COMPOUND Practice Exercises Answers [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

IDB 225 Morphology I Dr. Aygül UÇAR

22 December 2011 Asst. Prof.

Practice Exercises in Morphology 1) Morphemes A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. Say how many morphemes are there in the following words. 1. boy 1

6. desirability

3

2. desire

1

7. gentlemanliness

4

3. boyish

2

8. undesirability

4

4. desirable

2

9. ungentlemanliness

5

5. boyishness

3

10. antidisestablishmentarianism

7

2) Free and Bound Morphemes List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or bound (B). 1. creating 2. seaward 3. wastage 4. incomplete 5. modernize

{create} (F) + {ing} (B) 6. unhealthy {un} (B) + {health} (F) + {y} (B) {sea} (F) + {ward} (F) 7. waiter {wait} (F) + {er} (B) {waste} (F) + {age} (B) 8. reconsider {re} (B) + {consider} (F) {in} (B) + {complete} (F) 9. keys {key} (F) + {s} (B) {modern} (F) {ize} (B) 10. astronomer {astro} (B) + {nomy} (B) + {er} (B)

3) Derivational and Inflectional Affixes For each word below, indicate whether the word is morphologically simple (S), includes an inflectional affix (I), or includes a derivational affix (D). 1. rider 2. colder 3. silver 4. lens S 5. legs I

D I S

6. reader 7. redder 8. radish 9. redness D 10. rotation D

D I S

4) Stems and Affixes Separate the affixes from the stems in the following words: 1. train/s

4. predetermine/ ed

2. succeed/ed

5. retroactive 1

7. instructional

3. light/er

6. confusion/s

5) Word Trees For each word below, draw a word tree. Then state whether it has inflectional affixes, derivational affixes, or both. 1. shipper 2. disobey 3. resettled 4. anticlimaxes 5. unemployment 6. bookworm

7. simply 8. jumping 9. digitizes 10. activated 11. confrontational 12. tax collector

6) Compound / Affixes Study the following passage and then answer the questions below. Take your examples from the passage. The dogs swam ahead, fatuously important; the foals, nodding solemnly, swayed along behind up to their necks: sunlight sparkled on the calm water, which further downstream where the river narrowed broke into furious little waves, swirling and eddying close inshore against black rocks, giving an effect of wildness, almost of rapids; low over their heads an ecstatic lightning of strange birds manoeuvred, looping-the-loop and immelmanning at unbelievable speed, aerobatic as new-born dragonflies. The opposite shore was thickly wooded. (Malcom Lowry, Under the Volcano) (immelmanning – (n) an aircraft manoeuvre used to gain height while reversing the direction of flight. It consists of a halfloop followed by a half roll.)

(a) Identify 3 compound words. For each one, name the grammatical category of the compound, and the grammatical category of the elements that compose it. (Example: watertight is an adjective, made up of noun + adjective.) sunlight (N+N); downstream (P+N); newborn (A+A); dragonfly (N+N) (b) Divide the following words into their component morphemes, labeling each morpheme F (free), I (inflectional), or D (derivational): unbelievable un (D) + believe (F) + able (D)

dragonflies dragon (F) + fly (F) + es (I)

(c) What is the function of the suffix –ly in the words fatuously, solemnly, and thickly? To make adverb (d) Identify two other words containing (different) derivational suffixes, name the grammatical category of the stem to which the suffix is attached, and the grammatical category of the derived word. (e) Describe the function of the suffix –s in foals and waves, and that of the suffix-ed in swayed and sparkled. 2

-s : plural marker -ed: past tense marker (f) Comment on the past tense forms swam and broke. Internal change

7) Compounds Compounds are often frequent in modern technical areas where new vocabulary is being created. Find the compounds in the following passage: Free Talker Nokia 610 Car Kit The (cell phone)stays by your side -- instead of your ear -- with Nokia's ((hands-free)(Bluetooth system)). An unobtrusive dash-mounted screenprovides the same information as your cell-phone display, and you can effortlessly (download)(contact info)from your phone. A small ((console-mounted) (control unit))with three intuitive buttons and a dial is but one way to manage calls and messages, which sound off through your car's speakers: Choose to use Nokia's decent (voice-recognition (software)) and neither hand has to leave the wheel. $300; www.nokia.com. CNN Business (http://www.business2.com/b2/web/articles/0,17863,695018,00.html)

8) Morphological Analysis Esperanto Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. It was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe. It is now primarily spoken in France, although it may also be found in eastern Asia, South America and eastern Europe. There are now between 200-2,000 native speakers and about 2,000,000 people worldwide speak it as a second language. Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below: 1. bono „goodness‟ 2. instrua „instructive‟ 3. malfacila „difficult‟ 4. patrino „mother‟ 5. instruisto „teacher‟ 6. porti „to carry‟ 7. facila „easy‟ 8. patro „father‟ 9. portisto „porter‟ 10. instrui „to instruct‟

11. portistino „female porter‟ 12. pura „pure‟ 13. malbone „badly‟ 14. facile „easily‟ 15. bona „good‟ 16. malgranda „small‟ 17. bone „well‟ 18. facilo „easiness‟ 19. granda „big‟ 20. instruo „instruction‟

A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and concepts? i. Nouns {-o} iv. Adverbs {-e} ii. Verbs {-i}(infinitive) v. Feminine {-ino} iii. Adjectives {-a} vi. The opposite (not…){mal} B. Translate the following English words and phrases into Esperanto. i. “purity” puro ii. “bad”

malbona 3

iii. “female teacher”

intruistino

4

5

9) Word-formation processes This task is all about reconstructing the word-formation 'stories' of the lexemes in bold print. Identify for each of the stories in (1 a-g) the corresponding sequence of word-formation processes from the set in (1 A-G). (1) A. conversion – derivation B. blend –conversion C. compounding – clipping – conversion – derivation D. derivation – clipping – conversion E. blend – back-formation F. compounding – back-formation – clipping G. compounding – conversion

(1) a. rap music > rap > to rap >rapper C b. rehabilitation > rehab > to rehab D c. vacuum cleaner > to vacuum-clean > to vacuum F d. campaign > to campaign >campaigner A e. tailor-fit > to tailor-fit G f. breathalyser> to breathalyse E g. brunch> to brunch B

10) Word-formation processes The words in column 2 have been created from the corresponding word in column 1. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column 2. Column 1

Column 2

Word Formation Process

1

automation

automate

backformation

2

humid

humidifier

affixation

3

stagnation, inflation

stagflation

blending

4

love, seat

loveseat

compounding

5

énvelope

envélope

conversion (with stress)

6

typographical error

typo

clipping

7

aerobics, marathon

aerobathion

blending

8

act

deactivate

affixation

9

curve, ball

curve ball

compounding

10

perambulator

pram

clipping

11

(a) comb

comb (your hair)

conversion (no stress)

12

beef, buffalo

beefalo

blending

13

random access memory

RAM

acronym

14

megabyte

meg

clipping

15

teleprinter, exchange

telex

blending

6

11. Minor Processes of Word Formation 1. Identify the process of word formation responsible for each of the following words. Try to determine the process before you consult a dictionary, though it may be necessary for you to do so. (a)

curio

clipping > curio(sity)

(b)

(to) laze

backformation > lazy

(c)

(to) network

conversionN > V

(d)

(to) cohere

backformation> coherence

(e)

(a) sitcom

clipping> situation comedy

(f)

(the) muppets

blending> marionette puppets

(g)

what-not

phrasalcompound

(h)

margarine

clipping> (oleo)margarine

(i)

dystopia

false morphological division : dis+utopia> u/topia

(j)

serendipity

literarycoinage

(k)

diesel

communization/ coinage >Rudolp Diesel

(l)

(a) ha-ha

reduplication

(m)

(to) make up

phrasalverb

(n) (o)

(to) total (the) hereafter

conversion compounding, conversion >Prt + Prt> N

(p)

amphetamine

acronym

(q)

(a) construct

conversion V> N

(r)

(the) chunnel

blending ch(annel) + (t)unnell

(s).....guesstimate

blending >gu(ess) + estimate or guess + (es)timate

(t)

canary

communization / coinage > Canary Islands

(u)

brain-gain

reduplication

(v)

boojum

(w)

gaffe-slack

(x)

psycho

(y)

walkie-talkie

root creation (used by physicist N. David Mermin following creation by Lewis Carroll

reduplication clipping>psycho(path) reduplication, diminutive, conversion (z)

bonfire

compound

Boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3.

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2. The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

Column A Column B stagflation stagnation + inflation blending nostril nosu + thyrl 'hole' (in Old English) compound bookie bookmaker clipping, diminutive van caravan clipping Amerindian American Indian blending CD compact disc initialism RAM random access memory acronym televise television backformation xerox xeroxography clipping, coinage telathon television + marathon blending, false morphological analysis sci-fi science fiction clipping elect election backformation deli delicatessen clipping, false morphological analysis (delicat+essen) scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus acronym scavenge scavenger backformation (p) hazardous material clipping

hazmat

12. Inflectional Affixes For each of the bold words in the passage from Wallace Stegner's "The Dump Ground" below, label the inflectional suffix: pres = present tense compr = comparative degree past = past tense supl = superlative degree prsprt = present participle poss = possessive case pstprt = past participle pl = plural number The place fascinated us, as it should (past) have. For this was the kitchen midden of all the civilization we knew. It gave us the most (supl) tantalizing glimpses into our neighbors' (pl, poss) lives and our own; it provided an aesthetic distance from which to know ourselves (pl). The town dump was our poetry and our history. We took (past) it home with us by the wagonload, bringing (prsprt) back into town the things the town had used (pstprt) and thrown away. Some little part of what we gathered (past), mainly bottles, we managed to bring back to usefulness, but most of our gleanings we left lying (prsprt) around barn or attic or cellar until in some renewed (pstprt) fury of spring cleanup ourfamilies (pl) carted them off to the dump again, to be rescued and briefly treasured by some other boy. Occasionally something we really valued with a passion was snatched from us in horror andreturned (pstprt) at once. That happened to the mounted head of a white mountain goat, somebody's(poss) trophy from old times and the far Rocky Mountains, that I brought (past) home one day. My mother took one look and discovered that his beard was full of moths. 8

I remember (pres) that goat; I regret him yet. Poetry is seldom useful, but always memorable. If I were a sociologist anxious to study in detail the life of any community I would (past) go very early to its (poss) refuse piles. For a community may be as well judged (pstprt) by what it throws away - what it has to throw away and what it chooses (pres) to - as by any other evidence. For whole civilizations we sometimes have nomore (compr) of the poetry and little more of the history than this (from Wolf Willow 1955: 35-36). 13. Writing Morphemic Rules 1. Examine the following past tense forms in English: hated

pulled

roared

walked

raided

opened

hugged

pushed

faded

groomed

robbed

missed

fitted

mowed

bruised

hoped

mated

cried

loaded

paid

loved judged

fetched

laughed

(a)

Determine the allomorphs of this inflectional suffix.[əd], [d], [t]

(b)

Determine the conditioning environments for each of the allomorphs. The [əd] allomorph follows roots ending in [t] or [d]; The [d] allomorph follows roots ending in voiceless obstruents; The [t] allomorph follows roots ending in voiced stops and fricatives, liquids, nasals and vowels.

(c)

Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are derived. For what reasons did you choose this particular form as the base? The underlying elsewhere form is likely to be [d] since it is found after the greatest variety of sounds. In addition, it is easy to derive the other allomorphs from it by natural phonological processes: schwa insertion to break up a cluster of two alveolar stops will yield [əd] and voice assimilation will yield [t].

(d)

Write a morphemic rule. {past} [əd] / after alveolar stops [t]

/ after voiceless consonants

[d] / elsewhere (e) sang

Consider the following past tense forms. How are they conditioned? How are they realized? bought fought

cut put

went

rang

were 9

They are grammatically conditioned. Some are realized by a vowel change (sing / sang; ring / rang), some by a vowel change plus an inflectional ending (bring / brought; fight / fought), some by a zero morph (cut / cut; put / put) and some by a different form (supletion – gor / went; be / was, were). (f)

How do you account for the following variants: learned/learnt, dreamed/dreamt, burned/burnt? These forms are in free variation.

2. Consider the following words: illegal

ineligible

irrelevant

intolerant

impossible

insecure

impatient

(a)

inactive

imbalance

indeterminate

immature

illogical

irregular immoral

infamous

imbalance

injury

ingrate

injudicious incongruous

Determine the allomorphs of this derivational prefix. The allomorphs appear to be il-, ir-, im- and in-. Note, however, that il- and ir- are both pronounced [ı], im- is pronounced [ım], in- is pronounced [ın] (in intolerant, insecure, infamous, etc.) but [ıŋ] in ingrate and incongruous.

(b)

Determine the conditioning factors for each of the allomorphs. The [ı] allomorph is conditioned by a following liquid (as initial sound of the root), the [ım] allomorph by a following bilabial, the [ıŋ] by a following velar stop, and [ın] by a following vowel, or labiodental, alveolar, or alveopalatal consonants.

(c)

Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are derived. Justify the base form. [ın] appears to be the underlying form since it is found in the greatest variety of environments and is the form from which the other forms can be derived most easily: [ım] and [ıŋ] by assimilation in place of articulation to the place of the following sound (with no change in manner of articulation), and [ı] by loss of the nasal.

(d)

Write a morphemic rule. {IN} [ı] / before liquids

10

[ım] / before labials [ıŋ] / before velars [ın] / elsewhere (e)

State the meaning of the morpheme. The meaning is „not‟

(f)

Why are the forms ignoble and ignominious, which presumably contain the same prefix, a problem? Try to account for this problem. (Hint: Look up the etymologies of these words.) The word ignoble comes from Latin gnōbilis „noble‟ (which later lost its initial consonants to give nōbilis, hence noble). When in- was combined with gnobilis, the first n dropped out, giving English ignoble. The g is thus part of the root, not part of the prefix. The word ignominious comes from Latin nōmen„name‟; it acquired a g by mistaken analogy withgnōsco, a process called “contamination”.

3. Consider the following words: collect

cohabit

collide

correct

coalesce

corrode

connect

collate

confess 11

commute

commend

cohere

combat

contend

coexist

compute

consent

coincide

compare

(a)

condemn

Determine the allomorphs of this derivational prefix. The orthography is a bit misleading. The allomorphs seem to be col-, cor-, con-, co- and com-. However, the phonological forms are actually [kǝ ], [kǝ n], [koʊ ] and [kǝ m] since the [l] in col-, the [r] in cor-, the [n] in con- before alveolar nasal, and the [m] in com- before the bilabial nasal is actually part of the root.

(b)

Write a morphemic rule, specifying the underlying form, allomorphs, and conditioning environments. {CON}  [kǝ ] / before liquids and nasals [kǝ n] / before dentals (alveolars and labiodentals) [kǝ m] / before bilabial stops [koʊ ] / before vowels and [h] It is rather difficult to know which is the “elsewhere” form in this case. Historically, the com- [kom] form is original. If it is considered the underlying form, the [kǝ n] form is derived by assimilation in place of articulation to the following stop with vowel reduction, the [kǝ ] form by reduction of the vowel and loss of the [m] before liquids and nasals, and the [koʊ ] form by loss of the [m] and vowel shift.

(c)

State the meaning of the morpheme, if possible.

The meaning is either associative „with, together‟ as in compare, cohabit, coexist, collect etc. or intensive „completely‟ as in correct, contend, corrode etc.

4. Consider the following pairs of words: sign

signature

design

designation

resign

resignation 12

(a)

What is the root allomorphy exhibited by all of the forms? In all of the words, the final syllable in the unsuffixed form is [aın] and the same syllable in the suffixed form [ıgn].

(b)

Write a morphemic rule for the first set of words. {SIGN}  [sıgn] / - derivational suffix [saın] / elsewhere

14. Derivational Prefixes and Suffixes 1. Sort the prefixes in the words below into the following seven categories according to meaning: a.

Time

b.

Number

c.

Place

d.

Degree

e.

Privative

f.

Negative, and

g.

Size

Each category has two prefixes. After you have classified the prefixes, use a dictionary to identify whether the prefix is native English, Latin, or Greek in origin. postdate bifocal

maladjusted outdoor

macrocosm hyperactivity

forewarn demilitarize

megawatt

defrost

polyglot

nonentity

disclose

foreshadow

macroeconomics malpractice

polygon

bisexual

postelection

nonsmoker

subway disarm megalosaur ultraconservative hyperthyroidism subfloor

a) Time foreshadow

outhouse ultraviolet

post- postdate, postelection

13

fore- forewarn,

b) Number

-

bipoly-

bifocal, bisexual polyglot, polygon

c) Place

-

outsub-

outdoor, outhouse subway, subfloor

d) Degree

-

hyperultra-

hyperactivity, hyperthyroidism ultraviolet, ultraconservative

e) Privative -

dedis-

demilitarize, defrost disclose, disarm

f) Negative

-

nonmal-

nonentity, nonsmoker maladjusted, malpractice

g) Size

-

megamacro-

megawatt, megalosour macrocosm, macroeconomics

English: fore-, outLatin: post-, bi-, sub-, ultra-, de-, dis-, non-, malGreek: poly-, hyper-, mega-, macro-

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2. Sort the suffixes in the words below according to their class-changing function. The categories include the following: a) N > N -dom kingdom, stardom -ster gangster, mobster -(ic)ian politician, rhetorician b) V > N -al -ant -ure

refusal, trial inhabitant, participant seizure, closure

c) A > N -th -ism -hood

warmth, width conservatism, idealism falsehood, likelihood

d) N/A > V -en -ate

broaden, straighten facilitate, vaccinate

e) N > A -ic -less -ish

historic, syntactic friendless, penniless selfish, boyish

f) V > A -ory -less

advisory, contradictory tireless, thankless

g) N/A >Adv -wise stepwise, clockwise -fold twofold, manifold (There are two examples of each suffix.) broaden participant rhetorician gangster twofold advisory conservatism inhabitant manifold historic

syntactic falsehood clockwise stardom trial likelihood mobster contradictory stepwise penniless

width closure refusal warmth accidental friendless kingdom boyish thankless

idealism straighten vaccinate tireless selfish politician facilitate seizure global

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3. (a) Can you think of a reason why -en may attach to some adjectives, but not to others, as shown below? blacken broaden stiffen ripen deafen tighten soften loosen *thinen

*longen

*slimen

*nearen

*slowen

*narrowen

*highen

*holyen

*noblen

The reason here is phonological: -en may attach only to monosyllabic adjectives ending in obstruents (stops & fricatives) not to those ending in vowels, nasals or liquids. (b) Can you think of a reason why -ed may attach to some nouns, but not to others, as shown below? brown-haired left-handed

kind-hearted narrow-minded

low-spirited strong-headed

*brown-coated

*heavy-pursed

*long-skirted

*one-childed

*two-catted

*silly-hatted

The reason here is semantic: -en may attach only to adjectives denoting inalienable possession (things that are possessed intrinsically) and not to those denoting alienable possession (things that may

be separated from the possesor). 4. Which is the proper derivation of unknowledgeable? Explain.

(a)

(b)

16

(c)

(a) is incorrect. Un- does not attach to nouns; it produces the nonword of English *unknowledge.

(b) is correct. Every stage in the derivation produces a word of English.

(c) is incorrect. Because while un- does attach to verbs, this also produces the nonword of English *unknowledge.

15. Compounding 1. Identify the syntactic pattern in each of the following compounds and express it in a lexical rule. Example: gravedigger N + V + -er> N

17

(a)

hovercraft

V+N > N

(b)

dairyman

N+N > N

(c)

bath-towel

N+N >N

(d)

goldfish

N+N >N

(e)

inroads

Prt + N + -s > N

(f)

bystander

Prt + V + er > N

(g)

setback

V + Prt > N (conversion)

(h)

meltdown

V + Prt > N (conversion)

(i)

blackout

V + Prt > N (conversion)

(j)

stand-in

V + Prt > N (conversion)

(k)

turnout

V + Prt > N (conversion)

(l)

money-hungry

N+A>A

(m) dugout

V + en + Prt > N (conversion)

(n)

hardhearted

A + N + ed > A

(o)

homesick

N+A>A

(p)

proofread

N+V>V

(q)

overqualified

Prt + V + en > V / A

(r)

overachieve

Prt + V + > V

(s)

badmouth

A + N > V (conversion)

(t)

redhead

A+N> N

(u)

birth control

N+N/V>N/V

(v)

breakfast

V+N>N

(w) thoroughgoing

A + V + ing > A

(x)

quick-change

A + V > A (conversion)

(y)

lukewarm

A+A>A

(z)

law-abiding

N + V + ing > A

(aa) far-reaching

A + V + ing > A

(bb) homemade

N + V + en > A

(cc) clean-cut

A + V + en > A

(dd) fighter-bomber

V + er + V + er > N

(ee) earthenware

N + en + N > N

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(ff) driver's seat

V + er + „s + N > N

(gg) baking powder

V + ing + N > N

(hh) drip-coffee

V+N>N

(ii) wisecrack

A+V>V+N

(jj) snowplow

N+V/N>V/N

2. The following words are compounds which also include derivational affixes. Analyze the words, identifying the roots and their parts of speech, as well all the affixes and their function as nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, or adverbializer. Example: housekeeper - verb) + -er (nominalizer) (a)

house (root - noun) + keep (root

flightworthiness flight (root-noun) + worth (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + -ness (nominalizer)

(b)

chatterbox chat (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + box (root-noun)

(c)

owner-occupied own (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + occupy (root-verb) + -en (past participle / adjectivalizer

(d)

freedom-loving free (root-adjective) + -dom (nominalizer) + love (root-verb) + -ing (present participle / adjectivalizer

(e)

handicraft hand (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + craft (root+noun)

(f)

broken-hearted break (root-verb) + -en (past participle / adjectivalizer) + heart (root-noun) + -ed ( adjectivalizer)

(g)

safety-tested safe (root-adjective) + ty (nominalizer) + test (root-verb) +-ed (past participle / adjectivalizer)

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(h)

worldly-wise world (root-noun) + -ly (adjectivalizer) + wise (root-adjective)

(i) (j)

antiaircraft anti (prefix) + air (root-noun) + craft (root-noun) machine-readable machine (root-noun) + read (root-verb) able (suffix- adjectivalizer)

(k)

chartered accountant charter (root-noun) + -ed (suffixadjectivalizer) + account (root-verb + -ant) + suffic+ noinalizer)

3.

(a)

Look at the following set of words naming berries. The second half of each is the recognizable root berry. Can you analyze these as compounds?

blueberry strawberry

blackberry raspberry

cranberry

marianberry

loganberry

Does a more recent formation such as cranapple provide evidence for or against these forms as compounds? Blueberry, blackberry: the first parts of these compounds are clearly the morphemes {BLUE} and {BLACK}. Strawberry: the first part of this compound is straw, but it is uncertain whether this is the morpheme {STRAW}; the form apparently does not have its usual meaning here. Raspberry: the first part of this compound is rasp, which is not a recognizable morpheme of English (it is not the verb rasp „to scrap‟, which is pronounced [ræsp], not [ræz]). Cranberry: the first part of this compound is cran, which is also not a clearly recognizable morpheme of English. Loganberry, marianberry: the first parts of these compounds appear to be brand names. (There are various theories to account for the meaning of straw in strawberry, that it, for example, refers to the yellow flecks on strawberries, or to the use of straw in strawberry fields. Also, cran is sometimes related to crane; either the birds are thought to eat cranberries or the blossoms resemble the heads of cranes.) If we treat forms such as raspberry and cranberry as true compounds analogous to blueberry and blackberry, then rasp and cran exist in only one word and are semantically rather opaque.

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Recent formations such as cranapple suggest that cran is becoming a recognizable morpheme, though it might be better to analyze such forms as blends since it still lacks an identifiable meaning.

(b) A problem of morphological analysis arises for forms such as the following: fish-monger broadcaster gossip-monger sportscaster scandal-monger

newscaster

ironmonger war-monger Are these forms compounds? Although historically monger is an independent form (deriving from Latin mangō „to peddle, deal‟), it rarely occurs independently today. Therefore, would we be better to consider it a bound form, a suffix? The form caster never occurs independently. It appears that sportscaster and newscaster are blends based on broadcaster.

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