An Introduction to the Greek of the New Testament [PDF]

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P A 817 C3

1881

MAIN

AN IMODJJCTION TO THE

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK C

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BRARY OF THE

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C332,

AN

INTRODUCTION TO THE

GREEK OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, BY

GEO.

L.

GARY,

OF THE MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL.

SECOND EDITION.

ANDOVER: WARREN F. DRAPER, MAIN STREET. 1881.

COPYRIGHT,

BY GEO.

L.

1878.

CART

ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE.

63 PREFACE.

IT

is

believed that there are

persons (some of them

many

students in theology) unacquainted with the Greek language,

and with neither time nor Greek

New

literature,

who would

Testament in

this little

inclination for the study of classical

its

nevertheless be glad to read the

original tongue.

work has been prepared.

lutely necessary for the

For the aid of such,

It contains

what

omitting (or occasionally introducing in brackets) what cable only to classical authors. this

book alone

abso-

is

understanding of New Testament Greek,

Not

appli-

that a familiarity with

will enable one to read offhand the

Testament without further assistance

is

;

Greek

but he who has

New faith-

" Introduction " will then be in a situation fully studied this to

make use

of more elaborate works.

Perhaps the most helpful

book to the beginner is "Bagster's Analytical Greek Lexicon," too helpful if

aim

is

mental discipline

to economize time

and

is

sought, but not

labor.

if one's

only

To the advanced student

(supposed to be already in possession of some good New Testament Lexicon), Buttmann's " Grammar of the New Testament " Greek (or Winer's " Grammar of the Idiom of the New Tes-

tament

") is

almost indispensable.

Notwithstanding the very elementary character of the following lessons, they presume in the learner an acquaintance with

PREFACE.

iv

the fundamental principles of English

which

is

peculiar to the

As very few

New

inflected

grammar; only

that

Greek has been explained.

words occur in

all their

parts in the

Testament, different words have often been introduced

same paradigm ; therefore the student will probably In best to memorize in order only the terminations.

into the find

it

" the " Appendix

which

will be

is

a uniform paradigm of the regular verb,

found convenient for reference

;

also a tabular

view of the endings of nouns. Prior to publication, these lessons have been used with several classes in the

to

"

Meadville Theological School," and seem

have answered the purpose for which they were designed.

Those familiar with them have

bee^i

able to proceed at once

(with the assistance above referred to) to the reading of the easier portions of the

To

much and

Professor

New

Testament.

Ezra Abbot, of Harvard University, I

am

indebted for assistance in the revision of proof-sheets

for valuable suggestions

which have contributed

to the

completeness and accuracy of the work. G. L. C.

MEADVILLE, PA., Dec.

1,

1878.

A SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.

THE GREEK ALPHABET. 2. PRONUNCIATION. 3. PUNCTUATION, 4. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONBREATHINGS, AND ACCENTS.

1.

SONANTS. PAGE

A

verb ending in w, in the present, indicative, active The personal pronouns, in the nominative case

5

4.

Verbs in Verbs in

7

5.

A verb in

1.

2. 3.

-co, -co,

in the imperfect, indicative, active in the future, indicative, active

7.

8.

Nouns

9.

Verbs in

10.

Nouns

6

-w, in the aorist, indicative, active

Nouns, with the article, in the nominative singular Verbs in -co, in the perfect, indicative, active

6.

5

8

8

9

of the first declension, in the nominative singular in the pluperfect, indicative, active -co, of the first declension, in the genitive singular, with

without the 11.

Verbs in

12.

Nouns

9

10

and 11

article

-w, in the present, subjunctive, active

of the

first

declension, in the dative singular, with

12

and

without the article 1 3.

A verb in

14.

Nouns

-co,

12

in the aorist, subjunctive, active

13

of the first declension, in the accusative singular, with

and without the 15.

Nouns

17.

Nouns

18.

Verbs in

13

article

declension, in the vocative singular 16. Verbs in -w, in the present, optative, active of the

13

first

14

of the first declension, in the plural number, with the

14

article

19.

Nouns

20.

Verbs in

21. 22.

The Nouns

23.

Verbs in

-w, in the aorist, optative, active

15

of the second declension, with the article

15

in the present, imperative, active third declension of nouns

17

-co,

of the third declension with the genitive ending arcs -co, in the aorist, imperative, active

17 ...

17 18

A SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.

i

24.

of the third declension with the genitive endings 8os

Nouns and

of the third declension with the genitive endings TJTOS, 19

25.

Nouns

26.

Verbs in

27.

Nouns

28.

yos, xS, KTOS, iros, pos Active participles of verbs in masculine

ITOS,

18

Oos...,

and -to,

19

COTOS

19

in the infinitive, active

of the third declension with the genitive endings KOS,

20

-,

in the nominative, singular,

20

Nouns

of the third declension with the genitive ending vros 30. Verbs in -, in the present, indicative, passive (and middle) 29.

...

21

...

21

of the third declension with the genitive ending ,

49.

Verbs in

-to,

27 28

in the perfect, indicative, passive (and middle) ... 28 or -a, -TJ

inflection of adjectives, particularly those in -os, ov, and those in -os, -ov

46.

25 26

in the aorist, indicative, passive

of the third declension with the genitive ending ovs of the third declension with the genitive ending oos

42.

43.

25

of the third declension with the genitive ending vos

29

in the pluperfect, indicative, passive (and middle) 30 47. Adjectives in -TJS, -s 30 48. Adjectives in -tov, -ov 30

in the present, subjunctive, passive

and middle... 31

50. Adjectives in -vs, -eio, -v 51.

The

52.

Verbs in

53.

The

54.

Verbs in

31

in the aorist, subjunctive, passive

32

adjectives jie'-yas and iroXvs -co, in the aorist, subjunctive, middle

32

-to,

any of the preceding and of occurrence in the New Testament Verbs in -to, in the optative, passive and middle ...

55. Adjectives not inflected like

56.

31

adjective iras

33 rare

33 34

A SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. The comparison

34

of adjectives

58.

Verbs in -, in the present, imperative, passive and middle

59.

Numerals

60.

Verbs in

61.

The

62.

Verbs in -, in the

63.

The personal pronouns

64.

Verbs in

65.

The The

66.

Vll

...

36 36

\

in the aorist, imperative, passive inflection of participles

37

middle

38

-,

38 ...

39

39

pronouns

reciprocal

67. Possessive

37

the perfect, imperative, passive and middle

-w, in

reflexive

aorist, imperative,

pronoun dXXijXuv, of each

other, of one another

39 39

pronouns in the infinitive, passive

and middle

68.

Verbs in

69.

Demonstrative pronouns

40

70.

The

40

71. 72.

,

pronoun 8s Interrogative and indefinite pronouns Passive and middle participles of verbs in relative

40

-, in the nominative,

singular, masculine

41

73. Contract verbs 74.

41

Liquid verbs

75. Duplicate or

40

42

"second"

44

tenses

76.

Verbs in -|u

45

77.

45

80.

Forms Forms Forms Forms

82.

Rules of Syntax

78. 79.

of the verb 8So>|u (root So) to give of verbs in -i|(u of verbs in

-TJ (ii,

of verbs in -vfu 81. Inflection of the verbs clfiC, to

48 49

be,

and

ctfii,

to

go

50 51

VOCABULARY APPENDIX

46

continued

53

(including)

A. Synopsis of the verb morevw B. Paradigm of the verb irurrevw C. Tabular view of the endings of

61

62

nouns

65

ABBREVIATIONS. A., ace.... accusative. act

active.

aor., A....aorist.

confer, compare.

cf.

com

common.

D

dative.

e.

g

fern fut., F.

G

exempli gratia, feminine. ... future.

genitive.

indie

indicative.

imp

imperative.

imperf. ...imperfect. inf.

infinitive.

masc

masculine.

mid., m... middle.

MSS

N

.manuscripts.

nominative.

fo

INTRODUCTION ALPHABET. Characters.

A B r

A E Z

H I

K A

M N H O

n p 2 T

Y

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK

2 Rem.

When

a.

written under another vowel, thus,

is

t

a, it is

called iota subscript. Bern.

Most

b.

stead of

editors use the character s at the

end of words,

in-

or.

PRONUNCIATION.

2.

Rem.

a.

Although there

a lack of agreement

is

among

scholars

as to the best pronunciation of Greek, the tendency in this country is

decidedly towards the adoption of what

tal" method, the essential features of

is

called the "Continen-

which are presented in the

following Remarks.

Rem.

b.

it is

Rem.

and av lika ou in

y

c.

is

a in penalty, except

Before consonants in the same syllable

The diphthong

usually short, like a in hat. ai in aisle,

the end of an unac-

usually obscure, like the

end of a word.

at the

At

a has the sound of a in father.

cented syllable *

at is

it is

pronounced like

house.

always hard, like g in

give.

Before

*, y,

^,

,

it

has

the sound of ng.

Rem.

Rem.

d.

is

pronounced like

e

in

e.

is

pronounced like a

in.

rj

fate.

Rem. f.

B has the sound of th in thin.

Rem.

i

g.

has the sound of

i in

nant in the same syllable, where

Rem.

h.

Rem.

i.

syllable

Rem.

j.

Rem.

Jc.

*

o is usually

it

sound of

has the force of

machine, except before a conso-

it is

pronounced like

moon ;

01

i

in pin.

Jcs.

sounded like

o in not,

approximates to the o in note.

oo in

like ei in height.

get,

but at the end of a

The diphthong

does not differ from the English

ou has the oi.

m like ice.

v and

tv

Few

persons distinguish in pronunciation between

are to be sounded like

ew in few,

Syllables are divided, as far as possible, according to English analogy.

^

NEW

OF THE and it is

but

K,

it

is

pronounced

Rem.

ch (as

a,

17,

a>

(for at,

TJI,

cot)

are pronounced

co.

77,

Rem.

German

the sound of the

u) and the Spanish j.

The diphthongs

Hem. m. like a,

o,

x

3

has the sound of o in note.

o>

I.

better to give after a,

TESTAMENT.

The names

n.

of the letters of the alphabet (given on

page 1) are to be pronounced according to the foregoing rules.

PUNCTUATION, BREATHINGS, AND ACCENTS.

3.

Rem.

The marks

a.

the colon

[

of punctuation peculiar to the Greek are

and the mark of interrogation

]

The rough breathing [ of a word has the force beginning Rem.

b.

'

]

[

; ].

before or above a vowel at the

of h

;

the smooth breathing

'

[

]

only indicates the absence of aspiration.

Rem.

c.

The breathings

consonant p

;

between p and

Rem.

d.

are also used, in certain cases, with the

but no distinction

is

now made,

in pronunciation,

p.

The

accents

*

['

acute,

syllables the stress of voice

grave," circumflex] indicate on

to be laid.

is

only on final syllables, where

it

The

grave accent

is

what

found

regularly takes the place of the

acute in continued discourse, and indicates that the syllable, while the

word stands in that

Rem.

e.

position, has a softened tone.

Very few of these marks of discrimination are found in

the older manuscripts.

Modern

editors punctuate according to their

own judgment.

4.

CLASSIFICATION OP THE CONSONANTS.

Rem.

a.

The consonants

are divided, with reference to the or-

gans chiefly concerned in their production, into labials linguals

(r, d,

//,

are virtually included in this classification,

being equivalent respectively to b.

X,

Eem.

c.

The mutes

(/3,

y, 5),

and rough

(for instance

and

ir