
Conférence de Durban Extension du Protocole ? 28/119/12/2011
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The Kyoto Protocol Objectives - Adopted in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol sets out the objectives and means to implement the UNFCCC. - Emissions from 40 of the most industrialized countries (listed in Appendix B of the Protocol) must be reduced by at least 5% over the period 2008-2012 compared to 1990. The objective is differentiated by country. - The emissions considered include 6 anthropogenic GHGs: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6. Countries outside Annex B do not have emission commitments.
Setting up - The Protocol entered into force only after ratification by at least 55 states representing at least 55% of Appendix B emissions in 1990. This quorum was reached in November 2004 with the ratification of Russia, allowing the Protocol to enter into force in 2005. - Only the United States has not ratified it among Appendix B countries. As a result, they do not have commitments to limit their emissions for the period 2008-2012. - New commitments made in 2012 (Doha) for the period 2013-2020 that give new life to the process
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Climate policy The March 2007 European Council announced three 2020 targets (3-20): ◼ ◼ ◼
Increase the share of renewables in energy consumed to 20%, Improve energy efficiency by 20%, Reduce GHG emissions by 20% compared to 1990. In the event of a satisfactory international climate agreement, the latter target would increase to 30%.
2014 target for 2030: reduce emissions by 40% October 2020 target for 2050: reduce emissions by 55% A key element of European climate policy is to continue the CO2 emissions trading scheme, known as the EU ETS, which was set up in 2005 on the same principle as the international market of the Kyoto Protocol. In France, the Grenelle de l’environnement has validated the 'factor 4' target: to divide by 4 GHG emissions by 2050 (Carbon Neutrality). Several public bodies align themselves with this target (Climate-Energy Plans, ...) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Cop21 ... What's next? Cop21 (Conference of Parties) Announced Goals Limit global warming to less than 2oC, targeting the 1.5oC mark, (185 signatory countries) The agreement enters into force in 2020 Green Climate Fund Minimum Budget of $100 Billion/Year New minimum floor to be set in 2025 Reorientation of the global economy towards a low-carbon model, which implies the phasing out of fossil fuels
➔Paris Agreement ratified in 2016 Reviews - Not binding: measurement mechanism? Financial incentive? - Greenwashing ? … Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1
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Which means? Achieving the 2oC target requires mobilizing large hundreds/thousands billion$ a year by 2030 for all sectors. This mobilization concerns both the production and use of energy.
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What would be the impacts of climate change?
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Concretely, ... what to do? Reduce energy consumption in buildings and public spaces - energy savings for individuals: replacement of convectors, boilers, very low consumption light bulbs, roof insulation, housing renovation passports, etc. - energy renovation of housing - modernization of public lighting - energy audit of public buildings with a view to their renovation - development of renewable energies. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transport-related pollution - renewal of public vehicle fleets with clean vehicles, - development of public space to promote clean mobility, ... Develop the circular economy and sustainable waste management - elimination of single-use plastic bags, - actions to fight against food waste, - sorting of waste at source and innovative treatment and recovery equipment, - local economy Produce local renewable energies - local renewable energy deployment program: heating networks, biomass, methanisers, solar thermal, wind and photovoltaic parks, geothermal energy, etc. - Zero pesticide approach, municipalities without pesticides - nature corners in schools and organic vegetable gardens - educational apiaries and insect nesting boxes (national pollinator plan) Develop environmental education, eco-citizenship and local mobilization - civic service program on energy transition - organization of citizen competitions such as the Positive Energy Families challenge - crowdfunding of projects Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Ozone
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Ozone layer
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Impact chain Facteur d'impact
Bombes aérosols
Fluides réfrigérants
Solvants
Mousses
Impact initial
Emission, dispersion de CFC et autre aérosols chlorés
Impact niveau 2
Migration des composés chlorés vers la stratosphère
Impact niveau 3
Diminution de la concentration d'03 stratosphérique
II
Réactions chimiques complexes
Présence de N0x
Impact niveau 4
Non absorption des U.V. solaires
Impact niveau 5
Croissance perturbée des phytoplanctons océaniques
Maladies chez l'homme
Dérèglement de la chaîne alimentaire dont celle de l'homme (pêche, ...)
Cancers de la peau
Impact niveau 6
Impact niveau 7
Pertes économiques
Ozone layer
Cataractes
Déficiences immunitaires
Bouleversement des écosystèmes
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II
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Acid rain
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Acid rain
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Acidification Impact Chain Facteur d'impact
Impact initial
Production électrique Utilisation de carburants à (combustibles base de combustibles fossiles) fossiles pour transports
Incinérations industrielles
Processus biochimiques naturels
II
Processus physiques naturels (volcans, ...)
Augmentation des concentrations en SO2, NOx et autres composés acidifiants
Impact niveau 2
Emission, dispersion
Impact niveau 3
Pluie acide
Impact niveau 4
Acidification des eaux de surface
Acidification de l'air
Impact niveau 5
Mortalité des poissons
Dégradation d'ouvrages en ciment ou métalliques
Impact niveau 6
Perte biodiversité
Perte de qualité de vie (zones récréatives)
Acidification des sols
Toxicité homme
Altération flore
Appauvrissement nutritif des sols
Perte de productivité Perte de qualité de Perte de Altérations massifs (dépenses vie productivité agricole forestiers médicales, ...)
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'Acid' source evolution: SOx
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'Acid' source evolution: NOx
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Ozone peaks
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'Urban ozone' impact chain Brûlage Forêts tropicales
Trafic routier
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Trafic aérien
Emission, dispersion de N0x et COV Réactions chimiques complexes Formation d'O3 troposphérique
Contribution à l'acidifiation voir chaîne "acidification"
Augmentation de la concentration d'ozone dans l'air troposphérique
Empoisonnement cellulaire des végétaux
Réduction de l'activité de photosynthèse
Irritations (yeux, gorge, nez), toux
Douleur à l'inspiration profonde
Dégradation de certains matériaux, décoloration des textiles
Baisse de rendement agricole
Augmentation du taux de morbidité
Pertes de productivité (dépenses médicales)
Affections pulmonaires
Perte de qualité de vie
Perte de productivité industrielle
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Urban pollution
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Urban pollution
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Water pollution
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Water pollution
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Water pollution indicators MES – Matières en suspension Pollution carbonée (Carbon Pollution) DCO – Demande chimique en oxygène DBO5 – Demande biologique en oxygène à 5 jours Pollution azotée ( ammoniaque, nitrites, nitrates, …) NTK – Azote totale Kjeldahl Phosphore PT – Phosphore total Métaux lourds : Hg, Cd, Ni, Fe, Se, Zn, … Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Urban 'classic' dirty water
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MES – 200 à 300 mg/l
DCO – 300 à 500 mg/l DBO5 – 200 à 250 mg/l NTK – 30 à 40 mg/l PT – 8 à 15 mg/l Heavy metal : 0,1 à 1 mg/l Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Clean-up indicators
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Collection rate
Sewage yield Clean-up rate
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Changes in sanitation
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>1850: Sanitary reason, sewers (Hausmann, Belgrand), with evacuation of the wastewater out of the cities,
>1920: treatment plant, wastewater clean-up before river discharge, >1950: Separative network, fight against floods due to waterproofing of soils, due to increasing urbanization, >1980: Clean-up and slowdown of rainwaters, reservoirs or thunderstorms: recreational pools. Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Changes in sanitation
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Changes in sanitation
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Changes in sanitation
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Changes in sanitation
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Sewage treatment plant
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Sewage treatment plant
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Sewage treatment plant
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Sewage treatment plant
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Waste
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Waste production in France 770 M.Tons
II
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Waste production in France
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Household waste
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Clean-up indicators
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Collection
Treatment Clean-up rate
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Composition of household waste
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Household waste collection
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Household waste collection
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Destination of household waste
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Destination of household waste
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Destination of household waste
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Recycling - Waste Parks
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Recycling Raw Materials
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Recycling – Recovery processes
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Recycling – Recovery processes 2010
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Recycling – Recovery processes
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Parcs UIOM et CSDU
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Energy recovery
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CSDU –
Centre de stockage des déchets ultimes
Classe I
D
DIS
DTQD
Classe II
DMA
OM
DIB
Classe III
I
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CSDU – Cross-section view
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Waste lifespan
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Lifespan of waste at sea
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World Plastic production
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Plastic waste
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Plastic waste
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Plastic waste
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Part 3
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4 reasons to act
III
Regulatory constraint Complying with regulations or standards Green marketing Turning a constraint into a competitive advantage Value creation Turning a constraint into a value creation opportunity – e.g., New technology
Preventing image risks Avoiding the devastating effects of a crisis that would damage the company's image Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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A few examples
III
III
Several action leverages •REGULATORY •TECHNIQUES •ECONOMIC
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3 levels of action •INCLUSIVE •PREVENTIVE •HEALING
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Solutions
Transport
Facteur d'impact
Impact initial
Inclusive Preventive
Combustibles fossiles
Chauffage
Nourriture
Elevage, culture
III
Bien-être
Bombes aérosols, gaz réfrigérants, propulsants,
Accroissement de la concentration en CO2, CH4, CFC, et autres gaz à effet de serre
Impact niveau 2
Emission, dispersion
Impact niveau 3
Augmentation de l'effet radiatif de l'atmosphère aux Infra-Rouges
Impact niveau 4
Réchauffement moyen de l'atmosphère
Impact niveau 5
Augmentation de l'intensité des phénomènes climatiques
Fusion des glaciers
Changement des courants marins
Healing
Impact niveau 6
Développement de végétation tropicale
Désertification
Montée du niveau moyen des eaux
Impact niveau 7
Dispersions des vecteurs de maladies tropicales
Perte de zones agricoles
Perte de biodiversité
Inondations
Disparition des îles Pertes d'espaces
Dommages économiques
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III
Other segments
•PRIVATE
•PRODUCT
•PUBLIC
•TERRITORY
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Regulations
III
Frame Laws • Code de l’environnement (titres I à VII) • Loi 76-629 du 10 juillet 1976 relative à la protection de la nature • Loi 76-663 du 19 juillet 1976 relative aux installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement (ICPE) • Loi 2009-967 du 3 août 2009 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l'environnement (Loi Grenelle 1) • Loi 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l'environnement (loi Grenelle 2) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
Thematic laws • Water
Regulations
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Loi 92-3 du 03/01/92 sur l'eau Loi 2006-1772 du 30 décembre 2006 sur l'eau et les milieux aquatiques (LEMA)
• Waste Loi 92-646 du 13 juillet 1992 relative à l'élimination des déchets Loi 75-633 du 15/07/75
• Air Loi 96-1236 du 30/12/96 sur l'air et l'utilisation rationnelle de l'énergie (LAURE)
• Biodiversity Loi 2016-1087 du 8 août 2016 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages
• Energy Loi 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année verte
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Impact studies •Extrait loi 10 juillet 1976
«Art.2: Les études préalables à la réalisation d'aménagements ou d'ouvrages qui, par l'importance de leurs dimensions ou leurs incidences sur le milieu naturel, peuvent porter atteinte à ce dernier, doivent comporter une étude d'impact permettant d'en apprécier les conséquences. Un décret […] »
Extrait article L-512 code de l’environnement
« A chaque exemplaire de la demande d'autorisation doivent être jointes les pièces suivantes : […] L'étude d'impact prévue à l'article L122.1 à L.122.3 du code de l'environnement dont le contenu est défini à l'article 3 du décret du 21 septembre 1977. »
• Contenu réglementé • Enquête publique • Commissaire enquêteur Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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ICPE • Soumises à Déclaration • Soumises à Autorisation • Soumises à Enregistrement (depuis 2012) ➔ Code de l’environnement (L-511 à L-516), loi 76-663, décret 77-1133, …
• Nomenclature - Exemple RUBRIQUE
2254 2253 1200 1530 2662
TYPE D’INSTALLATION OU ACTIVITE
Conditionnement d’eau minérale (supprimé par le décret n°2005-989 du 10 août 2005) Préparation et conditionnement de boissons aromatisées Stockage - emploi de désinfectants Dépôt de palettes en bois ou de cartons Stockage de matière plastique – […] Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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The main European directives • Directive emballages et déchets d’emballages (94/62/CE) • Directive VHU (2000/53/CE) - Véhicules hors d’usage • Directive RoHS (2002/95/CE) - Restriction of use of Hazardous Substances
• Directive DEEE (2002/96/CE) • Directive piles et accumulateurs (2006/66/CE) • Règlement REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
• Politique Intégrée des Produits (PIP) et Directive EuP (2005/32/CE) -Energy-using Products, « Ecodesign Directive » 210
Standards • • • • •
ISO9000 ISO14000 ISO45000 ISO26000 ISO50000
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Quality Environment Health and Safety Social Responsibility Energy Management
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Continuous improvement - PDCA
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ACV - Life Cycle Analysis
III
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LCA: how to do it? The LCA is based on a comprehensive assessment of the flows of materials and energy in and out
Ressources naturelles énergétiques
Production & Conditionnement du produit
Rejets dans l’eau
Rejets dans l’air Transport
Ressources naturelles non - énergétiques
Utilisation
Rejets le sol
Fin de vie
Déchets
Frontières du système
Data aggregation in the form of potential impact indicators Global warming potential Resource depletion
…
D’après le Module de formation à l’éco-conception : « L’intégration de l’environnement dans la conception des produits » ADEME
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ACV - Life Cycle Analysis
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ACV result R (base 100)
Impact S/ Impact R
S
100
CRITERE 1
CRITERE 2
CRITERE 3
CRITERE 4
CRITERE 5
CRITERE 6
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Product and environment: jeans
Source du schéma : ADEME
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Green Marketing / Labelling
III
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Ecolabels
European
Dutch
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Nordic
German
Canadian
French
Japanese
Austrian Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année
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Several environmental declarations Environmental self-reports (Type II) • ISO14021 : –
prohibits the use of vague, misleading and unfair environmental statements
–
etc. - 220 -
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Several environmental declarations Environmental self-reports (Type II) • Information on-pack and off-pack
- 221 -
III
Several environmental declarations Eco-profiles (Type III) • Are based on life cycle analysis •
• •
results Translate results in an understandable and synthetic way Only allow to compare products that perform the same function Are standardized by ISO14025. Their ACV supports must follow Product Category Rules, introduced into the standard to allow for a real comparison of the environmental impacts of products performing the same function.
• - 222 -
BTP Labels -Examples
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•HQE •Bâtiment tertiaire •Maison individuelle •Logement •Etc. •BREEAM (UK) •LEED (USA) •Passivhaus (D)
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Energy References Building RT2005 :