Cours Rechauffement Climatique Et Transition Energetique 1ere Année 2021-2022 v3.31 [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

That was about time!

The guys who deforest the Amazon finally agree to do something for the Environment

Now they will use unleaded petrol in their chainsaws

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

1

The objectives Acquire a critical global approach to environmental issues by decoding: Contexts, Challenges, Complexities. Broaden the environmental general culture on selected topics, particularly: Global warming, Energy transition, … but not only !

Identify the ways to improve, correct, anticipate, ... environmental impacts, in particular Energy transition Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

2

Syllabus I - Context, definition, and models II - Some “key” knowledge air water waste

IV renewable energy III- Which solutions to reduce the impacts

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

3

Part 1

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

4

News

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

5

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Quizz

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

6

I

An unsustainable global pressure

To what extend has the world’s primary energy consumption increased between 1950 and today? a) b) c) d)

x 1,5 x2 x4 x8

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

7

I

An unsustainable global pressure

To what extend has the world’s primary energy consumption increased between 1950 and today? a) b) c) d)

x 1,5 x2 x4 x8

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

8

An unsustainable global pressure

I

Energy

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

9

I

kWh

An unsustainable global pressure

Energy

Average global energy consumed/person

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

1 0

I

An unsustainable global pressure

How much did the world water withdrawals (agriculture, industry, domestic use) grow up between 1950 and 2010?

a) b) c) d)

x 1.4 x 2.7 x 5.3 x 10.6

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

11

I

An unsustainable global pressure

How much did the world water withdrawals (agriculture, industry, domestic use) grow up between 1950 and 2010?

a) b) c) d)

x 1.4 x 2.7 x 5.3 x 10.6

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

12

I

Population and World water withdrawals evolution

Une pression planétaire insoutenable De combien a augmenté la consommation d'énergie primaire mondiale entre 1950 et aujourd’hui ?

a) b) c) d)

50% (x 1,5) 100% (x 2) 400% (x 4) 800% (x 8)

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

13

An unsustainable global pressure The uses of water in the world

Eau

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

I

An unsustainable global pressure

How much did the consumption of aggregates in France (building materials) increase between 1950 and 2000?

a) b) c) d)

x x x x

2 7 14 23

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

16

I

An unsustainable global pressure

How much did the consumption of aggregates in France (building materials) increase between 1950 and 2000?

a) b) c) d)

x x x x

2 7 14 23

France aggregates consumption - 17 Mt en 1950, - 400 Mt en 2000

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

17

Impact raw material Raw material extraction 1900-2009

An unsustainable global pressure

Materials World

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Metal

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Pesticides

3,5

Kilomètres d'autoroutes

4

Superficie d'hypermarchés

France

7

Déchets nucléaires cumulés

50

X Source : Bio Intelligence Service

1970 1990

X 10

X 20

X 30

X 40

X 50

X 60

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

An unsustainable global pressure

I

Earth will have around 9 billion inhabitants in 2050 75% of humans will live on 5% of the Earth's surface

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

28

An unsustainable global pressure

I

Combien de déchets ménagers un Français produit par jour ?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

29

I

Une pression planétaire insoutenable

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

30

An unsustainable global pressure

I

The production of household waste has doubled in 40 years. (Source ADEME)

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

31

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Combien de déchets ménagers un Français produit par jour ?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

32

An unsustainable global pressure

https://www.climatewatchdata.org/

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

33

II

Changes in global GHG emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,

2021;2

FAO,

20203

34

II

Changes in global GHG emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,

2021;2

FAO,

20203

35

II

Changes in global GHG emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,

2021;2

FAO,

20203

36

An unsustainable global pressure

I

(Source ADEME)

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

37

An unsustainable global pressure

I

(Source ADEME)

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

38

An unsustainable global pressure

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

39

I

An unsustainable global pressure

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

40

An unsustainable global pressure

I

What did we do to avoid such unsustainable disasters?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

41

An unsustainable global pressure

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

42

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

I

This growing pressure is explained by - The explosion of resource consumption In 1985, a person consumed as much fossil fuel as his 4 grandparents consumed in 1900

- The explosion of population 35,000 years ago, the population doubled in 25,000 years 2,000 years ago, the population doubled in 2,000 years In 1975, the population doubled in 45 years - The explosion of the occupation of space 25,000 years ago, 25 km2 were available per capita In 1985, 0.03 km2 were available per inhabitant - The increase in emissions (waste, pollution, etc.) and its consequences on physical and biological balances Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

43

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

I

– The sea level rose from 0.1 to 0.2 meters during the 20th century (effect of global warming) – The retreat of mountain glaciers was a widespread phenomenon in the 20th century – The pack ice has lost 40% of its thickness in 40 years

Glaciers à la Meije (Hautes-Alpes) en juillet 1979 (à gauche) et en août 2003 (à droite). Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

44

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

45

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

46

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

47

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

I

– Every year, 13 million hectares of forests disappear 90% of top marine predators have been caught in the past 50 years

1 in 4 mammals, 1 in 8 birds, 1 in 3 amphibians are threatened with extinction

Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

48

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

49

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

50

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

I

The modifications created by man are made in a time discordant with the times necessary for the physical and biological adaptations of the planet

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

51

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

I

Not only Global Warming at all

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

52

Impacts of this unsustainable global pressure

I

Not only Global Warming at all

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

53

I

Human Activities Energy Industry Transport Dwellings Agriculture and Forest Management Fisheries and aquaculture Tourism and leisure Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

54

I

The pressures Growing population Exploitation of growing resources Growing production, consumption Emissions in water, Air emissions, Waste, Noise, vibrations, radiation Health risks Natural and industrial risks Social risks

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

55

I

The targets Air, Atmosphere, Climate Oceans, Seas Lakes, Rivers, Groundwaters Soils, Landscape Fauna, Flora, Ecosystems Urban environment Comfort Human health Economy Society Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

56

I

Some Consequences Climate change Nuclear risks, Major accidents, Pollution of rivers, seas, oceans, Urban inconveniences: noise, pollution, diseases, Soil pollution, Destruction of ecosystems, Decrease in biodiversity, Atmospheric imbalances: Ozone, smog, etc. Forest degradation, Degradation of landscapes, coasts, Chemical pollution, Etc. Chemla - ESTP 1 Not only Global Warming, but human activitiesPatrick impacts

ère

année

57

I

Lots of consequences on human’s life Nuclear accidents - depletion of the ozone layer - loss of biodiversity - drinking water quality and resources - acidification - hazardous waste (transport, storage) climate change - forest degradation - waste landfill - nuclear waste - quality of air in the city - preservation of nature and sensitive ecosystems - long-lived toxic substances in the air - industrial accidents - direct pollution of the sea (landfill, oil slicks, drains) - soil contamination by landfills - preservation of endangered species - increase in tropospheric ozone - production of waste - contamination of soils and resources - fragmentation and disappearance of natural habitats - eutrophication of surface water - modification of hydraulic flows - management of rivers and lakes - desertification - lack of water resources - stress and degradation due to tourism food reserves - urban waste - addiction increase in the vulnerability of complex systems - bioaccumulation - energy security - soil erosion - biotechnological risks biological pollution of surface water - oil slicks - rise in water levels - intensification of crops - genetic mutations - depletion of natural resources - erosion of odds natural radioactivity - loss of agricultural land - irrigation - floods - social health landscape modification - noise - indoor air quality - occupational health - loss of cultural heritage - seismic and volcanic activities - thermal water pollution Source : The Dobris Assessment

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

58

Environmental impacts according to ADEME (2016) Air - contribution to the greenhouse effect - air acidification - tropospheric ozone formation - ozone layer depletion - particles and respiratory effects of inorganic - substances

Water - freshwater eutrophication - aquatic ecotoxicity - eutrophication of marine waters - water consumption

The environmental impacts to be retained for eco-design (Orée)

I

Global warming Ozone layer depletion Ground-level ozone formation Acidification Eutrophication Human toxicity Ecotoxicity Resource depletion / impoverishment Use of space

For soil resources and human health - primary energy consumption - depletion of non-renewable resources - human toxicity L- and use Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

59

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

60

The goal of man on earth?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

61

The goal of man on earth?

I

Improve your well-being?

"Too much well-being kills well-being" Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

62

The goal of man on earth?

I

Improve your well-being?

Harmony

« Too much well-being kills well-being » Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

63

The minute of the philosopher

I

Philosophy n °1: eco-HARD “The planet and nature are perfect in essence. Man should only borrow from nature and return what he borrowed as close as possible to his original state. He is a temple keeper. " Philosophy n °2: eco-SOFT “The planet and nature are inherently imperfect. Man must finish perfecting nature by enhancing it to improve his well-being. He is a designer of the living environment. " Examples…

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

64

I

What is sustainable development? Bruntland Report (1987) “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own”

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

65

What is sustainable development?

I

Rio Convention (1992) (Agenda 21) “Human beings are at the center of sustainable development concerns. They have the right to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.” We do not inherit the land from our parents, we borrow it from our children. (Inuit proverb) We cannot afford to betray future generations. They will judge us very harshly if we fail at this crucial moment. (Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway, UNCED 1992) [...] no matter we may waste the resources of the planet for a few more decades, one day, the storm will hit our descendants head-on. For them, it will be too late then. (Boutros-Ghali, UN Secretary General, UNCED 1992) What I see leads me to believe that we are on the way to tragedy. I do not agree with those who claim that the answer lies in the status quo. (Maurice Strong, Secretary General of the UNCED, UNCED 1992) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

66

I

What is sustainable development?

Three pillars 3P Economy - Profit Environment - Planet Social - People

Triple bottom line Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

67

I

What is sustainable development? If I were very, very, very rich

I would distribute my money until I was only very rich

very rich, it's enough for me

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

68

I

What is CSR? CSR : Corporate Social Responsibility It is the contribution of companies to the challenges of sustainable development, to meet society's expectations of better taking into account the environmental, social and societal impacts of their activities. Responsibilities Environmental: concerns the elements of living environment Social: concerns relationships between individuals Societal: concerns relations with society Governance: concerns how to lead or manage

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

69

I

Some 'new business models’ ?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

70

I

Circular economy It operates in a loop, thus avoiding the notion of waste: the goal is to produce goods and services by severely limiting the consumption and waste of raw materials and non-renewable energy sources.

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

71

I

The 'new business models' Circular economy

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

72

I

Economies of features It is the sale of the use of a good and not of the good itself. It replaces the sale of a simple good or service with the provision of integrated solutions of goods and services that meet functional expectations: transportation, health and well-being, dwelling, food, education, ...

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

73

I

Collaborative economy

It aims to produce value in common and is based on new forms of work organization: pooling of goods, spaces and tools, organization of citizens in networks or communities.

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

74

I

Pollution Definitions 1. Unfavorable modification of the natural environment which appears as a by-product of human activity, through direct or indirect effects, altering the criteria for the distribution of energy flows, levels of radiation, physical constitution. chemical of the natural environment and the abundance of living species 2. Degradation of the biophysical and human environment by the introduction of materials - known as pollutants - not present in normal times. This degradation leads to a significant disturbance of the ecosystem. Although it is mostly of human origin, it can also be caused by a natural phenomenon such as a volcanic eruption.

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

75

I

Natural Resources Market resources They are divisible, appropriable, have a quantifiable price and are traded on a market. Amenities or well-being resources They are difficult to divide, difficult to appropriate, and cannot be traded in a market. Long considered not rare and therefore priceless, today, for example, they can be assessed according to the principle of willingness to pay: cleanliness, silence, aesthetics, etc. Natural assimilation capacity Nature can also be valued according to its capacity for storing and assimilating residues: natural decomposition, water selfpurification power, etc. This ability has become rare. Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

76

How much does this lion cost?

I

http://www.fao.org/docrep/p4150f/p4150f05.htm Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

77

I

How much does this lion cost?

[…] D'après le modèle informatisé et en admettant un taux d'actualisation raisonnable de 10 pour cent par an, la valeur actuelle des devises dépensées par les visiteurs d'Amboseli non résidents au cours de la période de 15 ans 1977-92 s'élèverait à 47 760 000 dollars US, la part imputable au lion (2,5 pour cent) étant de 1 195 000 dollars US. Etant donné qu'un lion à crinière doit pouvoir être observé pendant six à sept ans, un seul sujet rapporterait 515 000 dollars US en devises; telle est sa valeur en tant que ressource pour le tourisme d'observation. Du point de vue de la chasse sportive, le chiffre serait de 8 500 dollars, somme qu'un chasseur non résident dépense pour un safari de chasse au lion d'une durée de 21 jours. Sur le plan commercial, une peau de lion bien traitée se vend entre 960 et 1 325 dollars. […] (Etude réalisée il y a plus de 20 ans, mais dont la conclusion n’a fait que se renforcer avec le temps)

http://www.fao.org/docrep/p4150f/p4150f05.htm Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

78

Safeguarding of planetary heritage

I

Depending on the sources and their definition, the "services rendered by nature" (water, pollination, soil stability, climate regulation, etc.) has been estimated by economists at 125,000 billions dollars per year, or one and a half times the global GDP. For example, pollination by insects is valued around 200400 billions dollars annually, And yet, "the future of species does not seem to be receiving enough attention from leaders," according to WWF, for whom it is necessary to "raise the alert", causing a wide movement, as is the case for the climate. “Let everyone understand that the status quo is not an option. " https://www.forbes.com/sites/bayer/2019/10/14/the-value-of-pollinators-to-the-ecosystem-and-oureconomy/?sh=760a03807a1d https://www.businessinsider.com/collapse-of-the-honeybee-industry-could-cost-hundreds-of-billions-of-dollars-2013-6 https://www.novethic.fr/actualite/environnement/biodiversite/isr-rse/edito-video-mettre-un-prix-sur-la-nature-pour-la-sauverPatrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 147313.html 79

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

80

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

81

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

82

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

83

I

Example of 2 possible projects Project environmental characteristics Project A

Focus on: - energy savings (heating, insulation), - water savings, - material savings (recycling, ...).

Project B

Focus on: - architectural integration, - indoor air pollution (work site and use), - respect for hydrology (site and use).

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

84

I

Example of 2 possible projects Impact 1: Energy savings Impact 2: Water savings Impact 3: material quality

Impact 4: Architectural integration Impact 5: indoor air quality Impact 6: Respect for hydrology

Solution A

Solution B

++ +++ + + -

-+ + +++ + + Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

85

I

Graphic translation A (base 100)

Impact A/ Impact B

B

100

Criterion 1

Criterion 2

Criterion 3

Criterion 4

Criterion 5

Criterion 6

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

86

I

« Roasted or boiled"? • Energy: nuclear power? Coal? Oil?

• • • •

Insulation: asbestos? glass wool? Cellulose? Unleaded petrol? Diesel? Biofuels? Phosphate-free laundry? Biofuels?

•Biofuels sawchains to decimate forests?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

87

I

Complexity of decisions

An environmental decision is the result of a complex process, based on: Several criteria Several actors Uncertainties Interdependencies

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

88

I

Measure to decide

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

89

I

Environmental impacts Definition These are the results of chain effects as a result of quantitative changes in the environment. Possible classification for evaluation: - Depending on the target medium (air, ground water, ...) - Depending on geographical range (local, regional, ...) - On a time scale (short, medium, long-term) - Depending on the irreversibility of the ultimate effects - Depending on the weight of the effect on humans

Source : Bio Intelligence Service

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

90

Impact chain

I

Needs

Initiation

Use of means Stressful production Changes in elementary states (dispersion, ...)

Physical and chemical changes

Changing the physical and chemical effects Physical-chemical disturbances of environments

Interactions with living organisms

biological changes

Changing biological behaviours Biological disturbances of populations Changing the structure of ecosystems

Social or systemic changes

Disruption of collective functioning Behaviour change

Source : Bio Intelligence Service Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

91

I

Examples of impact chains (1) Transport

Facteur d'impact

Impact initial

Combustibles fossiles

Chauffage

Nourriture

Elevage, culture

Bien-être

Bombes aérosols, gaz réfrigérants, propulsants,

Accroissement de la concentration en CO2, CH4, CFC, et autres gaz à effet de serre

Impact niveau 2

Emission, dispersion

Impact niveau 3

Augmentation de l'effet radiatif de l'atmosphère aux Infra-Rouges

Impact niveau 4

Réchauffement moyen de l'atmosphère

Impact niveau 5

Augmentation de l'intensité des phénomènes climatiques

Fusion des glaciers

Changement des courants marins

Développement de végétation tropicale

Désertification

Montée du niveau moyen des eaux

Inondations

Dispersions des vecteurs de Source : Bio Intelligence Servicetropicales 1998 maladies

Perte de zones agricoles

Perte de biodiversité

Impact niveau 6

Impact niveau 7

Global warming

Disparition des îles Pertes d'espaces

Dommages économiques

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

92

I

Examples of impact chains (3) Brûlage Forêts tropicales

Trafic routier

Trafic aérien

Urban ozone peaks

Emission, dispersion de N0x et COV

Réactions chimiques complexes Formation d'O3 troposphérique

Contribution à l'acidifiation voir chaîne "acidification"

Augmentation de la concentration d'ozone dans l'air troposphérique

Empoisonnement cellulaire des végétaux

Réduction de l'activité de photosynthèse

Irritations (yeux, gorge, nez), toux

Douleur à l'inspiration profonde

Dégradation de certains matériaux, décoloration des textiles

Baisse de rendement agricole

Augmentation du taux de morbidité

Pertes de productivité (dépenses médicales)

Affections pulmonaires

Perte de qualité de vie

Perte de productivité industrielle

Source : Bio Intelligence Service Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

93

I

Examples of impact chains (4) Facteur d'impact

Bombes aérosols

Fluides réfrigérants

Solvants

Mousses

Impact initial

Emission, dispersion de CFC et autre aérosols chlorés

Impact niveau 2

Migration des composés chlorés vers la stratosphère

Impact niveau 3

Diminution de la concentration d'03 stratosphérique

Réactions chimiques complexes

Présence de N0x

Impact niveau 4

Non absorption des U.V. solaires

Impact niveau 5

Croissance perturbée des phytoplanctons océaniques

Maladies chez l'homme

Dérèglement de la chaîne alimentaire dont celle de l'homme (pêche, ...)

Cancers de la peau

Impact niveau 6

Impact niveau 7

Pertes économiques

Ozone layer

Cataractes

Déficiences immunitaires

Bouleversement des écosystèmes

Source : Bio Intelligence Service Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

94

Collective gain/individual gain

I

Example: saves and wastes time on the road: how does a traffic jam be created? User behaviour?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

95

Collective gain/individual gain

I

Prisoner's paradox in game theory •If Bonnie and Clyde betray each other, each one takes 10 years in prison. if one betrays and makes all responsibility on the other, and other does not, the traitor comes free and only the culprit takes years.

the the out 10

If neither betrays the other, they cannot be charged for robbery. We'll find a minor misdemeanor, and each one takes 2 years.

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

96

Collective gain/individual gain

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

I

97

I

Aarhus Convention (1998) CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO INFORMATION, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AND ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Everyone has the right to be informed, to be involved in decisions and to exercise environmental remedies. This is, in short, the content of the Aarhus Convention. This essential text helps to create the confidence of the citizen in its institutions, and more broadly, their democratic functioning. By offering citizens a place in environmental debates, it meets the demands of transparency and proximity, synonymous with good public governance. Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

98

II

Part 2

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

99

Air pollution

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

100

Air pollution

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

101

II

What is the greenhouse effect? A natural physical process similar to what happens in a greenhouse: some of the solar radiation, trapped as heat between the atmosphere and the earth, involve: An increase in the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere Increases radiation re-emission to the earth Increases the temperature of the earth's surface

The greenhouse effect allows life on earth by offering a sustainable temperature Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

102

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

103

II

What is the greenhouse effect? This property comes from natural greenhouse gases that include ◼ Water vapour (H2O) ◼ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ◼ Ozone (O3) ◼ Methane (CH4) ◼ nitrous oxide (N2O) ◼ CFC, ◼ Etc. Source : Chiffres clés du climat - France et Monde - Édition 2011 Commissariat général au développement durable – SOeS

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

104

II

What is the greenhouse effect?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

105

Anthropogenic evolution of GHG concentration

Carbon dioxide

II

Methane

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

106

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

107

II

What are the major sources of GHGs?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

108

II

Changes in global GHG emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,

2021;2

FAO,

20203

109

II

Changes in global GHG emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,

2021;2

FAO,

20203

110

II

Changes in global GHG emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année Data sources: WRI,

2021;2

FAO,

20203

111

chain of impacts Transport

Facteur d'impact

Impact initial

Combustibles fossiles

Chauffage

II

Nourriture

Elevage, culture

Bien-être

Bombes aérosols, gaz réfrigérants, propulsants,

Accroissement de la concentration en CO2, CH4, CFC, et autres gaz à effet de serre

Impact niveau 2

Emission, dispersion

Impact niveau 3

Augmentation de l'effet radiatif de l'atmosphère aux Infra-Rouges

Impact niveau 4

Réchauffement moyen de l'atmosphère

Impact niveau 5

Augmentation de l'intensité des phénomènes climatiques

Fusion des glaciers

Changement des courants marins

Inondations

Global warming

Impact niveau 6

Développement de végétation tropicale

Désertification

Montée du niveau moyen des eaux

Impact niveau 7

Dispersions des vecteurs de maladies tropicales

Perte de zones agricoles

Perte de biodiversité

Disparition des îles Pertes d'espaces

Dommages économiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 112

Findings – Intensification of climate phenomena

II

Des effets observables et quantifiables

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

113

Findings – Intensification of climate phenomena

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

114

II

Findings - temperature changes

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

115

II

Findings - temperature changes

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

116

II

Findings - Average Sea Level Des effets observables et quantifiables

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

117

Findings - Melting glaciers

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

118

Findings - Melting glaciers

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

119

II

Principle of refutability of a science

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

120

II

Findings - temperature changes

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

121

II

Human activities – Which impact? The temperature of the atmosphere has increased during the industrial age due to the amplification of the natural greenhouse effect by human activities which emit “anthropogenic GHGs” There is a correlation between temperature and CO2 concentration For 2 centuries, CO2 concentration increased by 35% ◼

◼ ◼

Evolution of atmospheric GHG concentrations

Same order of magnitude as the previous variations 500 times shorter period Current concentration 30% higher than the maximum observed over 450,000 years Chiffres clés du climat France et Monde, Édition 2011, Service de l’observation et des statistiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 122

II

Human activities – Which impact?

Evolution of atmospheric GHG concentrations

Chiffres clés du climat France et Monde, Édition 2011, Service de l’observation et des statistiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 123

II

Human activities – Which impact?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

124

II

Human activities – Which impact?

Chiffres clés du climat France et Monde, Édition 2011, Service de l’observation et des statistiques Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 125

II

Unevenly distributed emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

126

II

Unevenly distributed emissions The largest emitters (2018): - Chine : 11,900 Mt eq CO₂ - United States: 5,900 Mt eq CO2

Some orders of magnitude of emissions per capita (2017)

Qatar (30.3)

USA (14.6)

EU (6.0)

India (1.8)

Russia (10.6)

Brazil (2,0)

France (4.6)

Chine (6.7) en teqCO₂ /an/h

Congo (0.03) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

127

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

128

II

Unequally distributed emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

129

II

Changes in GHG emission in France

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

130

II

Unequally distributed emissions

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

131

What are the impacts of climate change?

II

Latest IPCC forecasts: between 0.3 and 4.8 degrees Celsius in 2100 A few degrees is a change of climate era... - Impact on ecosystems (weakening, disappearance, displacement) - Rising sea levels - Changes in ocean currents, and therefore of regional climates - Changes in extreme events (heat peaks, intense rainfall, droughts, etc.) - Direct impacts on human health (extension of malaria, dengue fever...) - Dramatic geopolitical consequences (eco-refugees, tensions over water supplies,...)

With an amplitude that will depend on our emissions Unequal consequences in the world: developing countries hit harder Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année 132 Sources : données ADEME

What are the impacts of climate change?

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

II

What are the impacts of climate change?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

II

What are the impacts of climate change?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

What are the impacts of climate change?

What are the impacts of climate change?

II

What are the costs? Which means? An exorbitant economic cost: if nothing is done to reduce GHG emissions, the consequences of global warming could cost up to 20% of global GDP (approximately $15,000 billion/year) each year Conversely, the costs of implementing GHG emission reduction actions can be limited to less than 1% of global GDP per year. (approximately $800 billion/year) Source: Climate Change Economics Report, Nicholas Stern, October 2006.

Reminder: Global GDP 2018: $84,740 billion/year

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

138

II

International political and regulatory context

Conférence de Durban Extension du Protocole ? 28/119/12/2011

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

139

II

The Kyoto Protocol Objectives - Adopted in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol sets out the objectives and means to implement the UNFCCC. - Emissions from 40 of the most industrialized countries (listed in Appendix B of the Protocol) must be reduced by at least 5% over the period 2008-2012 compared to 1990. The objective is differentiated by country. - The emissions considered include 6 anthropogenic GHGs: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6. Countries outside Annex B do not have emission commitments.

Setting up - The Protocol entered into force only after ratification by at least 55 states representing at least 55% of Appendix B emissions in 1990. This quorum was reached in November 2004 with the ratification of Russia, allowing the Protocol to enter into force in 2005. - Only the United States has not ratified it among Appendix B countries. As a result, they do not have commitments to limit their emissions for the period 2008-2012. - New commitments made in 2012 (Doha) for the period 2013-2020 that give new life to the process

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

140

II

Climate policy The March 2007 European Council announced three 2020 targets (3-20): ◼ ◼ ◼

Increase the share of renewables in energy consumed to 20%, Improve energy efficiency by 20%, Reduce GHG emissions by 20% compared to 1990. In the event of a satisfactory international climate agreement, the latter target would increase to 30%.

2014 target for 2030: reduce emissions by 40% October 2020 target for 2050: reduce emissions by 55% A key element of European climate policy is to continue the CO2 emissions trading scheme, known as the EU ETS, which was set up in 2005 on the same principle as the international market of the Kyoto Protocol. In France, the Grenelle de l’environnement has validated the 'factor 4' target: to divide by 4 GHG emissions by 2050 (Carbon Neutrality). Several public bodies align themselves with this target (Climate-Energy Plans, ...) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

141

II

Cop21 ... What's next? Cop21 (Conference of Parties) Announced Goals Limit global warming to less than 2oC, targeting the 1.5oC mark, (185 signatory countries) The agreement enters into force in 2020 Green Climate Fund Minimum Budget of $100 Billion/Year New minimum floor to be set in 2025 Reorientation of the global economy towards a low-carbon model, which implies the phasing out of fossil fuels

➔Paris Agreement ratified in 2016 Reviews - Not binding: measurement mechanism? Financial incentive? - Greenwashing ? … Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1

ère

année

142

II

Which means? Achieving the 2oC target requires mobilizing large hundreds/thousands billion$ a year by 2030 for all sectors. This mobilization concerns both the production and use of energy.

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

143

II

What would be the impacts of climate change?

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

144

II

Concretely, ... what to do? Reduce energy consumption in buildings and public spaces - energy savings for individuals: replacement of convectors, boilers, very low consumption light bulbs, roof insulation, housing renovation passports, etc. - energy renovation of housing - modernization of public lighting - energy audit of public buildings with a view to their renovation - development of renewable energies. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transport-related pollution - renewal of public vehicle fleets with clean vehicles, - development of public space to promote clean mobility, ... Develop the circular economy and sustainable waste management - elimination of single-use plastic bags, - actions to fight against food waste, - sorting of waste at source and innovative treatment and recovery equipment, - local economy Produce local renewable energies - local renewable energy deployment program: heating networks, biomass, methanisers, solar thermal, wind and photovoltaic parks, geothermal energy, etc. - Zero pesticide approach, municipalities without pesticides - nature corners in schools and organic vegetable gardens - educational apiaries and insect nesting boxes (national pollinator plan) Develop environmental education, eco-citizenship and local mobilization - civic service program on energy transition - organization of citizen competitions such as the Positive Energy Families challenge - crowdfunding of projects Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

145

Ozone

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

146

Ozone layer

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

147

Impact chain Facteur d'impact

Bombes aérosols

Fluides réfrigérants

Solvants

Mousses

Impact initial

Emission, dispersion de CFC et autre aérosols chlorés

Impact niveau 2

Migration des composés chlorés vers la stratosphère

Impact niveau 3

Diminution de la concentration d'03 stratosphérique

II

Réactions chimiques complexes

Présence de N0x

Impact niveau 4

Non absorption des U.V. solaires

Impact niveau 5

Croissance perturbée des phytoplanctons océaniques

Maladies chez l'homme

Dérèglement de la chaîne alimentaire dont celle de l'homme (pêche, ...)

Cancers de la peau

Impact niveau 6

Impact niveau 7

Pertes économiques

Ozone layer

Cataractes

Déficiences immunitaires

Bouleversement des écosystèmes

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

148

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

149

Acid rain

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

150

Acid rain

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

151

Acidification Impact Chain Facteur d'impact

Impact initial

Production électrique Utilisation de carburants à (combustibles base de combustibles fossiles) fossiles pour transports

Incinérations industrielles

Processus biochimiques naturels

II

Processus physiques naturels (volcans, ...)

Augmentation des concentrations en SO2, NOx et autres composés acidifiants

Impact niveau 2

Emission, dispersion

Impact niveau 3

Pluie acide

Impact niveau 4

Acidification des eaux de surface

Acidification de l'air

Impact niveau 5

Mortalité des poissons

Dégradation d'ouvrages en ciment ou métalliques

Impact niveau 6

Perte biodiversité

Perte de qualité de vie (zones récréatives)

Acidification des sols

Toxicité homme

Altération flore

Appauvrissement nutritif des sols

Perte de productivité Perte de qualité de Perte de Altérations massifs (dépenses vie productivité agricole forestiers médicales, ...)

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

152

'Acid' source evolution: SOx

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

153

II

'Acid' source evolution: NOx

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

154

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

155

Ozone peaks

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

156

'Urban ozone' impact chain Brûlage Forêts tropicales

Trafic routier

II

Trafic aérien

Emission, dispersion de N0x et COV Réactions chimiques complexes Formation d'O3 troposphérique

Contribution à l'acidifiation voir chaîne "acidification"

Augmentation de la concentration d'ozone dans l'air troposphérique

Empoisonnement cellulaire des végétaux

Réduction de l'activité de photosynthèse

Irritations (yeux, gorge, nez), toux

Douleur à l'inspiration profonde

Dégradation de certains matériaux, décoloration des textiles

Baisse de rendement agricole

Augmentation du taux de morbidité

Pertes de productivité (dépenses médicales)

Affections pulmonaires

Perte de qualité de vie

Perte de productivité industrielle

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

157

Urban pollution

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

158

Urban pollution

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

159

Water pollution

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

160

Water pollution

II

Water pollution indicators MES – Matières en suspension Pollution carbonée (Carbon Pollution) DCO – Demande chimique en oxygène DBO5 – Demande biologique en oxygène à 5 jours Pollution azotée ( ammoniaque, nitrites, nitrates, …) NTK – Azote totale Kjeldahl Phosphore PT – Phosphore total Métaux lourds : Hg, Cd, Ni, Fe, Se, Zn, … Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

161

Urban 'classic' dirty water

II

MES – 200 à 300 mg/l

DCO – 300 à 500 mg/l DBO5 – 200 à 250 mg/l NTK – 30 à 40 mg/l PT – 8 à 15 mg/l Heavy metal : 0,1 à 1 mg/l Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

162

Clean-up indicators

II

Collection rate

Sewage yield Clean-up rate

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

163

Changes in sanitation

II

>1850: Sanitary reason, sewers (Hausmann, Belgrand), with evacuation of the wastewater out of the cities,

>1920: treatment plant, wastewater clean-up before river discharge, >1950: Separative network, fight against floods due to waterproofing of soils, due to increasing urbanization, >1980: Clean-up and slowdown of rainwaters, reservoirs or thunderstorms: recreational pools. Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

164

Changes in sanitation

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

165

Changes in sanitation

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

166

Changes in sanitation

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

167

Changes in sanitation

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

168

Sewage treatment plant

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

169

Sewage treatment plant

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

170

Sewage treatment plant

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

171

Sewage treatment plant

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

172

Waste

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

173

Waste production in France 770 M.Tons

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

174

Waste production in France

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

175

Household waste

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

176

Clean-up indicators

II

Collection

Treatment Clean-up rate

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

177

Composition of household waste

II

Household waste collection

II

Household waste collection

II

II

Destination of household waste

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

181

II

Destination of household waste

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

182

II

Destination of household waste

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

183

II

Recycling - Waste Parks

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

184

II

Recycling Raw Materials

II

Recycling – Recovery processes

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

186

II

Recycling – Recovery processes 2010

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

187

II

Recycling – Recovery processes

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

188

Parcs UIOM et CSDU

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

189

II

Energy recovery

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

190

II

CSDU –

Centre de stockage des déchets ultimes

Classe I

D

DIS

DTQD

Classe II

DMA

OM

DIB

Classe III

I

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

191

II

CSDU – Cross-section view

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

192

II

Waste lifespan

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

193

Lifespan of waste at sea

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

194

World Plastic production

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

195

Plastic waste

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

196

Plastic waste

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

197

Plastic waste

II

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

198

II

Part 3

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

199

4 reasons to act

III

Regulatory constraint Complying with regulations or standards Green marketing Turning a constraint into a competitive advantage Value creation Turning a constraint into a value creation opportunity – e.g., New technology

Preventing image risks Avoiding the devastating effects of a crisis that would damage the company's image Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

200

A few examples

III

III

Several action leverages •REGULATORY •TECHNIQUES •ECONOMIC

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

202

III

3 levels of action •INCLUSIVE •PREVENTIVE •HEALING

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

203

Solutions

Transport

Facteur d'impact

Impact initial

Inclusive Preventive

Combustibles fossiles

Chauffage

Nourriture

Elevage, culture

III

Bien-être

Bombes aérosols, gaz réfrigérants, propulsants,

Accroissement de la concentration en CO2, CH4, CFC, et autres gaz à effet de serre

Impact niveau 2

Emission, dispersion

Impact niveau 3

Augmentation de l'effet radiatif de l'atmosphère aux Infra-Rouges

Impact niveau 4

Réchauffement moyen de l'atmosphère

Impact niveau 5

Augmentation de l'intensité des phénomènes climatiques

Fusion des glaciers

Changement des courants marins

Healing

Impact niveau 6

Développement de végétation tropicale

Désertification

Montée du niveau moyen des eaux

Impact niveau 7

Dispersions des vecteurs de maladies tropicales

Perte de zones agricoles

Perte de biodiversité

Inondations

Disparition des îles Pertes d'espaces

Dommages économiques

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

204

III

Other segments

•PRIVATE

•PRODUCT

•PUBLIC

•TERRITORY

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

205

Regulations

III

Frame Laws • Code de l’environnement (titres I à VII) • Loi 76-629 du 10 juillet 1976 relative à la protection de la nature • Loi 76-663 du 19 juillet 1976 relative aux installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement (ICPE) • Loi 2009-967 du 3 août 2009 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l'environnement (Loi Grenelle 1) • Loi 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l'environnement (loi Grenelle 2) Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

Thematic laws • Water

Regulations

III

Loi 92-3 du 03/01/92 sur l'eau Loi 2006-1772 du 30 décembre 2006 sur l'eau et les milieux aquatiques (LEMA)

• Waste Loi 92-646 du 13 juillet 1992 relative à l'élimination des déchets Loi 75-633 du 15/07/75

• Air Loi 96-1236 du 30/12/96 sur l'air et l'utilisation rationnelle de l'énergie (LAURE)

• Biodiversity Loi 2016-1087 du 8 août 2016 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages

• Energy Loi 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année verte

III

Impact studies •Extrait loi 10 juillet 1976

«Art.2: Les études préalables à la réalisation d'aménagements ou d'ouvrages qui, par l'importance de leurs dimensions ou leurs incidences sur le milieu naturel, peuvent porter atteinte à ce dernier, doivent comporter une étude d'impact permettant d'en apprécier les conséquences. Un décret […] »

Extrait article L-512 code de l’environnement

« A chaque exemplaire de la demande d'autorisation doivent être jointes les pièces suivantes : […] L'étude d'impact prévue à l'article L122.1 à L.122.3 du code de l'environnement dont le contenu est défini à l'article 3 du décret du 21 septembre 1977. »

• Contenu réglementé • Enquête publique • Commissaire enquêteur Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

ICPE • Soumises à Déclaration • Soumises à Autorisation • Soumises à Enregistrement (depuis 2012) ➔ Code de l’environnement (L-511 à L-516), loi 76-663, décret 77-1133, …

• Nomenclature - Exemple RUBRIQUE

2254 2253 1200 1530 2662

TYPE D’INSTALLATION OU ACTIVITE

Conditionnement d’eau minérale (supprimé par le décret n°2005-989 du 10 août 2005) Préparation et conditionnement de boissons aromatisées Stockage - emploi de désinfectants Dépôt de palettes en bois ou de cartons Stockage de matière plastique – […] Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

The main European directives • Directive emballages et déchets d’emballages (94/62/CE) • Directive VHU (2000/53/CE) - Véhicules hors d’usage • Directive RoHS (2002/95/CE) - Restriction of use of Hazardous Substances

• Directive DEEE (2002/96/CE) • Directive piles et accumulateurs (2006/66/CE) • Règlement REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

• Politique Intégrée des Produits (PIP) et Directive EuP (2005/32/CE) -Energy-using Products, « Ecodesign Directive » 210

Standards • • • • •

ISO9000 ISO14000 ISO45000 ISO26000 ISO50000

III

Quality Environment Health and Safety Social Responsibility Energy Management

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

Continuous improvement - PDCA

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

ACV - Life Cycle Analysis

III

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

LCA: how to do it? The LCA is based on a comprehensive assessment of the flows of materials and energy in and out

Ressources naturelles énergétiques

Production & Conditionnement du produit

Rejets dans l’eau

Rejets dans l’air Transport

Ressources naturelles non - énergétiques

Utilisation

Rejets le sol

Fin de vie

Déchets

Frontières du système

Data aggregation in the form of potential impact indicators Global warming potential Resource depletion

…

D’après le Module de formation à l’éco-conception : « L’intégration de l’environnement dans la conception des produits » ADEME

214

III

ACV - Life Cycle Analysis

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

ACV result R (base 100)

Impact S/ Impact R

S

100

CRITERE 1

CRITERE 2

CRITERE 3

CRITERE 4

CRITERE 5

CRITERE 6

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

Product and environment: jeans

Source du schéma : ADEME

217

Green Marketing / Labelling

III

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

Ecolabels

European

Dutch

III

Nordic

German

Canadian

French

Japanese

Austrian Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

Several environmental declarations Environmental self-reports (Type II) • ISO14021 : –

prohibits the use of vague, misleading and unfair environmental statements

–

etc. - 220 -

III

Several environmental declarations Environmental self-reports (Type II) • Information on-pack and off-pack

- 221 -

III

Several environmental declarations Eco-profiles (Type III) • Are based on life cycle analysis •

• •

results Translate results in an understandable and synthetic way Only allow to compare products that perform the same function Are standardized by ISO14025. Their ACV supports must follow Product Category Rules, introduced into the standard to allow for a real comparison of the environmental impacts of products performing the same function.

• - 222 -

BTP Labels -Examples

III

•HQE •Bâtiment tertiaire •Maison individuelle •Logement •Etc. •BREEAM (UK) •LEED (USA) •Passivhaus (D)

Patrick Chemla - ESTP 1ère année

III

Energy References Building RT2005 :