Bac in My Pocket [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

2éme Année Baccalauréate All stream

Mohammed Zouli

Bac in my pocket

Titre : Bac In My Pocket Auteur : Mohammed Zouli Edition : 1ére édition Dépot légal ISBN Impression

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Unit 1 :The gifts of youth ……………………………………………..6 Unit 5 :Women & power………………………………………….63 Quotations ……………………………………………………….7 Vocabulary ……………………………………………………….8 Exercise on vocabulary …………………………………….9 Reading comprehension …………………………………………….11 Communication: -Expressing agreement and disagreement ………………12 -Asking for and giving opinion -Exercise on communication …………………………………...13 Grammar: -Gerund & Infinitive …………………………………..14 -Exercises on gerund & infinitive ……………….16 Writing : descriptive writing ………………………………………..18 Unit 2 :Humour ………………………………………………………….19 Quotations …………………………………………………….20 Vocabulary …………………………………………………….21 Exercise on vocabulary …………………………………..22 Reading comprehension ……………………………………………24 Communication: -Lack of understanding ……………………………………………25 -Asking for clarification -Requests -Exercise on communication ……………………………………26 Grammar: -Modals ……………………………………………………..27 -Modal perfect …………………………………………..28 -Exercises on Modals …………………………………29 Writing : descriptive story …………………………………………..31 Unit 3 :Education…………………………………………………………32 Quotations ……………………………………………………..33 Vocabulary …………………………………………………….34 Exercise on vocabulary ………………………………….35 Reading comprehension ……………………………………………37 Communication: -Expressing purpose ……………………………………………….38 -Exercise on communication ……………………………………39 Grammar: -Past perfect ………………………………………………41 -Exercises on Past perfect ………………………….43 Writing : Writing report ………………………………………………45 Unit 4 :Sustainable development……………………………….47 Quotations ……………………………………………………..48 Vocabulary …………………………………………………….49 Exercise on vocabulary ………………………………….50 Reading comprehension ……………………………………………52 Communication: -Expressing cause & effect ………………………………………54 -Exercise on communication ……………………………………56 Grammar: -Future perfect ………………………………………….58 -Exercises on Future perfect ………………………60 Writing : Writing A Letter of Application …………………….62

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Quotations …………………………………………………..64 Vocabulary …………………………………………………..65 Exercise on vocabulary …………………………………66 Reading comprehension ………………………………………….68 Communication: -Expressing concessino & contrast ……………………….69 -addition, summerizing, exemplifying……………………70 -Exercise on Linking words …………………………………….71 Grammar: -Passive voice…………………………………………..73 -Exercises on Passive voice……………………….76 Writing : Writing A book review/film review …………….78 Unit 6 :Cultura Values………………………………………………79 Quotations …………………………………………………..80 Vocabulary …………………………………………………..81 Exercise on vocabulary ………………………………..82 Reading comprehension ………………………………………….84 Communication: -Apologizing………………….………………………………………..85 -Complaining……………………………………..…………………..85 Grammar: -Phrasal verbs…………………………………………..86 -Exercises on Phrasal verbs……………………….89 Writing : -Writing a letter of complaint………………………91 -Writing a letter of apology -Writing a letter of friendship Unit 7: Citizenship………..………………………………………….92 Quotations …………………………………………………..93 Vocabulary …………………………………………………..94 Exercise on vocabulary ………………………………..95 Reading comprehension ………………………………………….97 Communication: -Asking for and giving advice…………………………………..98 -Exercise on asking for and giving advice……….……….99 Grammar: -Reported Speech……………………………………100 -Exercises on Reported speech………………103 Writing : Writing Argumentative Essay ……………………106 Unit 8: International Organizations………..………………107 Quotations …………………………………………………108 Vocabulary …………………………………………………109 Exercise on vocabulary ……………………………….111 Reading comprehension ………………………………………..113 Communication: -Duty and responsibility………………………………………..115 -Response to bad and good news -Expressing displeasure Grammar: -Linking words…………………………………………117 -Exercises on Linking words….…………………119 Writing : Writing Email………………………..…………………..121

Unit 9 :Advances in Science and technology……………..121 Quotations ……………………………………………………122 Vocabulary …………………………………………………..123 Exercise on vocabulary …………………………………124 Reading comprehension ………………………………………….126 Communication: -Expressing Certainty & uncertainty ………………………127 -Exercise on communication ………………………………….128 Grammar: -Conditional Sentences…………………………….129 -Exercises on conditionals ………………………..131 Writing : Writing Comparison & contrast essay………….136 Unit 10 :Brain drain………………………………………………..….137 Quotations …………………………………………………….138 Vocabulary …………………………………………………….139 Exercise on vocabulary ………………………………….140 Reading comprehension …………………………………………..142 Communication: -Expressing Regret & wish …………….………………………..144 -Exercise on communication ……………………………………145 Grammar: -Relative clause………………………………………....146 -Exercises on Relative clause ……………………..148 Writing : Writing Cause & effect essay………………………..150

Part two Final checklist -A list of functions for Bac ……….………………………..…152-153 Exercises on functions………………..………………….….154-157 -A list of collocations for Bac …………………………….………..158 Exercises on collocations ………………………….….……159-161 -A list of word derivations ……………………………..…….162-164 Exercises on word derivations ………………….….…..164-166 -A list of English tenses ………………………………….…….165-166 Exercises on tenses …………………………………….……167-168 -A list of commonly used phrasal verbs ………….……169-175 Exercises on phrasal verbs ……………………………….176-177 -A list of linking words………………………………………….180-182 Exercises on linking words ……………………………….183-186

Part three Correction keys………………………………………………….186-204 Correction keys to units………………………………………187-201 Correction keys to the final checklist………………….202-204

National Exams National exam letters 2018 ………………………….2O7-211 National exam humanities2018…………………………212-216 National exam Sciences 2018 …………………………..217-221

Appendix Irregular verbs divided into groups …………………..222-224

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Dear student, This book is made in a way that well help you get well prepared for the national exams of the baccalaureate. The book is in complete agreement with national curriculum of English and goes hand in hand with the textbook Ticket to English two, as far as units are concerned. Thus, this book is divided into three main parts. Part one is devoted to curriculum coverage; that is to say we will cover the ten units covered in the national textbooks for 2nd Baccalaureate. In each unit we will have quotations related to the them, vocabulary related to the them, exercises on the vocabulary of the unit, reading comprehension, communication or function, exercises on communication, grammar or language structure, exercises on grammar and finally writing suggested on the textbook. Part two is The Final checklist which is concerned with lists for general review of the materials needed for students to take the exam while being confident and at ease. Each list is followed by many exercises to foster the vocabulary items or the structure discussed. Part three is correction keys for all the exercises supplied in the units and in the final checklists. This is for students to see how much progress they made or have made so far. Part four is devoted to three national exams of the three streams and the correction suggested for each national exam. Finally dear teachers and students, please feel free to contact me for any clarifications, suggestions or ambiguity, if any, at: [email protected]

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This book is an attempt to help both students and teachers in dealing with the English curriculum and prepare the students to be well equipped for their national exam. I tried to supply some uptodate authentic materials that go hand in hand with the Bac examination specifications issued by the ministry. You will find in each unit a comprehensive material and many exercises to practice what has been presented, the exercises supplied vary from the piece of cake (the easiest) to the most difficult or challenging ones. Teachers can take use of some of them for their continuous assessment exams, tests or quizzes. In the final checklist there’s a huge number of vocabulary related to phrasal verbs, collocations, word derivation, linking words and a list of English tenses. Much of the materials presented is not covered or mentioned in the three textbooks or are poorly discussed but on the contrary these materials were tested in the national exams. I hope sincerely that this modest work of mine would be of a great help to all the students who wish to really get prepared for their English language exams and alike to teachers who would provide extra beneficiary materials to their students to help them feel more confident to take their continuous assessments tests and national exams.

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Mohammed Zouli

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Quotations related to youth ―Older men declare war. But it is youth that must fight and die.‖

― Herbert Hoover

―Youth is happy because it has the capacity to see beauty. Anyone who keeps the ability to see beauty never grows old.‖

― Franz Kafka

―The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.‖ ― Friedrich Nietzsche

―Stories you read when you're the right age never quite leave you. You may forget who wrote them or what the story was called. Sometimes you'll forget precisely what happened, but if a story touches you it will stay with you, haunting the places in your mind that you rarely ever visit.‖ ― Neil Gaiman, M is for Magic

―Young people don't always do what they're told, but if they can pull it off and do something wonderful, sometimes they escape punishment. ‖ ― Rick Riordan

―What a weary time those years were -- to have the desire and the need to live but not the ability.‖ ― Charles Bukowski, Ham on Rye

―When I look back, I am so impressed again with the life-giving power of literature. If I were a young person today, trying to gain a sense of myself in the world, I would do that again by reading, just as I did when I was young.‖ ― Maya Angelou

―It's never too late to have a happy childhood.‖ ― Tom Robbins, Still Life with Woodpecker

―What should young people do with their lives today? Many things,obviously. But the most daring thing is to create stable communities in which the terrible disease of loneliness can be cured.‖

― Kurt Vonnegut

―When you're young, you think everything you do is disposable. You move from now to now, crumpling time up in your hands, tossing it away. You're your own speeding car. You think you can get rid of things, and people too—leave them behind. You don't yet know about the habit they have, of coming back. Time in dreams is frozen. You can never get away from where you've been.‖ ― Margaret Atwood, The Blind Assassin

―Youth offers the promise of happiness, but life offers the realities of grief.‖

― Nicholas Sparks, The Rescue

Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary related to Youth  Adolescence: The period of time in a person's life when they are developing into an adult  Delinquent: A delinquent is one who fails to do that which is required by law or by duty when such failure is minor in nature. The term is often used to refer to a juvenile who commits a minor criminal act.  Grow up: Phrasal verb - to gradually become an adult: I grew up in Scotland (= I lived in Scotland when I was young).Taking responsibility for yourself is part of the process of growing up.  Generation gap: A generation gap is a popular term used to describe big differences between people of a younger generation and their elders. This can be defined as occurring "when older and younger people do not understand each other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits and behaviour. "Most misunderstandings that occur between parents and children are due to generation gap."  Street / abandoned children: Street children are the result of violence in their immediate social environment, either as observers or as victims.  Teenager: A young person between 13 and 19 years old.  Teens: Plural noun. "Both my daughters are in their teens". "He's in his early/mid/late teens" Mohammed  Juvenile: Relating to a young person who is not yet old Zouli enough to be considered an adult.  Juvenile violence / crime / delinquency: Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juvenile." There is a high rate of juvenile delinquency in this area."  Youth: The period of your life when you are young, or the state of being young  Young lady / man: Used when you are speaking angrily to a young person: ―Mind your language, young lady!‖  Youth involvement / engagement: Youth involvement in political, social, environmental and economic processes is an investment opportunity that shouldn't be missed.  Youth organizations: Youth organizations should consider organizing information campaigns and educational and training programmes in order to sensitize youth to the personally and socially detrimental effects of violence in the family, community and society.  Youth leadership: Young people are emerging as political leaders in antiglobalization, environmental and social change movement

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A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the words in brackets: 1. My father hates waiting in lines. He is a very (patience) . . . . . .. . . . . . person. 2. Karim, our classmate, is known to be very (efficiency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When we are assigned projects, he works well with us and always does his share of work. 3. Go and ask John. He‘s a (reliability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . man. He never lets his friends down when they need help. 4. Samir is really an (ambition) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . person. He wants to become an engineer. That‘s why, he is working hard. 5. My brother is an (energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Man. He works for hours and hours without getting tired. 6. He is very (enthusiasm) . . . . . . . . . .about his role in the play. 7. Khalid is an (ambition) . . . . . . . . . . . person. He wants to become an engineer. 8.They are looking for (creativity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . engineers. 9.Empowering women in rural areas is this association‘s first (prior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. (create) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is one of the qualities of youth 11. Youths are (adventure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . people. The always like to take risks. 12. (curiosity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is one of the qualities of youths. B. Fill in the blanks with words from the list: (Shy away – vital – decisions – independence – opinions – appeal – conscience – protest – acknowledge – raise – responsible – potential) Mohammed 1- The youth need their ___________ in order to grow into Zouli ____________ adults. 2- A high percentage of young people no longer believe in their country‘s political parties; that‘s why they tend to______________ from politics. 3- Volunteering does not _____________ to my neighbour. Money is what counts more for him. 4- We must _____________ that the youth have a ______________ role to play in the society. They should, by no means, be marginalized.

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5- The young man left the conference room with a clear _____________. He felt happy he had been able to____________ people‘s awareness to the importance of community work. 6- Hundreds of people took to the street in Rabat last week to ______________ against the spread of corruption. 7- ―It‘s high time we gave the youth the opportunity to demonstrate their _____________. They are positive the future will be much better if they are allowed to voice their __________ and make _____________ of their own‖ said a high official in a ministerial meeting. Use the word written in CAPITAL LETTERS to form a new word: a.) I believe…………………… (loyal) is a very important characteristic of a good friend. b.) He is always ready to offer money or help when needed. His best quality is ………………………... (generous) Mohammed c.) He only thinks about himself! He is so …………………… (self) Zouli d.) Thank you for phoning when I was ill - it was very………………… (thought) of you. e.) He's very……………………. (secret) about his new girlfriend. He doesn't say much about her. f) Jerry is so ………………………- he doesn't want to experience anything new, he prefers sitting on the couch playing computer games or watching TV! (adventure) g) His biggest problems is his…………………… If he doesn't realize he has to work for any kind of success, he's in real trouble. (lazy) h) Harry is the most…………………..person I know - he does a million things I'd never dream of doing - from rock climbing to sky dining, you name it! (adventure) i)……………………, please! You'll have to wait a bit, like everybody else. (patient) j) How did curiosity kill the cat? Is it really bad to be………………? I'd really like to know! (curiosity) D.Match the words in column A with the definition in column B: 1-generation gap 2-autonomous 3-deadline 4-volunteering 5-rivalery

a- independence: ability to control one‘s own life. b- hostility and competition c-a difference in attitude and behaviour between old and young people which often result in conflict. d- act of free will, carried out for the benefit of the community without the primary concern being financial gain. e- time by which something must be done.

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Like many Filipinos maids, Linda Loyosa learned to live a double life. When she first applied for a job with a Chinese family in Hong Kong six years ago, she didn‟t want to mention her college degree and her background as an English teacher, “in order not to offend them,” she later said. Once hired, she played the automation, responding without emotion to orders and performing the housework chores without complaining. However, late at night, once she was back home, she secretly nurtured her love of language and developed a second career: she wrote articles for a religious newsletter. Now, Loyosa has broken out of her role as a servant entirely to become the full-time editor of a magazine for Filipino migrant workers. Mrs Loyosa, aged 40, is the third of ten children in a Filipino farming family. She scraped her way through school on scholarships and stubbornness. Recalling those childhood days she said: “on the day before school I should not eat and just sulk until my mother found for books and uniforms“. After graduating from University of Nueva Caceres in 1973, she took a job teaching English grammar to sixth graders. Her salary was low and by 1986, she did not earn more than 84$ a month. Her husband, on the other hand, was having trouble finding work and she worried about paying for the education of her three children. The family decided to move to Hong Kong, where the minimum wage for a maid was 244$ a month. In her new job, she had to leave home very early while her children were still sleeping. “I ironed all their school uniforms, neatly piled their white socks and cleaned their shoes,” she later wrote in a column. Soon, Mrs Loyosa became famous among the Filipino community for her writing and thousands of other maids contacting her to ask her to defend their rights in her columns. Then, her chance came when a local publisher in Hong Kong offered her to become the chief editor of „The voice of the Filipino‟, a magazine for migrant Filipino workers. Loyosa now earns 1,400$ a month, rents a room in Hong Kong and owns a large house in the suburbs of Manilla. She has also set aside money for her children‟s education. Linda owes her success to her education, hard work and good luck. However, for thousands of girls back home, life is still a daily struggle for survival. A- Answer these questions from the text: 1- What was the “double life” that Linda Loyosa led? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- Why did she act “without emotion” and without complaining when hired as a maid? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3- What qualities made Linda successful? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. B- Complete these sentences according to the text: 1. As an editor of “The Voice of the Filipino”, she wrote…………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Her life changed thanks to…………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. C- Are these sentences True or False? Justify: 1- Linda still works as a maid. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- Linda spent all her money on a house in Manilla. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. D- Find in the text words meaning the same as: 1. Obstinacy(Para 2): ………………..……………………… 2. Be in a bad mood(Para2):…………………………………. 3. Saved up(Para3): ………………………………………….. Mohammed E- What do the underlined words in the text refer to: 1. Them(Para1): …………………………………………. Zouli 2. Her(Para2):…………………………………………….. 3. Their(Para3): ………………………………………….

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Communication 1-Expressing agreement & disagreement Agreement        

There are many reasons for ... There is no doubt about it that ... I simply must agree with that. I am of the same opinion. I am of the same opinion as the author. I completely/absolutely agree with the author. I do agree with……………….. I share the same view/opinion

Disagreement          

There is more to it than that. The problem is that ... I (very much) doubt whether ... This is in complete contradiction to ... What is even worse, ... I am of a different opinion because ... I cannot share this / that / the view. I cannot agree with this idea. What I object to is ... Unlike the author I think ...

Mohammed Zouli

2-Expressing and responding to opinion ASKING ABOUT OPINION

Informal ways of giving opinions

What’s your opinion of………? What do you think of…………? How do you feel about………? Are you for or against……….? Do you think that………………?

To be honest… If you ask me… I feel… To my mind… Frankly, I think… I reckon…

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Formal ways of giving opinion It seems to me that I would argue that… I am convinced that….. As far as I am concerned…

Communication Exercise I-What do the following people express? A: opinion B: agreement or C: disagreement 1. I Really, do not share the administrative idea of imposing these measures on our employments. The speaker is expressing……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. I Strongly disapprove of the measures taken by the host country of our immigration The speaker is expressing………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. To be honest our clerks need an increase n their salaries The speaker is expressing………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. It seems to me that our forests need immediate care and protection The speaker is expressing………………………………………………………………………………………………… II-What would you say in the following situations? Mohammed A. What’s your view towards youth and new fashion? Zouli You: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… B. Do you agree with those who increase the use of food preservatives? You: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… C. To what extent do you think that humour is very important in our everyday life? You: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… D. Do you agree with this statement : Students have to be responsible for their own learning. You: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III-Agree or Disagree: Choose the most appropriate answer. 1. He doesn't speak English. –

. (Agree.)

But he does No, he does No, he doesn't 2. I think she knows him. – . (Disagree.)

Yes, he does

But she does No, she does No, she doesn't 3. You haven't seen Tom, have you? – . (Agree.) No, I haven't No, I didn't Yes, I have 4. You won't go to work tomorrow, will you? – No, I will No, I won't 5. It was a great party! –

Yes, I will . (Agree.)

Yes, she does

Yes, I did . (Disagree.)

Yes, I won't

I couldn't agree less I couldn't agree more I couldn't care less disagree more 6. It is the worst film we've ever seen. – . (Disagree.)

I couldn't

I couldn't say I suppose so I wouldn't say that You can say that again 7. Would you like another piece of chocolate cake? – . (Accept.) No, thank you

I'm afraid I'm on a diet

Thank you, but I really can't eat any more

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Yes, please. It's delicious

Gerund or Infinitive

Mohammed Zouli

Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund: One of the difficulties of the English language is that some verbs are followed by the gerund (ex : doing) and others are followed by the infinitive (ex : to do). Other verbs, however, can be followed by both. Generally speaking we can use the following rules: Examples

Rules

Explanations

Verb + gerund

Often we use the gerund for an action 1. I enjoy playing that happens before 2. I denied or at the same time as stealing the action of the main verb.

1. I enjoy myself at the time of playing. 2. I deny having stolen anything before.

Verb + infinitive

1. I decided to visit my uncle 2. I want to go out

1. Visiting my uncle was an action of my decision. It comes after. 2. What I want (now) is to go out (after/later)

Often we use the infinitive for actions that follow the action of the main verb.

These rules are helpful but DO NOT always explain all uses of gerunds and infinitives.

A-Verbs that can be followed by a gerund (ex : doing) 1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes : Like Dislike don't mind Love Hate can't stand Enjoy can't bear can’t help Example: " I like playing soccer but I hate boxing." 2- After certain other verbs, such as : admit Finish Imagine resist appreciate Fancy Involve reject Allow go (in go swimming) keep (on) risk Avoid Involve Mention can't help Advise Keep Miss can't stand consider Mention Postpone delay Deny Mind Permit risk Delay Stop Practice appreciate understand waste time/money Suggest urge Example: " I suggest going to the theatre."

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3- After prepositions : interested in ... / instead of .../ good at .../ before .../ after ... Example: "I am interested in collecting stamps." "After playing football I drank an orange juice". 4- After certain expressions : it's no use .../ it's no good ... /there's no point in .../ I can't help.../ I don't mind.../ I can't stand/bear... Example: “convincing him to revise his lessons. He's so stubborn."

B-Verbs that can be followed by an infinitve ( ex : to do) 1- After verbs that refer to a future event : Want Consent Promise Hope Decide Threaten Aim Demand Swear Intend Deserve Volunteer Arrange Determine Want Attempt Endeavour would like Promise Expect would hate be determined Offer would love Plan Proceed Fail Example: " I want to finish my work early. Mohammed 2- After certain other verbs, such as : Zouli afford Refuse Pretend Agree manage Claim Help Need Cease choose Seem Care Fail Learn Happen Happen choose Hesitate Example: "She refused to forgive him." 3- After adjectives : glad - pleased - disappointed Example: "I'm glad to know that you passed the exam." "I'm pleased to meet you." "I'm disappointed to hear that you flunked maths." 4- After "too" & "enough": too difficult _ easy enough Example: "It's too difficult to convince him to be helpful." "But it's easy enough to fool him to get what you want."

C-Verbs that can be followed by both an infinitive and a gerund: Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples: start - begin - stop - remember... Example: "I started smoking when I was young." "I started to smoke when I left the office.

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Exercises on gerund and infinitive 1)Put the verb into the gerund or the infinitive: 1) She delayed __________________(get) out of bed. 2) He demanded ______________(speak) to the manager. 3) I offered _______________(help). 4) I miss _______________(go) to the beach. 5) We postponed ____________________(do). 6) I'd hate _________________(arrive) too late. 7) She admitted ________________(steal) the money. 8) I chose _________________(work) here. 9) She waited _______________(buy) a drink. 10) I really appreciate _________________(be) on holiday. 11) I couldn't help ______________(laugh) . 12) It seems _________________ (be) raining. 13) I considered ________________(move) to Spain. 14) They practised ______________________(speak).

Mohammed Zouli

15) Finally I managed ___________________(finish) the work. 16) I really can't stand ____________________(wait) for the bus. 17) Unfortunately, we can't afford ______________(buy) a new car this year. 18) She risked ______________ (be) late. 19) I'd love _________________ (come) with you. 20) I prepared ________________ (go) on holiday.

2)Put the verb in brackets in the correct form (gerund or infinitive) 1. Do you feel like (go) .............. to the cinema ? 2. Do you remember (post) .......... the letter? Are you sure you've posted it? 3. He decided (put).......... his coat on the hanger. 4. He expects you (go) ......... with him. 5. I didn't feel like (work) ........so I phoned my boss. 6. I couldn't imagine ……..............(to travel) without my children. 7. They enjoy …………………………..(to watch) comic films. 8. I can't afford ………………. (to buy) this laptop as it costs too much. 9. The washing machine began …………………..(to make) a terrible noise. 10. I adore……………….. (to listen) to classical music. 11. She apologized for (borrow) ......... the book without your permission. 12. She didn't like (leave) ........the children alone but she had no choice. 13. The police accused him of (steal) ......... the money from the house. 14. I must admit……………………………………. (not like all of it) 15. We got tired of (wait) ............ for better weather.

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16. Why do you keep (look) .......... at me? 17. Would you like (come) ......... with me to the gym ? 18.Would like …………………(to go) on a picnic. 19. It's is worth ……………….(to see) Assila

3)Exercise on gerund or infinitive 1. I hope_____________ (graduate)from college next June. 2. The models practiced____________ (walk)with a book balanced on their heads. 3. Mandy has promised___________ (take)care of our dog while we are on vacation. 4. Mr. Edwards chose____________ (accept)the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami. 5. I don't know what she wants____________ (do)tonight. Why don't you ask her? 6. Frank offered____________ (help)us paint the house. 7. Sandra decided_____________ (study)economics in London. 8. Witnesses reported____________ (see)the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window. 9. Stephanie dislikes_____________ (work)in front of a computer all day. 10. Mrs. Naidoo appears ___________ (be) the most qualified person for the job.

4)Choose the most suitable verb form: 1. I look forward …………………..the new art exhibition at the National Gallery. The paintings are worth…………………….. To see – see – seeing – to seeing To watch – watch – watching – to watch 2. Natalie insisted on …………………… with Nick although her parents didn’t approve of their relationship. To date – date – dating – to dating 3. My father agreed ………………. me a play station as a birthday present. To buy – buy – buying – to buying 4. I wanted ……………… our problem with my husband, but he refused ……………so. To talk – talk – talking – to talking To do – do – doing – to doing 5. My mother showed me how ………………. the new washing machine. To use – use – using – to using 6. He is keen on ………………… F1 races on TV. To watch – watch – watching – to watching Mohammed 7. It is important …………..careful about traffic rules. Zouli To be – be – being – to being 8. Students aren’t allowed …………..whatever they want. To wear – wear – wearing – to wearing 9. There is no point in …………………for an exam just a few hours before it. To study – study – studying – to studying 10. We have decided …………………a party at the end of this term. To have – have – having – to having 11. The best place ……………….fish is the restaurant which is by lake. To eat – eat – eating – to eating 12. Betty is interested in ………………..Latin languages. To learn – learn – learning – to learning 13. Would you like ………………..some more tea? To have – have – having – to having 14. His big ambition ………………….a famous artist is really surprising. To become – become – becoming – to becoming

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I‘ve lived in Khémisset city all my life and it has never lost its unique charm in my eyes. Although it is small and lacks a lot of facilities and infrastructure I prefer it to other places. One reason I prefer it is climate. In Khémisset the weather is often mild and temperate. It is not very cold in winter and not very hot in the summer. It is a salubrious weather and protects me from allergies and some other illnesses that I may catch in coastal or big cities. Another reason to prefer Khémisset is its size. It is a small city with less stressful traffic jam. This means also fewer fumes and less car noise. There are almost no factories either. This makes the city cleaner than the big metropolitan ones. Living in a small city, as well, allows me to know most people here and be known. However, in big cities people suffer from loneliness and solitude. The third reason why I like this city is its rural feel. Most people here are simple peasants. I like their condor, innocence, and simplicity as well as their straightforward character. The peasant nature of the city, too, allows me to be in contact with nature and live the four seasons and missing none. My last, but not least, reason for preferring Khémisset over other cities is language. People speak Berber, a language I speak poorly. I understand it well and try my best to master it because it‘s part of Moroccan culture and we do not have to neglect it. My final opinion, though, is that I like Khémisset because of all the reasons stated earlier but one day I‘ll have to experience life in other bigger cities, here or abroad. Then I‘ll be in a better position to compare and judge.

Mohammed Zouli

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Quotations related to humour -― A joke is a very serious thing‖. Winston Churchill

-―If I had no sense of humour, I would long ago have committed suicide‖. Mahatma Gandhi

-―The secret source of humour is not joy but sorrow; there is no humour in Heaven‖. Mark Twain

-―Everything human is pathetic. The secret source of humour itself is not joy but sorrow. There is no humour in heaven‖. Mark Twain

-―A person without a sense of humour is like a wagon without springs. It's jolted by every pebble on the road‖. Henry Ward Beecher

-―A sense of humour... is needed armour. Joy in one's heart and some laughter on one's lips is a sign that the person down deep has a pretty good grasp of life‖. Hugh Sidey

-―Imagination was given to man to compensate him for what he is not; a sense of humour to console him for what he is‖. Francis Bacon

-―A well-developed sense of humour is the pole that adds balance to your steps as you walk the tightrope of life‖. William Arthur Ward

-‖A sense of humour is a major defence against minor troubles‖. Mignon McLaughlin

-―Humour is laughing at what you haven't got when you ought to have it‖. Langston Hughes

-―Start every day off with a smile and get it over with‖. W. C. Fields

-―When humour goes, there goes civilization‖. Erma Bombeck

-―Humour is emotional chaos remembered in tranquillity‖. James Thurber

- Humor is by far the most significant activity of the human brain. Edward de Bono

- ―Humour is one of the best ingredients of survival‖. Aung San Suu Kyi

-―A humorist is a person who feels bad, but who feels good about it‖. Don Herold

Mohammed Zouli

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     

           

 



Vocabulary related to humor / humour Humor: Humour or humor is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. Sense of humour: A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour. "He's got a great sense of humour" (= he is very able to see things as amusing.) Humorist: A person who writes or tells amusing stories Humorous: Funny, or making you laugh. "Her latest book is a humorous look at teenage life" Amusing: Adjective. Entertaining. "an amusing story/person/situation" Comedy: 1. Any humorous discourse generally intended to amuse, especially in television, film, and stand-up comedy.2.The amusing part of a situation. "I prefer Shakespeare's comedies to his tragedies." "The candidate forgetting his lines in the middle of the speech provided some good comedy." Comedian: A person whose job is to make people laugh by telling jokes and amusing stories or by copying the behaviour or speech of famous people: "a stand-up comedian." Black humour: An amusing way of looking at or treating something that is serious or sad. Crack: Verb. To make a joke or a clever remark. "He's always cracking jokes." Droll: Adjective. Amusing, especially in an unusual way. "A droll remark/expression/person." Dry humour: Dry humour is very amusing in a way which is clever and not loud or obvious: "a dry sense of humour." "a dry wit." Facetious: Not serious about a serious subject, in an attempt to be amusing or to appear clever: "Facetious remarks." "He's just being facetious." Mohammed Funny: Adjective. Amusing; causing laughter: "Do you know any funny jokes?" "It's not funny - don't laugh!" Zouli "No matter how disastrous the situation there always seems to be a funny side to it." Gag: Noun (INFORMAL.) A joke or funny story, especially one told by a comedian (= person whose job is to make people laugh): "I did a few opening gags about the band that had been on before me." Gallows humour: Noun. Jokes or humorous remarks that are made about unpleasant or worrying subjects such as death and illness Hilarious: Adjective. Extremely amusing and causing a lot of laughter: "He didn't like the film at all - I thought it was hilarious." Jest: Noun (FORMAL). Something which is said or done in order to amuse: "His proposal was no jest - he was completely sincere." Joke: Something, such as an amusing story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people laugh: "Did I tell you the joke about the chicken crossing the road?" "She spent the evening cracking (= telling) jokes and telling funny stories." "He tried to do a comedy routine, but all his jokes fell flat" (= no one laughed at them). Laugh: To smile while making sounds with your voice that show you think something is funny or you are happy: "They laughed at her jokes." / "I couldn't stop laughing." Satire: A way of criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way, or a piece of writing or play which uses this style. Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences. : "Political satire." "Her play was a biting/cruel satire on life in the 80s." Wit: The ability to perceive and express in an ingeniously humorous manner the relationship between seemingly incongruous or disparate things.

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Exercises on vocabulary related to humour 1-Write the appropriate missing words from the list: Satire – hilarious – witty – funny – sense – cracks – facetious – humourists – laughter – enjoyed – fun – serious 1. He's very funny. Whenever I meet him, he ………………………..a joke. He really has a good ……………………………….. of humour . 2. Charlie Chaplin was one of the most creative ……………………………… . 3. keep your …………………………… remark for you. You know. It's not very funny. 4. The show was ………………………… . It just caused a lot of ………………………….. in the audience. 5. The president's …………………………… speech attracted a lot of admiration. 6. He is very …………………………….. . He makes me laugh a lot. 7. Black humor is a way of looking at ……………………….events in an amusing way. 8. A piece of writing or play which criticizes people or ideas in a humorous way is called…………………………………… 9. ―What was the play like?‖ ―Great! We…………………………….it very much. We had a lot of………………………………………‖ 2-Make a suitable collocation matching words in A with words in B:

A

B

Answers

1-Tell 2-make 3-sense 4-stand up 5-health 6-laugh 7-stage 8-burst 9-good 10-live

a-………………..fright b-………………..of humour c-………………comedy d-……………………a joke e-……………….fun of someone f-………………..care g-………….out laughing h-……………out loud i-…………..mood j-………….performance

1-___________________________________ 2-___________________________________ 3-___________________________________ 4-___________________________________ Mohammed 5-___________________________________ Zouli 6-___________________________________ 7-___________________________________ 8-___________________________________ 9-___________________________________ 10-__________________________________

3-Write the words between brackets in the correct form:

1-Hassan Elfed is as (fun)……………………………………….as Gad Elmaleh. 2-Khalil’s (perform)…………………………..during the show was so impressive. 3- Why does he look so (worry)…………………….and sad? 4-Yesterday was very (humour)…………………………..day, we kept telling joke to each other. 5-Young people are always(energy)……………………….and (enthusiasm) ……….. ………………………………. 6-Some doctors believe that humour is(benefit)…………………………….for our health and brain. 7-When the teacher told us the joke the whole class burst into (laugh) ……………………………… 8-When some people feel (happy)…………………………..they keep smiling or laughing. 9-Adil Imam is one of the most famous(comedy)……………………………….in the Arab World. 10-What is the most common means of (entertain)…………………..……….among teenagers today?

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4-Fill in the chart with the correct missing form: Noun Adjective Noun Adjective

1-humour 2-_______ 3-amusement 4-_______ 5-joy 6-_______ 7-pleasure 8-_______ 9-mood 10-_______

____________ Sad ____________ Happy ____________ Comic ____________ Boring ____________ Optimist

11-misery 12-_______ 13-benefit 14-_______ 15-performance 16-_______ 17-depression 18-_______ 19-stress 20-_______

____________ Pessimist ____________ Enthusiastic ____________ Energetic ____________ Tense ____________ Cheerful

5-Match the expresions in A with their definitions in B: Expression/word Definition a-humour 1-an amusing imitation of a famous person. b-joke 2-funny in a slightly stupid way; ridiculous. c-humorous 3-a short story that causes laughter. d-an impression 4-funny in an intelligent way. e-make fun of somebody 5-to make jokes, to joke with someone. f-witty 6-laugh at someone in a mocking way. g-silly 7-amusing, funny or laughable. h-to kid 8-something said to cause amusement.

answers A B C D E F G H

6-Fill in the blanks with words from the exercise above: -Sam:How did you find Jake‘s moves at the party? Mohammed -Sandy : oh ! He was so funny. He had a great sense Zouli of………….……………. And you? -Sam: I didn‘t appreciate his…………………………….Some of them made me sick.What about Ketty. Didn‘t you think she was really funny? I was laughing the whole time she was telling us about her trip to Los Angeles. -Sandy: Yeah, her story was quite……………………………but at times, I couldn‘t tell if she was……………………….or being serious. -Sam: I think she was quite………………………..; her jokes were so intelligent. -Sandy: Did you see that girl who was doing Charlie Chaplin‘s……….? Wasn‘t that……………………………..? -Sam: Well, I agree she was a real idiot! A few of our friends were laughing, but I think she was making out fool of herself.

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Reading Comprehension Born in Casablanca on April 19, 1971, Gad Elmaleh is an actor and comedian of Moroccan-French nationality. He speaks fluently both French and Moroccan Arabic as he was raised in a household that gave him access to a mix of cultural influences. He was educated in Morocco, first at the Georges Bizet School and later at Lycée Lyautey in Casablanca. In 1988, he moved to Montreal, Canada, where he studied political sciences for a year. He also worked on radio and started writing humorous stories which he performed in nightclubs. He soon discovered that he had a talent for entertaining people. This launched him on a career which continues today. Gad Elmaleh has had roles in a number of films and has enjoyed success as a stand-up comedian. His talents also include singing and voice-overs for animated films. His first cinema role was in 1996 in “Salut Cousin”, a film by Algerian screenwriter and director Merzak Allouache. His first one-man show, “Décalages”, based on his own life, was performed at the Palais des Glaces in 1997. Following the success of “Décalages”, Gad Elmaleh‟s second one-man show “La Vie Normale” proved to be a huge success. In 2005, Elmaleh returned to the stage with a new style in “L’autre c’est moi”, in which he interacted with the audience and improvised his dialogue. In 2006, he was awarded the “Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres” by the French Minister of Culture and was voted “The Funniest Person in France”. Gad Elmaleh performed in Montreal and Casablanca, before taking his shows to France, Belgium and Switzerland in 2007. As part of the just for Laughs festival in Montreal in July 2007, Elmaleh presented his latest production, “Papa est en Haut” for the first time in December 2007, the show made history when all tickets were sold out at L‟Olympia in Paris for seven consecutive weeks. In 2009, Elmaleh wrote, produced and acted in the film Coco which was another great success. It was based on one of his one-man shows “La Vie Normale”. In 2011, the actor had a role in Woody Allen‟s Midnight in Paris and appeared in the film “The Adventures of Tintin”. No doubt, fans are looking forward to future shows by the Moroccan-born actor and comedian Gad Elmaleh. A- Complete the following chart with information from the text: Year Event 1971 Gad Elmaleh was born Mohammed 1997 …………………………………………………………………………………… Zouli ……………… Gad was voted the funniest person in France 2009 ………………………………………………………………………………….. B- Are these sentences True or False? Justify 1. “Salut Cousin” was Gad‟s first experience as an actor in cinema. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. People didn‟t like “Décalages”. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. “Papa est en Haut” was first performed at L’Olympia. ……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………… C-Answer these questions from the text: 1- Where did Gad receive his secondary education? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- Why did he go to Canada? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3- How was “L‟autre c‟est Moi” different from Gad‟s previous shows? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. D- Complete these sentences according to the text: 1. Gad realised that he could entertain people when………………………………….………………………. 2. “Papa est en Haut” was so successful that………………………………………… ………………………. E- Find in the text words meaning the same as: F- What do these words refer to: 1. Brought up (§1):………………………. He (§3): ……………………………………….. 2. Spectators (§3):………………………. It (§4): ……………………………………….

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Communication Expressing lack of understanding

Asking for clarification

-Could you say that again/repeat that, please? -I beg your pardon? -I am not quite sure I follow you. -I‟m not quite sure I know what you mean. -I beg your pardon, but I don‟t quite understand. -I don‟t quite see what you mean, I‟m afraid. -I‟m not sure I got your point. -Sorry, I didn‟t quite hear what you said. -Sorry, I didn‟t get your point. -I don‟t quite see what you‟re getting at.

-What do you mean by…..? -Do you mean……………? -I‟m not quite with you. What do you mean? -Could you clarify that, please? Mohammed -Would you elaborate on that, please? -Could you be more explicit? Zouli -Could what you mean by…..? -Could you possibly give us an example? -I wonder if you could say that in a different way. -Could you be a little bit more specific please?

Expressions for clarifying one’s point/idea -Let explain that. -Let me put it another way. -Let me express that differently.

-To say this differently……… -To put it differently……… -Let me explain that in more details.

-Sorry, let me explain. -In other words……… -In other terms……....

-Requests:

A request is the act of asking for something politely. It is also asking or demanding something to be given, or favoured with. Here are some expressions of making request from the extremely polite level to lower level of politeness.

Polite

More Polite

-Could you lend me some money, please? -Do you think you could lend me your car? -I hope you don’t mind my asking you to lend me your mobile? -May I have your watch for minutes?

-Would you mind lending me some money? -I wonder if you could possibly lend me your car. -Could you possibly give me your mobile? -I wonder if it might be possible to give me your watch.

Neutral -your pen please?

Not Polite

-Lend me some money. -Have you got some -I want your car. money by chance? -Can I have your car? -Hey, I need your car. -You haven’t got any -Can I borrow your money, have you? watch?

Responding to requests Accepting -Yes, of course. -Of course yes. -By all means.

-I’d be glad to. -Yes, with pleasure. -Sure.

Refusing -I’d really like to but…….. -Sorry you can’t. -I’m awfully sorry. -I’m sorry, but ……. -No, I can’t. -I’m terribly sorry.

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Communication exercise A) What would you say in the following situations? 1) You didn’t hear well your teacher’s instructions  You:...................................................................................................................... 2) Doctor: You really have a stomach ulcer and therefore you have a terrible pain. I advise you to go on diet.  You: ( express lack of understanding and ask for clarification)…………………… 3) John: Brain drain can be turned into brain gain.  You: (ask for clarification).............................................................................. 4) Teacher: Bullying is a serious problem in schools.  You: (express lack of understanding)............................................................... 5) Teacher: you can download the text as a PDF document.  You: (express lack of understanding)................................................................ 6) Your teacher: the government should invest in renewable energies.  You: (ask for clarification)................................................................................. 7) Speaker: Videoconferencing is very effective in distance learning.  You: (express lack of understanding).......................................................... 8) You don't know the meaning of the word 'matrimony'  You: (ask your teacher for clarification).............................................................

B) what would you say in the following situations: 1) You want your friend to type a letter for you. Mohammed  You: (make a request)…………………..... Zouli  Your friend :( responds to your request)…… 2) You want some one to show you the way to the market.  You: (make a request).................................... 3) You want you classmate to check the report you have written.  You: (make a request)………………………..  Your classmate :( responds to your request)……. 4) You want your sister to post some letters for you.  You: (make a request).............................................  Your sister: (responds to your request).................... 5) You need your friend's mobile phone to call your parents.  You: (make a request)....................................... 6) Michael: could you please scan this document for me?  You: (respond to this request)....................... 7) Tony needs his classmate's calculator to do his math homework.  You: (make a request)........................................  Classmate: (responds).......................................... 8) Paul needs some money from his friend James to buy a camera.  Paul: (makes a request)......................................  James: (responds)...............................................

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Grammar Ability to do sth in the present

I can speak four languages

Permission to do sth in the present Can I go out?

Can

Could

May

Request

Can you wait a moment, please?

Offer

I can lend you some money till next week

Suggestion

Can we visit my grandpa in the weekend?

Possibility

It can get very hot in our area in August.

Ability to do sth in the past

We could travel as much as we wanted.

Polite question

Could we stay in here?

Polite request

Could you lend me some money?

Polite suggestion

We could go to the cinema

Possibility

It could rain this afternoon

Possibility (weak)

It may rain tomorrow

Mohammed Zouli

Permission to do sth in the present May I go to the cinema? Polite suggestion Possibility (less than may)

May I help you? You might be telling lies.

Hesitant offer

Might I give you a hand?

Necessity

I must go shopping

Certainty

You must be tired

Advice, recommandation

You must revise for the erxam

Must not May not

Prohibition

You mustn’t cheat in the exam

Need not

Not necessary

I needn’t g to the supermarket, we’re going to restaurant tonight

Ought to

Advice Obigation Advice Obligation

You ought to drive carefully in bad weather. You ought to switch off the light before sleeping You should visit a doctor, your case is getting worse You should close the door when you come in.

Wish, request, demand, order Prediction, assumption Promise Spontaneous decision

Will you please shut the door ? I think it will rain on Friday. I will call you tomorrow -Can you drive me home ? –I will

Might

Must

Should Will

You may not smoke in the classroom

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MODAL PERFECT Modal auxiliary verbs (must, can, may, might, should, could….etc.) can be used with the perfect infinitive to express certainly with varying degrees, from the most certain to the least. The modal perfect is formed using a modal verb+ have+ past participle of the verb. Example: He might have gone on a business trip.

-Expressing certainty:

must/can’t + have + past participle.

When you are talking about a past situation and are most sure of your facts, use mustn‟t/can‟t + have + past participle of the verb to express certainty based on some evidence. Example: She must have passed her driving test. I saw her driving her father’s car alone. (I‟m certain she has passed her driving licence test). Example: Sarah can’t have stolen your money. She wasn’t at home at the time. (I‟m certain it wasn‟t Sarah, because she wasn‟t here).

-Expressing possibility:

may/could / might + have +past participle of the verb.

If you are not sure of your facts, but you think they are possibilities, you can use the modals may, could, might + have + past participle of the verb to talk about a past situation. Example: He might have overslept. (It‟s possible he has overslept.) He could have stayed with me. (It was possible for him to stay with me).

-Expressing lack of necessity:

Didn’t need to + infinitive/ needn’t have +past

participle. These two modal perfects are used to express lack of necessity, but a difference in meaning: 1. Didn‘t need to + infinitive means it wasn‟t necessary, so we didn‟t do it. Example: The train was delayed so we didn’t need to hurry. 3. Needn‘t have + past participle means it wasn‟t necessary, but we did it before we realized this. Example: We needn’t have hurried to the airport. The plane was delayed. Mohammed (It was useless to hurry but we did.).

Zouli

-Expressing ability:

Could + have + past participle of the verb.

Example: I could have gone to an American university, but I didn’t want to. It can also be used to express criticism or reproach. Example: You could have helped me instead of folding your arms and doing nothing.

-Should have + past participle of the verb: Should + the perfect infinitive is used to refer to a past action that didn‟t happen. The action would have been a good idea. The good advice is too late. Example: You should have attended your friend’s party. (but you didn‟t). You shouldn’t have called him a liar in front of his friends. (but you did). It is also used to refer to an action that might or might not have happened in the past. Example: It’s 10 o’clock. She should have arrived.

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Grammar Exercises 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1-Write the correct modal in the appropriate blank: was able – can – couldn’t – have to – might – shouldn’t – ought to – must It's very cold today. Do you think it…………………………….snow later? Mohammed You…………………..leave your door unlocked when you go out. Zouli They…………………..have filled the car with petrol before they set off. My motorbike broke down in the middle of nowhere, but luckily I………………….to fix it. Mum says we…………………….watch TV after we've finished our homework. You don'……………………..pick me up at the station. I can get a taxi. This is impossible, it……………………..be a mistake! Jim……………………….have seen me because he walked past without saying 'Hello'. 2- Fill in the blanks using:

MUST, MUSTN’T, DON’T HAVE TO, SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, MIGHT, CAN, CAN’T 1. Rose and Ted _________________ be good players. They have won hundreds of cups! 2. You _________________ pay to use the library. It’s free. 3. I’m not sure where my wife is at the moment. She _________________ be at her dance class. 4. Jerry _________________ be working today. He never works on Sundays. 5. You _________________ be 18 to see that film. 6. You _________________ hear this story. It’s very funny. 7. Dad _________________ go and see a doctor. His cough is getting worse all the time. 8. You don’t have to shout. I _________________ hear you very well. 9. It _________________ be him. I saw him a week ago, and he didn’t look like that. 10. You look pretty tired. I think you _________________ go to bed early tonight. 3- Complete the spaces in the text by using a phrase from the box:

Easter Island, 3,000 km off the coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean is very far from land. Today, it is a small island with few people or trees, but at one time a lot of people lived there. Scientists believe that the original inhabitants (1)________________________by accident. Around 100 people (2)_________________________ on the western coast of the island. But then the number of inhabitants increased too quickly. Scientists agree that the inhabitants (3)________________ ___________ on the island and finally all died. The Easter Island statues are famous, but nobody knows why they are there or why there are so many. The statues (4)________________________ , or Easter Island (5)______ ____ _______ of a much bigger island. The statues are very large and heavy, so they (6)____ ___________ to move. Scientists still do not know how the inhabitants (7)____________ . may have landed might have done this must have used up all the food can’t have been easy may have discovered the island should have done this could have been part might have been gods must not have landed

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4- Fill in the blanks using the modals below in the past form:

MUST, CAN’T, MAY, MIGHT, COULD, SHOULD, SHOULDN’T 1. Sally looks worried . She ________________________ a problem with something (HAVE). 2. Bob ________________________ at school because I haven’t seen him all day (BE). 3. I ________________________ you the money. Why didn’t you ask me (LEND) 4. Mr Travis hasn’t come to work yet. He has never been late for work. He _________ _______________ the bus (MISS). 5. She knew everything about our plans. She ________________________ to our conversation (LISTEN) 6. A: Will you come to my birthday party tomorrow afternoon? B : I’m sorry but I __________________ because I have to look after my sister. (COME) 7. Timmy is a very good boy. He isn’t naughty, so he ________________________ that window. Somebody else ________________________ it (BREAK - BREAK) 8. The street is wet this morning . I’m not sure but it ________________________ last night (RAIN). 9. She ________________________ like an angel when she was a child (SING) 10. A : I talked to your science teacher yesterday. B : You ____________________ to her because she wasn’t at school yesterday.(TALK) 5- Complete each sentence B so that it has a similar meaning to sentence A. Use the modals and the correct form of the verbs between brackets.

CAN’T - MAY - MIGHT NOT - MUST 1.A : I’m sure schools 50 years ago weren’t the same as they are nowadays (BE) B : Schools 50 years ago ________________________ very different from nowadays. 2. A : It’s possible Josef went to school by bus . (TAKE) B : Josef ___________________________ the bus to school. 3. A : I’m sure their holiday wasn’t very nice because the weather was so bad (HAVE). B : With such terrible weather , they _________________________ a very nice holiday. 4. A : I wonder if Jane remembers how to get here (FORGET). B : Jane ____________________________ how to get here. Mohammed 5. A : I’m sure Chloe isn’t still looking for her watch (FIND). Zouli B : Chloe ______________________________ her watch by now. 6. A : We are going in the wrong direction (MISS). B : Yes, we _______________________________ a turning. B : Alison looks happy about her exam results, so she_______________________ well.

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Writing A DESCRIPTIVE STORY

Mohammed Zouli

The person I am trying to talk about is someone following me like my shadow. In the beginning I had a hope that someday we will separate but now I am tired of hoping. Her name is Bahija and I am sure she will never leave me. She has been with me for 18 years, two months and three days. In spite of all this long time, I still have difficulty to understand her. Sometimes she looks beautiful with her black hair and sparkling brown eyes. Sometimes I see her like a little fearsome monster in glasses and dark clothes. But at the end she is a mixture of all things which makes her quite hard to describe. I love Bahija when she likes to have fun. You can see that glamorous funny side of youth in her eyes. When she is with her three best friends having fun, there's nothing that can stop her enjoying amusing jokes and passionate laughs. However, I hate her when she starts complaining about life especially when she is at home. She really looks like an old nagging woman. She is not sociable enough. She doesn't make friends easily as she has had previous unsuccessful experiences. Despite all, Bahija remains reliable, honest and sincere. There are moments when she seems busy looking for her true talents through writing poetry, fiction, acting and so on. But nothing works, nevertheless she never stops trying. I know one day she will find herself in something because she is stubborn. All in all Bahija is not that bad and she is not that good either. She is mostly like everybody. I cannot separate from her because she is ... me.

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Unit 3 : Formal, informal and non-

formal education

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Quotations related to education -―Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world‖. Nelson Mandela

-―The things I want to know are in books; my best friend is the man who'll get me a book I ain't read‖. Abraham Lincoln

-“Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught‖. Oscar Wilde -―My mother said I must always be intolerant of ignorance but

understanding of illiteracy. That some people, unable to go to school, were more educated and more intelligent than college professors‖. Maya Angelou

-―Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence‖. Robert Frost -―The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet‖. Aristotle

-―The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the dissemination of truth‖. John F. Kennedy

-―He who opens a school door, closes a prison‖. Victor Hugo

-―Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow‖. Anthony J. D'Angelo

-―Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself‖. John Dewey

-―The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change‖. Carl Rogers

-“I spent three days a week for 10 years educating myself in the public library, and it's better than college. People should educate themselves you can get a complete education for no money. At the end of 10 years, I had read every book in the library and I'd written a thousand stories‖. Ray Bradbury

-“Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom‖. George Washington Carver

Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary related to education

 Education: The process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this.  Educational system: are established to provide education and training, often for children and the young. "The educational system in most underdeveloped countries needs to be reformed."  Educational goals: Each country identifies the educational goals to be achieved by its educational system.  Educational background: Past experience in education. To become an engineer in Electronics you need to have a scientific educational background.  School subject: A course or area of study: mathematics, English, French, physics...are school subjects. Mohammed  School year: The school year starts in September and ends in June  School uniform: It is obligatory that students wear school uniforms in some schools. Zouli  Private lessons: Some students need private lessons to keep up with their mates in learning some school subjects.  Private schools: Students who go to private schools pay fees.  University graduate: A person who holds a university or college degree.  University degree: An academic title given by a college or university to a student who has completed study:  Learning needs: Learners should identify their learning needs in order to get the appropriate learning.  Learning strategies: Learning strategies (or study skills) are techniques used to proceed in your own learning.  Learning goals: Learning goals are the target behaviour a learner attains through his learning experience.  Adult illiteracy: Adult illiteracy is a major concern for any development.  Adult education: is the practice of teaching and educating adults. It has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning. There are more than 800 million adults that cannot read or write..Adult education usually takes place in the evening.  Formal education: results from a program of instruction in an educational institution leading to a qualification / certification.  Enrol: (verb) To enrol means to join a course. In American English it is spelt enroll. The noun form is enrolment (enrollment US)  Coursework: (noun) Coursework is the work done by students that contributes towards their overall grade, but which is assessed separately from their final exams. Coursework can, for example, take the form of experimental work, or may involve research. It can comprise of dissertations, reports or essays.  Informal education: occurs in daily work, leisure or family.  Non-formal education: results from a programme but it is not usually evaluated and doesn't lead to certification.  Inclusive education: it addresses the learning needs of children; youth especially marginalized and excluded ones.  Vocational education: it prepares learners for careers or professions related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation  Gifted education: the sum of practices, procedures and theories used in the education of gifted or talented learners.  Special education: an educational alternative that aims at teaching of student with special needs.  Basic Education: refers to the whole range of educational activities taking place in various settings (formal, non formal and informal), that aim to meet basic learning needs. According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), basic education comprises primary education (first stage of basic education) and lower secondary education (second stage). In countries (developing countries in particular), Basic Education often includes also pre-primary education and/or adult literacy programs. Universal basic education is regarded as a priority for developing countries  Primary Education: Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries.  Secondary Education: In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education

consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence. It is characterised by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary.

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Exercises on Education vocabulary 1-Fill in the blanks with the right words:

Basic – background – goal – graduates – system – illiteracy 1. You need an educational ………………………………..in mathematics if you want to be an engineer. 2. Something should be done to reform the educational ……………………………..of the developing countries. 3. University ……………………………. find difficulties to find a job nowadays. 4. One educational ……………………………. for developing countries would be at least a …………………………….. education for every citizen. 5. Putting an end to adult ………………………………….is another priority for developing countries.

2-Fill in the gaps with the correct word from the list:

Primary – engineering – campus – lecture – academic –degree – campus – medicine – curriculum – economics 1. The school is known for _________ excellence. Mohammed 2. There is accommodation for five hundred students on Zouli _________. 3. Maths is an important part of the school _________. 4. She has a _________ in physics from the University of Edinburgh. 5. I am studying _________ and I want to work in a bank. 6. Richard studied electrical _________ at Manchester University. 7. Lina has just _________ from university. 8. We went to a _________ on Italian art. 9. She is studying _________ and she wants to be a doctor. 10. My daughter is seven and she is at _________ school. 3- Match the words with their definitions: 1-Boarding school 2-dropouts 3-Vocational education 4-Gifted 5-informal education 6-discrimination 7-space out 8-priority 9-illiteracy 10-tolerance

A- Endowed with intelligence, good talent, and high mental abilities. B- Permissiveness – accepting other opinions even if different from yours. C- Something given consideration before others. D- Inability to read or write. E- Place where students study and live away from their home families. F- Education that prepares people for specific occupation or vacation. G- Type of education that happens outside the four walls of classroom. H- Treating people differently on the basis of sex, race, colour, religion…… I- Arrange or organise at intervals. J- Students who, for some reasons, leave school without completing basic education.

4- Complete the passage by filling the gaps with the correct forms of the words below:

attend - attain - continue - finish - get - go to - graduate - learn – leave offer - public - send - study - take state

study

take

go

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start

get

Like most children in England, Christine ____________ school when she was five. She _______________to St John‘s Junior School in Clapham, London, which was a _________ school i.e. it was run by the government. Later she ____________ a state secondary school nearby. A lot of her friends __________ school when they were sixteen and found jobs, but Christine wanted to _________to university so she stayed on in the sixth form. She ____________ good grades in her ‗A‘ level exams and was _____________ a place at London University, where she ______________ English. She _____________in 1998, when she was 21. After _____________ university she found a secretarial job with a travel company. However, she decided that she really wanted to be a teacher, so she __________ a Bachelor of Education course part-time while she was working. She ____________ a lot about teaching methodology and child psychology, which she found very interesting.

5-Complete the sentences with the words from the list:

1-Attendance 2-Biology 3-Chemistry 4-Campus 5-Enroll 6-Essay 7-Fail 8-Geography 9-Graduation 10-History 11-Pass 12-Principal 13-Recess 14-Repeat 15-Textbook

A-The period of time between classes when student don’t study is called………………………. Mohammed B-The teacher calls your name to take……………….. Zouli at the beginning of class. C-The natural world and the study of life and plants is called…………………….. D-The book that contains detailed information about a subject is called…………………………. E-The ……………………..ceremony is when you receive your degree for completing education or a course of study. F-The study of land forms and population growth are included in…………………………. G-Bill had to………………..a year/class at school. H-For homework, I want you to write an………………..about street children in Morocco. I-To …………………..at the university means to put yourself in the official list of members of that university. J-The subject of what has happened to the cultures and countries of the world is……………………….. K-The head teacher of a school is called a………………………. L-The study of gases, liquids and acids is called………………… M-The exam is very hard that only 5% of all applicants will………………………. N-I passed in Physics but I ……………..ed Maths. O-There is accommodation for about 1000 student on……………………..

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Reading Comprehension Before moving into a safe House for girls, Moono Muleya, 18 , lived in a single-room house with her widowed mother and four siblings. The twelfth-grader at David Livingstone High School struggled to do her homework in a cramped quarter with barely enough light to read and write. Unable to cope with demands at home and school, Moono started thinking about dropping out, like so many other girls she knew. But then she was given the chance to move into a dormitory-like Safe House in Livingstone, Zambia, where she could study well, eat regular meals and learn good hygiene habits. She will graduate in 2006. For girls like Moono, education remains a challenge in Zambia. Hurdles that limit them from finishing high school include no access to clean water and toilets, lack of money, and distance from school. Beyond that, pressure for girls to drop out increase with the onset of puberty and related problems, like harassment by male teachers and parental pressure to marry. If one or both parents die of HIV/AIDS , the burden of care for the family falls on the girls. The Zambian education ministry and women’s rights groups are working with USAID to ensure safe environments for girls to encourage them to complete school. More than 4.000 Zambian girls and boys receive help from USAID through the President’s Emergency Plan for Aids relief and the Ambassador’s Girls’ Scholarship Program to pay for high school fees and materials. In 2005, USAID helped the forum for African Women Educationalists of Zambia, a women’s right group, set up the Safe House. The 19 female residents under the care of a matron learn about HIV/AIDS , adolescent health issues and life skills. This has empowered many girls, including Moono, and raised their self-esteem. The forum has also opened Safe Houses in Kabwe and Serenje, housing 16 and 17 young girls, respectively. Moono says the opportunity to live and study at the Safe house has showed her the light at the end of the tunnel: “ We are happy because we go to school and we hope for the future.” I.CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1.The text is an extract from: A. A novel. B. A newspaper C. A play. D. An autobiography 2 . The text is about girls from poor families who: 1. drop out of school. 2. getting married early. 3. finishing school. II. ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. 1. Moona Muleya is an orphan. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Only girls are encouraged to continue studying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. Mohammed 1. Why did Moona think about leaving school? Zouli ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. What are the obstacles that push girls to stop going to school? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.How many students benefit from the program? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.What in the text that the project of Safe House was successful? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… IV. FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS MEANING THE SAME AS: 1. To deal with ( para 1 ) : ………………………… 2.Obstacles ( para 2 ): ………………..…………… 3.To finish ( para 3) :………………………… 4.Chance ( para 5 ) : ……………………………… V. WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS REFER TO? 1.Them : ………………………………………………… 2. Her : ……………….……………………

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Communication

Expressing Purpose Here are some common ways of expressing purpose: Mohammed 1- To + Infinitive: Zouli Example: People go jogging to keep fit. 2- In order (not) to + Infinitive: Example: He stayed in England for a year in order to pick the language. Example: He wore a mask in order not to be recognized by the police. 3- So as (not) to + Infinitive: Example: We left early so as to avoid traffic jam. Example: I took off my shoes and walked upstairs so as not to wake my parents. Examples: He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money. She wakes up early in order to be on time to work. They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife. Use so as not to and in order not to to express purpose in the negative form. Examples: They woke up early in order not to be late. She exercises regularly so as not to get fat. He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission. 4- So that/ in order that + clause: Example: Raise your voice so that I can hear you well. He turned down the music so that he wouldn't disturb the neighbours. He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA. He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his English. 5- Purpose with for Purpose can be also expressed by using for. For may be followed by a noun or a verb + ing. Examples: I stopped there for a chat. This mop is for cleaning the floor 6- Other ways of expressing purpose: ( for the purpose –with the aim of- with the objective of- with the intention of- with a view to…) Example: An investigation is carried out for the purpose of determining the cause of the accident. Example: Research is being done with the aim of developing a cure to bird flu. Example: The association is raising money with the objective of building a street children centre. Example: He went to the clinic with the intention of doing a general check-up.

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Communication Exercise 1-Mach the numbers with the letters to make meaningful sentences

1. She turned off the radio so as to 2. They didn’t want to go to bed so as not to 3. She stops eating chocolate in order not to 4. I don’t want to leave the office early so that 5. They kept me inside in order that

a. I could speak to the manger. b. get fatter than she is now. c. hear what her mother was saying. d. I wouldn’t go to see the police. e. miss the midnight movie

Write Down the complete sentences 12345-

2-Choose the correct expression of purpose.

1. Concentrate on your exercise ______________make any mistakes. A- so as not to B-so that C-to 2. You have to wake up ______________be on time. Mohammed A- to B-in order not to C-so that Zouli 3. You have to register ______________participate in the forum. A-in order to B- so as not to C-so that 4. She left work early ____________ be at home when he arrives. A- so as not to B- to C-so that 5. Ships carry life boats _____________the crew can escape when the ship sinks. A- so as not to B-so as to C-so that 6. I will go to university ______________continue my studies. A-in order not to B- to C-so that 7. He exercises regularly _____________be overweight. A-in order to B-in order not to C-so that 8. ___________you can produce a good essay, you need to edit your writing before you hand it in. A- so as not to B- to C-so that 9. She works hard _____________she can earn a living. A-so as to B-in order not to C-so that 10.These men risk their lives ______________we may live more safely. A- to B- not to C-so that

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3-Match the beginnings and endings of 1-Could you repeat the message slowly so that 2-We went to the conference for the purpose of 3-The association organized a two-day campaign in order to 4-She took a taxi so as not to 5-The detective disguised himself with the objective of 6-My girlfriend wears high heels in order not to 7-The ministry is equipping schools with computers with a view to

the sentences: a-learning about the latest technologies. b-sensitize people to environment issue. c-be late for the meeting. d-having students use this technology. e-look too short when she stands to me. f-not being recognized g-I can understand?

4_Rewrite the following sentences using the words given:

1-They invested large amounts of money in education. They wanted to eradicate illiteracy.(so as to) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-They want to protect species threatened by extermination, that’s why special measures have been introduced.(in order to). ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3-The government raised the price of water. They didn’t want people to waste the natural resource. (so that). ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4-They stayed in youth hostel in London. They wanted to save money and stay longer there.(with the objective of). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5-Some women beggars prefer wearing veils. They don’t want to be recognized. (so as not to). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-You must file your application a week before the deadline if you want to be interviewed. (so that). …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-They spent two months in London. They wanted to improve their spoken English. (with the intention of). ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8-He was denied entering the facility. He was always late. (for) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-The boss gave the workers a high salary. He wanted to encourage more production. (in order to) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10-Some nasty people keep doing favours to their friends. They don’t want them to know their true character. (in order that) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Mohammed Zouli

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Past Perfect Simple 1-Use Use 1:

A completed action before another action in the past

The first use of this tense is to emphasize that one action in the past happened before another action in the past.  I had finished my homework before I went playing football.  John had never been to London before we went there last year.

Use 2: Third

conditional

Mohammed Zouli

Use the Past Perfect with third conditional sentences.  If we had gone by taxi, we wouldn't have been late.  If Mary had studied harder, she would have passed the exam. This use is the so-called hypothetical past: we are talking about things that never happened.  I wish I had fixed my umberella. (but I didn't)  If only I had known the answer to that question. (but I didn't)

Use 3: Reported

speech

Use the Past Perfect with sentences in reported speech.  Mary said she had already seen this film.  He asked if I had read Harry Potter.

Use 4: Dissatisfaction

with the Past

We often use the Past Perfect to show our dissatisfaction with the past. Such sentences typically start with "I wish ..." or "If only ...".  I wish I had taken more food. I'm hungry now.  If only I had taken more food. I'm hungry now. The Past Perfect is also used with expressions such as "as if" and "as though":  John looked as if he had done something terrible.  She looked as though she hadn't slept all night.

2-Form

PositiveSentences Subject e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.

+

HAD

Verb (past participle form)

+

e.g. gone, taken, done, etc.

EXAMPLES

Before I went to the park, I had finished my work. If he had made the right choice, he wouldn't be unhappy now. I wish I had had enough courage to kiss her!

Questions HAD

+

Subject

+

Verb (past participle form)

e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.

e.g. gone, taken, done, etc.

EXAMPLES

Had she eaten the dinner before she went to the cinema? Had you been abroad before? Where had you gone the last time we met?

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Negative Sentences Subject

+

HADN'T

+

Verb (past participle form)

e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.

e.g. gone, taken, done, etc.

EXAMPLES

I had not seen this movie before we went to the cinema yesterday to see it. If he hadn't made the mistake, he would be happy now. I wish I hadn't done it!

3-Signal Words 

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day (with reference to the past, not the present)



Conditional sentence Type III (If I had talked, …

4- Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Mohammed Zouli

The past perfect continuous tense (also known as the past perfect progressive tense) shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the past. The past perfect continuous tense is constructed using: had been + the verb’s present participle (root + -ing). Unlike the present perfect continuous, which indicates an action that began in the past and continued up to the present, the past perfect continuous is a verb tense that indicates something that began in the past, continued in the past, and also ended at a defined point in the past. He had been drinking milk out the carton when Mom walked into the kitchen. I had been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion. When, for, since, and before are words that you may see used alongside the past perfect continuous tense. Martha had been walking three miles a day before she broke her leg. The program that was terminated had been working well since 1945. Cathy had been playing the piano for 35 years when she was finally asked to do a solo with the local orchestra. He had been throwing rocks at her window for five minutes before she finally came out on the balcony and said, “Hey, Romeo.”

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Grammar exercises Past Perfect Exercise 1-Write the past participle of the following irregular verbs. 1. speak -__________________ 2. catch -__________________ Mohammed 3. eat - ____________________ Zouli 4. understand –______________ 5. begin –___________________ 2-Complete the sentences in past perfect simple (affirmative form.) 1. I lost the key that he (give)_____________________________ to me. 2. He told me that he (see)________________________ the film . 3. I went outside as I (hear)_________________________ a noise. 4. When they came home, Liza (cook)__________________________ dinner. 5. We could not send you a postcard because we (lose)__________________your address. 3-Complete the sentences in past perfect simple (negative). 1. The waiter served something that we (not /order)________________________. 2. He went to the country which he (not / visit)_______________________before. 3. She picked out the red dress, which she (not / wear)___________________for ages. 4. He (not / swim)_______________________ in the beach before that day. 5. His mother was angry because he (not / do)_________________________ the shopping for her. 4-Complete the questions in past perfect simple. 1. (you / finish)___________________________ your homework before you went to the cinema? 2. Why (you / not /clean)___________________________ the bathroom before you took a bath? 3. (you / have)__________________________ breakfast before you left the house? 4. (she / manage)____________________________ to find a place to stay when she went to London? 5. Where (she / stay)___________________________ before she moved to live with her friend? 5-Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect or the simple past) 1. The storm (destroy)_______________________________ the house that they had built . 2. The children (clean)___________________________ the blackboard they had used to do the mathematics exercise.

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3. When she went out to play, she (do / already)____________________________ her homework. 4. She (eat)_________________________ all of the food that we had made . 5. He took off the jacket he (put on)_____________________________ before. 6- Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple). 1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build)______________________. 2. He (not / be)__________________________ to Cape Town before 1997. 3. When she went out to play, she (do / already)__________________________ her homework. Mohammed 4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make)_____________________. 5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on)________________________ Zouli six weeks before. 6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order)__________________________. 7. I could not remember the poem we (learn)_________________________ the week before. 8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall)__________________________ from the tree. 9. (he / phone)_________________________ Angie before he went to see her in London? 10.She (not / ride)_________________________ a horse before that day. 7- Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps in the correct tense:Past Perfect or Simple Past. 1. After Fred…………………………………… (to spend) his holiday in Italy he …… ……………………………. (to want) to learn Italian. 2. Jill……………………………….. (to phone) Dad at work before she …………….. ……………………….(to leave) for her trip. 3. Susan………………………….. (to turn on) the radio after she ………………… 4. 5. 6. 7.

……………………………….(to wash) the dishes. When she…………………………(to arrive) the match ……….……… already …………………(to start). After the man…………………………. (to come) home he……………….………. (to feed) the cat. Before he ……………………………. (to sing) a song he…………………………. (to play) the guitar. She……………………………… (to watch) a video after the children ………….. ……………………………(to go) to bed.

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Writing An Example of Report writing Use the information in the chart to write a report for your school magazine about the 28th Marathon Des Sables (The Sand Marathon) which was held in April 2013. Aim of the Marathon Date and Place Distance Competition rules

-

To collect money for the poor

-

Participants Winners

-

Prize ceremony Conclusion

-

From April 5 to 10; in the south of Morocco/ near Ouarzazate About 240km Competitors carry basic supplies(food, clothes, medical kit, sleeping bag….etc Water is distributed every 10km 1017, men and women, aged 18 up to 80 years/ from all over the world Women’s race: Lawrence Klein (France)- Men’s race Mohamed Ahansal (Morocco) Winners received awards. Your opinion about the event

Dear school magazine readers, It‘s with a great pleasure that I‘m writing this report about one of the greatest events I‘ve ever attended; the 28th competition of Marathon Des Sables or The Sand Marathon which was held from April 5 to 10 in the south of Morocco; exactly in Ouarzazate. The aim of this Marathon is to collect money for the poor people. The distance is about 240km. Marathon des Sables has many rules that all participants have to respect, these are: competitors can carry only basic supplies (such as: food, clothes, medical kit, sleeping bag…etc as for water it will be distributed every 10km. There were about 1017 competitors: men and women; aged 18 up to 80 years coming from all over the world. There were two winners: Lawrence Klein from France winner of women‘s race and the Moroccan Mohamed Ahansal as a winner of men‘s race. These two winners received the awards in the prize ceremony. To sum up this is one of the greatest events I‘ve attended as it was well-organised and it‘s aim is really noble helping poor people; besides it is a great opportunity for the city to get tourists from all over the world with all the good effects that all events like this has on our country, I hope every one of you will have the chance to see the 29th Marathon as it is not to be Mohammed missed next time if you have a chance. Zouli

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Unit 4 : Sustainable development

Mohammed Zouli

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Quotations related to sustainable development ―Forests and meat animals compete for the same land. The prodigious appetite of the affluent nations for meat means that agribusiness can pay more than those who want to preserve or restore the forest. We are, quite literally, gambling with the future of our planet – for the sake of hamburgers‖ ― Peter Singer, Animal Liberation

―Can we actually suppose that we are wasting, polluting, and making ugly this beautiful land for the sake of patriotism and the love of God? Perhaps some of us would like to think so, but in fact this destruction is taking place because we have allowed ourselves to believe, and to live, a mated pair of economic lies: that nothing has a value that is not assigned to it by the market; and that the economic life of our communities can safely be handed over to the great corporations. (from 'Compromise, Hell!' published in the November/December 2004 issue of ORION magazine)‖ ― Wendell Berry

―People 'over-produce' pollution because they are not paying for the costs of dealing with it.‖ ― Ha-Joon Chang, 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism

―All the human and animal manure which the world wastes, if returned to the land, instead of being thrown into the sea, would suffice to nourish the world.‖

― Victor Hugo, Les Misérables

―We need to defend the interests of those whom we've never met and never will.‖ ― Jeffrey D. Sachs

―The great challenge of the twenty-first century is to raise people everywhere to a decent standard of living while preserving as much of the rest of life as possible.‖

― Edward O. Wilson

―Manufacturers have long chosen plastic for their products on the basis of price and functionality., But creating a more sustainable relationship with plastics will require a new dexterity on our part. It will require us to think about the entire life cycle of the products we create and use.‖

― Susan Freinkel, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story

―The energy and daring is to resist the noes, until the final yes has been achieved.‖ ― Jeffrey D. Sachs

―There's no doomsday scheme made specifically for mankind, only higher agenda and priority than human race preservation.‖

― Toba Beta, My Ancestor Was an Ancient Astronaut

Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary related to Sustainable Development Development: The process of growing or developing. Synonymous words include: evolution, progress, advance. These nouns mean a progression from a simpler or lower to a more advanced, mature, or complex form or stage: "the development of an idea into reality;" "the evolution of a plant from a seed;" "attempts made to foster social progress." Sustainable: (of economic development or energy sources) capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing ecological damage Sustainable development:      

A pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. It's a development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Mohammed Zouli Environment: The surroundings in which a person, animal, or plant lives. the natural world of land, sea, air, plants, and animals." Ecology: The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment. Resource: Any physical or virtual entity of limited availability, or anything used to help one earn a living. As resources are very useful, we attach some information value to them. Resources help to produce goods so they have economic value. Natural resources like forests, mountains etc. are very beautiful so they have aesthetic value. Gifts of nature such as water also have a legal value because it is our right to enjoy them. On the other hand, resources have an ethical value as well because it is our moral duty to protect and conserve them for the future generations. Natural resources: Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Resource development: Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. Desertification: Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas, resulting primarily from human activities and influenced by climatic variations. It's also a failure of the ecological succession process. Deforestation: is the conversion of (forest)ed areas to non-forested land, for uses such as: pasture, urban use, logging purposes, and can result in arid land and wastelands. In many countries, deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography. Deforestation results from removal of trees without sufficient reforestation, and results in declines in habitat and biodiversity, wood for fuel and industrial use, and quality of life. Climate change mitigation: This refers to efforts to reduce or prevent man-made effects on climate change. Activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation and livestock farming all increase the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, producing a blanketing effect and warming the earth. Experts have highlighted that drastic measures are needed to transform our carbon emissions pathways and mitigate climate change, and that this must happen at a global level. Therefore, cumulative mitigation targets make up the core of the Paris Agreement.

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Exercises on vocabulary related to sustainable development A:Circle the word that does not collocate with the following verbs:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Waste: time – information – resources – money – energy Save: water – time – forests – planet – wildlife – experience Share: support – ideas – knowledge – information – a flat Face: problems – difficulties – trouble – a dilemma –an enemy

Mohammed Zouli

B: Match the words in A with the words in B, then fill in the blanks with the appropriate collocations:

A 1.urban 2. water 3.armed 4.micro 5. natural 6. economic 7. financial 8. birth 9. global

B a. resources b. shortage c. areas d. warming e. rate f. support g. credits. h. growth i. conflicts

CONTEXTUALISED 1. A large number of Moroccan women have benefited from interest-free .............to help them start their own small business. 2. It hasn’t rained here for a long time, so the country is likely to suffer from .........in the years to come. 3. If the consumption of .................. is not reduced, there will be none left for the next generations. 4. Some African countries are being ravaged by..................... . People kill each other for almost nothing.

C:Match the following words or groups of words with their definitions:

Words / group of words 1. Social justice 2. Sustainable development 3. Green areas 4. Micro credits 5. Developing countries 6. Endangered species

a. b. c. d.

e. f.

Definitions Wildlife that is running the risk of extinction Nations whose population has a low standard of living. Loans given to poor people to assist them to shift for themselves. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations. Spaces and sites planted with trees, grass, flowers, etc. Condition in which all members of a society enjoy the same rights, security, privileges, benefits, etc.

D: fill in the blanks with the appropriate words in the previous exercise:

1. Greenpeace is an NGO whose mission is not only to fight for environmental conservation but also for the preservation of ................... 2. The city council offered our association 4 acres of land to be turned into .................they also promised to provide us with all trees we would need.

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3. Women in rural areas are provided with low interest………………………. …………………..to help them set up their small business. 4. Equity has emerged as an alternative construct linked to ……………………., …………………….especially in the fields of health and education. 5. Norway, Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands have the highest level of ……………………………………………practices. 6. Approximately, four to five million children each year in ……………………... ………………………..die due to acute respiratory infections. E.Fill in the blanks with words from the list:

(Boosting – launched – replaced – yielded – granted – guaranteeing –undergone – reintegrate - supplied – created – improving)

The Moroccan National Initiative for Human Development is a good example of sustainable development. Ever since it was ___________________ by the king on May,18th, 2005, it has _______________________ good results. The country has ______________________ noticeable developments in all fields. Many remote villagers have been_________________ with water and electricity. Newly built houses and apartments have been _________ to the poor. Shanty houses and slums have been pulled down and __________________ by decent houses. Training centres for girls and the disabled have been _________________ to help these _______________ into society. All these actions and others contribute to sustaining development. They aim at _______________ the economic growth, _____________________ the people’s quality of lives, and ____________ social justice. Mohammed F.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word in the box: Zouli use – access – extinction –recycle – erosion – finance – threat – fight – join

1-Many disabled people here cannot __________ schools, cinema, and other public buildings because of lack of ramps. 2-I have been working on this project for a year, but I don’t have the money to _________ it and put into practice. 3-Drastic measures need to be taken to __________ corruption. It’s a widespread evil. 4-I’m positive that sustainable development, whatever the difficulties are, is achievable if we all _________efforts. 5-Deforestation is a serious __________ to our environment. 6-Putting an end to the __________ of wildlife species is the top priority for environmentalists. 7-Hundreds of palm-trees are being planted in Errachidia to prevent soil ___________ 8-Scientists are warning all countries against the extensive _________ of natural resources. 9-Why don’t we ____________ all the empty plastic bottles and make different products from them?

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Comprehension African Girls Learn To Beat Poverty Doreen Ochieng, 16, has no parents. She lives in one of Nairobi‟s poorer neighbourhoods. Most men she meets tell her the same thing: ‟Quit school. Forget a professional career. Get married and stay at home.‟ But the high school junior stays in school because she has made a simple equation; No education means consigning herself to the bruising poverty that has scared her childhood. “You have to school to get somewhere in life.” That is especially true for girls in Africa, where governments traditionally have left them out of the education loop. But today students such as Doreen can remain in school, because Kenya and other countries are expending more energy and putting more resources into efforts aimed at closing the enormous education gap between boys and girls. In Uganda, a law prohibited families from sending only male children to school. Malawi funds scholarship programs to boost female enrolment in schools. In Guinea, girls‟ enrolment has leaped from 25% to 45% since 1990. Five years ago in Ethiopia 9% of girls were in school; today the figure is 22%. In Kenya there are many girls in primary schools as there are boys, a rare feat in Africa. The emphasis on girls‟ education has paid off; in national standardised tests this year, five of the schools ranked in the top 10 were girls‟ schools. Governments “have come to see female education as crucial to the development of their countries,” said Eddah Gachukia, executive director of the Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE), which funds projects that promotes girls‟ schooling. “If Africa is going to survive, there‟s a need to pay more attention to putting girls in schools.” Decades ago, the countries that colonised Africa educated only males, a tradition that post-independent governments embraced with disastrous results. Of more than 50 million eligible Africans who are not at school, 35 million are girls. 50% of girls who enrol drop out by the fourth grade. Only 10% make it to the secondary level. Because free public education is rare in Africa, poverty that pervades the continent, along with a high fertility rate, has made it nearly impossible for families to send all their children to school. For many, the choice is between paying school fees and feeding the children. Many families send only their boys to schools, believing that girls should learn their lessons at home. Yet others see education as the only hope for tugging their children out of poverty. “I know families who will sell their last goat to send their children to school,” said Sister Maria Pacis Vogel, principal of Precious Blood Secondary School in Nairobi. Girls living in poverty rarely end up with an education. And because they lack education, they rarely climb out of poverty

Mohammed Zouli

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Base your answers on the text:

A/Fill in the chart with information from the text: Country The rate of the girls’ schooling in the The rate of the girls’ schooling at early nineties the present time Guinea ……………………………………………………………… 45% ………………………. 9% …………………………………………………….. ………………………. 50% B/ Are these statements True or False? Justify: 1-Doreen is encouraged to continue her studies. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2- The African governments have always been aware of the importance of female education. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3- Half of the African female pupils get to the secondary school. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4- Many African girls are deprived of education only because their parents cannot afford the school fees. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… C/ Answer these questions: 1. Give two examples of how two African governments try to solve the problem of the low rate of girls’ enrolment in school. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Name two factors that prevent many African children from going to schools. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… D/ Complete the following sentences according to the text: 1- By “getting somewhere in life,” Doreen means…………………………………………………………………. 2- “Selling the last goat” is used by Sister Maria to show……………………………………………………….. E/ Find in the text words or expressions that means the same as: 1- Pays for(para 3):………………………………………………… 2- Education (para 3):……………………………………………. Mohammed 3- Adopted (para 4):……………………………………………… Zouli F/What do the underlined words refer to in the text : 1-Them (para 2):……………………………………………………………………….. 2-Their (para 3):…………………………………………………………………………

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Communication

Connectors showing cause and effect This paragraph is completely based on ideas from essays about the illiteracy of women. Many Moroccan women suffer from illiteracy for many reasons. First, some women are illiterate because (as – since) they couldn’t join schools when they were young. Other women suffer from illiteracy since schools are far from their houses. Moreover,some parents are poor; consequently,(as a result- therefore-hence – then- so – as a consequence-) they can’t afford to send their daughters to school. As a result, they are ignorant.Because (since-as)many women in Morocco areignorant, they can‟t have jobs or take other responsibilities outside their homes. The illiteracy of women is also due to (the result of/the effect of/the consequence of) some social stereotypes.For example; some parents think that sending their daughters to school may give some people a wrong image about their personality. Since universities are far from many places, some girls just decide to stop their education immediately after their baccalaureate. For this reason, many of them are unemployed as they haven’t got any professional diploma. The illiteracy of women results in (leads to – causes – is the cause of) many social problems. The kids will not do well at school since their mothers can’t help them with their school work. A high rate of divorce is also a result of the illiteracy of women. This is because an illiterate woman can’t solve her problems within her family. Connectors or linkers are words or groups of words that help us connect words, phrases or sentences. Thanks to them, we can express relationships between ideas and improve our expression by making longer, more complex sentences. For example, take these two sentences: Our teacher was ill. We had to put off the exam. The first sentence is the cause of the second, and the second is the result of the first. The idea would be understood more easily if we could express the relation between both sentences. Thus, we could say: Our teacher was ill, therefore we had to put off the exam. We had to put off the exam because our teacher was ill. As you can see, these two examples sound better than the first two sentences, thanks to the use of the connectors therefore and because. Connectors can be used to show contrast, purpose, sequence, etc. but today we will be concentrating on the linking words that show cause or result.

CAUSE

1- Expressions that are followed by “reason”/”cause”:

*Conjunctions followed by a complete sentence: Because: it usually follows the main clause: Everybody likes her because she's very kind and friendly. As and since are very similar. As is less formal than since. They are used when the reason is well known. The clauses that start with these words often begin the sentence: As I was very tired, I went to bed early. Mohammed Since you are not interested, I won't tell you about it. Zouli (As and since can also be used as time connectors). For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. For-clauses never come at the beginning of the sentence. For is mainly used in literary texts, therefore, it is very formal. We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families. *Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a gerund: Because of: They have had problems raising cash because of the credit crunch. Due to and owing to are considered by many speakers as exact equivalents, but this is not so, because due to is adjectival (it follows a noun or pronoun), whereas owing to is adverbial (it complements a verb). Compare these examples:

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The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain. The cancellation of the game was due to torrential rain. If you are doubtful as to which of these you can use, here's a trick: try to substitute due to with “caused by” and see if it works. *The game was cancelled caused by torrential rain.* doesn't sound correct, so it's not possible to use due to in this case. On the other hand, The cancellation of the game was caused by torrential rain, sounds fine. Owing to is interchangeable with because of: The game was cancelled because of torrential rain. On account of: The nurse had to keep the baby in another room on account of my illness. Thanks to suggests that there is some cause for gratitude, though it can be used sarcastically. She was given a scholarship thanks to her excellent grades.

RESULT or CONSEQUENCE or EFFECT 2-EXPRESSIONS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY EFFECT: Thus (very formal): He was the eldest son, and thus, heir to the title. Therefore (formal, used mainly in written English): She is only seventeen and therefore not eligible to vote. As a result: There has been a rise in the number of accidents. As a result, the government has decided to lower the speed limit. As a result of is followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund. Can you rewrite the previous example using as a result of? As a result of the rise in the number of accidents, the government... So (less formal): There was nothing on TV, so I decided to go to bed. That's why: Cold temperature kills mosquitoes, that’s why you won't see them in winter. For this reason: The Colonel was confident that war was impending, and for this reason he hurried his preparations to leave the country. Consequently (used especially in written English): This poses a threat to the food chain, and consequently to human health.

Summary of expressing cause and effect Category: giving a reason: Here are a number of expressions you can use convey a cause relationship:  I prefer to go and visit Ouarzazate because it is rich in terms of wonderful monuments.  He chose to study English literature since his French level is low.  Because of the unpleasant weather, the football match was postponed.  The student‟s education level improved thanks to his constant efforts and sacrifice.  Due to the worker‟s strike, the company could not fulfil all its orders.  She felt disappointed owing to her failure in the competition. Category: giving result: Like cause, the following expressions are used to convey an effect relationship: o The group was active and dynamic. Accordingly, it joined a NGO. o The area witnessed a long-term drought. Consequently, the production was very scarce. o The business sector achieved a large growth. As a result/as a consequence, many job opportunities were offered to young people. o The Second World War knew flagrant human rights violations. Therefore, world countries created the United Nations for the purpose of maintaining peace and security all over the world. o Imperial cities such as Marrakech and Fez diversified their historical monuments. Hence, many of them were recognized as parts of the world heritage. o The girl was a little bit nervous, thus retaking her driving test.

Mohammed Zouli

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Exercises on connectors of cause and effect 1- Write the cause and effect for each sentence. 1. Tim forgot his math book, so he was unable to complete his homework. Cause: Effect: 2. Keegan was hungry because he skipped lunch. Cause: Effect: 3. Erin's car had a flat tire, so she called a tow truck. Cause: Effect: 4. Gina couldn't find the cookies because Papa hid them in the cupboard. Cause: Effect: 5. Kelly studied her spelling words and she got an A on the test. Cause: Effect:

Mohammed Zouli

2-Choose the correct word or phrase to fill in the gap: 1) We stayed inside ………………………….the storm. (because / because of) 2) I wanted to stay longer ……………………I was really enjoying the party. (since / because of) 3) Amanda stayed at home ………………………..her illness. (as / due to) 4) Her lateness was ……………………………..a terrible traffic jam. (due to / as) 5) …………………flights are cheaper in the winter, we decided to travel then. (since / owing to) 6) …………………she hated cats, she wasn't happy when her husband bought three. (as / because of) 7) John didn't go to work, …………………………..his illness. (owing to / as) 8) …………………………….Lucy was very tired, she went to bed early. (because / due to) 9) ………………………………..his late night, John missed his train. (because / owing to) 10) Lucy was very unhappy, ………………………..she missed James. (for / owing to) 3- Fill in the gap with the appropriate connector: so – for this reason – therefore – for all these reasons – thus – as a consequence – as a result – consequently – since – on account of – because of – because – as – due to 1-She had not been given a chance,………………… she was fighting for survival. 2-She had no resources to grow food. (land, seeds, tools) …………………………, she was hungry. 3-She had no shoes, warm clothes or blankets…………………………………., she was often cold. 4-The water was impure in her village. …………………………….., she suffered from parasites. 5-There was poor sanitation in the village……………………………, she had health problems. 6-She had no access to health education or medical clinics. ……………………….., she was more likely to get HIV. 7-She was not protected. …………………………………., she had a baby at thirteen.

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8-She had no other options…………………………………, she married at thirteen. 9-She was fighting for survival…………………………she had not been given a chance. 10-She was often cold …………………………not having shoes, warm clothes or blankets. 11-She suffered from parasites …………………………..the impure water in her village. 12-She had health problems …………………………. poor sanitation in the village. 13-She had a baby at thirteen ……………………………… she was not protected. Mohammed 14-She married at thirteen …………………………..she had no other options.

Zouli

4- For each of the questions choose the one correct answer.

1.I love living in Australia ______________ the weather. a. because b. since c. as d. because of 2.The increase in the number of cars on the road has resulted ________ more and more traffic jams. a. in b. to c. at d. for 3.“He got to work really, really late „cos he missed his train”. Which cause and effect word is „cos short for? a. due to b. because c. as d. since 4.Keith lost his job due ________ cutbacks in the department. a.for b.at c.to d.by 5.Which one is NOT correct? “He didn‟t turn up for the exam. __________, he failed the course.” a. As a result b. Consequently c. As a consequence d. As a reason 5-Complete these sentences using the correct expressions: Since-because of-due to-as a result of-so-lead to- consequently- as a consequenceresponsible for-therefore –the leading cause.

1-……….. you are interested in sociology. Why don’t you read this book of Gussous? 2-The police have not determined yet who was……………. the accident. 3-Poor road infrastructure is…………………… car accidents. 4-Several flights have been called this winter……………………bad weather conditions. 5-Lack of sleep, when driving, can ……………………….many driving errors. 6-Many air crashes are reported to be…………………..miscommunication between pilots and air traffic controllers. 7-……………………..the strong turbulence, aircraft passengers were told to fasten their seatbelts. 8-The road here is slippery. You should………………………be more careful. 9-It was extremely windy. The pilot was…………………………….. refused permission to land. 10-the weather is unpredictable in the south of Asia. ……………………………………., people need to be always on the alert for flooding, hurricanes, and monsoons. 11-There was a thunderstorm over Agadir airport,……………………….all the flights were diverted to Marrakech.

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Grammar

Future Perfect

Dear Lamiae, I am writing this letter to tell you about how my life will be in the next coming months. I am now at University doing my last year at the department of English. I have got a lot of work so I will not write to you again until the end of May. By that time, I will have finished my university studies. I suppose that by the end of May, I will have obtained (got) my license in English. I started studying English in 2007, so in 5 months’ time, I will have completed my 4th year of learning English. Yours. We use the Future Perfect tense to talk about actions that will be finished before some point in the future. We also use this tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. The last use is to express certainty that an action was completed. Mohammed 1-Use Zouli Use 1: Completion before a specified point in the future The first use of this tense is to talk about future actions that will be finished before some specified point in the future. Before they come, we will have cleaned up the house. John will have eaten the whole cake, by the time the birthday party starts! Use 2: Duration in the Future Another use of this tense is to talk about actions will last after a given point in the future. By the next year, I will have known Kate for 30 years. Patrick will have lived in France for 20 years by 2021. Use 3: Certainty About the Near Past The last use is to express conviction that something happened in the near past. The train will have left by now. We have to look for another way to get there. (I'm sure the train has left) The guests will have arrived at the hotel by now.

(I'm sure the guests have arrived at the hotel)

2-Form

Basic form

Subject + WILL HAVE + Verb (past participle form)

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Affirmative Sentences Subject

+

Auxiliary verb

e.g. I /a dog etc.

+

Auxiliary verb

will

Past participle

+

have

e.g.eaten/given/goneetc.

I will have retired by the end of this year. I read 40 pages a day. If I keep up the pace, I will have read the book by Tuesday. Bill will have finished editing the project by tonight. Interrogative Sentences Auxiliary verb

Will

Subject

+

+

Auxiliary verb

e.g. I/a dogetc.

Past participle

+

have

e.g.eaten/given/goneetc.

Will they have graduated from Cambridge by July 2021? Will I have retired by the end of the year? Will you have bought a new processor by the end of this week? Negative Sentences Subject e.g. I/a dog etc.

+

Auxiliary verb + not

+

Auxiliary verb

will not

Past participle

+

have

e.g.eaten/given/goneetc.

They won't have graduated from from Cambridge by July 2022. My uncle won't have retired by the end of the year. Soccer World Cup won’t have been organized by May 2022.

3-Expressions used with the future perfect tense: * before + a time in the future or another action in the future.

-I will have got a job before I get married. -I will have got married before 2020.

*By + a time in the future or another action in the future.

-By the time I get married, I will have got a job. -By the year 2020,I will have got married.

Mohammed Zouli

* In + a duration to the future: In one year…

-I will have got married in 10years‟ time. By the end of the year 2022,I will have been studying for 12 years.

Notice that in the last example above, there is the use of the future perfect continuous. The future perfect continuous is used when the action takes some time; when the action is a long and a continuous one. Notice that when we use the future perfect (continuous), we don‟t care about when the action starts. What is important for us is the end of the action; when the action will have finished: before a time in the future or before another action starts in the future.

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Grammar exercise Exercises on future perfect tense

1- Fill in each blank with the correct words to change each present continuous tense sentence into a future perfect tense sentence:

EX: I am reading a book --> By this time tomorrow, I will have read the book. 1. I am writing a book. By this time next month, I ____________________ the book. 2. Maria is preparing a report. By this time tomorrow, Maria___________________the report. Mohammed 3. Martha is learning German. Zouli By this time next year, Martha ____________________ German. 4. They are inviting all their friends. By this time tomorrow, they ____________________ all their friends. 5. We are bringing our stuff to our new apartment. By this time tomorrow, we_____________________ all our stuff to our new apartment. 6. I am fixing my computer. By this time next week, I__________________________ my computer. 7. My mother is making dinner. By the time the guests arrive, my mother ___________________ dinner. 8. Peter is reading a magazine. By the time his flight lands, Peter __________________ the magazine. 9. My sister and I are painting our apartment. By this time tomorrow, my sister and I_________________ our apartment. 10. John is cleaning the house. By the time his parents arrive, John____________________ the house. 2-Make the future perfect to complete each of the sentences below :

1) I _________________________(leave) by six. 2) ______________________(you/finish) the report by the deadline? 3) When _______________________(we/do) everything? 4) She ________________(finish) her exams by then, so we can go out for dinner. 5) You _______________________(read) the book before the next class. 6) She _______________________(not/finish) work by seven. 7) When ______________________(you/complete) the work? 8) They ______________________(arrive) by dinner time. 9) We _____________________(be) in London for three years next week. 10) _____________________(she/get) home by lunch time?

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3-Put the verbs into the correct future perfect form:

1. By this time tomorrow, I____________________ (finish) the project. 2. By 8 o'clock, the kids_____________________ (fall) asleep. 3. By tomorrow morning, he______________________ (sleep) wonderfully. 4. By next year, she__________________________ (receive) her promotion. 5. Robin__________________________ (sell) his car by next Sunday. 6. Morgan_______________________ (clean) the entire house by lunch. 7. We________________________ (dance) a few dances before midnight. 8. At this time tomorrow morning, they__________________________ (begin) working. 9. At this time next week, we___________________________ (catch) the thief. 10. By 2013, I____________________________ (live) in Madrid for 5 years. 4- Fill in the gaps with the verbs between brackets in the Future Perfect:

1. When you arrive I probably……………………………………………..the job. (start) 2. They…………………………………………….dinner by the time we get there. (have) 3. A few centuries from now wars, I hope,………………………….. a thing of the past. (become) 4. In a year's time he………………………………..to some more serious sort of job. (take) 5. You…………………………………….a lot of your work by the end of this month. (do) 6. By November all the leaves……………………………………………..(fall) 7. If he doesn't hurry, they………………………………………..before he comes. (leave) 8. I am sure that tomorrow you……………………………………all these rules. (forget) 9. Be quick! The child………………………………………..before you rescue it. (drown) 10. She…………………………………old before she learns the use of prepositions. (grow) 5- Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form: I-Margaret: Do you think everything will be finished when I get back from the store?

-Jerry: Don't worry. By the time you get back, I (pick)………………..………….. up the living room and (finish)…………………………………. washing the dishes. Everything will be perfect when your parents arrive. -Margaret: I hope so. They (arrive)………………………………… around 6 o'clock. -Jerry: Everything (be)…………………………………… spotless by the time they get here. II-Nick: I just have two more courses before I graduate from university. By this time next year, I (graduate)……………………….……………..……, and I will already be looking for a job. -Stacey: Does that scare you? Are you worried about the future? -Nick: Not really. I (go)……………………………..………….. to a career counsellor and get some advice on how to find a good job. -Stacey: That's a good idea. -Nick: I am also going to do an internship so that when I leave school, I (complete, not only)…………………………………. over 13 business courses, but I (work, also)……….……….………… in the real world. Mohammed Zouli

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Writing A letter of application Meet Compas Pty Ltd Katie Bedington, Management ICT Recruitment and Services Torrens Street Braddon, ACT 2612 Many Pacquinno [email protected] Orleans Crescent Toongabbie 2146 April 4, 2020 Re: Data Analyst/ Visualization Specialist Internship Dear Katie, As an engineering student majoring in data, I have read your post regarding the internship role in being a data analyst/ visualization specialist with interest. As a student from the University of Technology Sydney, my qualifications align with the practical and technical skills that you seek. My achievements on subjects that develop communication, data analysis and visualization abilities constitute on my capabilities in the field. I am certain that I have what you need and would become a beneficial extension to the company. Over the course of my studies, I am capable in the design, innovation and development of dashboards and visuals alongside data analysis. My achievement of high distinction in the data engineering fundamentals studio and introduction to data analytics clarifies my ability in producing an aesthetical and user-friendly interface whilst working alongside team members I have met for the first time. In this project, we developed a web application for an accounting firm that determines whether a customer is a good or bad credit risk using python, html-coding and random forest classification. Additionally, a user-friendly interface was developed for employee browsing convenience. I have used these skills in developing functional dashboards in other subjects and for personal purposes. In addition to my teamwork experience in a practical environment, I am adept and confident in my communication and management expertise. This foundation was built upon my work experience in retail and countless group projects throughout my studies especially one that involved producing potential solutions to the scarcity of food for the ‘Live and Learn Vanuatu EWB Challenge’. Furthermore, I have lead most of these groups in the allocation and distribution of assignments. Please refer to my attached resume for additional information regarding my proficiencies and achievements. I am positive that I am the best fit for this job and would like to request for an interview to follow up on my background and expertise. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Mohammed Zouli

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Yours sincerely, Many Pacquinno

Unit 5 : Women and power

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Quotations related to women empowerment “It doesn‟t matter who you are, or where you came from. The ability to triumph begins with you. Always.” ~Oprah Winfrey “The most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don‟t have any.” ~Alice Walker “Courage is like a muscle. We strengthen it with use.”

~Ruth Gordon

“There came a time when the risk to remain tight in the bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom.” ~Anais Nin “You may be disappointed if you fail, but you are doomed if you don‟t try.” “It‟s not what you call me, but what I answer to.”

~Beverly Sills ~African proverb

“You take your life in your own hands, and what happens? A terrible thing: no one to blame.” ~Erica Jong “Our deepest wishes are whispers of our authentic selves. We must learn to respect them. We must learn to listen.” ~Sarah Ban Breathnach “A woman is the full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture and transform.” ~Diane Mariechild “When we speak we are afraid our words will not be heard or welcomed. But when we are silent, we are still afraid. So it is better to speak.” ~Audre Lorde “The question isn‟t who‟s going to let me; it‟s who is going to stop me.” “Remember, no one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

~Ayn Rand ~Eleanor Roosevelt

“The thing women have yet to learn is nobody gives you power. You just take it.” ~Roseanne Barr “I do not wish [women] to have power over men; but over themselves.” “You don‟t have to be anti-man to be pro-woman.”

~Mary Wollstonecraft ~Jane Galvin Lewis

“There is a growing strength in women but it‟s in the forehead, not the forearm.” “It‟s hard to fight an enemy who has outposts in your head.” “Men are taught to apologize for their weaknesses, women for their strengths.” “Remove those „I want you to like me‟ stickers from your forehead and, instead, place them where they truly will do the most good — on your mirror!” “Never underestimate the power of a woman.”

~Beverly Sills ~Sally Kempton ~Lois Wyse

~Susan Jeffers ~Nellie McClung

Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary – Women and Power  Women leaders: Women leaders contribute to the development of their home country.  Women empowerment: Successful efforts must target women empowerment. Empowered women bring extra income to the family, manage efficiently the family resources and contribute to the progress of a country. The most important element in the empowerment of women is education.  Empowerment: refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.  Women's rights: The term women's rights refers to freedoms and entitlements of women and girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, local custom, and behaviour in a particular society. " Women's rights are seen as an imperative."  Violation of rights: He claimed that the way he'd been treated was a gross violation of his civil/constitutional/human rights. The takeover of the embassy constitutes a flagrant/blatant violation of international law. It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules.  Women's participation: Nothing can be more central in a development of a country than women's participation at all levels.  Women's exclusion: Women's exclusion from political, educational and economic opportunities is a hindrance to women empowerment.  Equal opportunities: The advert says: "We are an equal opportunities employer."  Equal rights: Girls and boys must have equal rights in education. Mohammed  Equal status: Women are fighting to have equal status as their brothers. Zouli  Female headed households: Female headed households are families taken care of by a woman. “Women in female headed households often bear the burden of ensuring household survival‖.  Gender discrimination: Refers to the belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other. It is unacceptable that gender discrimination is widely in use even in developed countries.  Sexism: a term coined in the late 20th century, refers to the belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other. It can also refer to hatred of, or distrust towards, either sex as a whole (see misogyny and misandry), or the application of stereotypes of masculinity in relation to men, or of femininity in relation to women. It is also called male and female chauvinism. In practice, the term sexist is most commonly used to refer to sexism against women.  Feminism:an attitude favoring the movement to eliminate political, social, and professional discrimin ation against women. 1. Belief in or advocacy of women's social, political, and economic rights, especially with regard to e quality of the sexes. 2. The movement organized around this belief.  Gender: the state of being male or female.  marital status: the condition of being married or unmarried. Achieving full voting rights for all women regardless of age, race, or marital status took more than a century of struggle, easily justifying Juliet Mitchell‟s claim that feminism is „the longest revolution‟.  Patriarchal: of a social organization with the male as the head. Establishing what would become a common theme throughout much feminist writing, Wollstonecraft conducts her critique on two fronts: on the one hand, she criticizes patriarchal society (as it would later be called) for the unjust way it limits women. Opposite of Matriarchal.

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Vocabulary related Empowering woman 1- Supply the correct word from the box to fill in the blanks:

attending – packing – last – forum – representing – exchanging – taking part – hosting promoting – empowerment

-Karima: Why are you __________ your suitcase? Are you travelling somewhere? -Nawal: Yes, to Beijing. China. It‟s___________ an international summit of women, and I‟m __________ Morocco in this event. -Karima: Who‟s ___________ the summit? -Nawal: Thousands of women, from all walks of life are ___________ in it. -Karima: What‟s the summit for? -Nawal: Well, it‟s a kind of ____________ in which we‟ll be ____________ ideas about women relatedissues. The ultimate goal is to find ways of __________ women‟s leadership. Events such as these are likely to contribute to women‟s ______________. -Karima: How long will the meeting _____________? -Nawal: A week. Wish me good luck! I‟ve got to go now. 2-Match the words in A with those in B to make collocations: A

1.Family 2.annual 3.high 4.patraiarchal 5.equal 6.leadership

B

a)status b)society c)pay d)code e)styles f)conference

Mohammed Zouli

1-………………………………………………. 2-………………………………………………. 3-………………………………………………. 4-………………………………………………. 5-……………………………………………… 6-…………………………………………….. 3-Fill in the blanks with the collocations you have made in exercise2:

1-Thanks to their hard work and perseverance, many women reached a ………………………… in their societies despite all the difficulties they have encountered all along. 2-Morocco’s ………………………………. has been revised with the aim of bringing changes to the status of women and responding to their expectations. 3- Women have been struggling for …………………………. for a long time. They want to get as much money as men get for the same job. Until then, society will not be free from injustice. 4- Women’s success in business can be attributed to their ……………………………….: their skills at relationships, their persuasion and reasoning powers. 5-A ……………………………… is a male dominated. Men dominate in all aspects of life. Women assume no role but to obey their husbands and do what they are told to do. 6-The ………………………….. devoted to women’s issues is going to be held in Marrakech this summer. Male-female relationships are on the agenda.

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4-Find the nouns of the following verbs:

verbs

Nouns

1.emancipate 2.secure 3.free 4.struggle 5.defend 6-differ

………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………… ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………..

Verbs 7.support 8.adopt 9.treat 10.improve 11.approve 12.consent

nouns ……………………………… …………………………….. …………………………….. …………………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………..

5-Fill in the blanks with the words in the list:

(Outperform – fit – facilitated – proved – valued – unsuitable) 1. In the past, people thought that women were _____________ for politics, nor ___________ to work outside home. However, history has __________ them wrong. A large number of women are now occupying high-ranking positions. Many of them are reported to ____________ men in leadership and governance. They actually do much better than men. 2. The increasing number of women in the workforce and in managerial positions has been __________ by political, economic, educational and social status changes in our culture. However, women working at home should also be recognized as __________ members of society just as much as the ones working outside. 6-Match the words in A with those in B. Then fill in the gaps: A

1- Nawal Elmoutawakil is the first Arab and African woman to _______________ at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. a) equality 2One of the human rights activists‟ concern is to ________________ between b) a say men and women in public and political life. For them, it is essential that c) a gold medal women should _________________ as men. d) a difference 3Women‟s participation in the process of development is highly recommended e) the same rights by international organisations. Women should be allowed to _______________ f) efforts in the country‟s political, economic and social affairs. 4- “If males and females do not cooperate and __________________, I‟m afraid we won‟t be able to go ahead and overcome our problems. Nothing in the world is impossible if we work together,” said a fervent woman activist. B

1.make 2.win 3.fight for 4.join 5.enjoy 6.have

7-Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the list: (Underrepresented – won – election – role – consent – counterparts –unsuitable – fit – run)

1. More and more business companies all over the world are nowadays_____________ by women. 2. In spite of all the progress that has been made, women are still ______________ at the parliament. They _________________ less than 30 seats only in the last ___________________. 3. Some people still think that women‟s _______________ is to stay at home and look after the household. 4. According to the „Mudawana‟, already married men cannot take a second wife unless they get their first wife‟s____________________. 5. In some companies, women don‟t make as much money as their male __________________. In fact, they get less than men for the same job, which is unjust.

Mohammed Zouli

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Reading Comprehension Women have entered various fields of work and achieved success. They have proved themselves and left impressions on their occupations. At the same time their occupations have affected them. To what extent does a woman’s occupation affect her personality and way of life? The “ALLYOUM” Arabic daily interviewed women working in different fields. Intissar Abdullah, a lady doctor, said her work has become part of her life. She loves her job and cannot live without it though the duty hours are long and she has to work in the night also. But she is unable to spend sufficient time with her husband and children comparing to women working in other fields Munjida Mohammed, a mathematics teacher, said the teaching profession has positive effect on women. It strengthens her personality and enables her to become a social person. If a woman is shy and introvert, the teaching profession will change all this. She will learn to handle matters herself and with confidence. Furthermore, teaching doesn’t have a negative effect on a woman’s role as a mother and wife because the working hours are quite convenient. After school, she has time to do things at home and take care of her husband and children. Awatif Abdul, a social worker, said it gives her a sense of importance in life, self-confidence and strength in decision making. However, her long absence from home creates a feeling of guilt in her because she cannot care for her family, especially her young children, the way she wants to. But this does not affect her productivity and enthusiasm at work.

A- Are these statements True or False? Justify. 1-Intissar has little time to devote to her family.

Mohammed Zouli

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-For Munjida, the teaching profession helps women become self-reliant.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3- Awatif feels guilty towards her family. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

B- Answer these questions: 1-How did Munjida’s job affect her personality? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-How does Awatif’s job affect her role as a housewife? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-Is Awatif completely dissatisfied with her job? Explain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

C- Complete these sentences: 1-The” Allyoum” interviewed career women in order to…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-A woman teacher has sufficient time to……………………………………………………..because………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3- A woman’s absence from home………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

D- Find in the text words or expressions meaning: 1.The same as degree (para1) =……………………………………….. 2.The opposite of weakens(para3) ≠………………………………………. E-What do the underlined words refer to in the text: 1-Her(para 1): ………………………………………………………………………… 2-She(para 2):…………………………………………………………………………. 3-Her(para 4):………………………………………………………………………….

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Communication 1-Expressing Concession or contrast Concession or contrast may be expressed in several ways. For example, we can use though or although. Other words or expressions that can be used to express concession or contrast include :notwithstanding - as - however – whatever - all the same - even if– even though – in spite of – despite - however – yet – on the contrary – whereas - on the other hand – nevertheless – regardless - conversely – no matter how and at the same time. Though he is poor, he is honest. Although he is poor in English, he does not work hard. However steep the hill may be, we will be able to climb it. Strong as he was, he could not beat his opponent. Whatever may have been his intentions, he welcomed us cordially. Mohammed He is poor; all the same he is content with his lot. Zouli He is hard up; at the same time he is generous. Even if he is wrong, you shall not treat him like that. He is very rich; nonetheless he is miserly. Sometimes we express a concession or contrast by using an absolute participle followed by a noun clause. Admitting that he is right, is it advisable to act on his advice? The same sentence showing concession or contrast may be expressed in a number of ways. Study the following examples. Although she is well-meaning, she is unpopular. Well-meaning though she is, she is unpopular. Well-meaning as she is, she is unpopular. She is well-meaning; all the same she is unpopular. She is well-meaning; nonetheless she is unpopular. She is well-meaning indeed, but she is unpopular. She is unpopular in spite of being well-meaning

2-Expressing addition To add information, you can use these expressions: Linking words of this category are used to introduce additional information. Notice the following examples (see the underlined expressions): in addition, - as well as - moreover - what is more - not only...but also... furthermore - besides - also - too – then - and... -If the project fails this will have terrible consequences not only on our department, but also on the whole organization - John's grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse. -The report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate. -Edward Said was a brilliant scholar. Also, he was a pioneer in Cultural Studies. -I think that terrorism is an act of barbaric behaviour. I also believe that murdering a man is as you murdered the whole humanity. -Love is an infectious disease. Besides, it brings only sufferings and torture. -Agadir is Morocco’s top tourist city. Furthermore, it has the most gorgeous beaches

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ever. -Tangier is referred to as “the Bride of the North”. Moreover, it is Morocco’s second largest business city. -Morocco is a member of the United Nations and the Arab Maghreb Union. In addition, it is a member of the Arab League -To improve your English, you must read a large amount of materials, speak the language a lot, write different paragraphs and essays, and ask many questions that come to your mind as well as get involved in debates and discussions. -The boy’s dream is to become an athletic, and it is likewise the dream of his little sister.

3-Summarizing To summarize, you can use the following expressions: in conclusion - to conclude - to sum up – in a nutshell - in brief - in short - all in all - everything considered... To sum up, we need to hold more meetings to make our project successful. To summarize, social actors and civil society organisations have to take their responsibilities in order to put an end to sex inequality In short, the book is worth reading because it includes useful tips to avoid stress. In brief, stereotypes should be avoided because it impairs communication and understanding between cultures and civilizations. Finally or eventually, studying business administration is very useful as it offers many job opportunities when you graduate. To conclude, you have to practice your English a lot as the Mohammed exam is coming soon. Zouli

4-Giving examples:

This category shows the expressions to use if you want to illustrate an idea:  The topic sentence tells the reader about what you will write. For example, you can start by defining the subject matter to put your reader in the picture.  Brain drain can have negative repercussions. For instance, it may empty a given country of all its intellectuals and skilled people.  Before you write, you must do what is called “brainstorming”. As a case in point, you can start by jotting down the main ideas of the topic and then organising them using the suitable linking words.  There are many international organisations in the world. As an illustration, the World Health Organisation aims to ensure health and provide cures for infectious diseases.  Famous Moroccan women made outstanding contributions. To illustrate, Meryem Chadid was the first Arab woman to set foot on Antarctica.

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Exercises on linking words

1) Match the sentences with their functional meanings: 1-I like fast food, whereas my sister likes Tagines. 2-Culture refers to the history, customs, social rituals and behaviours that are shared by a-Adding member of a particular group. b-Summarizing 3-Cars and other vehicles are one of the main causes of air pollution in big cities in Morocco or concluding 4-The impact of brain drain on the home country is that it loses its highly-skilled and talented c- Purpose. manpower needed for development. d-Cause 5-Various associations are set up all over the country so that the youth can actively take part in e- Effect shaping their nation‟s future. f-Defining 6-The National Initiative for Human Development has been launched with the aim of helping g- Contrast or solve social, economic and environmental, environmental problems we suffer from. Concession. 7-….On balance, with brain drain, the money spent on educating people in the developing h-Comparison countries is wasted money. 8-Unlike the other prisoners, Jacky was calm, thoughtful and reserved. 9-Illiteracy not only affects the individual, but also the whole society. 10-All in all no one can deny the role of woman in the country‟s development. 2)Complete these sentences with the expressions from the list: Because of – due to – as a result of – so – lead to – consequently – as a consequence – responsible for – therefore – the leading cause of – because 1-The police has not determined yet who was……………………..the accident. 2-Poor road infrastructure is……………………… car accidents. 3-Several flights have been called off this winter……………………bad weather conditions. 5-Lack of sleep, when driving, can ……………………….many driving errors. 4-He flunked math……………………..he didn‟t prepare enough. 6-Many air crashes are reported to be…………………..miscommunication between pilots and air traffic controllers. 7-……………………..the strong turbulence, aircraft passengers were told to fasten their seatbelts. 8-The road here is slippery. You should………………………be more careful. 9-It was extremely windy. The pilot was…………………………….. refused permission to land. 10-the weather is unpredictable in the south of Asia. ……………………………………., people need to be always on the alert for flooding, hurricanes, and monsoons.

3) Choose the most appropriate connector from the list:

1. I haven't really studied for this exam, ________ I feel a little nervous. then /so / unless / but Mohammed 2. I told him not to come, ________ he came anyway. Zouli therefore / since /unless /but 3. Do not do anything ________ you hear from him first. although / unless / since / therefore 4. ________ I was really tired, I took a nap for 15 minutes. although / As /Unless / the reason for 5. ________ she likes to play basketball, her favourite sport is tennis. for / while / Because /Since 6. ________ it was really hot outside, I wore shorts. although/ since /unless / because of 7. He has always done well on exams. This time,________, he failed.

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however / accordingly / moreover/ so that 8. I won't be able to borrow any more money ________ I pay off some of my previous debts. but / until /although / as 9. ________ he wasn't a good player, he had a great game. Mohammed since / because / although / in spite of Zouli 10. The little girl slept ________ her father played the guitar. while / therefore /until / unlike 4)Complete these sentences with: although, however or in spite of

1. _________________ all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong. 2. I had planned everything carefully, ______________ a lot of things went wrong. 3. I love music, ___________________ I can ‘t play an instrument. 4. I had the necessary qualifications. __________________, I didn’t get the job 5. ___________________ being tired, we carried on walking. 6. The heating was full on, but ___________________ the house was still cold. 7. Keith decided to give up his job ___________________ I advised him not to. 8. I‟m eating less than usual. _________________, I still seem to be gaining weight. 9. She arrived on time_________________ the bad traffic in the city centre 10. The little girl managed to walk to the village____________ her injured foot. 5)Rewrite the following sentences using the words between brackets:

1- The weather was unpleasant. They played a match of foot-ball. (Although) Answer:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 2- Many efforts have been made by environmental activists. Yet, pollution is still on the increase (In spite of) Answer: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………… 3- The Great Pyramid of Giza is situated in Egypt. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. (Likewise). Answer: …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………… 4- I see that you are interested in sociology. Why don’t you read this book? (since) Answer: …………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………… 5- She decided not to hold any contact with him. He betrayed her a lot. (Because of). Answer: ………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………… 6- India is the most populated country in the world. It has the lowest percentage of contraceptive users.(not only ……………but also) Answer: ………………………………………………..……………….……………………………………………………… 7- I‟m eating less than usual. However, I still seem to be gaining weight.(Although) Answer: …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………. 8- I see that you are interested in psychology. Why don‟t you read this book of Freud, then? (Since)

Answer: …………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………….

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Grammar The passive voice

1-Use of Passive Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action more than who or what is performing the action. Example: $1 million has been stolen. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that one million dollar was stolen. We do not know, however, who did it. In other cases we use the passive when we don’t know the doer or the one performing the action. Example: A man walking was hit in the street. In this example we don’t know who or what is performing the action; that is who or what hit the man. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.). Mohammed Zouli 2-Form of Passive Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: -A letter was written. -An old lady has been killed -An illegal immigrant is being expatriated -The lesson was being explained.   

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped).

Example:

Active

Passive

My mother Subject Tea object becoming subject

makes

Tea

verb is made verb

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Object (by my mother) subject becoming object or is dropped

3-Examples of the passive voice: Tense Simple Present Present Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect

Future simple Future perfect

Conditional

Modals

Subject

Verb

Object

Active: Linda

Makes

tea.

Passive: Tea

is made

by Nancy.

Active: Linda

is making

tea.

Passive: Tea

is being made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

Made

tea.

Passive: Tea

was made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

was making

tea.

Passive: Tea

was being made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

has made

Tea.

Passive: Tea

has been made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

had made

tea.

Passive: Tea

had been made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

will make

tea.

Passive: Tea

will be made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

will have made

tea.

Passive: Tea

will have been made by Linda.

Active: Linda

would make

tea.

Passive: Tea

would be made

by Linda.

Active: Linda

can make

tea.

Passive: Tea

can be made

by Linda.

4-Passive with Modals: A- To form the passive with the modal, follow this rule: Subject + the modal+ to be+ past participle of the verb

Mohammed Zouli

B- Examples: 1- All the exam sheets must be returned to the administration. 2- The assignment should be done before next Monday. 3- The board can/may/might be called for an extraordinary session.

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5- Passive with the infinitive: With verbs such as “say, think, believe, know, perceive, assume, show, consider, expect, report, etc.”, the passive is formed in two ways: Example: People say that mobile phones are harmful to children’s health. (Active) st 1 way: It is said that mobile phones are harmful to children’s health Mohammed nd 2 way: Mobile phones are said to be harmful to children’s health. Zouli When the information is in the past, we use the passive + past participle. Example: He is reported to have won a huge sum of money in the lottery. 6-Passive voice sentences with two Objects: Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. 1) Active/Passive

Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

Active:

Racha

offered

a flower

to me.

Passive:

A flower

was offered

to me

by Racha.

Passive:

I

was offered

a flower

by Nancy.

Active/Passive

Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

Active:

The guests

gave

Nora

Many gifts

Passive:

Nora

was given

Many gifts

by the guests.

Passive:

Many gifts

were given

To Nora

by the guests.

Active/Passive

Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

Active:

Students

Are writing

Letters

to the teacher.

Passive:

Letters

are being written

to the teacher

by students.

Passive:

The teacher

is being written

letters to

by students.

Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

Have sent

Many threats

to the policeman.

have been sent

to the policeman

by them.

has ben sent

many threats

by them.

2)

3)

4) Active/Passive Active:

They

Passive:

Many threats

Passive:

The policeman

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Exercise on The passive voice 1-Decide whether the sentences are written in Active or Passive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The grapes are grown in California. → ………………… The hamster can be kept in a cage. → ………………… Mohammed The party has already started. → ………………… Zouli The car is standing at the garage. → ………………… The ship has left the harbour. → ………………… The police didn't find the robber last week. → ………………… Fast food restaurants were opened in the USA in 1916. → …………………

8. The train is going to arrive late. → ………………… 9. The search will be stopped because of the storm. → ………………… 10. The friends have been looking forward to meeting her. → ………………… 2-Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. John collects money. – Money ………………………………………………….. Anna opened the window. – The window ……………………………………………… We have done our homework. – Our homework …………………………………………… I will ask a question. – A question ………………………………………………….. He can cut out the picture. – The picture ………………………………………………….. The sheep ate a lot. – A lot ………………………………………………….. We do not clean our rooms. – Our rooms ………………………………………………….. William will not repair the car. – The car ………………………………………………….. Can you do me this favour? – Can this favour ………………………………………………….. Could you feed the dog? – Could the dog ………………………………………………….. 3-Turn these sentences into the passive: 1) Everybody loves Mr Brown. Mr Brown ……………………………………………………………………………… 2) They are building a new stadium near the station. A new stadium ……………………………………………………………………….. 3) The wolf ate the princess. The princess …………………………………………………………………………… 4) At six o'clock someone was telling a story. A story …………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Somebody has drunk all the milk! All the milk ……………………………………………………………………………. 6) I had cleaned all the windows before the storm. All the windows ……………………………………………………………………….. 7) A workman will repair the computer tomorrow. The computer …………………………………………………………………………… 8) By next year the students will have studied the passive.

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The passive ……………………………………………………………………………….. 9) James might cook dinner. Dinner ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10) Somebody must have taken my wallet. My wallet …………………………………………………………………………………… 4-Write down the passive form of the verbs. Use the tense in brackets. 1. Paul___________________ (send) to prison. (Future tense) 2. My brother___________________ (just beat) in the race. (Present perfect) 3. He_______________________ (tell) to wait outside. (Past tense) 4. I________________________ (not pay) for the work. (Past tense) 5. Policemen___________________________ (often ask) the way. (Present tense) 6. Their lawn____________________ (cut) once a week. (Present tense) 7. We______________________ (ask) by the police. (Future tense) 8. The towels_________________________ (not use). (Past tense) 9. The jewels_________________________ (not sell) so far. (Present perfect) 10. They___________________________ (teach) French. (Present tense) 5- Turn these sentences into the passive. Mohammed

1. Jalil and Jamal will finish the job tomorrow. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The dog will eat the bone. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. They will move him before June. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. He will have begun the job by next week. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Man will have set colonies in the moon by the year 2050. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Drivers ought to respect the traffic law. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Obese people had better practise sport everyday. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Moroccan people must apply for visas to travel to the UK. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. The prisoners have to clean their cells every weekend. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10.My little brother should have broken the vase. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11.He should have got a bad mark in the French test. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12.Students ought to have learned the irregular verbs by heart. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Zouli

Writing

Book review

Book: Great Expectations

Author: Charles Dickens

Great Expectations is one of Charles Dickens‘s most famous works. It was published (as a novel in three volumes)in 1861. Pip is a young orphan boy who lives with his elder sister and her husband. He knows that he will be a blacksmith like his brother-in-law when he grows up. But an anonymous benefactor settles a lavish allowance on him. Pip goes to London and starts life in a society that is completely alien to him. His new-found prosperity and his undying love for his childhood friend Estella change him in many ways. He becomes more and more ashamed of his humble origins. But many disasters and challenges await him. The novel chronicles Pip‘s experiences from childhood to adulthood. Great Expectations is generally termed a bildungsroman. Bildungsroman is a German word used for novels that portray the psychological development of the central character. But Great Expectations, like most of Charles Dickens‘s novels, does not conform to any one genre. It is a tale of love and passion; a mystery story with several twists; a narrative that functions as a serious social commentary. Social/Historical context: One of the most important themes of the novel is Pip‘s uneasiness about social class. He is a rich and ambitious young man, in spite of his so-called low birth. He interacts mainly with people from the high and the middle classes. This gives Dickens the opportunity to comment on the socio-economic issues of Georgian and Victorian England, and how the different classes were affected by the same. The novel is rooted in the social realities of Dickens‘s times. But the universal appeal of the questions it raises has helped it to withstand the test of time. Writing Style: Dickens‘s language might seem archaic to the modern reader. Nevertheless, it is remarkably easy. The pace of the novel is quite good, and several chapters are extremely gripping. The novel is written in the first person- Pip recounts his tale to the readers. My Thoughts: I must confess that I started to read this book with a little bit of reluctance. The problem with an old book is that we usually have a general idea about it even if we haven‘t read it. But instead of the boredom I expected, the experience turned out to be both memorable and enriching. Great Expectations is one of the most complex and moving love stories I have ever read. The relationship between Pip and Estella comes alive from the very beginning. There are also mysteries to be solved- the urge to find out what happens next. The irresponsible and immature Pip is one of Dickens‘s most endearing characters. His friends, John Wemmick and Miss Skiffins, are unforgettable. The numerous comic moments stand out, as do the moments of suspense, passion or realization. I have read this book more than once, and every read has been an entirely new experience.

Film Review

Catch me if You Can

Inspired by the true-to-life story of Frank Abagnale Jr, who managed to give a new meaning to job- hopping, he works as a doctor, a lawyer and an airline co-pilot -- all before his 21st birthday. It all started when Abagnale's parents got separated. With only US$25 in his checking account, he sets off for Manhattan to escape the worries of strained home life. He also vows to bring his father and mother back together, and help his debt-ridden father. Abagnale proves to be a brilliant forger and charming master of deception, and he scams his way through the United States and Europe, forging and encashing cheques to the tune of millions of dollars to fund his womanising, adventure-filled high life. However, the FBI is soon hot on his tail and agent Carl Hanratty makes it his ultimate mission to bring down Abagnale. Starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hanks, Christopher Walken (Best Actor in a Supporting Role nominee in the 2003 Academy Awards), Jennifer Garner and Martin Sheen. The film was also nominated for Best Original Score

Mohammed Zouli

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Unit 6 : Cultural Values

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Quotations related to Cultural Values « A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots. » ―Marcus Garvey « You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them. » ―Ray Bradbury « Preservation of one's own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures. » ―Cesar Chavez “A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people. » ―Mahatma Gandhi "Tolerance, inter-cultural dialogue and respect for diversity are more essential than ever in a world where peoples are becoming more and more closely interconnected." ―Kofi Annan, “When I was a child, when I was an adolescent, books saved me from despair: that convinced me that culture was the highest of values[...].” ― Simone de Beauvoir “The soul takes nothing with her to the next world but her education and her culture. At the beginning of the journey to the next world, one's education and culture can either provide the greatest assistance, or else act as the greatest burden, to the person who has just died.” ― Plato, “You may be desperate, but never let anyone see you as anything less than a cultivated woman.” ― Lisa See “Culture consists of connections, not of separations: to specialize is to isolate.” ― Carlos Fuentes “If you really want to change a culture to empower women improve basic hygiene and health care and fight high rates of infant mortality the answer is to educate girls.” ― Greg Mortenson “Everybody is a story. When I was a child, people sat around kitchen tables and told their stories. We don't do that so much anymore. Sitting around the table telling stories is not just a way of passing time. It is the way the wisdom gets passed along. The stuff that helps us to live a life worth remembering.” ― Rachel Naomi Remen “I have no culture, no humane harmony in my brains. I can't live without a culture anymore.” ― Kurt Vonnegut “The crucial differences which distinguish human societies and human beings are not biological. They are cultural.” ― Ruth Benedict “Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going.” ―Rita Mae Brown

“‫ فهزِ انخشافبد هي انزي أصجحذ ثعذ رنك حمبئك كجشي‬.‫ال رسخش يٍ خشافبد انشعىة‬..” ― ‫أَيس يُصىز‬ Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary Related To Culture  Culture: Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society." As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, games, norms of behaviour such as law and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art.  Cultured: Showing good taste or manners  Belief: -1.The mental act, condition, or habit of placing trust or confidence in another: Mohammed " My belief in you is as strong as ever." Zouli - 2. Mental acceptance of and conviction in the truth, actuality, or validity of something: " His explanation of what happened defies belief." - 3. Something believed or accepted as true, especially a particular tenet or a body of tenets accepted by a

group of persons.  Ethics: A system of accepted beliefs which control behaviour, especially such a system based on morals.  Values: Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something). "He has very conservatives values"  Civilisation: The social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organization  Cultural specificities: It‟s interesting to learn about cultural specificities of other countries  Culturally acceptable: It isn't culturally acceptable in some countries to blow your nose in public places.  Cultural conflicts: We should try hard to avoid cultural conflicts as they are a result of a misunderstanding.  Cultural stereotypes: A fixed idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong. Cultural stereotypes make our understanding of other cultures difficult.  Cultural diversity: The fact or quality of cultures of being diverse or different. Cultural diversity should be considered as a source of enrichment rather a source of conflicts.  Cultural uniqueness: Culture/customs which make a country distinctive/different from other countries.  Cultural misconceptions: Mistaken thoughts, idea, or notion; misunderstandings about a culture. These are false ideas about a culture resulting from misunderstanding rather than from reality.  Cultural shock: A condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person suddenly exposed to an alien culture or milieu.» The first time she went to Japan, Isabel got a huge culture shock."  Racial behaviour: A behaviour resulting from a belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others (racism or racialism.) " We may limit the danger of racial behaviour if there is mutual understanding of different cultures."  Local culture: Local culture refers to the culture developed at the local level.  Global culture: Global culture refers to the culture developed at the global level through the new information technologies.  Global village: The entire world and its inhabitants. The world thought of as being closely connected by modern communication and trade and thus eliminating borders. "The global village has come to understand that no society that seeks respect can support or tolerate . . . savagery" Hugh Sidey.  Globalization: Globalisation in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces. Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.  Stereotype: A generalized perception of first impressions. Stereotypes, therefore, can instigate prejudice and false assumptions about entire groups of people, including the members of different ethnic groups, social classes, religious orders, the opposite sex, etc. A stereotype can be a conventional and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image, based on the assumption that there are attributes that members of the "other group" have in common.

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Exercises on cultural values vocabulary 1-Match the words with their definitions: 1.stereotype 2. cultural tolerance 3. assimilation 4. cultural values 5. bigotry 6. ethnocentrism 7. prejudice 1→………. - 2→………. -

a. belief that one‟s ethnic group is better than others. b. moral principles and beliefs people think are important and so try to acquire and keep. c. the fact of holding strongly to a belief or opinion in defiance of reason or argument. d. quality of accepting others‟ opinions and beliefs even if they are different from yours. e. state of becoming part of another social group – absorption. f. a generalization about the traits or characteristics of all members of a particular group. g. opinion, like or dislike, formed before one has adequate knowledge or experience. 3→……… - 4→……… - 5→ ……. - 6→ ……… - 7→…….

2-Fill in the blanks with the words in the list:

(Engender – belittle – assimilate – pervasive –perpetrators – bigots) 1. Although racial and ethnic stereotyping is found in every society, it is much more ________________ in societies that are intolerant. 2. Hate sites on the internet are created by _________________ who wish to spread hatred by using propaganda. 3. When people ________________ completely into a new culture, they lose their old traditions and language. 4. _______________ of hate crimes can expect severe penalties in most states in the U.S.A. 5. It is the parents’ job to ________________ respect and tolerance toward others in their children. 6. If you hear one of your friends _________________ another ethnic group in a conversation or joke, what should you say? 3-Fill in the blanks with the words suggested in the box: civil rights activists – intolerance – cultural diversity – ignorance – mix – develop a tolerance – scapegoats – unrestrained – racist and violent -

1. If children are given an opportunity to __________________ and interact with people of different backgrounds at an early age, they will certainly __________________ for _______________. 2. In Europe and elsewhere, many people use minority groups as ________________, on whom they blame their economic and social problems, especially unemployment. 3. Left __________________, bigotry is likely to bring disaster to the world. 4. _______________________ is considered by many sociologists to be the root of prejudice. 5. If ______________________ is allowed to continue, it will turn to powerful hatred. 6. “Hate Watch”, which was set up in 1989 by a group of _______________________, monitors publications and web sites with ____________________ messages.

Mohammed Zouli

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4-Match the words in A with those in B to make Collocations:

A 1.cultural 2.artistic 3.culure 4.table 5.melting 6.deeply

B a. manners b. rooted c. pot d. heritage e. shock f. offence

1-………………………………………………. 2-………………………………………………. 3-.…………………………………………….. 4-………………………………………………. 5-………………………………………………. 6-………………………………………………. 7-……………………………………………….

5-Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collocations you made in Ex 4:

1-The ‘Kasbahs’ in Morocco are regarded as part of the country’s ____________________ 2- _________________ manifests itself in the feelings of homesickness, loneliness and in the inability to integrate into the new society and its culture. 3- Hospitality and tolerance are values that are _________________ in the Moroccan culture. 4- Morocco has a rich _______________ that dated back to many years ago. It includes many sorts of music, architecture, paintings and others. 5- In some cultures, asking a woman about her age is acceptable, but in others it is considered a ______________. 6- _______________ in Morocco are quite different from those in England. It is common practice here to reach out for the salt whereas, it is considered impolite in England. 7- Our world is a ____________ of different cultures; each one is unique in its own respect. 6- Fill in the blanks with words from the list:

(Stick – vary – adjust – transmitted – intolerant – marriages) 1. If you happen to go to live in a foreign country with a different culture, you have to ______________ to it; otherwise you will feel like a fish out of water. 2. We are _____________ if we reject or dislike people because they are different. 3. Culture is learned and ________________ from generation to generation. 4. In some cultures, pre-arranged _________________ are sometimes very common. The bride and the groom have almost no say in them. 5. Different cultures have different values. Values __________________ from culture to culture. 6. People from rural areas ________________ to customs and traditions more than urban people. 7- Complete with the suitable expression: Cultural diversity / Ethics / Culture / Culture shock / Cultured / a- ……………………………………… The way of life for an entire society. b- ……………………………………… Showing good taste or manners. c- ……………………………………… A system of accepted beliefs that control behavior. d- ……………………………………… The fact or quality of cultures of being diverse or different. e- ……………………………………… A condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person.

Mohammed Zouli

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Reading comprehension Respect of privacy underlies many aspects of British life. It is not just Privacy in your own home which is important, but the individual’s right to keep information about himself or herself private is also important. Despite the increase in informality, it is still seen as rude to ask people what are called “personal “ questions (for example, about how much money they earn or about their family life) unless you know them very well. Notice that conventional formula on being introduced to someone in Britain, « how do you do? » is not interpreted as a real request for information at all; the conventional reply is not to “answer the question” but to reply by saying “how do you do?”. The British are always talking about the weather. Unlike many people, this stereotype is actually true to life. But constant remarks about the weather at chance meetings are not the result of polite conventions. They are not obligatory. . Rather, they are the result of the fact that, on the one hand, to ask personal questions would be rude while, at the same time, silence also would be rude. The weather is a very convenient topic with which to “fill the gap “. British people give a relatively high value to the everyday personal contacts that they make. It is certainly true that working man’s club or the numerous other clubs devoted to various sports and pastimes play a very important part in many people’s lives. In these places people make contacts with other people who share some of the same interests and attitudes. For many people these contacts are an important part of their social identity. Another factor is work.. Many people make their social contacts through work and, partly as a result of this the profession or skill which they practise is also an important aspect of their sense of identity. A- Are these sentences true or false? Justify 1) Most British people are reserved. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Mohammed 2) Talking about the weather is a good way to start conversations in Britain Zouli …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3) Personal contacts are not an example of British culture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. B- Answer these questions according to the text: 1-Why do British give priority to privacy? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2- For what reason do British people go to clubs? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) In your opinion, do British people inside clubs talk about personal issues? why? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… C -Complete the following sentences: 1) In Britain the question « How do you do? » doesn’t require……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) In Britain, Keeping silent is also…………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) British people make social contacts through……………………………..and………………………………………….. D- What do the underlined words in the text refer to? 1) them:………………………………………………………………………. 2) this stereotype:……………………………………………………….. 3) these places:……………………………………………………………. E- Find in the text words or expressions meaning the same as: 1) impolite ( para 1) :……………………………………………………………….. 2) answer ( para 1) :………………………………………………………………… 3) componnent ( para 3) :…………………………………………………………

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Communication

Apologizing

To apologize is to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has caused him inconvenience or unhappiness: Examples: I must apologize to Isabel for my late arrival. I'd like to apologize for my trouble making. Trains may be subject to delay on the northern line. We apologize for any inconvenience caused. Here are some expressions you can use to make and respond to apologies Making apologies:              

Accepting apologies:            

I do apologize for... I must apologize for... I apologize for... I'd like to apologize for... I am so sorry for... I shouldn't have... It's all my fault. I'm ashamed of... Please, forgive me for... Excuse me for ... I'm terribly sorry for... Pardon me for this... Please, forgive me for my.... Please, accept my apologies for..

That's all right. Never mind. Don't apologize. It doesn't matter. Don't worry about it. Don't mention it. That's OK. I quite understand. You couldn't help it. Forget about it. Don't worry about it. No harm done.

Mohammed Zouli

Complaining What are complaints? Complaints are expressions of "displeasure or annoyance" in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable. Suppose you want to complain about the pizza you have just ordered because it's too salty, what are the expressions needed to express and respond to complaints?

Complaining:  I have a complaint to make. ...  Sorry to bother you but...  I'm sorry to say this but...  I'm afraid I've got a complaint about...  I'm afraid there is a slight problem with...  Excuse me but there is a problem about...  I want to complain about...  I'm angry about...

Responding to complaints Negative response to complaints:

Positive response to complaints:

 Sorry there is nothing we can do about it.  I'm afraid, there isn't much we can do about it.  We are sorry but the food is just alright.

 I'm so sorry, but this will never occur / happen again.  I'm sorry, we promise never to do the same mistake again.  I'm really sorry; we'll do our utmost/best not to do the same mistake again.

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Grammar 1-What are phrasal verbs? Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.) Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:  look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)  look for – seek (look for her ring)  look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone) There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly – Mohammed all you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings.

Zouli

2-Position of the Particle:

The particle is placed either after the verb or after the object. Example: Write down the word. / Write the word down. If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object). Example: Write it down.

3-Common phrasal verbs: Phrasal Verbs

Explanation

Examples

apply for

ask for, demand (job / grant / license)

To apply for the job, you need to write an application letter.

break down

cease to work correctly (physical / mental)

My computer broke down yesterday.

break into

enter by force

Some burglars broke into the bank last night.

bring about

cause to happen

Laziness brings about failure.

calm down

relax

Try to calm down before the interview.

carry on

continue

You should carry on with your project.

check on

look at, inspect

He sent someone to check on the children.

come in

enter

The door is open; come in!

come back

return

They will have come back from Fes by this afternoon.

come across

meet by chance

I came across an old photo of mine.

cut down

reduce

You'd better cut down on your fat intake.

eat out

eat outside the house (at a restaurant)

On Sundays, they always eat out.

fall for

fall in love

She falls for him.

fill in

complete (a form)

You have to fill in the form before e-mailing it.

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find out

discover

Nobody has found out who changed my password yet.

give in

surrender, stop trying

She shouldn't give in now that she has almost achieved success.

give up

stop / surrender

He must give up smoking before it is too late.

go on

continue

When you finish this exercise go on to the next.

go through

experience / endure

I went through hard times when I was abroad.

grow up

become older / mature

Girls grow up faster than boys.

hand in

give back (papers)

When I had finished the test, I handed in my paper and left.

hand out

distribute

The teacher handed out the test sheets at 8:00 sharp

jot down

write down (ideas)

He advised us to jot down ideas before writing.

keep up with

cope with

It is hard to keep up with the rapid change of technology.

let down

disappoint

Be sure that your parents will never let you down.

lie down

relax, rest

It is normal to lie down after hard work.

look after

take care of

Leila is looking after her grand mother pretty well.

look at

examine

The doctors are looking at the patient right now.

look down on

despise, see as inferior

Don't look down on anyone, they may be better than you are.

look for

search

I looked for my keys in the drawer but they weren't there.

look foward to

long for

I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.

look into

examine, investigate

They are looking into the matter.

look out

be careful, pay attention

Look out! our dog has got 42 teeth.

look up

search in a dictionary/ list/phonebook

I was looking up your phone number when you phoned me.

make up

invent (pretext/story)

Don't believe her; she likes to make up stories.

pass away

die

My mother passed away in February 2003.

pick up

collect

Children can pick up foreign languages easier than adults.

put on

wear

She put her jacket on and went out hurriedly.

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put off

postpone

I was informed that the meeting was put off until next week.

put up

accomodate

They needn't book a room at the hotel; we can put them up.

put up with

tolerate

She can't put up with those nosy children.

run into

meet by chance

Our project may run into financial problems sooner or later.

set off

depart

He didn't wait to set off for France when he got a visa.

stand by

wait

Please, stand by we are checking your password.

stand for

represent

U.N. stands for United Nations.

set up

build, establish

They are trying to set up their own business.

take after

resemble

She greatly takes after her aunt.

take care of

look after

They took care of the children when we were out.

take off

leave the ground (plane)

When your plane landed, ours took off.

take off

# put on (clothes),

Due to the hot weather, all the boys took off their jackets.

take up

begin a new (a hobby / lessons)

My grandmother takes up Karate.

tell off

criticize severely

He told his sister off as he knew she meddled with his affairs.

turn down turn off write down

refuse, reject

She was turned down because of age.

stop the function of (TV, Radio) record

Don't forget to turn off the TV before you go to bed. The students wrote down all the teacher's instructions.

Mohammed Zouli

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Grammar Exercise EXERCISE (1): Match the verbs on the leftt with their correct meaning on the right: phrasal verbs

their meanings

Mohammed Zouli answers

1. start out

A. finish,so there is nothing left

1→

2. take out

B.make someone unconscious

2→

3. lock out

C.be careful,watchful

3→

4. knock out

D.choose

4→

5. pick out

E. sell everything,

5→

6. run out of

F. discover,

6→

7. watch out

G. ask someone to go out with you to have fun,

7→

8. throw out

H. discard,out in the garbage.

8→

9. sell out

I. not to return home,

9→

10. stay out

J. go early on a journey or trip,

10→

11. find out

K. prevent from entering a building or a room

11→

EXERCISE (2): Fill in the blanks with a phrasal verb from the list: swith on, get on, look for, fill in, take off, throw away, turn down, put out, look after. 1. Quick!__________________ the bus. It's ready to leave. 2. I don't know where my book is. I have to_______________it. 3. It's dark inside. Can you_________________the light, please? 4.________________ the form, please. 5. I need a dictionary to______________this English word? 6. It's warm inside._______________ your coat. 7. This pencil is really old. You can____________it_____________ . 8. It's so loud here. Can you______________the radio, please? 9. The firemen were able to_______________the fire in Church Street. 10. My parents are out. So I have to________________my baby-brother

EXERCISE (3) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below:(use the correct form of the verbs) look after / grow up / bring up / get on 1. Could you______________the baby while I go to the shops? - it's too cold outside to take him with me. 2. Older children don't always_______________ with their new brother or sister at first. . 3. He was_________________by very strict parents, but treated his own children much more leniently. 4. He told his parents that when he_______________ he wanted to be a an actor, or a journalist.

EXERCISE (4) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below: (take after_/turn on _/looking forward to_/put up with_/makes up-/put off-/turn down_/look after) 1.When you have an unpleasant friend in class, you simply have to _____________him and hope that you won't have him with you in the same class the following year. 2. Everyone tells me that I ________________my father. I am very much like him, both physically and psychologically.

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3. Every morning before she leaves her home, she _____________________that means that she puts powder, colour and lipstick on her face. 4. When you come into a dark house, one of the first things you do is to_________________ the light 5.When we can't do a test one week, we sometimes __________________doing it till the following week 6.My parents are taking me to New York for my next holidays; I am really_______________ my trip 7.Mrs Smith is looking for someone to________________her baby when she is at work. 8.She couldn't________________the job she was offered a week ago.

EXERCISE (5) Complete the sentences. Use each phrasal verb only once: do with - put down - make out - carry on - Keep off - broke down - set up - turn over - went down - brought up

1. I cannot ___ __________ his writing. 2. Please, _____________ the page. 3. We cannot play football here. The sign says, “ ____________the grass.” 4. She __________ and cried. 5. The boy was _______________ by a nanny. 6. I can hardly concentrate. I could really ___________ a holiday. 7. The Titanic collided with an iceberg and ____________. 8. Why don't you _____________ singing? You have such a beautiful voice. 9. The strike was ____________ by military units. 10. Would you like to _____________ business in the United States?

Mohammed Zouli

EXERCISE (6) Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particles. 1.I don't know where my book is. I must look …………………………….it. 2.Fill ……………….the form, please. 3.The music is too loud. Could you turn ………………… the volume, please? 4.Quick, get …………………….the bus or you'll have to walk home. 5.Turn ………………………the lights when you go to bed. 6.Do you mind if I switch …………………..the TV? I'd like to watch the news. 7.The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it ……………… 8.When you enter the house, take ……………your shoes and put ………………your slippers. 9.If you don't know this word, you can look it …………………………in a dictionary.

EXERCISE (7) Complete the phrasal verbs according to their meanings in brackets. 1. ………………….your shoes.(Remove) 2. Somebody has to………………..the baby. (Take care of) 3. She wants to……………………the truth? (Discover) 4. Where can I…………………………the sweater? (See if it fits) 5. …………………….. (be quick) 6. Why don't you……………………….? (Take a seat) 7. I will………………………. the train now. (Enter) 8. ……………………..the word in a dictionary. (Consult a dictionary) 9. I want to………………………the form. (Complete) 10. The firemen…………………………..the fire.(Extinguish)

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Writing

Letter of complain

From: Andrew Smith To: Joyride Travel Agency, 32, Sun Rise Apartments, Westend Avenue, New York New York 21st June, 2010 Respected Sir, I had booked your Exotic Eastern package tour that had left on the 12 thMay. In this tour many things were promised. Some of them included were breakfast, lunch and all the tariffs that were to be paid by the agency. Besides a 3 star hotel occupancy was also promised. But it is regretful that these facilities were not provided. The breakfast given was not sufficient for 30 people, and any coming 15 minutes late had to go without it. After reaching the destination, to our horror we found no accommodation in the hotel. We learned through the hotel authorities, that no advance booking was done. We were then shifted to a medium class hotel of seedy appearance. Since all the 30 people who booked for the tour have similar complain and that we had paid for the tour facilities. Thus, we would like to register the complaint and seek a refund of the money. I hope that you will look into the matter. Thanking you, Sincerely, Andrew Smith 7th Sept‘ 2010.

Mohammed Zouli

Letter of apology

Mr. Kartik Shetty. LMC Associates. 37/A, Hiranandani Subject: Business Apology Letter. Dear Mr. Shetty; In relation to the subject, we at PQC associates would on professional terms & our business principles, kindly apologize to have been unable to complete the consignment as per the stipulated time frame on contractual basis. On account of this indecent performance, on behalf of the goodwill & reputation of the firm, we would like to compensate for your damages beared by you if any to avoid any spoilage of business dealings & prospective transactions. Having understood the inconvenience caused to you, we regret beyond the limitless expressions & also assure in good positive faith. Further we once again kindly request you to overlook us for the last time & also make us aware without any hesitations for our any of the unintentional default on our part in the future. Thanking You; Yours Sincerely. For PQC Associates.

Friendship letter

______________ (Name of the recipient) ______________ (Date) Subject: Thanks for always being a good friend Dear ___________, Natural beauty is what you call us (me and my friends). It‘s my immense pleasure to have this opportunity to thank you for being an honest and good friend of mine. You‘re the only one amongst the whole class who is the decent one. To add it more, your sense of humour and your quickness is amazing. I used to always enjoy your sense of humour.Remember the time when I wanted a book from library for my project and my lib. I-card was already engaged; you landed me your I-card even though you required it for your project. I came to know the other day through one your friend. That shows your goodness. I now miss you saying that, “did you light your Jain crackers in Diwali.” I also appreciate the way you handled the situation when someone linked us together for being more than good friends. I even know my good friend that you used to appreciate me in front of others but not letting me know. This are the things which I wished to tell you but can‘t express my

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Unit 7 : Citizenship

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Quotation related to Citizenship - ‗As long as I live, I will never forget that day 21 years ago when I raised my hand and took the oath of citizenship. Do you know how proud I was? I was so proud that I walked around with an American flag around my shoulders all day long‘. --Arnold Schwarzenegger -"I have no country to fight for: my country is the earth, and I am a citizen of the world." -- Eugene V. Debs -"...we all have an obligation as citizens of this earth to leave the world a healthier, cleaner, and better place for our children and future generations.‖ --Blythe Danner -"Citizenship comes first today in our crowded world...No man can enjoy the privileges of education and thereafter with a clear conscience break his contract with society. To respect that contract is to be mature, to strengthen it is to be a good citizen, to do more than your share under it is noble." -- Isaiah Bowman -―...ordinary men and women may often feel unmotivated to exert their citizenship, either because they cannot tell the difference between the different alternatives, or because they have lost faith in the political classes, or because they feel that the really important issues are not in their power to decide‖. -- Patricio Aylwin Azócar -"It is not always the same thing to be a good man and a good citizen." -- Aristotle -"No one is born a good citizen; no nation is born a democracy. Rather, both are processes that continue to evolve over a lifetime. Young people must be included from birth. A society that cuts off from its youth severs its lifeline." -- Kofi Annan -"The only title in our democracy superior to that of President is the title of citizen." --Justice Louis D. Brandeis -“Citizenship is a tough occupation which obliges the citizen to make his own informed opinion and stand by it‖. --Martha Gellhorn -“Citizenship consists in the service of the country‖. --Jawaharlal Nehru -“There can be no daily democracy without daily citizenship‖. --Ralph Nader -“There's no such thing as second class citizenship. That's like telling me you can be a little bit pregnant‖. --H. Rap Brown -‘I love my country. And I would have to renounce my Spanish citizenship to become a U.S. Citizen‘. --Antonio Banderas -―In a world of inhumanity, war and terrorism, American citizenship is a very precious possession‖. --Phyllis Schlafly Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary Related To Citizenship Citizenship: It is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation as well as duties (responsibilities) towards the good of the whole community. Active citizenship: "Active citizenship" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment (improvement) of their community through economic participation, public service, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, schools in some countries provide citizenship education. Citizen: A person having a membership in a political community is a citizen enjoying rights and exercising obligations (duties, responsibilities). Civic behaviour: The behaviour citizens are expected to demonstrate in their daily lives. Collective work to clean your neighbourhood, helping lost strangers to find their ways, leaving your bus seat for an old person... can be considered as civic behaviour. Civic engagement: Positive involvement in the affairs (social, political, and economic) of the home town, country, state ... Civic engagement can take many forms- from individual volunteerism to organizational involvement to electoral participation. It can include efforts to directly address an issue, work with others in a community to solve a problem or interact with the institutions of representative democracy. Civic culture: The way good citizens should behave. Civic values: The beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most important, Mohammed which control their civic behaviour. Zouli Civic consciousness: Awareness of civic behaviour, good citizenship. Civicism: The principle of civil government. The doctrine that all citizens have the same rights and obligations. Civic duty: An act or a course of action that is required of one by position, social custom, law, or religion. Moral obligation to fulfill one's responsibilities. The social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; Community: a. A group of people living in the same locality and under the same government. b. The district or locality in which such a group lives. Community service: Work that people do to help other people without payment. Some young criminals whose crime is not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do community service. Country: It is a political unit. An area of land that has its own government, army, etc: "Which is the largest country in Europe?" "Sri Lanka is my native country, but I've been living in Belgium for the past five years." Cooperation: When you work together with someone or do what they ask you: There's very little cooperation between the neighbours. Election: A time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job: "The Government is expected to call an election (= allow the country to vote) very soon." "The first election results have started to come in." Election campaign: period of weeks immediately before an election when politicians try to persuade people to vote for them. Dual nationality / citizenship: The nationality of two countries at the same time: "Dual British and American nationality" Non-profit organization: A non-profit organization (abbreviated "NPO", also "non-profit" or "not-for-profit") is a legally constituted organization whose primary objective is to support or to actively engage in activities of public or private interest without any commercial or monetary profit purposes. NPOs are active in a wide range of areas, including the environment, humanitarian aid, animal protection, education, the arts, social issues, charities, early childhood education, health care, politics, religion, research, sports or other endeavours. Patriotism: Love of and devotion to one's country. A devoted love, support, and defense of one‟s country; national loyalty. — patriot, n. — patriotic, adj. State: A country or its government: "The drought is worst in the central African states." "Britain is one of the member states of the European Union." "The government was determined to reduce the number of stateowned industries." Volunteerism: Volunteerism is the willingness of people to work on behalf of others without the expectation of pay or other tangible gain. Volunteers may have special training as rescuers, guides, assistants, teachers ... But the

majority work because they recognize a need and fill it, whether it be the dramatic search for a lost child or the mundane giving of directions to a lost visitor. In economics, voluntary employment is unpaid employment. It may be done for altruistic reasons, for example charity, as a hobby, community service or vocation, or for the purpose of gaining experience. Volunteers engage in voluntary work

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Exercises on citizenship vocabulary 1- Match the words in A with those in B to make collocations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 123456-

A Voluntary Drug Enthusiastic Community National Dual Active Moral

B a) obligation b) anthem c) service d) citizen e) addicts f) activists g) nationality h) work

1-……………………………………………………. 2-……………………………………………………. 3-……………………………………………………. 4-……………………………………………………. 5-……………………………………………………. 6-……………………………………………………. 7-……………………………………………………. 8-…………………………………………………….

2- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collocations you made above: Kamal is an ________________. He always does ___________________ in hospitals, in centres for the elderly, and in other charitable institutions. He likes people in need. He strongly believes that _______________ plays an important role in relieving pain and suffering. Whenever his Majesty makes a speech to the nation, the _______________ is sung before and after his speeches. A large number of Moroccan citizens living and working abroad have a _________________ , i.e. that of the host country and that of their country of origin. Voting in elections is a right but also a _______________ towards one‟s nation. For people to consider you as an ________________, you have to offer your free services to your community and contribute, in one way or another, to its well-being. Most street children in Morocco and elsewhere are glue or ________________. They spend day in day out sniffing glue or smoking hashish. 3- Fill in the gaps with the correct word from the list: take – volunteering – enjoy – denied – demonstrate – instil – effects – loyal – honour – difference – reduced – exercise

Mohammed Zouli

1. Youth in the past were ____________ the right to express their views on issues that mattered to them. They were _____________ to silence. 2. By ______________ 10 hours a week of your time for charitable organizations, you can ________________ your positive contribution and active involvement in your local community. 3. Good citizens know that they not only have basic rights to ______________ but also obligation and responsibilities to____________________ to their community, environment, and law. 4. What does is it __________________ to be a good citizen? 5. It is the parent‟s job, in the first place, and the teachers‟ in the second to ______________ in the children the virtue of citizenship by explaining the ____________, between good and bad citizenship. 6. Aouita and Nawal did great ________________ to their country when they won gold medals in the Olympic Games in 1984. They made Morocco known all over the world. 7. Bayti, an association for the protection of street children in Morocco, is using sport to teach street children about the harmful _______________ of glue on their lungs. 8. Everyone of us needs to be a __________________ subject to the king and the nation.

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4- Turn these adjectives into nouns and nouns into adjectives: Adjectives Nouns nouns adjectives 1. fair ……………………….. 7. respect ……………………….. 2. responsible ……………………….. 8. honesty ……………………….. 3. kind ……………………….. 9. compassion ……………………….. Mohammed 4. cooperative ……………………….. 10. empathy ……………………….. Zouli 5. tolerant ……………………….. 11. courage ……………………….. 6. generous ……………………….. 12. effect ……………………….. 5- Match the verbs in A with the words in B to make collocations: A

1. Run an awareness-raising 2. Shun 3. Renew 4. Raise 5. Enjoy 6. Conduct 7. Take 8. Sort out 9. Lose 10. Exercise

B

1. …………………………………… a) survey 2. …………………………………….. b) the problem 3. …………………………………….. c) faith 4. …………………………………….. d) action 5. …………………………………….. e) politics 6. …………………………………….. f) campaign g) a membership card 7. …………………………………….. 8. …………………………………….. h) rights 9. …………………………………….. i) awareness 10. …………………………………… j) responsibilities

6- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collocation from the ex: 5 1- I‟m afraid you have to _______________ your club ________________. It has expired. If you have a photograph, I‟ll do it for you right away. 2- “The last election results in Morocco have revealed that youth participation in these elections has reached alarming levels. It has been the lowest ever realised. We must admit that young people are ____________________________. They have actually __________________ in political parties. So, how can we ________________? The situation is urgent and we need to __________________. If nothing is done, the country is heading for a crisis” 3- Our association has decided on an action plan. As a first step, we have agreed to ___________________to investigate the reasons behind the youth‟s attitude. The next step will be to ________________. Thus, we will go out onto the streets, talk to the youth and _____________ their__________________ as to the importance of voting in elections. We do hope that our efforts will pay off. It‟s the least we could do” the president of an NGO wrote in a local newspaper.

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Reading Comprehension Preparation for citizenship has traditionally been carried out through formal educational programmes in schools and almost always through the social subjects‟ area of the curriculum. Citizenship education has typically been embedded in courses of study in history and civics in most nations and has for the most part focused upon developing a knowledge base about how government and other institutions in any given state work, and the rights and duties of citizens with respect to the state. It has been oriented largely toward the development of a national identity. At one point, when the world was a simpler place, this conceptualization of citizenship may have served us well: but this is no longer the case. The complexity and interconnectedness of the challenges and issues facing us in the twenty first century simply cannot be met through conventional means. What we need is a new vision of citizenship education, one in which both the school and the communities it serves are equal partners in the education of each new generation of citizens. It calls for a citizen education which embraces many interconnected dimensions; personal, social and global. Modern political systems depend for their successful functioning upon a conception of citizenship. It can be explicitly spelled out in constitution, a bill of rights or some similar documents, or it can be left implicit within national traditions and institutions. Usually it is a combination of both explicit prescription and implicit practice. But whichever is the case, any conception of citizenship contains a conception of the knowledge, skills, values and dispositions that, ideally, citizens should possess. These attributes of citizenship will vary according to the nature of the political system of which they are a part, but in general terms they can be classified into five categories: (1) a sense of identity, (2) the enjoyment of certain rights, (3) the fulfilment of corresponding obligations, (4) a degree of interest and involvement in public affairs, and (5) an acceptance of basic societal values. All five are conveyed through a wide variety of institutions, both governmental and nongovernmental, including the media and especially the system of schooling. Citizenship education then, in the broadest sense, is an important task in all contemporary societies. A. Say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Justify your answer. 1. The writer thinks that the way citizenship has been taught is not suitable at present. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Schools and communities are not of the same importance in serving citizens. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The attributes of citizenships are the same for all the political systems. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… B. Find words in the text that mean the same as: Mohammed 1. Included (para 1):………………………………………………………….. Zouli 2. Conservative (para 2): ………………………………………………… … 3. Notion (para 3): …………………………………………………………….. 4. Qualities (para 4): …………………………………………………………. C. Complete the following sentences according to the ideas contained in the text. 1. In the past citizenship used to ………………………………………..some school subjects. 2. Because the world is a no simpler place ……………………………………………………… 3. Citizenship must be responsible for …………………………………………………political systems. D. Answer the following question using your own words. 4. What school subjects has citizenship been included? 5. What new vision of citizenship the writer thinks is needed in our contemporary world? 6. Why do you think citizenship education is very important? E. What do the underlined words refer to 1. It (para 2) :…………………………… 2. They (para 4) :………………………………………

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Communication Asking for and Giving advice Asking for advice:  I've got a bad toothache. What do you suggest?  What do you advise me to do?  What should I do?  What ought I to do?  What's your advice?  If you were me what would you do? Mohammed Giving advice Zouli  If I were you, I would go to the dentist.  Why don't you go to the dentist?  You'd better brush your teeth regularly.  You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.  If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.  It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular basis.  I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.  Have you thought about seeing a dentist? Declining to give advice  I don't know what to advise, I'm afraid.  I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.  I wish I could help.  I'm afraid I can't really help you. Things to remember about asking for and giving advice: 1. "Advise" is a verb. Example: "I advise you to learn English. You will undoubtedly need it in your higher studies" 2. "Advice" is a noun. Example: "My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up" 3. "Ought to" has nearly the same meaning as "should". The only difference is that "ought to " refers to a moral or external obligation but should is more of an advice. Example: "You ought to stop smoking." "You should stop smoking." 4. "You'd better" is the short form of "you had better" Example: "You'd better see a doctor!" = "You had better see the doctor"

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Communication Exercise 1. What advice would give in the following situation? 1. Your friend seems to have problems with his father and he is thinking of leaving home. •You: ………………………….……………………………………………………………………… 2. Your friend does not respect the teacher. •You: …………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 3. Your friend has not feeling well lately. •You: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Your friend can't decide whether to buy a tablet or laptop. •You: (give him some advice)….............................................................. 5. Friend: I have a terrible fever. •You: (give advice).................................................................................... 6. Samir: I find it difficult to understand Americans when they speak. •You: (give advice).................................................................................... 7. Your friend has just got her university degree. she has two options: look for a job or continue her studies. •You: (give her some advice)...................................................................... 8. Your classmate often comes late to school. •You: (give him/her some advice).............................................................. 2. Rewrite the following pieces of advice using the expressions in the brackets Mohammed Zouli a. Why don’t you give up drinking alcohol? (ought to …..) ......................................................................................................................... b. What are you doing up so late? You should be in bed now (if I were you……) .............................................................................................................................. c. You’d better stop being late, otherwise you’ll lose your job (it would be a good idea if you……..) ……………………………. ............................................................................................ d. If I were you, I would send my daughter to school (I think you should………) .............................................................................................................................. e. You should start revising for the test. (I advise you …………………………) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… f. If I were you I wouldn’t disturb a sleeping baby. (You shouldn’t……………………) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Grammar

Reported Speech(Indirect Speech)

What is reported speech? Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before. Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech. Direct speech vs Reported speech: Direct speech

Reported speech

She says: "I like tuna fish."

She says that she likes tuna fish.

She said: "I'm visiting Paris next weekend"

She said that she was visiting Paris the following weekend.

1-Tense transformations

Direct speech

Indirect speech

« I know quite a lot of people here » Robert said. Present Simple “John is feeling much better” Paul said. Present Continuous “I enjoyed my holiday in the states”. David said. Past Simple “Jackie wasn’t feeling very well” the father said. Past Continuous “They have seen the Eiffel Tower” John said. Present Perfect “I have been waiting for ages” my father said. Present Perfect Continuous “Nobody had warned them about the storm” he said. Past Perfect “She had been regarding all the day” Brenda said. Past Perfect Continuous “I will be here with you” Jack promised me. Future Simple “Ali is going to study French” Rachid said. Be going to. “We can start the lesson” The teacher announced. Can “They may come home” her husband said. May “You must be quite in class” the teacher said. Must

Robert said that he knew quite a lot of people there. Simple past Paul said that John was feeling much better. Past Continuous David said that he had enjoyed his holiday in the states. Past perfect The father said that Jackie hadn’t been feeling very well. Past Perfect Continuous John said that they had seen the Eiffel Tower. Past Perfect My father said that he had been waiting for ages. Past Perfect Continuous He said that nobody had warned them about the storm. Past Perfect Brenda said that she had been regarding all the day. Past Perfect Continuous Jack promised that he would be there with me. Conditional present Rachid said that Ali was going to study French. Was/were going to. The teacher announced that we could start the lesson. Could Her husband said that they might come home. Might The teacher said that we had to be quit in class. Had to

2-Reporting Statements: 1-These changes affect time expressions: Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Today

that day

Now

Then

yesterday

the day before

… days ago

… days before

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Mohammed Zouli

last week

the week before

next year

the following year

tomorrow

the next day / the following day

Here

There

This

That

These

Those

2-agree, refuse, offer, promise, and threaten+infinitive: Example:-Ann: Would you wait half an hour?

-Tom: All right. ====Ann asked if Tom would wait for half an hour and Tom agreed. Example: -Chris: Would you lend me another 50$? -David: No, I won’t lend you any more money ===Chris Asked David to lend him another 50$ and David refused to lend him any more money. 3-Accuse of, admit, apologize for, deny, insist on+gerund: Example: You took me the money ======= He accused me of taking him the money.

I didn’t steal it. ============ He denied stealing it. I stole it. ============ He admitted stealing it. I’m sorry I’m late. =========== He apologized for being late. Let me pay, please, let me ====== He insisted on paying. 3-reporting questions: A-yes/ No questions Mohammed * There is no inversion (subject/verb). Zouli *We add If or Whether after the reporting verb. Example: -“Are you working these days?” he said.

====He inquired if/ whether I was working those days. -“Did you speak to John last night?” she asked. ====She wanted to know if I had spoken to john the night before. B-WH-Questions -When Who or What are subject of the sentence we don’t change the word order. Example: “Who told you this story?” == he asked me who had told that story

“What happened?”

===== He wanted to know what happened.

-The word order is a positive one, without inversion(subject/verb) Example: “Where did you go last summer?”

===He asked me where I had gone the previous summer. -Some verbs can be used as reporting verbs: ask, enquire, wonder, would like to know, want to know.

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4-Reporting Commands: •The imperative changes into infinitive. Example: He said to us: “Stay here” >>>>> He told us to stay there. • The reporting Verb must indicate order. Example: He said: “Be quiet” >>>>>>>>>> He told me to be quit. •Apart from tell other verbs can be used: ask, beg, invite, warn, order, command, instruct… Example: “Say that again” he said to me.>>>> He asked me to say that again.

5-Reporting Requests: ◊ The verbs used are: beg, ask, demand & request and they are situated before the requested person. Example: ”John, don’t open the window, please” I said.

›››››› I asked / requested / begged John not to open the window. ◊ The word “please” is omitted. ◊ When let is used in direct speech it must appear in th reported too but omitting the modal verb. Example: “Can you let me use your phone, please?” I asked my neighbour.

››››››››I asked my neighbour to let me use her phone. “Can I use your phone?” I asked my neighbour. ›››››››› I asked my neighbour if I could use her phone. 6-Reporting Suggestions:

Mohammed Zouli

▪ We normally use suggest + gerund to report them. ▪Also suggest that + subordinate sentence. ▪The suggestions: let‘s, why don‘t we, shall we, why not are omitted. Example: -“Let’s go to the theatre?” she said.

-“Why don’t we go to the theatre?” she said. -“Shall we go to the theatre?” she said. ›››››››She suggested going to the theatre. ›››››››she suggested that we could go to the theatre. Example: “Let’s not argue again,” he said. ››››››› He suggested not arguing again. ›››››››He suggested that they should not argue again. 7-Other transformations Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge. Example: “You must read this book.“ 

>>>>>>He advised / urged me to read that book. The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should. Example: “Let’s go to the cinema.“= 

1. He suggested going to the cinema. 2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.

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Exercises on reported speech 1-Reporting commands: 1) Sabine: "Meet Sandy at the station!" Sabine told me________________________________. 2) Victoria: "Check your e-mails!" Victoria told me________________________________. 3) Doris: "Dance with me!" Doris told me__________________________________. 4) Jessica: "Write a text message!" Jessica told me_________________________________. 5) Teacher: "Do your homework!" The teacher told me_____________________________. 6) Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!" Nelly told me__________________________________. 7) Andrew: "Clean the blue bike!" Andrew told me________________________________. 8) Tom: "Come at 8!" Tom told me___________________________________. 9) Fred: "Wash your hands!" Fred told me___________________________________. 10) Anna: "Open the window!" Anna told me___________________________________. 2-Reporting negative commands: 1) Karen: "Don't play football in the garden!" Karen told me________________________________ 2) Teacher: "Don't forget your homework!" The teacher reminded me________________________ 3) Mike: "Don't shout at Peter!" Mike told me__________________________________ 4) Yvonne: "Don't talk to your neighbour!" Yvonne told me_______________________________. 5) Denise: "Don't open the door!" Denise told me_______________________________. 6) Marcel: "Don't sing that song!" Marcel reminded me____________________________. 7) Jane: "Don't watch the new film!" Jane advised me______________________________. 8) Walter: "Don't ring Romy on Sunday!" Walter told me_________________________________. Mohammed 9) Lisa: "Don't fly via Paris!" Lisa advised me________________________________. Zouli 10) Jamie: "Don't eat so much junk food!" Jamie reminded me____________________________ 3-Reporting requests: 1) "Please help me carry this." He_________________________________________ 2) "Please come early."

He__________________________________________

3) "Please buy some milk."

She_________________________________________

4) "Could you please open the window?"

He_________________________________________

5) "Could you bring the book tonight?"

He_________________________________________

6) "Can you help me with my homework, please?" She_______________________________________ 7) "Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?" She_______________________________________ 8) "Would you mind passing the salt?"

He_______________________________________

9) "Would you mind lending me a pencil?"

He________________________________________

10) "I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?" He_____________________ 4-Reporting suggestions: 1-"Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2-My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting."

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____________________________________________________________________________________ 3-I said, "I don't think you should see the dentist this week." ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4-You said, "I don't think you have time to see the dentist this week." ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5-The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6-"It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7-"Why don't you go to the doctor?" he said. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8-She said, "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5-Reporting questions: 1. Christopher: "Do you want to dance?" Christopher asked me……………………………………………. 2. Betty: "When did you come?" Betty wanted to know…………………………………………… 3. Mark: "Has John arrived?" Mark asked me…………………………………………………… 4. Ronald: "Where does Maria park her car?" 5. 6. 7. 8.

Ronald asked me…………………………………………………. Elisabeth: "Did you watch the latest film?" Elisabeth asked me……………………………………………….. Mandy: "Can I help you?" Mandy wanted to know……………………………………………. Andrew: "Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?" Andrew asked me ………………………………………………… Justin: "What are you doing?" Justin asked me……………………………………………………

Mohammed Zouli

9. Frank: "How much pocket money does Lisa get?" Frank wanted to know……………………………………………. 10. Anne: "Must I do the shopping?" Anne asked……………………………………………………….. 6-Turn the following sentences into the indirect speech:

1- “I have just sent an e-mail to my teacher” he said He said (that)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- “The Alliance Forces will launch more air strikes on Libya” the News Agency reported The News Agency reported………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3- “I was reading a newspaper when you knocked at the door” she told me She told me …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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4- “She is going to carry out a research on young people and politics” he confirmed He confirmed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5- “The government bought new capital shares to support the Pension Fund” announced an official An official announced………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 6- “Do you believe in love before marriage?” she asked She asked me………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 7- “Discuss and illustrate the basic elements of writing an essay” the teacher asked The teacher asked…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 8- “We are writing a handwritten application to send it to the director of an academic school”. The students explained………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9- "I'm coming!" my friend said. The friend said………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10-"I was waiting for the bus when he arrived." The man said. The man said……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7- Write these sentences in reported speech

1-He said, "I like this song." → He said ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-"Where is your sister?" she asked me. → She asked me …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Mohammed 3-"I don't speak Italian," she said. → She said ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Zouli 4-"Say hello to Jim," they said. → They asked me …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5-"The film began at seven o'clock," he said. → He said …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6-"Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. → She told the boys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-"Where have you spent your money?" she asked him. → She asked him ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8-"I never make mistakes," he said. → He said……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-"Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know. → He wanted to know…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10-"Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience. → The stuntman advised the audience………………………………………………………………………………….. 8- Write the correct reported speech for each sentence:

1-"The Himalayas are the highest." – He said He knew that ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2-"I may lend you some money." – Bill said Bill promised …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3-"I have been watching a film." – He said He replied that …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4-"Claire must rest." – Said the doctor The doctor said ……………………………………………………………………………………………

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Writing An Example of argumentative essay

Only through communication people can know one another and not confront. In the past people used simple tools for communication, such as fire, drums, or pigeons. Later, thanks to the development of writing, they started to exchange letters. Following that, they used the telegraph. However, today they can send written messages, or videos thanks to the mobile which has certainly expanded worldwide. However, this small gadget may cause harm if it is overused. The mobile is used for multiple purposes. It can be used either to contact a family member, or a friend via sound or messages. Furthermore, many youngsters use it to store their music, or play games. For businessmen it‘s their mobile office where they can get in touch day and night with their employees and partners. More than that, the cell phone can help people in emergencies. For instance, if they ever have a car breakdown, or an injury, the mobile resolves the problem on the spot. Students can contact their parents or classmates. The mobile helps people in different situations. On the other hand, if used excessively, the mobile can cause harm to people. Mobiles may cause harm to people‘s brains if we overuse them according to some researches. Moreover, they can be the cause of several road accidents if used in driving. They are sometimes a source of disturbance when we are relaxing, having a rest, or attending a course. The ringing of the cell phone interrupts your sleep, your rest, or distracts you concentration. All in all, the mobile is useful to people; however, if it is not used efficaciously, it may have negative impacts on them. Therefore, we should not utilize the mobile unless it is very necessary

Mohammed Zouli

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Unit 8 : International organisations

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Quotations on International Organisation -“The reality is that international institutions like the UN can only be as effective as its members allow it to be”. Atal Bihari Vajpayee -“The European Union will continue to fully support multilateral global governance based on international law, human rights, and strong international institutions”. Federica Mogherini -“Once the violence has ceased, the US should immediately call on the World Bank and other international institutions to convene a donors conference to rebuild Lebanon's shattered infrastructure”. John Conyers -“International institutions ought to be, as the national ones in democratic countries, established by the peoples and for the peoples”. Henri La Fontaine -“I mean that the time where we need International agreement more than ever on the environment and the rest, poverty we are breaking up our International Institutions and the rule of law and Tony Blair is part of it”. Clare Short -“I became convinced that the advanced industrial countries, through international organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the World Bank, were not only not doing all that they could to help these [developing] countries but were sometimes making their life more difficult. IMF programs had clearly worsened the East Asian crisis, and the "shock therapy" they had pushed in the former Soviet Union and its satellites played an important role in the failure of the transition.” Joseph E. Stiglitz -“Iran's continued pursuit of nuclear weapons, support for international terrorist organizations, and abhorrent human rights practices pose one of the greatest threats to global security.” Allyson Schwartz -“Alliances and international organizations should be understood as opportunities for leadership and a means to expand our influence, not as constraints on our power.” Chuck Hagel -“Prior to the United Nations even being formed, Palestine was a country. But the right of the Palestinian people were trampled, and unfortunately, international organizations contributed to those rights being trampled.” Mahmoud Ahmadinejad -“They act as they please: here and there, they use force against sovereign states, building coalitions based on the principle 'If you are not with us, you are against us.' To make this aggression look legitimate, they force the necessary resolutions from international organizations, and if for some reason this does not work, they simply ignore the UN Security Council and the UN overall.” Vladimir Putin Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary of international organizations 1. a. b. 2.

3.

An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types:[ International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These may be either: International non-profit organizations. Examples include the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières. International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Examples include The CocaCola Company and Toyota. Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states). Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe, European Union (EU; which is a prime example of a supranational organization), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. Unlike the term "intergovernmental organization", "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names. The number of internationally operating NGOs is estimated at 40,000. National numbers are even higher: Russia has 277,000 NGOs; India is estimated to have around 1-2 million NGOs

The three basic elements that govern the role of an international organization:

A- Convention (‫)اتفاقية‬: a convention is a kind of an agreement which is signed by many countries. All the state members (‫ )الدول األعضاء‬are required to abide by the provisions of a given convention. Many conventions are international and deal with specific issues. For example the “Convention on the Rights of the Child” (‫ )اتفاقية حقوق الطفل‬is intended to protect children all over the world from unacceptable actions that violate their innocence such as military recruitment (‫)التجنيد العسكري‬, sexual exploitation (‫)االستغالل الجنس‬, and child labour (‫ )تشغيل األطفال‬and so on. B- Recommendations (‫)توصيات‬: recommendations are aspects of tips (pieces of advice) to which a specific organisation comes in order to meet its objectives. All countries, members of this organisation, are invited to follow these recommendations so as to implement effectively its provisions and articles. C- Charter (‫)ميثاق‬: a written text or a document defining the formal organisation of a body, organisation or a constitution: the Charter of the United Nations. The main bodies of the United Nations : ‫أجهصة األيى انًتحدة انسئيسيت‬ A- The General Assembly : ‫الجمعية العامة‬ B- The Security Council : ‫مجلس األمن‬ C- The Trusteeship Council : ‫مجلس الوصاية‬ D- The Economic and Social Council : ‫المجلس االقتصادي و االجتماع‬ E- The International Court of Justice : ‫محكمة العدل الدولية‬ F- The Secretariat-General : ‫األمانة العامة‬

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Mohammed Zouli

List of well-known international organisations English ‫عسبيت‬ UN : United Nations ‫يُظًخ األيى انًزحذح‬ WHO : the World Health Organization ‫يُظًخ انصحخ انعبنًيخ‬ FAO : Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations ‫يُظًخ األيى انًزحذح نألغزيخ وانزساعخ‬ The World Bank ‫انجُك انذوني‬ IMF : the International Monetary Fund ‫صُذوق انُمذ انذوني‬ UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural ‫يُظًخ األيى انًزحذح نهزشثيخ وانعهىو وانثمبفخ‬ Organisation UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme ‫ثشَبيج األيى انًزحذح نهجيئخ‬ UNDP : United Nations Development Programme ‫ثشَبيج األيى انًزحذح نهزًُيخ‬ ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organisation ‫انًُظًخ انذونيخ نهطيشاٌ انًذَي‬ UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organisation ‫يُظًخ األيى انًزحذح نهزًُيخ انصُبعيخ‬ WFP : the World Food Programme ‫ثشَبيج األغزيخ انعبنًي‬ WMO : the World Meteorological Organisation ‫انًُظًخ انعبنًيخ نألسصبد انجىيخ‬ WTO: the World Trade Organisation ‫يُظًخ انزجبسح انعبنًيخ‬ AI : the Amnesty International ‫يُظًخ انعفى انذونيخ‬ UNHCR : the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ٍ‫يفىضيخ األيى انًزحذح نشؤوٌ انالجئي‬ PLO : the Palestine Liberation Organisation ‫يُظًخ انزحشيش انفهسطيُيخ‬ WIPO : the World Intellectual Property Organisation ‫انًُظًخ انعبنًيخ نهًهكيخ انفكشيخ‬ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ٌ‫اإلعالٌ انعبنًي نحمىق اإلَسب‬ Mohammed IAEA : the International Atomic Energy Agency ‫انىكبنخ انذونيخ نهطبلخ انزسيخ‬ Zouli ISO : the International standards Organisation ‫انًُظًخ انذونيخ نهًعبييش‬ NATO : the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ‫يُظًخ حهف شًبل األطهسي‬ OPEC : the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries ‫يُظًخ انجهذاٌ انًصذسح نهُفظ‬ CIA : Central Intelligence Agency ‫وكبنخ انًخبثشاد انًشكزيخ‬ FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigations ‫يكزت انزحميمبد انفيذساني‬ Doctors Without Borders ‫أطجبء ثال حذود‬ The Arab Maghreb Union ‫ارحبد انًغشة انعشثي‬ SALT : Strategic Arms Limitations Talks ‫يحبدثبد انحذ يٍ األسهحخ اإلسزشاريجيخ‬ The National Human Rights Council ٌ‫انًجهس انىطُي نحمىق اإلَسب‬ WTO : the World Trade Organization ‫انًُظًخ انعبنًيخ نهسيبحخ‬ ILO : the International Labour Organisation ‫انًُظًخ انذونيخ نهعًم‬ UNCTD : the United Nations Conference on Trade and ‫يؤرًش األيى انًزحذح نهزجبسح وانزًُيخ‬ Development FIFA The International Federation of Football Association ‫االرحبد انذوني نكشح انمذو‬ OPCW : the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical ‫يُظًخ يُع األسهحخ انكيًيبئيخ‬ Weapons UNITAR : the United Nations Institute for Training and ‫يعهذ األيى انًزحذح نهزذسيت وانجحث‬ Research UNRWA : the United Nations Relief and Work agency for ٍ‫وكبنخ األيى انًزحذح إلغبثخ ورشغيم انالجئي‬ Palestine Refugees in the Near East ًَ‫انفهسطيُييٍ في انششق األد‬ IMO : the International Maritime Organisation ‫انًُظًخ انذونيخ نهًالحخ انجحشيخ‬ Interpol : (the International Criminal Police Organisation) ‫يُظًخ ششطخ انجشائى انذونيخ‬:‫اإلَزشثىل‬ ICC : the International Criminal Court ‫انًحكًخ انجُبئيخ انذونيخ‬ HDI : the Human Development Index ‫يؤشش انزًُيخ انجششيخ‬ NASA : the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ‫اإلداسح انىطُيخ نهًالحخ انجىيخ وانفضبء‬ UNICEF : the United Nations children‟s emergency Fun ‫صُذوق األيى انًزحذح نشعبيخ انطفىنخ‬

109

Vocabulary related to International Organizations

1-Fill in the blanks with words from the list:

headquarters – set up – celebrated – emblem – Secretary General – president – anthem – rejected – offices 1. The present ________________ of the United Nations is António Guterres. He’s from Portugal. 2. The _____________ of the UNO symbolizes peace. It shows the world held between two olive branches. 3. “When was the UNO___________?” “After World War II, that is around 1945, I guess.” 4. The UN Day is __________ every year on October,24th . 5. Did I show you the photographs we took in front of the UN______________ in New York? What a huge building it is?

2- Match the words in A with their definitions in B: A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

Veto Debate Resolution Delegate UNESCO

a. Person authorized to act as a representative for a country. b. The vested power of permanent 5 countries to refuse approval of Security General resolution. c. Discuss or argue. d. Final results of a negotiation or discussion of a specific issue. e. A UN agency concerned with the protection and preservation of cultural & natural heritage.

3- Match the words in A with those in B to make collocations: A

1. hold 2. reach 3. impose 4. play 5. maintain 6.settle 7.restore 8.recruit 9.run 10.veto

B

A) sanctions B) peace C) a dispute D) order E) a summit F) volunteers G) a campaign H) agreement I) a decision J) a part

Answers

1→…….. 2→…….. 3→…….. 4→…….. 5→…….. 6→…….. 7→…….. 8→…….. 9→…….. 10→……..

A

Mohammed Zouli

11.humanitarian 12.fund-raising 13.emergency 14.farewell 15.cease 16.financial 17.bilateral 18.world 19.low-interest 20.peace

B

K) relief L) fire M)assistance N) relations O) community P) aid Q) loans R) treaty S) speech T) campaign

Answers

11→…….. 12→…….. 13→…….. 14→…….. 15→…….. 16→…….. 17→…….. 18→…….. 19→…….. 20→……..

4- Fill in the gap with the correct collocation from the above exercise:

1- Moroccan government and unions have been negotiating a salary raise. However, they haven‟t_________________. 2- Developing countries are looking forward to more_________________ from developed ones. 3- Kofi Annan made an emotional __________________ in which he warmly thanked all the UN staff for hard work. 4- “Where are the Arab Head of States going to __________the Arab ____________?” In Cairo, I, think. 5- Whenever a country is hit by a natural disaster, __________________is sent to its people in the stricken area. 6- To set up their small business, women in rural areas are granted _________________ by the banks. 7- After two days riots in the streets, the police were able to _____________. Now everything seems under control. 8- The ________________ that had been signed by the two belligerent countries was violated many times. 9- “If Iran fails to cooperate with the world community the Security Council is likely to ______________on the country” 10- An association is determined to build school in the village. Thus, they are running a _______________ to collect money needed for the project.

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5- Supply the correct word from the list:

(Relations – rights – charter – responsible – maintain – attaining – solving – promoting)

“The purposes of the UN, as set forth in its 1___________, are to 2___________ international peace and security, to develop friendly3___________ among nations, to cooperate in 4____________ international economic, social and humanitarian problems and in5 ___________ respect for human 6____________ and to be a centre for harmonizing the action of nations in 7____________ these ends. As for the Security Council, it is mainly 8_______ ___________ for the maintenance of international peace and security.

6- Match the following words with their synonyms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

restore settle maintain assist cooperate

a. work together b. help – aid c. resolve d. bring back e. keep

Mohammed Zouli

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

eradicate comply with take part in transgress promote

a. develop b. participate c. violate d. eliminate e. abide by - respect

7- Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the list:

(Cooperate – approve of – boycott – sign – comply with – chair – preserve – promote) 1- Soon after the decision to deploy African troops in Darfour had been unanimously ______________ by the Security Council members, hundreds of peace keepers were sent there. 2- Most of the projects financed by the UN agencies in poor countries aim at __________ development. 3- Spain and Morocco are ___________ to combat illegal immigration. 4- ____________ world heritage sites is of the goals of UNESCO. 5- Who’s going to ____________ tomorrow’s session, António Guterres or his deputy? 6- Any country that refuses to ___________ the Security Council’s decisions will be subject to punitive measures.” 7- The government and the rebels are looking forward to ___________ a cease fire to end all hostilities between the two parties 8- To protest against US policy in the Middle East, some Arab countries decided to __________ all American food. 8- Fill in the blanks with the words in the list:

(Campaign for – stands for – appointed – fight – spread – donations – imprison – dismissed) 1. “Do you know what the acronym ‘WHO’……………….?” “Yes, it’s World Health Organisation”. 2. As soon as Antonio Guterres took office he ………………. Anita Bhatia, from India as a deputy. 3. The humble mission of ‘Doctors Without Frontiers’ is to ……………………. epidemics around the world. 4. Amnesty International is a non-governmental pressure group whose function is to …………..………… the release of political prisoners and dissidents all over the globe. 5. “Our association is non-governmental. We don’t get any financial support from the government. We survive thanks to …………………. given by individuals or foundations, whether national or international”

111

Reading Comprehension [1] Earlier this year, a United Nations (UN) report found that 10 percent of Cambodian children between the ages of 7 and 14 are working. It is one of the highest rates in Southeast Asia. The report said that one in four Cambodians aged 7 to 14 are forced to drop out of school to help their families. UN officials say the child labour rate in Cambodia has dropped over the past 10 years, but the country has a lot more to do to keep a greater number of children in school. [2] One story begins at a brick factory in Cambodia. Outside the building, 15-year-old Pheap and her mother, Chrup, are turning pieces of dirt into bricks. Pheap has worked at the factory for one year. She was taken out of school to support her father who was sick and to look after her 10year-old sister and baby brother. Pheap and her mother each earns $80 a month. They work eight hours a day, seven days a week. [3] About 430,000 Cambodians under 18 are employed. Half of them work in what the International Labour Organization calls the worst forms of child labour. These include agriculture, salt production, housework, fishing and brick-making. The director of the Child Labour Department in Cambodia says that targeting areas like agriculture and fisheries has helped reduce the number of child labourers to nearly a half since 1999. Making sure Cambodian children stay in school is a priority for the government. [4] World Vision, a non-profit group, seeks to reduce child labour by offering assistance for both education and household incomes. The group, which operates a four-year project called EXCEL, receives financial support from the U.S. Department of Labour and has already helped 20,000 children. The group's leader Imelda Ochavillo says Cambodians are becoming less tolerant of child labour. But she says that more is needed to solve this complex issue. “If we want to reduce it significantly, we should alleviate poverty, provide alternative sources of income, offer decent employment for youth, and make education accessible.” She says child labour is usually not a major issue for children under age 12. Most of them remain in their villages and attend school. But it is between the ages of 12 and 17 that child labour becomes an issue. [5] Pheap dreams of finding a job in a clothing factory. That could double her wage. Her mother Chrup wants more for her, too. She says she does not want her daughter to work in the brick factory. But a better future for Chrup’s family is far from guaranteed. Her other daughter, aged 10, won’t be admitted to school because of her age. Anyway, she is needed to look after her baby brother. Definitely, it is hard for Pheap and other Cambodian children to find a way out of poverty without education. A. Are these sentences TRUE or FALSE? JUSTIFY.

1. The Cambodian government has managed to stop child labour. ............................................................... .............. 2. EXCEL project is financed by the Cambodian government. ……………………………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mohammed . . . . . . . . . . . …………. Zouli B. Answer these questions: 1. Why was Pheap forced to leave school? ………………………………………….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. What does Chrup do to get money for her family? …………………………………………………….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112

C. Complete these sentences with information from the text:

1. Agriculture, brick making and housework are considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by the International Labour Organisation. 2. According to Imelda Ochavillo, alleviating poverty and making education accessible will . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Pheap would earn more money if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Pick out from the text phrases or expression which show that: 1. Pheap and her mother work hard.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. the Cambodian government is concerned with keeping children at school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................... E. Find in the the text words that mean almost the same as:

1. decreased (para 1): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. problem (para 4): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. accepted (para 5): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. What do the underlined word in the text refer to?

1. the country (para 1) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. them (para 4) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. her (para 5) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mohammed Zouli

G. These words are underlined in the text. Match them with their synonyms or definitions: Words 1.maintain 2.binding 3.permanent 4.a veto 5.a sanction 6.to sever 7.to leak 8.to deal with

Answer 1-→…… 2-→…… 3-→…… 4-→…… 5-→…… 6-→…… 7-→…… 8-→……

Synonyms/ Definitions a)compulsory, obligatory b)to cut, to break c)a rejection of decision d) perpetual, lasting e) to address f) to keep up, to sustain, to uphold g) a measure taken to make a country obey international law h) to reveal

H. Match words in A with those in B to make collocations: A B Impose aid foreign a peace treaty sign conflict humanitarian affairs settle sanctions

113

Communication

Duty and Responsibility

You had better… It’s your / my duty to… You / I’ve got an obligation to… I / you've got to…. I / You have a duty to… I feel obliged to… I can’t get out of it. I’m responsible. You will be liable for… You have to answer for it.

Response to Good News What great news! How marvellous! Wow! Well done. Awesome! (American) I'm really pleased / glad / happy to hear that … I am really delighted… I cannot tell you how happy I am / was. It gives me great pleasure to ...

Mohammed Zouli

Response to bad news (sympathy). How sad / terrible! Poor thing! Oh dear! I am sorry I was so sorry to hear… My deepest sympathy and condolences. That’s bad luck. What a pity!

Displeasure

How / it's terrible/ /horrible / awful! I am disgusted / It's disgusting. I can't tell you how horrible it is. I can’t tell you how angry I’m / was. That’s boring. I can't stand it.

114

Communication Exercise Exercise on Responding to good and bad news

Respond to the following pieces of news: 1. Your friend has just passed her driving test.  You:............................................................................................. 2. Your cousin has had a terrible accident. Mohammed  You: .............................................................................................. Zouli 3. Your father has just promoted to managing director in the company.  You: ....................................................................................................... 4. A boarding school will be built in your village next year. 

You:................................................................................................

5. Your friend: "I didn't pass my driving test yesterday" 

You: ...............................................................................................

6. Your friend: "my computer is infected with a virus" 

You: ...............................................................................................

7. Your friend: I've got my Baccalaureate. 

You: (congratulate him or her)......................................................

8. Your friend: I've just bought a new electric guitar. 

You: (Respond to this good news)................................................

9. Your friend: my father has just bought a new apartment. 

You: ...............................................................................................

115

Grammar Linking words Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas.

Giving examples For example / For instance / Namely The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for instance. Namely refers to something by name. "There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time."

Mohammed Zouli

Adding information And / In addition / As well as / Also / Too / Furthermore / Moreover / Apart from / In addition to / Besides Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and. "We discussed training, education and the budget." Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing." You can use also with not only to give emphasis. "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition." We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this… As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. "They were concerned too." "I, too, was concerned." Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition."

Summarising In short / In brief / In summary / To summarise / In a nutshell / To conclude /In conclusion We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.

Sequencing ideas The former, … the latter / Firstly, secondly, finally / The first point is / Lastly / The following The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas. It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on. The following is a good way of starting a list. "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen."

Giving a reason Due to / due to the fact that / Owing to / owing to the fact that / Because / Because of / Since / As Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun. "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." "Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks." If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that. "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders." Because / because of Because of is followed by a noun.

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"Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." "We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive." Since / as Since and as mean because. "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." Mohammed As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

Zouli

Giving a result

Therefore /So / Consequently / This means that / As a result Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way. "The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal.

Contrasting ideas / However / Although / even though / Despite / despite the fact that / In spite of / in spite of / the fact that / Nevertheless / Nonetheless / While / Whereas / Unlike / In theory… in practice… But

But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much." Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence. "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that. "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway. "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year." While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other. "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol." In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result. "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time."

Linking words: Arabic Meaning So → ‫ هكرا‬, , ‫ إذا‬/ But→ ٍ‫ نك‬/However →‫ يهًا‬, ‫ ويع ذنك‬/Though , even though→‫بسغى ذنك‬ Although →ٌ‫ يع أ‬, ٍ‫ بانسغى ي‬/Nevertheless→‫ ويع ذنك‬, ‫ وبسغى ذنك‬/Whereas →ٍ‫ في حي‬/Yet →‫ فىق ذنك‬, Both→ ‫ كهتا‬, ‫كال‬/While → ٍ‫ في حي‬, ‫بيًُا‬/So that→ ‫ كي‬, ً‫حت‬/Because→ ‫بسبب‬/Due to →ً‫ زاجع إن‬, ‫عائد‬ On the one hand,…………..→ ‫يٍ جهت يٍ َاحيت‬/But on the other hand, ………→ ‫ونكٍ يٍ جهت أخسي‬ Thanks to → ‫بفضم‬/Not only...but...as well→ ‫ نيس فحسب ونكٍ أيضا‬/ Except, But not→ ‫باستثُاء‬ In addition, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore→ ‫ شيادة عهً هرا‬, ‫باإلضافت‬/Consequently, As a result→ ‫َتيجت نهرا‬/ In order to.., So as to ..→. ‫يٍ أجم‬/Like , Unlike→ , ‫يثم نيس كًثم‬/Since→ ٌ‫ حيث أ‬, ٌ‫بًا أ‬ Even if→ ‫حتً نى‬/Therefore→ ‫إذا‬/No matter → ‫ال يهى‬/Regardless→ ٍ‫ يهًا يك‬/ as soon as→ , ‫حانًا‬ ‫فىز‬, ‫حال‬/Especially, in particular, Primarily,→ ‫خصىصا‬/Such as, like, for instance, for example→ ‫ يثم‬/In other words, that’s to say, which means that→ ‫بعبازة أخسي‬ Etc, and so forth, and so on..→ ‫ … إنخ‬/As long as → ‫يا داو‬/Finally →‫ ختايا‬, ‫في انُهايت‬/In spite of → ‫زغى‬/Despite→ ٍ‫عهً انسغى ي‬/That’s why → ‫ نهرا انسبب‬/above all→ ‫فىق كم شيء‬/first of all→ ‫أوال‬

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Exercises on linking words A. Choose the correct linking word to fill in the gap: 1. ___________ he is poor, he is happy. (Although, Whereas, Besides, Since) 2. _________ she gets a job, she won't get married. (Except, Without, Unless, Even) 3. You'll miss the train ______ you don‘t hurry up. (as, if, for, unless) 4. It is neither hot ______ cold in winter in the south of Morocco. (nor, or, but, and) 5. Do you have any good friends _________ Jamal? (also, and, besides, with) 6. March was mostly sunny. __________, April was rainy. (However, Although, Unless, Nor) 7. It must have rained ______ the ground is so wet. (but, for, before, after) 8.______I was cooking, Dad was reading a book. (so, as, while, unless) 9. I don‘t know ______ I will win or not. (whether, yet, as well, so) 10. _________ happens, we'll go on with the experiment. Mohammed (Wherever, Whatever, However, Whoever) Zouli B. Rewrite these sentences using the words given: 1 .You can come to the meeting with me. Don‘t say anything. (as long as) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Gallia is beautiful. She is smart as well. (not only…but also…) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 I meet my math teacher every time I go to the market. (whenever) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. The bell rang. The students rushed out of the classroom. (as soon as) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Women in Britain were not allowed to vote. They started to vote in 1918. (until) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. We need a visa. We need money to go to Italy. (Not only …but also …) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. I took my umbrella. It was raining. (as) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. Some apples are red. Others are green. (while) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9. The ship could not move. There was no wind. (since) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10. Surfing is fun. It can be dangerous. (though) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11. The first exercise was easy. This one is extremely difficult. (whereas) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12. Mohamed bought a villa. Mohamed bought a car. (not only…but also…) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13. Adil Studied four hours. Adil played soccer. (not only…but…as well) ………………………………………………………………………………………. C. Cirle the correct linking word: 1. Fouad did not do his homework (although/ because) he had enough time. 2. Aya did not go on a trip (even though/ because) she didn't have any money. 3. (While/During) the hike up the mountain, we saw a lot of rabbits. 4. Hajar likes Volleyball (Whereas/ Since) her sister likes Handball. 5. Paula got the job, (As/ even though) she had no experience.

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6. I don't drink coffee, (As/ although) it makes me nervous. 7. Mohammed left early (So as to/ Since) avoid the traffic jam. 8. (In spite of/ Even though) his injury, Hajji will play Wednesday‘s match. 9. I won‘t stop (when/ until) I finish the whole exercise. 10. Rime missed the bus, (therefore/ because) she had to walk to school. D. Fill in the gaps with linking words from the list: (As soon as – who – because –Not only - When - such...that - that – until – as well - before – why - If ) 1. _________ CAK of Khénifra had played well, they would have won the match. 2. Make sure you close all the windows _____________ you leave the house. 3. Don't go out _____________ you've combed your hair. 4. I think I know _____________ Manal failed the baccalaureate exam. 5. Do you think this is something _________ can be successful? 6. My friend Bilal, _____________ lives in Canada, has an Algerian passport. 7. _____________ the referee showed the striker the red card, the coach went crazy. 8. Ghizlane can speak good English ____________ she spent a few years in Boston, USA. 9. _____________ the bill rang, the students went out rushing 10. She's _________ a stupid woman ________ nobody likes to be with her. 11. _________ did we read the story but also summarize it. 12. Teachers must not only teach students but motivate them_________. E-Rewrite the sentence using the words between brackets:

Mohammed Zouli

1. The rate of crime in big cities is higher because of urbanisation.(due to) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Waste material and chemicals that issue from factories are the cause of water pollution (result in) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Due to bad weather conditions, the flight was unable to leave until this morning. (Because) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. It is thought that the number of cases of lung cancer and heart disease will increase by about 25% due to smoking. (As a consequence of) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Peter was having problems with mathematics, so he went to see his teacher to ask for advice. (therefore) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. The government increased the duty on cigarettes. As a result, there was a fall in demand. (because of) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Writing Email writing Email is a typed message (or mail) distributed by an electronic means (computer, smartphone …) to a person via network. An e-mail should include : a salutation /greeting , an opening , the body, conclusion , and closing

Example of en Email :

Mohammed Zouli

Dear Helen, Thanks Helen a lot for your last E-mail. I hope you are doing well. I‘m writing to tell you a little about the culture of Morocco. Morocco‘s cultural heritage is very rich. Each area of the country has its special traditions. Morocco has different traditional dresses like Caftan. It‘s now worn worldwide. Concerning the food, Moroccan cuisine is famous for its typical like Tagine and Couscous, and drinks like mint tea. Finally, Morocco has wonderful monuments which attract millions of tourists every year. I hope this gives you an idea about Morocco‘s culture. Please write me back soon. Best wishes.

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Unit 9 : Advances in Science & Technology

Mohammed Zouli

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Quotations related to Advances in Sciences & Technology -“The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science”. Albert Einstein -“Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world”. Louis Pasteur -“Science and technology revolutionize our lives, but memory, tradition and myth frame our response”. Arthur M. Schlesinger -“Science is fun. Science is curiosity. We all have natural curiosity. Science is a process of investigating. It's posing questions and coming up with a method. It's delving in”. Sally Ride -“Science is beautiful when it makes simple explanations of phenomena or connections between different observations. Examples include the double helix in biology and the fundamental equations of physics”. Stephen Hawking -“Engineering or technology is all about using the power of science to make life better for people, to reduce cost, to improve comfort, to improve productivity, etc”. N. R. Narayana Murthy -“Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life”. Immanuel Kant -“Science means constantly walking a tightrope between blind faith and curiosity; between expertise and creativity; between bias and openness; between experience and epiphany; between ambition and passion; and between arrogance and conviction - in short, between an old today and a new tomorrow”. Heinrich Rohrer -“The very nature of science is discoveries, and the best of those discoveries are the ones you don't expect”. Neil deGrasse Tyson -“I always say, 'Be near science and technology, and you will never fail”. Arunachalam Muruganantham -“I am among those who think that science has great beauty”. Marie Curie -“We have also arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. This is a prescription for disaster. We might get away with it for a while, but sooner or later this combustible mixture of ignorance and power is going to blow up in our faces”. Carl Sagan Mohammed Zouli

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Vocabulary of Science and technology Technhology: 1. The application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. 2. The scientific method and material used to achieve a commercial or industrial objective. Science: 1.The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. 2.Knowledge, especially that gained through experience. Scientific discipline: A particular branch of scientific knowledge such as social science,

Mohammed Zouli

natural science, mathematics ... Scientific / technological advances: There have been enormous scientific and technological advances in the last decade. Computer age: The current era as characterized by the development, applications, and socio-political consequences of computer technology. Computer addiction: An obsessive addiction to computer use sometimes known as Dependency. "Spending too much time in front of the computer can lead to computer addiction." Technological tools: "Technological tools such as the computer,robot, telescopes, space crafts, nuclear energy, satellite... have changed our life styles." Information / communication technology: The development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications. "Information technology can be a valuable means of development." Space technology: Space technology is related to entering space, maintaining and using systems during flights and returning people and things from space. Scientific experiments: A method of investigating particular types of research questions or solving particular types of problems. The experiment is a cornerstone in the empirical approach to acquiring deeper knowledge about the world and is used in both natural sciences as well as in social sciences. An experiment is defined, in science, as a method of investigating less known fields, solving practical problems and proving theoretical assumptions. " More sophisticated technologies are necessary for scientific experiments." Digital divide: The gap between those with regular, effective access to digital and information technology, and those without it. "It's alarming to see that the digital divide between the poor countries and the rich countries is getting deeper and deeper.

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Exercises on vocabulary of science and technology 1-Choose the most appropriate answer:

Mobile phones (a)………… (send – give – emit – charge) microwave radio emissions. Researchers are questioning whether exposure to these radio waves might(b) …………… (cause – lead – produce – bring) to brain cancer. So far, the data are not conclusive. The scientific evidence does not(c) ………….. (able – make – enable – let) us to say with certainty that mobile phones are categorically(d) …………. (risky – insecure – healthy – safe). On the other hand, current research has not yet (e) ………….. (proved – caused – demonstrated – produced) clear adverse effects associated with prolonged use of mobile phones. Numerous studies are going now (f) …………… (by – through – on - about) in various countries. Some of the results are contradictory but others have shown an association between mobile phones and cancer.(g)……………….. (Additionally - However – Through – While), these studies are preliminary and the issue needs further investigation.(i) ……………….. (Provided – As – When – Until) the scientific data are more definite, it is prudent for people not to try to use mobile phones for long (h)………………… (amounts – quantities – periods – intervals) of time. 2- Match the verbs in A with phrases in B: A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

to to to to to to to

B

link in transfer retrieve access subscribe socialize store

Answers

a) with other internet users b) to a global computer network. c) to a special interest group d) information from database e) information from one computer file to another f) to information in a database g) information in a file

1-→……… 2-→……… 3-→……… 4-→……… 5-→……… 6-→……… 7-→………

Mohammed Zouli

3- Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the list: Complete – controlled – charge – access – subscribe – issued – save – transferred - download

1- If you‟d like to receive this monthly magazine regularly, you need to __________ to it. 2- To be able to ___________ the multimedia room, you need to __________ this application form. 3- As a disciplinary measure, Hamid has been _________ from the company in Casablanca to another in Berkane. 4- Repeated warnings by psychologists have been _________ against the misuse of internet. 5- If children‟s use of internet isn‟t tightly __________ by parents, it will have notorious effects on them. 6- If you feel like listening to music on your PC, you have to ____________ it and __________ it on your computer‟s hard drive. And you don‟t to pay a penny. It‟s free of _____________.

4- Match the words in A with those in B to make collocations: A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

remote genetic telephone internet atomic online DVD distance

B

Answers

a) engineering b) piracy c) learning d) shopping e) control f) addiction g) booth h) bombs

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1.→ ……….. 2.→ ……….. 3.→ ……….. 4.→ ……….. 5.→ ……….. 6.→ ……….. 7.→ ……….. 8.→……….

5- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collocations from Exercise 4: 1. I‟m tired of watching this TV programme. Could you pass the _____________________ so that I can zap to another. 2. _____________________ is gaining ground nowadays. You can buy whatever, anytime and anywhere from your home. 3. Making calls from a ______________________ cost less than from a cellular phone. 4. During World War II, The USA dropped two _____________________ on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 5. “Thanks to _____________, the world population will no longer suffer from food shortage. 6. A large number of young people are developing ____________________. They spend hours in front of the magic screen. 7. DVD companies are losing huge sums of money due to ________________________. Mohammed 8. ____________________is mostly asked for nowadays more than traditional education.

Zouli

6-Choose the correct answer from the list: 1- Some people spend hours………………. the net. (swimming – surfing – sailing) 2- Could you please …………… me to post this letter tomorrow? (remember – remind – forget) 3- The laptop turned out to be more expensive than I had ………………. (wanted – purchased – expected) 4- I find it difficult to ……………….. the headaches that I have whenever I travelled.(put off – put out – put up with) 7-These verbs are related to the uses of mobile, fill in the banks with the appropriate one: (playing – snapping – sending – listening – making – writing – checking) Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes. They can be used for (1)……………....... telephone calls, (2)………………. messages,(3) ………………. pictures, (4)………………… and(5) …………………. e-mails,(6) ……………….to music, (7)…………..games. 8- Match the underlined words with their meanings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

My brother plays PC games for hours on end. My sister has got a flair for computer. What should I do about my child‟s obsession? My child addiction to the net made him uncommunicative. Will you please lock your phone or put it on vibrate mode?

a) unwilling to talk or listen to people. b) sth. you can‟t stop thinking about. c) silent mode so that we won‟t hear it. d) a special talent e) for a long time without stopping.

9- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the list: (appeal – treatment – password – easy reach) 1- To keep my sister away from the internet, I had to change my PC ____________several times. 2- “Arts. Science doesn‟t _________ to me. I‟ve never been good at any in my secondary education”. 3- The best ___________ to computer addiction is to reduce the amount of time spent on the PC. 4- Equipping schools with computers is one of the strong points of the Moroccan educational reform. They want to make this technological tool within students‟ ____________. 10- Give the correct form of the words between brackets: 1- Some parents worry about their children‟s (addict) ____________to computer games. They believe that playing games for too long can be (harm)_______________to their children‟s health. They are in particular afraid of changes that might occur in their (person) ______ ______________. 2- Some parents have frequent (argue)______________ with their children about how often and how Long they should play these games. 3- There is no (science)_______________ proof that computer games are that dangerous.

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Reading Comprehension Twenty years ago, many university students believed that once they had graduated, their education was complete. They would get a job and all they had to do was to work hard with the same employer until it was time to retire and rest after long years of work. Today, work isn’t like that. In the modern world, most young people must expect to change employers several times in their working lives. Many of them will possibly become self-employed, running their own businesses. This means that throughout people’s lives they will need to acquire new knowledge and skills from the time they leave full-time education until after they retire. This lifelong learning is necessary because the world of work is changing a lot faster than it used to . For example, nowadays employers often only employ staff on short-term contracts to complete a certain job. This keeps their costs down. Once the job is over, the employees have to look for another organization to employ them on other jobs. Aisha, who is married with two teenage children. She has a BSc in Information Technology ( IT ) and she would like to go back to work when her children leave home. She wants to catch up with the latest developments in IT and wants to get a Master’s degree in the subject. She can’t leave her family and become a student at a university abroad. What can she do? The answer for Aisha is “distance learning”. Aisha heard of an organization that offered distance learning to students all over the world. The teacher and student are in different places .She enrolled on one of its MSc courses and was delighted with the teaching methods. Aisha’s professors communicated regularly. In the next two years Aisha hopes to get her Master’s degree via using email and video conferencing to get her degree. A. Circle the main idea of the passage: a. Full-time education.

b. Information Technology.

c. Lifelong learning.

B. Are these sentences TRUE or FALSE ? Justify. 1. People won’t have the same job all their life. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Employers save money by recruiting workers for a limited period of time. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

C. Answer these questions:

Mohammed

1. What is “distance learning”? Zouli ................................................................................................................ ………………………………………………. 2.How does Aisha interact with her teachers ? ................................................................................ ……………………………………………………………………………….

D. Complete these sentences from the text: 1……………………………….. is learning that goes on for life, from the time you leave full-time education until after you retire. 2.Aisha is studying again so as to……………………………...........and to………………………………………………..

E. What do the underlined words in the text refer to ? a. they ( p.1):………………………………………………………

b. the subject ( p.3):………………………………………….

F. Find words in the text that mean the same as : 1. Think or believe something will happen (p.1):……………………………………………….. 2. be a member of a course, college ( p.4):………………………………………………………..

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Communication Expressing certainty and uncertainty Certainty is the state of being sure of or about something. On the other hand, Uncertainty is the when you have doubt about something. There are different ways to express Certainty or Uncertainty. Here are some.

How to express certainty          

To be certain about………… To be sure about…………. To strongly believe that……….. It goes without saying. to be convinced of…………… To have no doubt about it. To have no doubt about……… Without doubt, …………………. It‟s obvious that…………. The modal verb „Must‟ also expresses Certainty.

Mohammed Zouli

How to express uncertainty         

To be not certain about……… To be not sure about……. To strongly not believe that……… To have doubt about………… To doubt that……… To be in two minds about …………. The modal verb „May and might‟ also express Uncertainty. To feel uncertain about……… Perhaps.

Examples on how to express certainty and Uncertainty Speaker 1: Sohayb is a hardworking student. Speaker 2: Yes, I am sure / certain that he will have a good grade. (certainty) Speaker 3: I strongly believe that our local football team will win the match (certainty) Speaker 4: With their actual level, I doubt it / I feel uncertain about it. (uncertainty) Speaker 5: Do you think that Hillary Clinton will be the president of the USA Speaker 6: I am in two minds about that. (uncertainty) Speaker 7: Well, it goes without saying that she will win the elections. (certainty)

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Communication Exercise Exercise on Expressing certainty and uncertainty 1-Respond to the following statements by expressing certainty or uncertainty: 1.Do you think there will be a third world war? …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Do you think there will ever be a woman as US president? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.Do you think that your brother will return to Morocco after he finishes his studies in France. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mohammed Zouli 2-Complete the following short dialogues with appropriate expressions! 1. You and your friend are discussing a football match before watching it on television. Your friend: Are you sure that Arsenal will win the game? You : ………………………………….They’ve looked unstable lately. 2 . You and your friend have arranged to meet a guest, but he has not arrived. Your friend: Do you think he’s forgotten to come? You : ………………………………………………he always keeps his promise. 3. Your friend has invited you to go and see a horror film. You only rarely like such films. Your friend: Would you like to come? You : ……………………………………… 4. Your mother has been taken to hospital. Your friend rings him for news. Your friend: Sorry to hear about your mother. Is it serious? You : …………………………………………………… but she just needs some days to recover. 5. Your friend is asking for your opinion that Indonesian will be an international language in the future. You are sure about it. Your friend: Do you think that Indonesian will be an international language in the near future. You : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Grammar Conditional sentences Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if". Conditional sentence type

Usage

If clause verb tense Main clause verb tense

Zero

General truths

Simple present

Type 1

A possible condition and its Simple present probable result

Simple future

Type 2

A hypothetical condition andSimple its past probable result

Present conditional or Present continuous conditional

Type 3

An unreal past condition andPast its perfect probable result in the past

Perfect conditional

Mixed type

An unreal past condition andPast its perfect probable result in the present

Present contditional

Simple present

The conditional sentence in English can be seen in terms of three principal types. Type 0 We use the Conditional type zero to talk about scientific truth or about events that will surely to happen. We use this type to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use: If-clause

main clause

Verb in the present Verb tense in the present simple If you heatitwater, evaporates. Examples: - If you throw a piece of wood in the sea, it floats. - If you drop an egg down, it breaks. - If you heat ice, it melts. -If she eats chocolate, she gets allergy.

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Mohammed Zouli

Type I We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen. We use this type to imply that it is likely that the action in the if-clause will be performed. This kind is structured as follows: If-clause

main clause

Verb in the present Verb tense in the future tense If you work you hard, will succeed. Examples: -If you throw this chair in the sea, it will float. -If I have money, I will give you some. -If I meet her, I will tell her the good news. -If you study hard, you will succeed.

Type II We can use the Second Conditional to talk about 'impossible' situations. This type however is used to indicate that the idea is improbable or unreal. The result of the condition is imaginary. It is structured as follows: If-clause

main clause

Simple past tense (subjunctive) conditional tense (would do etc.) If she hadshe wings, would fly. Examples: -If she was here, you wouldn’t talk this way. -If I were you, I would see a doctor. -If you had a diploma, you would get a job. -If we met earlier, we would be friends.

Mohammed Zouli

Type III Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. b/Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation. It is an impossible condition. The structure is as follows: If-clause

main clause

Past perfect perfect tense conditional If + past should perfect/ would have done If she had been tall enough, she would have been recruited. Examples: -If I had had money, I would have a bought that car. -If Raja had played well, they would have qualified to the finals. -If she hadn’t bought that car, she wouldn’t have had such an accident. -If Jamal hadn’t immigrated, He would have gone crazy.

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Grammar Exercise

Exercises on Conditonals 1-Which conditional is it? Tick the right box

Conditional Sentences

0123

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

If you heat butter, it melts. If CAK had won the match, it would have moved up the league. Dad will take me to the zoo next week if he has time. If I were rich, I would travel all over the world. If I lived in Boston, I would go to The Museum of Science every now and then. 6. If I had had enough money, I'd have bought the car you sold. 7. If I watch a too much TV, I get terrible headaches. Mohammed 8. I will miss Khénifra if I go to the USA. Zouli 9. If she spoke good English, she would apply for this job. 10. If Morocco produced petrol, the country would be richer. 2)Match the part A with the part B to make a complete sentence

A

B

1. If I lived in Italy, 2. If all the good people were clever, 3. If we had gone to the beach 4. Babies often cry 5. If your car had airbags and air-conditioning, 6. I would have written to you, 7. We won't go on picnic, 8. If wishes were horses, 9. Unless we go over our notes, 10. If you push this button,

We will not do well on the test beggars would ride. (Proverb) I would speak Italian. the computer will start. If you had given me your email when they see unfamiliar faces. and all clever people were good, the world would be nicer than ever unless the weather is fine next week I'd certainly buy it. we might have enjoyed ourselves.

3)Choose the correct answer from the list: 1. Unfortunately, I don't know Philosophy, so I can't answer your question. A.

?

If I knew Philosophy, I would be able to answer your question.

B.

?

If I know Philosophy, I will be able to answer your question.

C.

?

If I know Philosophy, I can answer your question.

D.

?

If I had known Philosophy, I would have been able to answer your question.

2. He stepped on the mine, and it exploded. A.

?

If he hadn't stepped on the mine, it wouldn't have exploded.

B.

?

If he doesn't step on the mine, it won't explode.

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C.

?

If he didn't step on the mine, it wouldn't explode.

D.

?

If he doesn't step on the mine, it doesn't explode.

3. It may rain this afternoon. I hope it doesn't because I don't want the match to be cancelled. A.

?

If it had rained, the match would have been cancelled.

B.

?

If it rains, the match is cancelled.

C.

?

If it rained, the match would be cancelled.

D.

?

If it rains, the match will be cancelled.

4. You ignored my advice, so you got into trouble!

Mohammed Zouli

A.

?

If you don't ignore my advice, you don't get into trouble.

B.

?

If you don't ignore my advice, you won't get into trouble.

C.

?

If you didn't ignore my advice, you wouldn't get into trouble.

D.

?

If you hadn't ignored my advice, you wouldn't have got into trouble.

5. In my experiments, the liquid is cooled to 32 degrees. It always freezes. A.

?

If you cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would freeze.

B.

?

If you had cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would have frozen.

C.

?

If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it will freeze.

D.

?

If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it freezes.

6. I want to buy a Porsche, but I don't have enough money. A.

?

If I have enough money, I buy a Porsche.

B.

?

If I have enough money, I will buy a Porsche.

C.

?

If I had enough money, I would buy a Porsche.

D.

?

If I had had enough money, I would have bought a Porsche.

4) Complete the Sentences by putting the verbs into the correct form Type 1:. 1. If you (send)_____________ this letter now, she (receive)__________________ it tomorrow. 2. If I (do)_______________ this test, I (improve)______________ my English. 3. If I (find)_________________ your ring, I (give)_________________ it back to you. 4. Peggy (go)_______________ shopping if she (have)________________ time in the afternoon. 5. Simon (go)________________ to London next week if he (get)_______________ a cheap flight. 6. If her boyfriend (phone / not)_________________ today, she (leave)______________ him. 7. If they (study / not)________________ harder, they (pass / not)_______________ the exam. 8. If it (rain)________________ tomorrow, I (have to / not)_______________ water the plants. 9. You (be able/ not)________________ to sleep if you (watch)_________________ this scary film. 10. Susan (can / move / not)____________________ into the new house if it (be / not)___________________ ready on time.

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5)Complete the sentences (Type II) by putting the verbs into the correct form. 1. 2. 3. 4.

If we (have)________________ a yacht, we (sail)________________ the seven seas. If he (have)________________ more time, he (learn)________________ karate. If they (tell)_________________ their father, he (be)__________________ very angry. She (spend)_________________ a year in the USA if it (be)_______________ easier to get a green card. 5. If I (live)________________ on a lonely island, I (run)________________ around naked all day. 6. We (help)____________________ you if we (know)__________________ how. 7. My brother (buy)_________________ a sports car if he (have)_____________ the money. 8. If I (feel) __________________ better, I (go)__________________ to the cinema with you. 9. If you (go)_______________ by bike more often, you (be / not) ______________ so flabby. 10. She (not / talk)_______________ to you if she (be)_______________mad at you.

6)Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the correct form. 1. If you (study)__________________ for the test, you (pass)________________ it. 2. If you (ask)_________________ me, I (help)___________________ you. 3. If we (go)________________ to the cinema, we (see)______________ my friend Jacob. 4. If you (speak)_______________ English, she (understand)___________________ 5. If they (listen)__________________ to me, we (be)________________ home earlier. 6. I (write)_______________ you a postcard if I (have)_________________ your address. 7. If I (not / break)________________ my leg, I (take part)_______________ in the contest. 8. If it (not/ start)________________ to rain, we (walk)_______________ to the museum. 9. We (swim)________________ in the sea if there (not / be)_______________ so many sharks there. 10. If she (take)________________ the bus, she (not / arrive)_________________ on time. 11.

7) Choose the correct answer from the list: is always lazy. He failed a test last week.

1. James

If you weren‟t so lazy, you would pass that test. If you hadn‟t been so lazy, you would pass that test. If you weren‟t so lazy, you would have passed that test.

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Mohammed Zouli

2. Complete the sentence. If he ___ you an invoice, you should pay him. had sent would send

Mohammed Zouli

„s sent 3. Which sentence is correct? If you remembered to bring a map, we wouldn‟t be lost now. If you‟d remembered to bring a map, we wouldn‟t be lost now. If you‟d remembered to bring a map, we wouldn‟t have been lost now. 4. Choose the sentence with the meaning below. Paul drove too fast. Now he’s in trouble with the police. If Paul hadn‟t driven too fast, he wouldn‟t be in trouble with the police. If Paul didn‟t drive too fast, he wouldn‟t be in trouble with the police.

If Paul hadn‟t drive too fast, he wouldn‟t have been in trouble with the police. 5. Complete the sentence. If you _________ the photocopier off and off again, it sometimes works. turned will turn turn 6. Complete the sentence. If ____ late, can you turn everything off before you go? you‟re working you‟ve worked you‟ll work 7. Choose the sentence with the meaning below. I don’t have a degree, so I didn’t get the job. If I had a degree, I would have got that job. If I have a degree, I would have got that job. If I‟d had a degree, I would get that job. 8. Choose the sentence with the meaning below. You didn’t fix the roof. Now it’s leaking. If you‟d fixed the roof, it wouldn‟t be leaking. If you fixed the roof, it wouldn‟t have leaked. If you‟d fixed the roof, it wouldn‟t have been leaking. 9. You can't find your purse. You think someone has taken it. What do you say? If someone ____ my purse, I’ll be furious!

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takes took has taken 10. Which word CANNOT go in the space? If you order the book today, it ___ arrive tomorrow. may

Mohammed Zouli

should would

8)Rewrite these sentences as indicated: 1-You work hard .you pass your exam If you…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………… 2-Life is hard here .People move to cities. If life ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………… 3- We don’t recognise the gifts of youth .They immigrate to Canada. Young people……………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………. 4-There are frequent droughts in Morocco. The prices of cereals are high. If................................................................................................................................................... 5- Francois was driving at full speed. He made an accident. If.................................................................................................................................................... 6- You were absent in Summer. I didn’t invite you to my marriage ceremony. If.................................................................................................................................................... 7- Saddam defied America. Bush toppled him down. If Saddam....................................................................................................................................... 8- The athlete didn’t train well. He didn’t win the competition. The athlete.................................................................................................................................... 9- People use a lot of cars .The planet is very polluted. If.................................................................................................................................................... 10- People didn’t use cars in the past. The planet was safe and clean. If.................................................................................................................................................... 11- I may go to Europe next summer. I will bring you a present. If I................................................................................................................................................. Mohammed 12- She didn‟t accept the job offered to her. Now she regrets. Zouli If she……………………………………………………………………………………………. 13- My Italian isn‟t better. I can‟t translate the letter. If my Italian…………………………………………………………………………………….. 14- I don‟t know how to cook. I didn‟t invite them to lunch. If I ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Writing An Example of Comparison and Contrast Essay Compare the role of women in the past and now.

No one can deny that the role of the woman is of capital paramount in the family as well as in the society. If the role of women in the past was limited only to bearing and rearing children and staying at home to do domestically work; nowadays women have joined men in their outside work. We see them as soldiers, policewomen, pilots, even as political leaders negotiating over tough topics. In brief, the role of women has improved enormously. Women used to bring up the children and do the housework like cooking, cleaning, and laundry manually. Similarly, today the housework is a task of the woman but with the assistance of domestic gadgets, such as washing machines, vacuum cleaners, dish washers, electric beaters, etc. If women were totally forbidden from going out except to go to the public bath or visit their families. In the same manner, women today can go out just to do the shopping, call in their families, or go to the steam bath. On the other hand women, especially in developed countries are empowered and play a significant role in the development of the society. Whereas, in the past women were considered as enemies of men and if given more power, they would threaten men‘s authority and leadership. A woman should not rise her voice, or protest. She had to obey the man‘s orders. Today, women found associations to defend their rights nationally and internationally. To sum up, if the role of women was very limited in the past, nowadays women are given more and more importance thanks to their struggling and unification. Besides, people have started to understand that we cannot achieve any development without a real participation of women.

Mohammed Zouli

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Unit 10 : Brain drain

Mohammed Zouli

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Quotations on Brain Drain -―I want to talk about jobs and health care and pension security and what we're going to do to stop the brain drain in Ohio and make it possible for our young people to stay here and build a life in Ohio rather than in Pennsylvania or West Virginia or God knows where‖. Ted Strickland -―Happily, there's a reversal of the brain drain occurring in Ghana now. We're seeing a lot of - actually in Africa - we're seeing a lot of African professionals, you know, returning to the continent to contribute their quota‖. John Dramani Mahama -―I find Nigeria very frustrating. I am not alone in this. There are many Nigerians abroad. As you know, the brain drain is just incredible. And when we talk to one another and there is a certain sense of frustration and but I struggle not to let the frustration degenerate into despair‖. Chinua Achebe -―I feel that for the first time in a long time, educated Pakistanis are returning to their country to start up educational projects, to start up businesses, so instead of the brain-drain that happened in the 1950s and 1960s, the country is growing and improving economically‖. Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy -―The brain drain from Africa has been reversed‖. Mo Ibrahim -―It's happening: Lou Dobbs' dream come true and Silicon Valley's worst nightmare. We're already seeing the reverse brain drain as smart immigrants take their U.S. educations and experience building companies and creating technology back to their home countries‖.

Mohammed Zouli

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Sarah Lacy

Vocabulary Related To Brain Drain Brain: a. The portion of the head which is the primary centre for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion. b. Intellectual ability; mind: a dull brain; a quick brain. c. Intellectual power; intelligence. Often used in the plural: "he has brains and good looks." d. A highly intelligent person.» He‘s such a brain" Brain drain: A large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks. Human capital flight: Another terminology for brain drain. It is a parallel of capital flight which refers to the same movement of financial capital. It describes the emigration of "scientists and technologists" to North America and Europe from different developing countries. Brain training: Preparing highly skilled people needed for the development of a country. Brain training is related to an economic cost since training is sponsored by the government. Brain gain: Brain gain occurs when there is a large-scale immigration (as opposed to emigration) of technically qualified persons. We can talk of highly skilled people coming to Canada as brain gain as opposed to brain drain which refers to the act of leaving their home country. Mohammed Brain exchange: When the highly skilled people leave a country they are Zouli replaced by others coming from other countries. This exchange usually happens between developed countries. Brainless: Stupid. "A brainless idiot." Brainy: Clever. "She's a brainy child." Emigration: When someone leaves a country permanently and go to live in another one: "Millions of Germans emigrated from Europe to America in the nineteenth century." The person who emigrates is an emigrant. Immigration: When someone comes to live in a different country. There are strict limits on immigration (into the country) The person who immigrates is an immigrant. Highly-qualified: Highly skilled, technically qualified people. Developing country: A poor or non industrial country that is seeking to develop its resources by industrialization. It has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score. Developed country: A country advanced in industrial capability, technological sophistication, and economic productivity. Modern terms synonymous with the term developed country include: "industrialized countries, more developed countries (MDC) more economically developed countries(MEDC), advanced country or post-industrial country."

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Exercises on Vocabulary related brain drain 1- Match the words with their synonyms or definitions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

brain drain remittances skilled income flee reverse

a)revenue b)escape c) money sent by immigrants to their families in their homeland. d) put back to the way it was before. Change to opposite direction e) emigration of qualified and talented people to other countries. f) having special skill and ability or training.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

→…….. →…….. →…….. →…….. →…….. →……..

3- Match the words in A with those in B to make collocations: A B A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B

racial brain political technical money

A

a) assistance b) instability c) transfers d) discrimination e) gain

1. →…….. 2. →…….. 3. →…….. 4. →…….. 5. →……..

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

rapid job host higher human

B

a) opportunities b) resources c) education d) rate e) countries

1. →…….. 2. →…….. 3. →…….. 4. →…….. 5. →……..

3- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collocations you made: 1- __________________of Moroccan community living abroad are the country‟s major source of foreign currency. 2- Brain drain empties developing countries of their ___________________. 3- __________________are scarce these days. My brother has been looking for a job 6 months now but in vain. 4- Africa has been losing its highly-skilled professionals at a very ________________. Every year, thousands of these people leave their countries to other horizons. This outflow is mainly due to _________________ such as armed conflicts, civil wars, and social unrest. 5- Most of the Africans living and working in Europe suffer from ______________________. 6- Reverse brain drain and turning it into _______________ could be one solution to this issue. 7- Most of the Moroccan students who go abroad to continue their _________________do not return to their home country. They prefer to stay in the _________________ for good. 4- Match the words in A with those in B to make collocations: A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

bridge earn fulfil squander. feel

B

a) money b) a dream c) the gap d) a living e) homesick

Answers

12345-

→ …………………. →…………………. →…………………. →…………………. →…………………..

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Mohammed Zouli

5- Fill in the blanks with the collocations you made in the previous exercise: 1- “How does your brother _________________?” “Well, just by doing odd jobs, here and there. 2- “I can‟t bear staying away from home too long, I _______________” My brother living in Germany said. 3- Why did you __________________trying to hire a boat to emigrate illegally? With it you could have started a small business. 4- “We need to ________________between the rich and the poor. 6- Fill in the blanks with the words from the list: (Remittances – drain – share – reduce – alleviating – affected – investing – deter – flee)

1. Most African countries are ___________ by brain drain. I wonder what makes highly-skilled people _____________conditions and research facilities in developed countries. 2. Military expenditure is a great ____________on some African countries‟ resources. 3. Some families in Morocco live only on the ____________they get from their immigrants children. The money sent home is reported to help _____________poverty in their countries. 4. When I went to France for the first time, I had to ______________a room with someone from Nigeria. 5. Failure to cross the Mediterranean sea to Spain by boat did not ____________ the illegal emigrant from trying again. 6. Moroccan banks have at last decided to _____________ interest rate as a measure to encourage people to get loans from the bank. 7. “It is quite unacceptable to see some Moroccan people _____________huge sums of money in foreign countries rather than here, at the time when our economy is in need of that money. 7- match the words in column A with the words in in column B to form collocations: A 1. alleviate 2. make 3.financial 4.achieve 5.developing 6.low 7.outdated

B a. wages b. aid c. countries d. poverty e. equipment f. a decision g. success

Mohammed Zouli

Alleviate poverty ……………………………………….... ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… 8-Fill in the blanks with the words from the list, change the form of the word if necessary: At a stake – lured – funding – prospect – impulse – incentive – teemed with - flourishing 1- Some Moroccan cities are ____________ black people from sub-Saharan Africa. 2-They want to cross the sea with the ___________ of a better life in Europe. 3- There are many charitable foundations in Morocco that help the poor, the sick, the homeless, and the orphans, but they need more ___________ from wealthy people. 4- Doctor Jefferson‟s reputation is ___________ because many of his patent have felt worse after they have consulted him. 5- Newly rich Chinese are looking for ways to spend their money. Many of them are ___________ by the casinos

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in Hong Kong. As result, gambling is _____________ there.

Comprehension Europe’s best and brightest scientific minds are leaving in droves for the USA ; and billions of € and thousands of jobs are at stake. Some 400,000 European science and technology graduates now live in the US and thousands more leave each year. When Adriano Morelli looks around his lab, he sees a miniature European Union. As the afternoon sun streams in, the Spanish postdoctoral fellow stands at his sink, changing solutions for his experiments. An Italian colleague, Susana Belmondo, not far from him, pours a gel between glass plates, while a French researcher, named Allan Dupon, works on a computer nearby. Two other postdocs are British, while two are German. They are all doing cancer research. What is funny is that this lab is not in Paris or London, or Madrid, or any other European Union capital. It is at the New York University School of medicine. All over the US, such research facilities are teeming with bright Europeans, lured by America’s generous funding and better facilities. “In Spain.” says Morelli. “I’d be earning 900€ a month. Here, I get nearly three times that. I wish my government had offered me just half that amount. If they had done so, I certainly wouldn’t have left my home country.” The desire for higher salaries is the primary but not the only impulse for emigration, European scientists and researchers are impressed by the US’s more sophisticated facilities, by its stimulating scientific atmosphere, and by the prospect of eventually reaching higher management positions than in Europe. “The US is a country where you can do very good science, and if you are a scientist, you try to go to the best place.” says Allan Dupon who likens researcher migration to football transfers. “In soccer, if you’re a great player, another team will certainly buy you. Science is the same, and the big buyer is the US. As a matter of fact, in 2000, the US spent 287 billion€ on research and development, 121 billion€ more than the European Union.” “If Europe is serious about research, we, scientists who have moved abroad, would love to go back home. We love our countries. We wouldn’t have left if we had found the same research facilities and incentives there. Our only dream is to have labs with the American organisation and technology. If Europe is serious about its science, then perhaps the dream could come true. Home is really where our heart is. We need Europe to be a place where the scientific mind can flourish, too.” says one of the German researchers. The European Union needs 700,000 more researchers by 2015. So, can Europe bring its best and brightest researchers back home? A- Are these statements True or False?

Mohammed Zouli ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2-They are working in a laboratory in Europe. 1-The people mentioned in the second paragraph are all scientists.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-Morelli earns the equivalent of 2000€ a month in the US. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. B- Answer these questions in your own words:

1-What does Allan Dupon compare researchers’ migration to? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-How much money does the European Union spend on research? How much is that in DH, given that Euro is about 11 Dirhams?

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-Do you think that Europe will manage to lure its scientists back home? Explain: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. C- Complete these sentences with information from the text: 1- Billions of Euros and thousands of jobs are lost as result of………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-Europe will not be able to retain its scientists until…………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. D-Circle the most appropriate title for the text:

1- The European Union and America. 2- The US sucks in the World’s Scientists. 3- Europe’s brain drain. 4- The US research facilities.

Mohammed Zouli

E-Find in the text phrases or expressions which means almost the same as: 1- In large quantities (para 1):…………………………………………… 2- A small copy (para2):…………………………………………………. 3- Full of (para 3):………………………………………………………… 4- Wages (para 4):………………………………………………………. F-What do the underlined words in the text refer to? 1-His (para2):……………………………………………………………… 2-That (para 3):……………………………………………………………. 3- Home country (Para 3):………………………………………………. 5- Its (para 4):……………………………………………………………..

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Communication

Expressing Regret Introduction "To err is human" What is done is done and it will never be undone. The only possible thing to do instead is just sobbing and showing regret if the things done or missed were not part of one's expectations. Don't worry, there are plenty of ways to express regret! However; before we can tackle the subject, allow me to advise you to do the right deed for the right reason, then you won't need to be sorry or to regret anything. People make mistakes. They are not perfect but to certain limits. Stupidities are not to be classified in the category of fate. Don't rush to do things for fear you should regret them for all the rest of your life. You are a student and you are supposed to listen to your teacher, to ask her for clarification if you don't understand something, to do your homework and to revise your lessons regularly. In brief, to work hard. There will be nothing to regret or to be sorry for even if you don't succeed because you did what you had to as a serious and committed student. Regret is expressed after you did something you shouldn't have done or you didn't do something you should have done. We never regret things we were not responsible for.

Expressing Regret Expressing regret is as tough as apologizing. Yet it is quite human to admit one's faults.  You didn't do your homework and the teacher is angry with you! o I ought to have done it. (said to the teacher) o I should have done it. (said to the teacher) o If only I had done my homework. (said to yourself) o I wish I had done my homework. (said to yourself)  You did a stupid mistake and the teacher is mad about it! o I'm sorry, I oughtn't to have made such a mistake. (said to the teacher) Mohammed o I shouldn't have made such a mistake. (said to the teacher) Zouli o If only I hadn't made such a mistake. (said to yourself) o I wish I hadn't made such a mistake. (said to yourself)

Structure    

should (not) have + verb in the past participle. ought (not) to have + verb in the past participle. if only + Past Perfect wish + Past Perfect

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Communication Exercise

Exercise on Expressing wish and Regret 1)Have a look at these three sentences and try to re-write them as indicated. 1. "She doesn't speak English". I wish_______________________________________________________ 2. "She can't use the phone". If only_______________________________________________________ 3. "He didn't attend the meeting". He wished____________________________________________________ 4. "That's true" If only________________________________________________________ 5. "I am not a bird" I wish________________________________________________________ 6. Saida left school at an early age. The teacher wishes______________________________________________ 7. Mounir dropped out of school at an early age. Mounir wishes__________________________________________________ 8. "I didn't take the test." Younes said regretfully. "If only I____________________________________________ " Younes said. 9. Brahim didn't attend last year's free computer classes. He wishes_________________________________________ ____________ 10. "I didn't take the test." Nadia said regretfully. Nadia wished she________________________________________________

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2)What should they say in these situations? Someone who had an accident because he drove fast. ____________________________________________________ Someone whose wife left him because he was a gambler. ____________________________________________________ Someone who didn't tell the truth and went to jail. ____________________________________________________ Someone who said "No" and regretted it. ____________________________________________________ Someone who was offered a job and refused it and he regretted it. ____________________________________________________ 3)Rewrite the following sentences as suggested: a. Oh Dear ! I ate so much and I feel sick now → if only……………………………………………………………………………………............................…. b. I went to bed so late last night. I’m really tired this morning → I wish………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c. I called my neighbor a liar while we were having an argument → I regret…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….

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Mohammed Zouli

Grammar

Relative clauses What are relative clauses? A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun. Example: "The man who wasn't there" This example contains the noun " The man", which is modified by the relative clause "who wasn't there". Relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about.

How to use relative clauses Use relative clauses to provide extra information. This information can either define something (defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting information (non-defining clause). Example: Do you know the girl. The girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom? Relative clauses can be introduced by: 1. A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose. Mohammed Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer." Zouli 2. A relative adverb: where, why and when. Example: «The restaurant where I have dinner is nice." 3. Neither a relative pronoun nor a relative adverb. Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy" Relative Pronouns Relative pronoun

Use

Example I told you about the woman who lives next door. Do you know the man who I met.

Who

subject or object pronoun for people

Which

subject or object pronoun for animals and Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? things I like the poem which you wrote.

Which

referring to a whole sentence

He couldn‟t read which surprised me.

Whose

possession for people animals and things

Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?

Whom

object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses we I saw Dr Jack, whom you told me about. colloquially prefer who)

That

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive relative clauses (who or which I don‟t arelike the table that stands in the kitchen. also possible)





Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun? You can distinguish subject and object pronouns as follows: If the relative pronoun is immediately followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject relative pronouns can never be omitted (dropped.) Example: The apple which is lying on the table is sweet. If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object relative pronouns can be omitted (dropped) in restrictive (defining) relative clauses. Example: The apple (which) George lay on the table

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Relative Adverbs A relative adverb can be used instead of a combination of preposition and relative pronoun . This often makes the sentence easier to understand. Examples: This is the shop in which I bought my bike .(Relative pronoun) This is the shop where I bought my bike. (Relative adverb) Here are some examples of Relative adverbs: Relative adverb

Meaning

Use

Example

when

in/on which

refers to a time expression

the day when we met him

where

in/at which

refers to a place

the place where we met him

Why

for which

refers to a reason

the reason why we met him

Restrictive Relative Clauses 1. Restrictive relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or defining relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Restrictive relative clauses are not put between commas. Example: Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom? Mohammed 2. Restrictive relative clauses are often used in definitions. Zouli Example: A seaman is someone who works on a ship. 3.Object pronouns in restricitive relative clauses can be omitted (dropped.) (Sentences with relative clauses and without relative pronouns are called Contact Clauses.) Example: The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses Non- restrictive relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non- defining relative clauses) give additional information about something, but do not define it. Non-restrictive relative clauses are put between commas. Example: Martin Luther king, who was known for his fight for the civil rights, was assassinated in 1968. Note: 1. In non-restrictive relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that. Example: Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice. NOT Jim, that we met yesterday, is very nice. 2. Object relative pronouns in non-restrictive relative clauses cannot be dropped. Example: Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice. NOT Jim,we met yesterday, is very nice.

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Grammar Exercise Mohammed Zouli

Exercise on Relative Clause A-Here’s a text read it and answer the questions below:

The UNESCO is an international organization which has the mission of promoting and protecting global cultures. This organization has served many functions in Morocco where there are many famous historic monuments. The UNESCO has considered Kasbah Taourirt, which is in Ouarzazate, among the global human cultural heritage. Taourirt, which many tourists visit every year, is totally built in mud. Its rooms, whose walls are well-decorated, are large enough to contain more than 40 people each. This very famous Kasbah was built by Elglaoui, who was the Pasha of Marrakesh. Elglaoui, whose origin was the Demnat valley in the Atlas mountains, was living in Marrakesh, where (in which) there is still the Pasha’s famous house, Elbahia Palace.Elbahia is built following the Islamic architecture design, the reason why it is one of the most beautiful sites in Marrakesh. 1-What is the mission of the UNESCO? ................................................................................................................................ 2-What does ”which” refer to in stc1? ...............................................................*............................................................... 3-What does “where” refer to in the text? ..............................................................*................................................................ 4-What does “ whose” refer to in the text? ................................................................................................................................ 5-What does “why” replace in the text? ................................................................................................................................ B- Now take out the relative pronouns from the sentences and use the original words.

Ex: take out the word “which “ in the first sentence and use the word it replaces :write the sentences here c-Now pay attention to the function of the words you have just used in the sentences and fill in this chart:

TO REPLACE A

FUNCTION IN THE STC

WE USE

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EXAMPLE

D-Do the following exercise:Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list: whose - who- where- whom- which.

1-The United Nations ………………………..was established soon after the Second World War is an organization………………….goals are to solve conflicts among nations and keep global peace. 2-Many Moroccan immigrants ………………..live abroad would like to return to Morocco…………………….they can invest their money. They have promising projects…………………………..will certainly help to improve the local economy.(2009 exam). 3-Adil Imam ,……………………………….sense of humour is appreciated by many people, is an Egyptian actor……………………….has played funny roles in many plays and movies. He often acts out simple situations …………………..make you laugh for hours. E-Link the sentences below with a relative pronoun or adverb: 1-a- Skilled people immigrate to developed countries. b- In developed countries there are more opportunities. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-a- George Bush is a businessman. b-Bush was the ex-American president. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3-a- Women have many assets. b- They can use these assets to enhance their social status. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………= 4-a-Moroccan women have attained many of their rights. b-Moroccan women are hard-working. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5-a-Barrack Obama is the president of America. b-Obama’s grand-parents are from Kenya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………= 6-a-The UN was established in 1945. b-In 1945 the World War Two ended. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………= 7-a-Morocco is a beautiful place. b- In Morocco there are amazing places. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

F- Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose). 1. This is the bank____________ was robbed yesterday. 2. A boy______________ sister is in my class was in the bank at that time. 3. The man_____________ robbed the bank had two pistols. 4. He wore a mask____________ made him look like Mickey Mouse. 5. He came with a friend____________ waited outside in the car. 6. The woman___________ gave him the money was young. 7. The bag______________ contained the money was yellow. 8. The people____________ were in the bank were very frightened. 9. A man___________ mobile was ringing did not know what to do. 10. A woman___________ daughter was crying tried to calm her.

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Mohammed Zouli

Writing An Example of cause & effect essay

Why do children drop out of school? Education ameliorates people‘s lives, enhances their self-esteem, their ability to learn new things which will help them expand their knowledge, and the ability to cope with the majority of the society. It makes them self-confident and informed populace that can understand issues, represent themselves, and take responsibility. However, a lot of children are deprived from this fundamental right by dropping out of school due to several reasons. The distance which separate school from home can be a cause for refraining from school. Children have to cover more than 10 kilometres four times a day get to school and can‘t afford buying a bike which can facilitate the remoteness. Besides, in bad weather conditions, the roads get muddy and the temperature gets below zero, but they lack the necessary winter tools. Furthermore, when rivers flood, they get cut off from school for several days. Poverty can push students for giving up studying since school fees are pricey. As parents don‘t have enough money to buy school things which have become costly nowadays, they make their children leave school. Especially when they have a lot of children and they not only have to buy school books but clothes as well. The beginning of the school year costs parents an arm and leg and because of scarcity they prefer to keep their children at home. Family problems can also be an obstacle for children to drop out of school. Parents‘ misunderstandings can affect children‘s schooling. For instance, when children see their mothers being beaten or scolded by their or parents, alcoholism, or drug-addiction. Finally, divorce often is of the major causes for ending up children‘s literacy. Remoteness from school, poverty, and family problems are among the reasons why students drop out of school. Consequently, we should collaborate together so as to help these children benefit from their basic rights and become productive citizens. Mohammed Zouli

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151

A List of Functions for Bac Asking for advice

Giving advice

-What should I do? -What do you advise me to do? -What I ought I to do? -Do you think I should …..? -Would you advise me to…..?

●I think you should (not)……. ●I advise you (not) to……… ●You ought (not)to….. ●You’d better(not) to……. ●If I were you I would………..

Complaining

Apologizing

I’m sorry to have to say this but……… I hate to mention this, but………. I’m sorry to bother you but……… I’m afraid I have a complaint…….

I’m awfully/terribly/So sorry I didn’t mean to I really don’t know what to say I apologise, I didn’t do it on purpose

Asking for Opinion

Giving Opinion

-What do you think about….? -Do you really believe/think that…..? -Don(t you think that……..? -What’s your view about…….?

◊ I think/ believe that……. ◊In my opinion……. Mohammed ◊In my view……. Zouli ◊As I see it………

Agreeing

Disagreeing

≈I entirely/completely agree ≈I couldn’t agree more ≈That’s a good point ≈You are absolutely right

○I’m not sure I quite agree. ○I’m afraid I don’t agree. ○I see what you mean, but…….. ○I don’t think so.

Making Request

Accepting

-Can you……..please? -Will you ……… please? -Would you mind……..? -Could you possibly…….? -I wonder if you could……?

Sure Certainly With pleasure By all means Yes, I will/can/could

Responding to Good News

Refusing

I’m sorry I can’t I’m afraid, I can’t I’d love to, but…. I’d like, but I can’t Sorry, but…….

Responding to Bad News

It’s not necessary to………. >There’s no need to………… >It’s needless to………….

Deduction/Conclusion ●You must………… ●This means………… ●If………,then it can………..

●Therefore………………. ●It has to be……………. ●It follows that…………….

Intention □I am planning to………. □I have decided to………. □I am determined to…….. □I intend to………………

□I mean to…………… □I plan to……………… □I am willing to………. □I have made up my mind to…….

Blame _You are responsible for……….. _You are to blame. _Look what you have done. _You have only got yourself to blame.

_You shouldn’t have done that…… _You must take the blame. _It’s your fault. _You oughtn’t to have done that.

Making suggestion

-What about…..? -I suggest……….. -Let’s…………….. -Shall we………?

-Why don’t we…………..? -Why not……………? -Can we……………? -Do you feel like…….?

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Exercises on functions 1)-MATCH THESE SENTENCES WITH THE FUNCTION THEY EXPRESS:

1. Students mustn‟t cheat in the a. lack of necessity exam. b. giving advice 2. „You needn‟t worry about the cost of the trip ; the company c. possibility will pay.‟ d. obligation 1.: ……………………. 2.: ……………………… Sentence

Function

1. Sorry, I don't quite follow you. 2. I just don't know how to say it, but there is too much noise coming out of your room.

a. advice b. lack of understanding c. complaint

Mohammed Zouli

1. ______________; 2. ______________. 1. You may leave if you don‟t feel well. 2. Patients have to follow their doctors‟ advice. 3.As far as I'm concerned, newspapers are the best means to get well informed.

a- opinion b. cause and effect c- permission

d- obligation 1-__________________ 2-____________________ 3-________________________ 2)-What do these sentences express? A-There‟s no doubt that we need sustainable development. …………………………………………….. b-You ought to think twice before you act. …………………………………………….. c-Life is like a play and we are the actors. …………………………………………….. d-I see what you mean but mobiles are useful. …………………………………………….. e-How do you feel about brain drain? …………………………………………….. f-I am sorry to have to say this but you are disturbing me. …………………………………………….. g-Can you be more explicit. …………………………………………….. h-Would you mind passing me that document? …………………………………………….. 3)- MATCH THE SENTENCE WITH THE APPROPRIATE FUNCTION . 1.I have been patient enough but you have been throwing rubbish into my garden . 2.I am afraid the computer is broken down

a. apology b. Request c. Complaint d. Giving opinion

4)- What do these sentences express? 1.I use Google so that I can check up information. …………………………………………………… 2.I must get up early in order to arrive on time. …………………………………………………… 3.I don‟t know what you mean. …………………………………………………… 4. This is not my point about the system. …………………………………………………… 5.Could you support this old man ? …………………………………………………… 6.Where can I find this medicine ? …………………………………………………… 5)- MATCH THE SENTENCES WITH THE APPROPRIATE FUNCTIONS. 1. If I were you, I would look for another job in Tangiers. ________________ 2. Ikram always listens to English songs so as to improve her pronunciation. ______________ 3. Could you get me a glass of milk, please? ____________________ A. Opinion B. Request C. Purpose D. Advice E. Defining

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6)- Match each function with its expression: 1- Agreeing 2- Disagreeing 3- Effect 4- Defining 5- Concession

a- Poverty is the result of inappropriate government policies. b- It‟s true that oil prices are high but the taxes imposed on them make them higher. c- I couldn‟t agree more. d- I don‟t think so. e- Brain gain refers to the return of skilled of people to their native countries.

1→………… 2→…………… 3→…………… 4→…………. 5→…………. 7)-Match each expression with its appropriate function:

1. 2. 3. 4.

I‟m not sure I got your point. It‟s crystal clear that Morocco has developed recently. I‟m sorry to say this, but this camera doesn‟t work. What about going for a walk?

a- Expressing lack of understanding b- Making a suggestion c- Expressing certainty. d- Making a complaint.

8)- Match each expression with its appropriate function: Expressions

Functions

1. If I were you, I wouldn‟t miss this opportunity. 2. I don‟t know how to say this, but your throwing garbage in the street is annoying.

a. complaining b. suggesting c. advising d. apologising

9)- Match each expression with its appropriate function: SENTENCES

FUNCTIONS

1-She applied to university so that she can continue her higher studies. 2-How do you feel about distance learning? 3-A patriarchal society refers to male dominated society. 4-I‟m sorry to have say this, but you keep disturbing my little son.

A. definition B. purpose C. complaint D. asking for opinion

10)- Match each expression with its appropriate function: 1 – “I‟m sorry to say this, but our friend‟s grandfather is dead.” 2 – “I didn‟t get what you said, could you repeat, please?” 3 – “Never mind”

a - lack of understanding b - responding to apology c - expressing bad news

11)- Match each expression with its appropriate function: 1. I have been patient enough but you have been a. Apology throwing rubbish into my garden. b. Request 2. I am afraid the computer is broken down c. Complaint

Mohammed Zouli

d. Giving opinion

12)- Match each expression with its appropriate function: 1- Although many efforts have been made, our environment is still in danger. a- Giving opinion. 2- Smoking ought to be abolished in public places. b- Expressing advice. c- Concession. d- Expressing certainty. 13)- Match each expression with its appropriate function: 1. Halima has been working very hard these days. She must be very tired. a. probability b. certainty 2. I can‟t say for certain that things have changed a lot for women. c. advising d. uncertainty

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14)-Complete this exchange, using to the prompts between brackets.  (You have bought a new TV set , but it appears that there is a technical problem in it. Express a complaint to the electronics sales manager about the problem .) You: ………………………………………………………………………………… Sales manager : (He apologises and promises to solve the problem ) :……………………… Mohammed …………………………………………………………………………… Zouli  Situation: "You have ordered a pizza, but they didn't deliver it on time." You: (complain)............................................................................................... The pizzeria manager: (apologizes)........................................................................................ You: (accept his apology).............................................................................................. 15)-COMPLETE THESE EXCHANGES: ALI: I've got my certificate in English. YOU: .................................................................................................(Respond to the news). YOUR FRIEND: can I use your pen for a while, please? YOU: …………………………………………………………… (Refuse the request) 16)-What do you say in the following situations? 1. Your friend has got problems with English. Give him/her advice. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. One of your neighbours is playing loud music. Express complaint. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. You don‟t understand a word your teacher used when speaking. Ask for clarification. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 17)- Match each sentence with its appropriate function: 1. Due to his frequent absence from work, Tony was not promoted a. Purpose. 2. Sarah is exercising hard in order to lose weight. b. Addition. 3. Young people use the Internet to access information. Moreover, c. Concession they use it for entertainment d. Cause/ effect 18)- Match each sentence with its appropriate function: 1.”You’d better revise your lessons regularly”. 2. “I am sorry to say this, but your dog was barking all night long”.

a. .requesting. b. complaining c. giving opinion. d. advising.

19)- Match each sentence with its appropriate function: 1. As a result of global warming, the world climate has changed a. Purpose. considerably. b. Cause and effect. 2. A lot of people get in touch with the association in order to c. Opinion. receive help. d. Concession. 3. Although Nancy went on a strict diet, she didn’t lose weight. 4. As far as I am concerned, the Internet is very useful. 20)- Match each sentence with its appropriate function: 1. “In my view, parents are too tolerant with their kids,” Harry told his classmates. a. Purpose. 2. Brain drain refers to the emigration of educated and skilled people. b. Opinion. 3. Computers are used not only for learning but also for entertainment. c. Defining. 4. “Our team trained hard so as to be ready for the final match”, the coach said. d. addition

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A List of Collocations For Baccalaureate A B C D E F G

active citizen - adult illiteracy - adult literacy boarding school - brain drain - brain gain – baby sitter common good - critical thinking - cooperative learning - civil society - civic education communication technology - cultural diversity - culture shock

Mohammed Zouli

decision making - developed countries - developing countries - digital camera ecological crisis - educational system - energy preservation - equal opportunity - equal rights formal education - free time gender gap - general assembly - generation gap - global citizenship – greenhouse gases – greenhouse effects

H health care - high priority - higher education - human rights - have access - have fun –hay fever I J L M N

informal education - information technology - international community - international organisations joint responsibility local community - look forward - low pay - labour market - labour force make mistakes - micro credit - micro enterprises - mobile phone - moral obligations – mother country natural disaster - non-formal education - non-profit organisation - non-governmental organisations note taking

P R S U V

peer pressure - problem solving - property rights - poverty alleviation

Y

Young man – youth hostel – youth groups – youth organizations – youth talents – youth training

raw materials - renewable energies - rural-urban linkage - rural areas secretary general - sense of humour - school subject - social justice - social network - sustainable development urban areas – underdeveloped countries – underpaid jobs Vacuum cleaner - vicious circle - virtual community

Words that go with DO do a crossword - do the ironing do the laundry - do the washing do the washing up - do your work do homework - do housework do your job - do anything do everything - do nothing. do badly - do business do the dishes - do a favor do good - do harm do time (to go to prison) - do well do your best - do your hair do your nails -do your worst

Words that go with MAKE make amends make arrangements make believe (to pretend) make a choice make coffee make a comment make a cup of tea /coffee make a dress make a decision make a difference make an effort make an enquiry make an excuse make a fool of yourself

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make a noise - make food make a phone call make a plan - make a fortune make a point - make friends make a profit - make a fuss make a promise - make a remark - make a mess make a sound- make a mistake make a speech- make a dress make a suggestion make tea- make a journey make time - make love make a visit- make money make your bed- make a move

Exercises on collocations 1.Match the following words to make appropriate collocations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Voluntary Drug Enthusiastic Community National Dual Active Moral

a) obligation b) anthem c) service d) citizen e) addicts f) activists g) nationality h) work

…………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… ……………………………………

2. Fill in each blank in these sentences with the most appropriate verb to form collocations. Rose – make – take – sank – pull 1 Did you ....................... notes in the class? 2 We often ....................... fun of Hicham because he‟s bald. 3 That‟s not true. I just wanted to ....................... your leg. Mohammed 4 My heart ....................... when I saw how much work there was left. Zouli 5.Her spirits ....................... as she heard the good news. 3. Fill in the chart with the appropriate word from the list: a. adult b. basic c. nursing d. cultural e. university f. equal g. free 1.------------------education 2. ----------------course 3. ------------ background 4. ---------------- opportunities 5. --------------graduates 6. -------------- illiteracy 4. Fill in the chart with the appropriate word from the list: a. adult b. free c. nursing d. educational e. private f. equal 1.---------------- illiteracy 2. --------------lessons 3. ---------------- opportunities 4. ---------------- background 5. ----------------Skills 6. ------------------access 5. Match the following collocations: Table A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

cultural

artistic culture table melting deeply

Table B 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

a. manners b. rooted c. pot d. heritage

e. shock f. offence

Table A:

Table B:

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baby tin greenhouse youth hay mother

a. gases b. hostel c. country d. sitter e. fever f. opener

6. Match the adjectives in A) with the nouns in (B)they are often used with. a. goods 1.→ b. areas 2.→ c. middle-classes 3.→ d. runner 4.→ e. hours 5.→ f. students 6.→ g. rooms 7.→ h. work 8.→ i. strike 9.→ j. war 10.→ k. shirt 11.→ 7.Match the following words to make collocations. 1. Mother a. room 12. Science b. jam 23. Box c. lights 34. Traffic d. office 45. traffic e. fiction 5Mohammed 6. Dinning f. tongue 6Zouli 7. Generation g. scissors 78. Nail h. station 89. tea i. glasses 910. human j. gap 1011. bus k. race 1112. school l. bag 128.Match the following words to make appropriate collocations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Air-conditioned Time-consuming Cut-price Far-fetched Long-distance Off-peak Built-up Open-necked Well-off Hard-working All-out

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Non-governmental Sustainable Urban Local Generation Telephone Chicken Door Furniture

a. areas b. community c. gap d. organization e. development f. soup g. store h. keys i. number

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

9.Match the words in A with those in B to make collocation: A 1.Life 2.Family 3.Space out 4.Attend 5.Gender 6.Drop

B A.school B.gap C.out of school D.expectancy E.pregnancies F.planning

Answers 123456-

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10- Use these collocations to fill in the gap: 1. As a result of medical research and good nutrition ___________________ is increasing all over the world. 2. Most of the girls living in rural areas _________________ before they reach secondary education. 3. In most countries now, it is compulsory for children to _________________until the age of sixteen. 4. British control campaigns encourage married couples to __________________. 5. Overpopulated countries should give top priority to ______________________ to reduce the birth rate. 6. If developing countries are serious about bridging the _____________________ they should give equal rights to girls and stop treating them differently. 11- Match the words that go together to make appropriate collocations:

1. Voluntary

a. jokes b. dwellers c. service

2.Humorous 1……………………………….

2………………………….. a. priority 1. natural b. disaster Mohammed 2. formal c. gain Zouli 3. brain d. education e. opportunity 1: ………………………………. 2 : ……………………….. 3: …………………….

1. population 2. tourist 3. family 4. water

a. target b. code c. growth d. trade e. weapon 1. ________________ 2. ____________ 3.________________ 4. ________________ . 12-Fill in the gaps with the appropriate collocations: Have success - pay attention - computer system - have fun - take care - computer illiterate

Jane: I tried to (1)……………………….to this new website, but I couldn’t. Can you show me how to do that? You know, I’m almost a (2)………………… Mary: Well, just wait a minute! I’ll show you how to do that, but you have to(3) ……… ……..……… so that you can remember the steps. Jane: OK, let’s try. 13- Match these words to form collocations: a- adult 1- care

b- high 2- gap

A

b

c- gender 3- diversity

d- problem 4- illiteracy

C

d

e- health 5- solving e

f- cultural 6- priority f

14-Choose from the list words that collocate with school: Subjects – attendance – background – profession – administration – staff – facilities – uniform – bag – report – bus – principal – rights – opportunities – treatment – year – magazine –enrolment – fees – assignment School: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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A list of word derivations S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Verbs accept achieve act act act add adjust admire advise amass amazed amuse annoy approach attend attract avoid believe blacken bleed bore bother breathe bury care challenge chase cheer choose clear collect comfort complex confuse consider console continue craze create credit cure curse damage deafen decide decorate delight demand derive deserve destroy develop

Nouns acceptance achievement action activity activeness addition adjustment admiration advice mass amazement amusement annoyance approach attention attraction avoidance belief blackness blood boredom botheration breath burial care challenge chase cheerfulness choice clarity collection comfort complexity confusion consideration consolation continuity craze creation credit cure curse damage deafness decision decoration delight demand derivation deserve destruction development

Adjectives Acceptable Achievable Active Active Active Additional Adjustable Admirable Advisable Massive Amazing Amusing Annoying approachable Attentive Attractive Avoidable Believable Black Bloody Boring Bothering Breathing Buried Careful Challenging Chasing Cheerful Chosen Clear Collective comfortable Complex Confused considerable Consoled Continuous Crazy Creative Creditable Curable Cursed Damaged Deaf Decisive Decorative Delightful Demanding Derivative Deserving destructive Developing

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Adverbs

actively Actively Actively

massively

Mohammed Zouli

Carefully

Cheerfully Clearly Collectively Comfortably

Considerably Continuously Crazily Creatively Creditably

Delightfully

Destructively

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

die differ disturb dust educate embarrass empower empty encircle encourage endanger enthuse enumerate envy evaporate expect explain explore fascinate feed firm Fly force glorify grow harm hate heal hope identify identify imitate impress include indicate inform inhabit injure inquire instruct insult intent interfere introduce invent irritate lead live live live lose madden migrate modernise moisten

death difference disturbance dust education embarrassment power emptiness circle courage danger enthusiasm number envy evaporation expectation explanation exploration fascination food firmness flight force glory growth harm hatred health hope identification identity imitation impression inclusion indication information habitat injury inquiry instruction insult intention interference introduction invention irritation leadership life life liveliness loss madness migration modernity moisture

Dead Different Disturbing Dusty Educative embarrassing Powerful Empty Circular courageous Dangerous enthusiastic Numerable Envious evaporating Expected explainable Exploring Fascinating Firm Flying Forceful Glorious Growing Harmful Hateful Healthy Hopeful Indentified Indentifying Imitative Impressive Inclusive Indicative Informative Inhabitant Injurious Inquiring Instructive Insulting Intentional Interfering introductory Inventive Irritating Leading Lively Alive Lively Lost Mad Migrating Modern Moistures

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Differently

Powerfully Circularly Courageously Dangerously

Enviously Expectedly

Mohammed Zouli Firmly Forcefully Gloriously Growingly Harmfully Hatefully Healthily Hopefully

Imitatively Impressively Inclusively Indicatively

Injuriously

Insultingly Intentionally

Irritatingly Leadingly Livingly Livingly Livingly Madly

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127

monotonies move narrow nationalise observe own perform permit persuade please popularise quicken redden sadden secure see see speed whiten

monotony movement narrowness nationality observation ownership performance permission persuasion pleasure popularity quickness redness sadness security scene sight Speed whiteness badness

monotonous Movable Narrow National observatory Own Performing Permissible Persuasive Pleasant Popular Quick Red Sad Secured Scenic Seen Speedy White Bad

monotonously Movingly Nationwide

Mohammed Zouli Quickly Sadly Securely

Speedily Badly

Exercises on word formation 1-Use the words in brackets to form the word that fits: 1. My mum is the chairman’s assistant. She has a lot of ………………(responsible). 2. I have an important…………………..to make. (announce) 3. Jami’s early……………..came as a shock to all of us. (die) 4. When the comedian told the joke, the whole auditorium was filled with………… (laugh) 5. I reported the……………….of my passport to the authorities. (lose) 6. The boys'……………….was reported to their parents. (behave) 7. When she got home she immediately filed a ……………….. . (complain) 8. The ……………… of flight OS2895 will be announced soon. (arrive) 9. The……………… of the airplane was a mystery to the investigators. (appear) 10. When I opened the door everyone looked at me in ………………….. . (astonish) 11. There have been a great number of ……………… in many fields of research. (develop) 12. When they got to the top of the mountain they made a remarkable…………….. (discover) 13. The headmaster gave us………………… to leave lessons earlier. (permit) 14. It's been a …………………… to meet your parents (please) 15. The ………………... of the bank depends on how many customers it can get. (succeed) 2-Put the words in brackets in the correct form: The Internet grew out of a project(1)…………………. (origin) set up in 1969 by the Pentagon to help scientists to exchange(2)………..……… (science) documents and so on, at a speed that is almost(3)…..………………. (instant).The Internet is now a vast(4)….……………… (globe) network of networks with over 30 million users. It(5)……………………….. (able) them to consult huge databases, transfer data, send and receive mail(6)…….……………….. (electronic). On the World Wide Web, you can see the latest images of Mars, go on a tour of a museum or an art(7)…..………………. (exhibit). Of course, not all of this is free and you have to pay a(8)…………………………. (subscribe) fee to an Internet service(9)…..……………… (provide) such as AOL or Wanadoo. However, there is a wide(10)…………..…………….. (choose) of newsgroups and these are all free of charge.

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3-GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. 1. With (patient) --------------------------------and hard work, you will achieve your goals. 2. Driving without a driving license is (risk) --------------------------3. “Titanic” is one of the most (success) ------------------------------------films I have ever seen. 4. A large number of people are cell phone (addiction) -----------------------------today. 5. The best way to (power) ----------------women and improve their status is to (education) -------------them.

4-PUT THE WORDS BETWEEN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM 1. “Don’t forget to (signature) .............................. your application form before sending it”, teacher said. 2. This project concerns the (improve) ............................................. of life in rural areas. 3. Festivals are important (culture) ........................................... events in Morocco. 4. If the Moroccan (govern) ………...............…………… wants to (power)……………………….. women, it has to foster (literate) ………………… programs and cooperative (organize) ……........................……. 5. A lot of (industry)......................................problems were discussed at the last company’s meeting. 6. Some old people felt sad when they heard of the (destroy)....................................of an old palace in the town. 7. Many people have a negative (react)..............................................towards many TV programmes. 8. The young actor amused the audience with his exciting (perform)……………………………………... 9. Charlie Chaplin is the greatest (humour) ……………………………of all times. 10. Women should (participation) ………….......………………. in the development of their country. Mohammed

5- GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BARCKETS.

Zouli

1. Many human rights are calling for (equal) -------------------------- between men and women. 2. Women’s (illiterate) ---------------------- and ignorance are linked together. 3. The boy is highly (motivation) ----------------------- as he shows great willingness to learn new things and abilities. 4. I am really sorry, but I have to make a serious (complain) -----------------about the food. 5. The association provides (human) ------------------aid for people in need, especially children. 6. The man expressed his (apologize) -----------------------and sat down. 7. (cultural) ----------------------------- is the way people live in certain community. 8. There are amazing (history) ----------------------------monuments to visit here in Morocco. 9. It’s really a (fun) -----------------------joke. It makes me laugh. 10. Can you (simplicity) -------------------------------that point, please? It’s a little bit obscure.

6-Put the words in brackets in the correct form: 1.Jamal is a ( rely ) …………. Boy. He can help you. 2.This activity needs a lot of ( concentrate ) ……………… 3.She is not at home. It’s ( use ) …………. to phone her. 4.Good training helps athletes attain better ( perform )…...……….. 5.This article needs some ( improve ) …………… to be published. 6.( Relax )………… is necessary after hard work. 7.The doctor’s ( prescribe ) ……………… was effective. My sister got well quickly. 8.I hate watching ( advertise ) ………………… on TV. 9.His ( addict ) ………….. to drugs nearly killed him. 10.(Physique) …………..…. exercise is good for health. 11.Lagos is the biggest ( industry )…………….. city in Africa. 12.Is Morocco a ( democracy ) ………… country ? 13.Pollution needs a ( universe ) ……………. agreement. 14.Mr. Chukri is a famous ( literature ) ………..… figure. 15.We must be ( sympathy) ………………. to the poor. 16.I never listen to songs. I’m not ( music ) ……….. at all. 17.Many girls are ( enthusiasm ) …….…... about getting married. 18.Both Messi and Ronaldo have a lot of (art)………………..talent

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7-Put the words in brackets in the correct form: 1. Said is an (action) …………..…….. member in our class. 2. (Wool)…………………. clothes are very expensive to buy. 3. Taghazout is a (wonder)……….……….. (tourist) resort. 4. Moroccans are (fame)…………....…… for their hospitality. 5. Argentina won the (friend)………….…… game against Brazil. 6. The aim of this project is to (integration) ………………………… disabled people in the local economy. 7. Mandella was an (energy)……..……. campaigner for Blacks’ rights. 8. It’s always (sun)………..…..… and hot in Essmara. 9. This technology is (use)…………….. if you’re not trained to use it. 10.Old pictures are (use) ……….. for seeing how people used to dress. 11.There has been a (vision)….…… improvement in your English. 12.Humour is often more (effect) ……….…….than shouting. 13.He’ll do (biology)..……….….. engineering at the university. 14.This food doesn’t have a high (nutrition) …………………… value. 15.Samir is an (aggression)………….…… child. He is always fighting. 16.Covid 19 is not a (cure)…..………. Illness. 17.There are six (second)………………. Schools in Khénifra. 18.She has made a (terror)…………. mistake. 19.I can’t drink the water of Tantan as it’s very (salt)……………… 20.Arriving late is not an (accept)………… behavoiur. Mohammed 21. I can’t see that film . It’s (horror)……………….… . Zouli 22.Practising sports makes people very (health) …………. and (wealth)………………..

8-Put the words between brackets in the correct form: Many Moroccan NGOS are making great efforts to combat (literate)……………………………….among adult Moroccans. They help youth with knowledge and (manage)……………………………..skills. They intend to (improvement)………………………………………… their lives. They also train them to become(activity)……………………….. citizens through(participate)……………………………….in the development of their country.

9-Write the words in brackets in the correct form: 123456-

(true)…………………………………..speaking, this thing has to be ended. We spent (profit)…………………………..afternoon at the library. His reaction is based on a false (assume)………………………………….. She was less (enthusiasm)…………………………………about the school trip. Rachid has the (audacious)………………………………..to say that I am a fat. We must adapt an (innovation)…………………………method to achieve success in the market.

10-Use the word in capitals to form a new word that fits into each blank 1-People with…………………………have been campaigning for better access to public buildings (able). 2-When I heard what the company was paying I accepted the job without…………………………(hesitate). 3-Young children are so…………………………. when it comes to painting and drawing (create). 4-In ………………………….., I would like to congratulate your daughter on her graduation. (add) 5-Experts expect these………………………………weather conditions to continue until the end of the week (storm). 6-The government announced that it was working on a solution to the……………………………problem (house). 7-I couldn't stop laughing when I saw the ……………………………………..on TV last night (advertise). 8-The installation of a new department will definitely help the company become more ……………………..(profit). 9-The…………………………………… charge in the restaurant is 25 % of the total bill. (serve) 10-You said that the show was boring, but I found it(excite)…………………………,I really enjoyed the time there.

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A list of English Tenses Tense

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He speaks. Simple Present N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?

Present Continuous

A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?

Use

Signal Words

-->action in the present taking place once, never or several times -->facts -->actions taking place one after another -->action set by a timetable or schedule

always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)

-->action taking place in the moment of speaking -->action taking place only for a limited period of time -->action arranged for the future

at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now yesterday,

Simple Past

Past Continuous

A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?

A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking? A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?

Present Perfect Simple

Mohammed Zouli Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Simple

A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking? A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?

-->action in the past taking place once, never or several times -->actions taking place one after another -->action taking place in the middle of another action -->action going on at a certain time in the past -->actions taking place at the same time -->action in the past that is interrupted by another action -->putting emphasis on the result -->action that is still going on -->action that stopped recently -->finished action that has an influence on the present -->action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking -->putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) ]-->action that recently stopped or is still going on -->finished action that influenced the present -->action taking place before a certain time in the past -->sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive

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2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If I talked, …)

when, while, as long as

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)

Past Perfect Continuous

A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?

Mohammed Zouli Future I Simple

Future I Simple (going to)

-->putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) -->action taking place before a certain time in the past -->sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple -->putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?

-->action in the future that cannot be influenced -->spontaneous decision -->assumption with regard to the future

A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak?

-->decision made for the future -->conclusion with regard to the future

for, since, the whole day, all day in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Con Type I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, we might …, perhaps in one year, next week, tomorrow in one year,

A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken? A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been Future II speaking. Continuous Q: Will he have been speaking? A: He would speak. Conditional I N: He would not speak. Simple Q: Would he speak? A: He would be speaking. Conditional I N: He would not be speaking. Continuous Q: Would he be speaking? A: He would have spoken. Conditional II N: He would not have spoken. Simple Q: Would he have spoken?

-->action that is going on at a certain time in the future next week, -->action that is sure to happen in the near future tomorrow by Monday, -->action that will be finished at a certain time in the future in a week -->action taking place before a certain time in the future for …, the last couple of -->putting emphasis on the course hours, all day long of an action if sentences type II -->action that might take place (If I were you, I would go home.) -->action that might take place -->putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action if sentences type III -->action that might have taken (If I had seen that, I place in the past would have helped.)

A: He would have been speaking. Conditional II N: He would not have been speaking. Continuous Q: Would he have been speaking?

-->action that might have taken place in the past -->puts emphasis on the course / duration of the

Future I Continuous

A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?

Future II Simple

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Exercises on English tenses 1) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form 1.Rich or poor, people will be made ( pay )……………….. 2.They couldn’t help ( laugh ) ……………… when they saw someone fall. 3.Why not ( buy )………….. a new car? 4.I had been driving for some time when I decided to stop ( drink ) ………………….. a cup of coffee. 5.He did his best but couldn’t manage ( solve )…….…… the problems. 6.I’d rather approve of your ( give up ) ………………. The whole project. 7.Those parents reproached their children with ( neglect ) …………….. her. 8.Actually, I don’t feel like ( dress up )…………………. for his party. Mohammed 9.She insisted on his ( stay ) ……………….…. for dinner. Zouli 10.I must remember ( give )…………………… him a ring tomorrow. 2) PUT THE VERBS BETWEEN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT TENSE. 1. Before the movie started, I (buy) ……………….……….…….…… the tickets already. 2. He (write) …………………..….………….……………….short stories for 20 years before he switched to writing novels. 3. By the end of March, she (move) ……………………………..…….. to live in a new town near her workplace. 4. They ( not eat ) …………………….…….…..………anything before they went to school. 5. The teacher (not/start) …………….……..………………….…………. the lecture yet when the late students came in. 6. I expect that he (not/leave) ……….………………..…………….……. the house before midnight. 7. By 2022 I ( read ) ……………………………..……..……….. 150 books. 8. I had already finished the project when the supervisor ( call ) ……………………..……...…… 3) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM. Mr. Mohamed Alaoui (1) (get)………….....…....................…….his B.A degree before he (2) (leave)…………………… to USA. In 2017, he(3) (come)…………......…..back to Morocco. Now, he(4) (work)……………….. on a project. He(5) (set )…..….........up his company next year. By the end of 2023, he (6)(end).................................the building of this company. 4) PUT THE VERBS BETWEEN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM. a. By this time next year, my mother (spend)……………………………….three years in Canada. b. He (work) ………………...for the UN Organization before he (resign)……………...…to look after his family. c. After they (live)……………………………….in Oujda for five years, they moved to Fes. 5) PUT THE VERBS BETWEEN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT TENSE. 1. Adam: Where (you/go) …………………………. Yesterday afternoon? Karim: After I (take) ………………………….. a shower, I (meet) …………………… some friends. 2. By next summer, I (visit) ………………………………….ten countries around the world.

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6) Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense: After my cousin, Omar,(1) ………...............………… (to study) nuclear Physics for six years, he(2)………………….(get)his diploma in 2006. He(3) …………………..(look) for a decent job but in vain. By the end of next June, he(4) ……………………… (to be) jobless for about three years. Now, he(5) …………………….(regret)studying nuclear Physics and wishes he(6) ………………………………….(to study) something else. 7) Put the verbs between brackets in the correct tense: 1. Morocco ( produce) ____________________________40 °/° of its energy needs via solar energy by the year 2024. Mohammed 2. The tramway (leave / already) ___________________when we arrived at the station Zouli yesterday. 3. It’s cloudy and windy, it ______________________( rain) soon. 8) Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. (1)( I learn)………………………………English for seven years now. But last year I(2) (not / work) ……………………………………hard enough for English, that's why my marks (3) (not / be) ……………………………….really that good then. As I(4) (pass / want) ………………………..my English exam successfully next year, I (5)(study) …………………………………….. harder this term. During my last summer holidays, my parents (6) (send)…………………………….me on a language course to London. It(7) (be) ………………………great and I think I (learn) a lot. Before I (8)(go)…………………………….. to London, I(9) (not / enjoy)……………… ……… ………learning English. But while I(10) (do) ………………………….. the language course, I(11) (meet)…………………………. lots of young people from all over the world. There I (12) (notice)……………………………………. how important it (13) (be)………………………………….. to speak foreign languages nowadays. Now I(14) (have) ……………………………….much more fun learning English than I(15) (have) ……………………………..before the course. At the moment I(16) (revise) ……………………………… English grammar. And I(17) (begin / already)…………………………………. to read the texts in my English textbooks again. I(18) (think) …………………………I(19) (do)…………………………… one unit every week.My exam(20) (be) ………………………on 15 May, so there(21) (not / be) ………………………………..any time to be lost. If I (22) (pass)…………………………………… my exams successfully, I (23)(start) ……………………………………an apprenticeship in September. And after my apprenticeship, maybe I(24) (go) …………………………………back to London to work there for a while. As you(25) (see / can)…………………………………… , I (26) (become) ………………………a real London fan already. 9) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM. A. By this time next year, my mother (spend)…………………….three years in Canada. B. He (work) ………………...for the UN Organization before he (resign)……………...…to look after his family. C. After they (live)…………………….in Oujda for five years, they moved to Fes.

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A list of commonly used Phrasal verbs What are phrasal verbs? Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.) Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:  look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)  look for – seek (look for her ring)  look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone) There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings.

Position of the Particle: The particle is placed either after the verb or after the object. Example: Write down the word. / Write the word down. If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object). Example: Write it down.

Phrasal Verb

Meaning

Example

act up

behave or function improperly Ask for/demand(job,grant… to invite someone to come into a building or room, especially your home invite on a date fail to function have a physical or mental collapse interrupt a discussion

I think I need to take my car to the mechanic because it's acting up again. To apply for the job, you need to write an application letter She asked me in for a cup of coffee .

apply for ask in

ask out break down break in

break off break out break up bring about bring along bring around bring forth

Burgle soften with use (shoes) discontinue (therapy, relationship) escape from prison Start end a relationship

I can't believe that Joe finally asked her out on a date! The truck broke down in the desert. She broke down after her husband died. While we were discussing the situation, Nancy broke in to give her opinion. The burglar broke in at midnight. I need to break these shoes in before I go hiking. Sandra broke her friendship with George off. The murderer broke out of the prison. The war broke out for greed of power Sam and Diane broke up again.

Mohammed Zouli

cause to happen

Democracy brought about great change in people's lives.

bring with

When we go to the forest, bring your wildlife guide along.

change someone's mind, convince someone give birth to

She doesn't want to go, but we'll eventually bring her around. My sister brought forth a lovely twins

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bring forward bring on

draw attention to sth

cause to happen or appear rear, educate a child bring up Mention Require call for Cancel call off to telephone someone call up summon for military services to become so excited about carry something away Continue carry on carry out accomplish, make make up for lost time catch up speed up to be at the same catch up place as a person or thing in with front of you check for try to find enter a hospital, hotel etc. check in to go to a place in order to Check out see what it is like come happen, to be achieved about come find/meet by chance across come accompany someone along come Return back pass, go past, visit come by buy, get come fall (price) down come mean, signify down to come fall sick with down with enter, be received come in receive, be object of come in criticism for come out be removed (stain) move from one place to come over another come up produce an idea with to manage without having do something without

At the meeting the boss brought forward the new company concurrence. What brought anger on? He was brought up in New York. I didn't want to bring up the fact that she was unemployed. This recipe calls for milk, not water. They called the picnic off because of the rain. My dad called me up to tell me the good news. He was called up when the war began. The manager warned his young players not to get carried away by the emotion of the occasion. Please, carry on. I didn't mean to interrupt you. The secret agent carried out his orders exactly as planned. I will never catch up. I am too behind in my work. I had to run to catch up with the others. They checked for termites before they bought the house. They need to check in before noon. I'm going to check out that new club. How did your idea for the book come about?

Mohammed Zouli

They came across their friend Tom in the street. If you want, you can come along. What time are you coming back? I'll come by later this afternoon. How did you come by that new Mercedes? The price of oil came down because of the economic crisis. What the problem comes down to is 'Will the consumer be willing to pay more for a higher quality product?' He came down with the flu. They asked me to come in, but I refused as I was in a hurry. The director has come in for a lot of criticism over his handling of the affair. I tried to remove that ink spot on my shirt but it didn't come out. Are your family coming over from Greece for the wedding? She came up with a great proposal for the new advertising campaign. I can't do without my cell phone. I take it wherever I go.

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do up do with eat away at eat up eat in eat out fall apart fall behind fall for fall in with fall off fall out figure out figure up fill in find out get across get along get away get away with get by get down to get in get off get on get out get over get through get up give up go against go along with

dress up fasten, secure (clothing) Need

Tom is doing up right now Please do up you seat belt. She can‟t do with that flour to mahe the cake.

gradually destroy, erode

The heavy rains ate away at the sandstone cliffs.

devour, to eat all the food that you have been given eat inside the home eat outside the home fall into pieces

Ken ate the cookies up.

Mohammed Zouli

We usually eat in instead of going out for dinner. They eat out once a week. Her dreams fell apart as she discovered the truth.

fail to keep up pace

Hurry up or you will fall behind!

be in love with be deceived by to become friendly with someone Decrease Quarrel

She always falls for unsuitable men He told me he owned a mansion in Spain and I fell for it.

escape (punishment)

If I thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't pay any tax at all

manage, cope

I lost my job, so I am having a hard time getting by this year.

turn one's attention to sth

Enough small talk. Let's get down to business.

enter (car, taxi) disembark (bus, train etc.) enter (bus, train etc.) disembark (car, taxi) recover (illness, upset) To arrive at the end of; finish or complete.

Get in! I will give you a ride to school We need to get off the bus at the next stop. The train is leaving. Quick, get on! I arrived at my destination. So I got out of the taxi. Jennifer still hasn't gotten over her breakup with Peter

She fell in with a strange crowd of people at university.

Sales have been falling off recently. He left home after falling out with his parents. I finally figured the joke out. Now I understand why everybody solve something, understand was laughing. Calculate I need to figure my expenses up before I give you an estimate. Complete Please, don't forget to fill in the blanks. Vicky's parents are going to be so mad when they find out she got a Discover tattoo. communicate (an idea) It's difficult to get humor across in another language. be in good terms with I don't really get along with my sister's husband somebody Escape The bank robbers got away.

be connected on the phone rise from bed after sleeping to stop doing a regular activity or job be contrary to (principles, rules) take the same view

We will never get through all of these boxes by 9:00 PM. It's hard to get through to Janet because her telephone line is always busy. I always get up at six o'clock in the morning. We're going to give up our sports club membership after this year. Public opinion is going against the government on this issue. Kate's already agreed, but it's going to be harder persuading Mike to go along with it

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go away go down

Depart decrese in price sink (ship) set (sun)

go over

Explode become angry begin to sound (alarm) Continue leave the house The fire went out after three days. Review

go round

visit informally

go off go on go out

go through go up go with hand in hand out hang around hang up hold on hold up hurry up

examine in detail, study carefully endure; experience challenges, difficulties or traumas increase in price Match Submit Distribute to wait or spend time somewhere, usually for no particular reason put down the telephone receiver grasp tightly rob (a bank, a person) with a weapon to move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this

iron out

Eliminate

jump in

enter a conversation make a quick, poorly thought out decision prevent from / avoid being near Withhold to be able to eat or drink something without vomiting to stop something touching or harming someone or something not stopping doing

jump to keep away keep back keep down keep off keep on

I yelled at the dogs to make them go away. Oil prices went down. Everyone took to the lifeboats when the ship started to go down When the sun goes down, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen any more The bomb could go off at any moment. Nancy went off yesterday when I told her about her boyfriend. The alarm clock went off at 6:00 AM. Please, go on. Sorry for interrupting you. They love to go out every Saturday night. The fire went out after three days. Do you usually go over your notes before class? I'm just going round to Martha's for half an hour. Why didn't you tell me Perry had been round? I need to have my lawyer go through this contract before I sign it. She has gone through so much in her life. The prices of petrol went up lately after the crisis. That shirt doesn't go with those pants. I have to hand in an offer by March 12. We should hand the concert fliers out at school. Maria and Salvador usually hang around the beach after school. Don't hang up. I'm going to change phones. She held on tightly to his waist. Five men held the bank up yesterday.

Mohammed Zouli

Hurry up or we'll miss the train. We need to have a meeting this week in order to iron out the distribution problems. Feel free to jump in at any moment while we are talking. You shouldn't jump to conclusions. Keep the kids away from the cookies. Keep back! The burning building is about to collapse. On the day after her operation she couldn't keep anything down. Put a cloth over the salad to keep the flies off. He kept on talking after everybody asked him to stop.

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keep up keep up with lay down

something continue, carry on not to fall behind sb

establish (laws, rules) Release let out to cause something to come out: rest, recline ( on a couch, lie down bed) live up to to be as good as something: look after take care of look down regard with a feeling of superiority on Seek look for look anticipate with pleasure forward to investigate (a crime) look into be a spectator look on be careful look out look over inspect hastily consult a reference book look up look up to Respect make for to result in or make possible to leave quickly, usually in make off order to escape make out recognize, distinguish

make up for mix up name after occur to

The concert was brilliant - it lived up to all our expectations. When my sister goes on vacation, I look after her dog. She thinks they look down on her because she didn't go to university. I'm looking for my keys. Have you seen them? I am looking forward to traveling to New York next year. The police are looking into the murder. Everybody just looked on as the two men fought. Look out!there's a black widow spider on the wall. When I'm camping, I look my shoes over before I put them on. I takes time to look up new vocabulary words He looks up to his father. Having faster computers would make for a more efficient system. The burglars made off before the police arrived.

Compensate

No amount of money can make up for the death of a child.

confuse name a child using another family member's name pop into one's mind, come to one's mind

I sometimes mix the verb tenses up.

Die

pass on pay back pick out

Transmit Repay Choose to lift an object with the hands Indicate Leave

point out pull out

I need to lie down before we go out tonight.

invent a lie put together, prepare apply cosmetics

pass away

pick up

She let out a loud cry when she saw the mouse

I can't make out your writing. Road accident victims make up almost a quarter of the hospital's patients. My son was always really good at making up stories. The maid will make up your room later. For the film, they made him up as an Indian.

constitute, form make up

You are doing a great job! Keep it up. I have so much reading that I can't keep up with the writing exercises. That dangerous criminal lays down his own law in prison. I heard a voice from the cupboard shouting "Let me out!"

I was named after my grandfather. It didn't occur to us that we had left the iron on. After battling cancer for several years, he finally passed away at the age of 87. Please pass this message on to your co-workers. If I loan you money, will you pay me back. Mohammed Diane picked out a lovely dress for the dance. Zouli Keep your back straight when you pick the TV up. I'd like to point out that figures in column two might be outdated. when I arrived to the station the train was pulling out. So I had to

174

put across put back put by put down put down to put forward put in for put on put off put out put through put up put up with quiet down rely on ring up run after run away run down

express in an understandable way put something to its proper place save for later use Repress give as a reason, attribute to suggest, propose be a candidate for an election dress oneself with gain (weight) Postpone extinguish (a fire, light)

sell out sit down take after

Put your shoes on - we're going out. I'd expected to put weight on when I gave up smoking, but I didn't. The meeting has been put off for a week. The firemen managed to put the fire out.

tolerate, accept

He's so moody - I don't know why she puts up with him.

be quiet, or cause to be quiet Depend on Telephone Chase escape, flee knock down, collide with feel weak due to overwork

meet by chance escape, flee, leave exhaust one's stock Overflow pass over, knock down

see to

I'm putting in for a job at the hospital.

They're planning to put a hotel up where the museum used to be. Put up your hand if you want to give your answer.

run into run off run out of

see off

I try to put by a few pounds every week. Thousands of troops were needed to put down the uprising. I put the children's bad behaviour down to the fact that they were tired. The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious consideration.

Build raise (hand)

imprison, catch

run up against

Will you put the books back when you've finished with them?

connect somebody by phone Could you put me through to customer services, please?

run in

run over

wait for the next train. I thought Ms. Smith put her ideas across rather clearly in the meeting.

meet with difficulties say good-bye to someone at the beginning of their trip (at the airport, train station) make sure something happens, arrange Sell everything have a seat resemble a parent or relative

The neighbors told us to quiet down last night or they would call the police. You can rely on me. I always arrive on time. Jack rung me up last night at 3:00 in the morning. Why do dogs run after cats? The child ran away because her parents beat her. Two masked men on motorbikes tried to run me down. Since he took that extra job, he's really run himself down. If the police run someone in, they find them and take them to a police station. Graham ran into someone he used to know at school the other day. You can't run off (home) now, just when I need you! I've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience. The water/The bath is running over - quick, turn the taps off. I'm afraid we've just run a rabbit over. The community centre scheme has run up against strong local opposition Did you see your sister off at the train station? I'll see to it that Mr. Ramirez gets your message. The tickets for the concert are sold out Sit down! We're having dinner. I take after my father. Who do you take after?

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take in take off throw away try out try on turn down turn in turn off turn on turn out turn up use up veer away from wait on wake up watch out wear off wear out work out write down yak on zoom in

Deceive Leave Remove Leave the ground to get rid of something that you do not want any more Test to put on a piece of clothing to discover if it fits you or if you like it Reject Reduce sound to take a criminal to the police, or to go to them yourself to admit a crime switch off switch on switch off to discover something, especially information, after a lot of searching use all of something

He was taken in by his kindness. When he saw me, he took off in the other direction. I took off my jacket because it was very hot. When we arrived at the airport, your plane took off So when are you going to throw away those old magazines of yours? Try out this massage chair - it feels great!

stay away from, avoid

I veer away from the same old summer blockbuster films.

Serve Awaken be careful disappear after a period of time cause to be very tired Exercise Solve

Each waitress waits on three different tables in the restaurant. Wake up. It's time to get ready for work. Watch out! There's a rattlesnake!

Record to continue talking in an annoying way ("on" can be repeated for emphasis) Focus

Try on the shoes to see if they fit. He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down. Could you turn down the music, it‟s too loud? The hit-and-run driver turned himself in to the police the day after the accident Turn off the light and go to sleep! Turn on the TV. The baseball game starts in a few minutes. Turn out the light before you go to bed. See what you can turn up about the family in the files. I used up all of the soap, so we need to buy some more

The effects of the medicine will wear off after a few hours. Her three kids wore me out. I work out three times a week at the fitness center I hope you two can work out your problems. Write down the directions so you don't forget them.

He just yakked on and on and on. You need a telephoto lens to zoom in..

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Exercises on Phrasal verbs 1) Choose the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box below to replace the underlined words in these sentences: Put on, put off, hand out, make up, , pick up, take off, write down 1. The teacher distributed the prizes among the best students. (…………………………….………………..) 2. Please, would you lift these newspapers from the floor? ( ……………………………………….…………….) 3. I will wear my best clothes for tonight’s party. ( …………………………………………….………) 4. The policeman took down my name and address in his notebook. ( ……………………………………) 5. He only invented the whole story. ( ………………………………..) 6. We decided to delay our holiday until next week because of the bad weather. (…….…………...)

2) Fill in the blanks with a phrasal verb from the list: get on, , fill in, take off, throw away, turn down, put out, look after 1. Quick! …………………………..…………….. the bus. It's ready to leave. 2. Could you …………………………………………………. the application form, please? Mohammed 3. I need a dictionary to …………………………….………………… this English word? Zouli 4. It's warm inside. Let’s ………………………………………………….. our coat. 5. This pencil is really old. You can …………………………..………… it ………..…. 6. It's so loud here. Can you ……………………………………………………….. the radio, please? 7. The firemen were able to ……………………………………..…. the fire in Mohamed VI Street. 8. My parents are out. So, I have to ……………….…………….………. my baby-brother.

3) Choose the correct answer from the phrasal verbs between brackets. 1. You had better…………………early if you want to avoid the heat of the day and the traffic jam. (wake up, wake down, wake on, wake off) 2. The meeting lasted the whole day, but unfortunately it………………….without agreement. (broke down, broke up, broke out) 3. “Will you please…………………….the receiver and see who is on the phone?”. Said the secretary to the colleague sitting next to her. (hang up, hang on, pick out, pick up) 4. Somebody…………………….our flat while we were on a business trip and stole our TV set, a digital camera and two laptops. (moved into, bumped into, broke into, crashed into) 5. My brother has decided to…………………a new hobby. (set up, take up, do up, make up) 6. Police officer: “did you see the car?”. Witness “yes .it was a black BMW. But I couldn’t…………………its number. It was too dark. (make up, find out, check out, make out)

4) Fill in the blanks with the correct particle: 1. I don’t have the company’s phone number. I must look it ………….in the directory. 2. The flight from Oujda to Paris has been called………..until further notice. 3. “It’s all lies. The whole story is purely made……………by the police”. The accused man said to the judge. 4. Jack is a very reliable person. He won’t let you………… 5. I’ll ring you……………in case I need you. 6. Switch the radio…………….and go to sleep. You will have to get……..early tomorrow. 7. “Could I add another idea here?”. That’s for sure, just go…….….. 8. The song you are listening to dates……………to the 70s. it is a very nice one.

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9. What’s going………….outside in the street? Go and find…………Will you? 10. Visiting my birthplace again brought…………….so many childhood memories. 11. Our neighbour tried to join the military academy, but he was turned………..…because of poor eyesight. 12. My wife and I haven’t made……………our mind yet where to spend our next summer holiday.

5) Fill in each gap with an appropriate word from the list: Pay – show up - fulfil - sustain - improve – catch up “We can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, and the best schools in the world – and none of it will matter unless all of you ___________ your responsibilities. Unless you _____________ to those schools; ____________attention to those teachers; listen to your parents, grandparents and other adults; and put in the hard work it takes to succeed. “, said Barrack Obama

6) Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings Phrasal verbs Meanings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

to give out to turn out to fade away to sit down to give up to speak out to rise up

A. to take a seat B. to speak boldly, freely and plainly C. to distribute D. to revolt E. to produce F. to deliver or allow to pass to someone else G. to disappear or die gradually

Answers 1→ 2→ 3→ 4→ 5→ 6→ 7→

7) Choose the suitable phrasal verbs from the list to replace the words in italics. Make any necessary changes . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

put on / put off / wake up / hand out / make up / look up / pick up / turn off / take off / write down Mohammed The baby got up because of the ringing of the telephone. Zouli The teachers distributed the prizes among the best students. Please, would you lift these old newspapers from the floor? You should remove your shoes in the mosque. The police inspector took down the witnesses’ names and addresses in his notebook. The little boy only invented the complete story. They decided to delay their wedding party because of the death of the bride’s grandfather. She forgot to switch off the radio. Please, search for this word in the dictionary!

8) Fill in each blank with the right phrasal verb from the list making the necessary changes . turn down - look after - get on with - pick up - come across 1. “I want to go back to work if I can find somebody to __________ ______ my little daughter,” Susan told her neighbour. 2. James’s son, Joe, __________ ______ a lot of Italian by playing with the local children. 3. Kate __________ ______ well ______ her colleagues at work. 4. Jean asked Ron to marry her but he __________ her ______. 5. I __________ ______ this old Swiss clock at a thrift shop downtown.

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9) Match the phrasal verbs and the definitions. Phrasal verb Meaning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

to get on with to look after someone to pick up something to set off to find out to turn down to tell off to fall for to come across

A. to leave on a journey B. to refuse an offer or the person who makes it C. to speak to someone angrily because D. to meet or find someone/something by chance E. to have a friendly relationship with someone F. to fall in love with someone G. to learn something without formal lessons H. to get some information by asking or studying I. to be responsible for or take care of

Answer 1→ 2→ 3→ 4→ 5→ 6→ 7→ 8→ 9→

10) Fill in each blank with the right phrasal verb from the list making the necessary changes . set up / take after / turn down / look forward to / look up / let down 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

“We are really _____________ seeing you again.” I’ll have to ______________ your plan because it is not convincing. The company should ______________ some new branches all over the country. I don’t know this word. Can you ____________ it ______ in your dictionary? Don’t worry! He will not __________ you ______ because he is very reliable person. Sue really __________ her mother; she has the same eyes, nose and hair.

11)

Fill in the each gap with an appropriate phrasal verb from the list.

Look after – put off – stand for – look forward to – bring about – find out.

a- The aim of the family code in Morocco is to………………………changes in the social conditions of women and children. b- I ………………………………….seeing you again next summer. c- Have you tried to……………………………….how this machine works? Mohammed d- The initials WHO ………………………………………World Health Organization.

12)

Fill in the gap with an appropriate phrasal verb:

Zouli

a- I am …………………………………our trip to France .We’re leaving next month. a- Bringing about b- coping with c-looking forward to. b- Bill proposed to marry Sue but she ……………………………………….his proposal. a- Broke down b- turned down c- calmed down. c- That little boy always ……………………………………….excuses for being late. a- Makes up b- takes up c- looks up.

13)

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrasal verbs. Look up – turn down – hand out – take off - take care – set up .

a- Mrs. Baker couldn’t find someone to………………………………..of her grandmother during her absence. b- Because of the heavy rain, the plane could not……………………………………. c- In my view, you shouldn’t………………………………………….such a well-paid job.

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A list of Linking Words Adding

Contrasting

Cause or reason

And As well as Besides Moreover, Furthermore; What is more, In addition, Not only…….but also….. Not only…..but…..as well Another point is that

But However; Although Mohammed Though Zouli Despite In spite of Even though Even if Nevertheless On the contrary On the one hand On the other hand Whereas While In contrast

Because As Since As a result That’s why Because of Due to Owing to For this reason Thanks to

Relative clause Who Whom Which Whose

that when where why

Narration First At first At the beginning In the beginning Then Next Before After After that Afterwards When While During Soon Prior to

Effect or result So Therefore Thus consequently

Expressing purpose immediately once suddenly As soon as No sooner…..than Hardly……when Finally Eventually At the end In the end At last Lastly To begin with Until Till

To Not to In order to In order(not) to So as to So as (not) to In order that+ clause So that+ clause With the objective of With the aim of With view to For With the intention of For the purpose of

Giving examples

Summarizing/Concluding Emphasis

For example For instance Such as That includes e.g i.e

All in all Overall Generally In conclusion To sum up On the whole

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Especially Particularly Naturally Exactly Above all The more…….

Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas. 1-Giving examples: For example / For instance / Namely The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for instance. Namely refers to something by name. "There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time." 2-Adding information: And / In addition / As well as / Also / Too / Furthermore / Moreover / Apart from / In addition to / Besides Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and. "We discussed training, education and the budget." Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing." You can use also with not only to give emphasis. "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition." We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this… As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. "They were concerned too." "I, too, was concerned." Mohammed Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. Zouli "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition."

3-Summarising : In short / In brief / In summary / To summarise / In a nutshell / To conclude /In conclusion We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.

4-Sequencing ideas: The former, … the latter / Firstly, secondly, finally / The first point is / Lastly / The following The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas. It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on. The following is a good way of starting a list. "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen."

5-Giving a reason: Due to / due to the fact that / Owing to / owing to the fact that / Because / Because of / Since / As Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun. "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%."

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"Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks." If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that. "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders." Because / because of Because of is followed by a noun. "Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." "We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive." Since / as Since and as mean because. "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." “As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

6-Giving a result: Therefore /So / Consequently / This means that / As a result Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way. "The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal.

7-Contrasting ideas: But / However / Although / even though / Despite / despite the fact that / In spite of / in spite of / the fact that / Nevertheless / Nonetheless / While / Whereas / Unlike / In theory… in practice… But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much." Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence. "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that. "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway. "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year." While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other. "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol." In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result. "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time."

Mohammed Zouli

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Exercises on linking words

1-Fill in the gaps with the following words:

In order to – as well as – in spite of – However – for – therefore – for instance -although 1-She learned to read and write …………………………………. she was 59years old. 2-NGOs help impoverished people ………………………………….. the environment. 3-NOGs play a prominent role in society ……………………………… people are still ignorant and don‘t help these organizations. ………………………………….. NGOs collect garbage in one street, some people throw it in the other. 4-Most countries do their best …………………… prosperity and welfare. 5-The rate if illiteracy is increasing day after day. …………………………. The government and NGOs together should endeavour great efforts to reduce it. 6- ………………………………………. the global warm menaces, developed as well as developing countries are still giving off toxic and chemical waste. 7- NGOs work hard ……………………………. improve people‘s lives.

2-Choose the correct linking word to fill in the gap.

1. ___________ he is poor, he is happy. (Although, Whereas, Besides, Since) 2. _________ she gets a job, she won't get married. (Except, Without, Unless, Even) 3. You'll miss the train ______ you don‘t hurry up. (as, if, for, unless) 4. It is neither hot ______ cold in winter in the south of Morocco. (nor, or, but, and) 5. Do you have any good friends _________ Jamal? (also, and, besides, with) 6. March was mostly sunny. __________, April was rainy. (However, Although, Unless, Nor) 7. It must have rained ______ the ground is so wet. (but, for, before, after) 8.______I was cooking, Dad was reading a book. (so, as, while, unless) 9. I don‘t know ______ I will win or not. (whether, yet, as well, so) 10. _________ happens; we'll go on with the experiment. (Wherever, Whatever, whoever,)

3- Rewrite these sentences using the words given.

1 .You can come to the meeting with me. Don‘t say anything. (as long as) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Gallia is beautiful. She is smart as well. (not only…but also…) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 I meet my math teacher every time I go to the market. (whenever) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. The bell rang. The students rushed out of the classroom. (as soon as) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Women in Britain were not allowed to vote. They started to vote in 1918. (until) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. We need a visa. We need money to go to Italy. (Not only …but also …) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. I took my umbrella. It was raining. (as) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. Some apples are red. Others are green. (while) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9. The ship could not move. There was no wind. (since) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10. Surfing is fun. It can be dangerous. (though) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11. The first exercise was easy. This one is extremely difficult. (whereas) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12. Mohamed bought a villa. Mohamed bought a car. (not only…but also…) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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4-Rewrite these sentences using the given connectors

1. The rate of crime in big cities is higher because of urbanisation. (due to) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Waste material and chemicals that issue from factories are the cause of water pollution (result in) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Due to bad weather conditions, the flight was unable to leave until this morning. (Because) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. It is thought that the number of cases of lung cancer and heart disease will increase by about 25% due to smoking. (As a consequence) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Peter was having problems with mathematics, so he went to see his teacher to ask for advice (therefore) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. The government increased the duty on cigarettes. As a result, there was a fall in demand. (because of) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5-Read the sentences and choose the appropriate linking word. 1. Some people are poor,……………they are happy. (also, but, because, as a result) 2. They robbed a bank ……………a post office. (for example, however – as well as) 3. I didn‟t go to the part ………………I was very tired. (because, therefore, in other words) 4. ……………..the car is old, it is still reliable. ( since, although, and, to sum up) 5. He worked harder last year. ………………He passed the exams successfully.(because, as result, but) 6. They get up early ………….not to be late for work. ( because, in order , in addition) 7. I love watching films …………Titanic and gladiator. ( second, thus, because, such as) 8. ……………it had started to rain, we decided to go for a walk.( because, though, to conclude) 9. ………………Suzan lives next door, we rarely see each other.( although, due to, moreover) 10. She likes Real Madrid. ……………………..,her husband is a big F.C. Barcelona fan . (because, on the contrary, as a result, in order to, for example) Mohammed 6-Fill in the gap with appropriate linking words. Zouli 1. I adore Moroccan cities…………..Agadir ……Marrakesh. 2. He likes English……………he hates Math. 3. Don‟t be unsociable, ………………go out and make some friends. 4. My advice for you are the following. …………you should practice sport regularly. ……….you should cut down on fast food. ………….,you have to visit a doctor quite often . ………., I hope things get better with you. 5. She wants to study literature. ……………..,she registered in some literary classes. 6. They were late ………………they have taken a taxi. 7. They work hard …………….to succeed. 7-Choose the correct linking word to fill in the gap 'despite', 'however' or 'although'. 1) ____________the rain, we still went to the park. 2) ____________it was raining, we still went to the park. 3) It was raining. ______________, we still went to the park. 4) John bought the watch, _____________the fact that it was expensive. 5) John bought the watch. ______________, it was expensive. 6) ____________it was expensive, John bought the watch.

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7) I finished the homework. It, _____________, wasn't easy.. 8) I finished the homework, _______________ it wasn't easy. 9) ____________the fact that it wasn't easy, I finished the homework. 10) She went for a long walk,_______________ being cold. 11) _____________she was cold, she went for a long walk. 12) she was cold, ________________she went for a long walk 13) The restaurant has a good reputation. _____________, the food was terrible. 14) ______________the restaurant's good reputation, the food was terrible. 15) _______________the restaurant has a good reputation, the food was terrible. 8- Fill in the blanks with the right word from the list: despite , however, so , on the contrary , in spite of, because, in order to, due to , so as not to, Because of, moreover. 1. Our flight was cancelled_____________bad weather. 2. I got up late this morning,______________ I had to take a taxi. 3. ______________the police warning, the criminal got into his car and drove off. 4. He loves winter______________he likes skiing.______________, he dislikes walking in the rain. Mohammed 5. I set my alarm o'clock______________miss my train. 6. He works very hard________________get a promotion. Zouli 7. The streets have become slippery______________of the snow. 8. The book is interesting._______________, the film is boring. 9. Traveling gives you a break from work.________________, it helps you see different places and meet different people. 10. ________________scientific progress, scientists haven't been able to eradicate many diseases 9-FILL IN EACH GAP WITH AN APPROPRIATE WORD FROM THE LIST Despite – because of – whereas – due to – that’s why, in order to, too 1. Shelly practised well for her driving test; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she passed it easily. 2. Mr. Philips is talkative, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . his wife is shy and reserved 3. Rachid has just bought a flower bouquet………………………..……… give it to his mother because today is mother‟s day. 4. The football team played the match………………………………… the heavy rain 5. He speaks English and Spanish…………… 10-Fill in the blanks with the right word between brackets. He walked up to the door…………….………….…………knocked. (and / likewise) She is well educated. ………………………….… , she has very good manners. (and / but) I would rather travel by train, ………………..……the train is very quick. (because / however) We were born in this village; …………………….. , we know everyone here. (so that / hence) They got off the train, ……………………. They began to search for a hotel. (therefore / then) She studied for many months; ………………………… , she knew the material thoroughly. (consequently/due to) 7. He plays sport …………………………………keep his physical fitness. (in order to / because) 8. Look both ways ………………………………….you cross the street. (before / after) 9. I always brush my teeth ………………..………I have my breakfast. (on condition that / after) 10. There are many cars on the street …………….……….. an accident. (because of / likewise) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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11- Fill in the gaps with the appropriate missing linking word: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

She got the job ………………….………..the fact that she had very little experience. My sister's hand-writing is always so neat, ………………….………..mine is a total mess. I lost the game, but I told myself that I had improved a lot ………………….………... You'd better wear a helmet when you go roller-blading. ………………….……….., you could hurt yourself. Reading is an excellent way to increase your vocabulary. …………….., it can also help you improve your grammar. 6. The student's essay was badly written. ………………….……….., it was too short. 7. Wine will spoil if exposed to light; ………………….……….., wine bottles are usually green or yellow. 8. Alcohol can delay your reaction times; ………………….……….., you should never drink and drive. 9. . ………………….……….. we have talked about the dangers of smoking to the students before, I think the information bears being repeated. 10. Our prime minister is an incompetent leader. ………………….……….., his government is financially irresponsible. 11. In March of 1999, more than 130 nations signed a United Nations Treaty banning land mines; ………………….……….., the United States, Russia and China did not sign. 12. He was an absolute failure in medical school, so he decided to try law ………………….……….. 13. Margaret Mead once observed, "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world………………….……….., it's the only thing that ever has." 14. You are not eligible for a subsidized bus pass ………………….………..you are a full-time student. 15. If you don't do your homework, you won't get a good mark, and ………………, you could be kicked out of school. 16. Your homework this past month has been excellent; …………….……, your pronunciation has really improved. 17. There is a German proverb which advises, "Never give advice …………….…… asked." 18. The young boy refused to obey the teacher. …………….……, he was sent home. 19. I always have both grapefruit juice and coffee with milk for breakfast, ………… my husband drinks only black tea. 20. I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car, …………… he absolutely refused to accept it. 12- Join the pairs of sentence using the given linking word: 1. Our society is still male-dominated. Yet some men try to change their attitudes towards career women.( Although) - …………………………..………………………………………………………..……………… 2. Halima got a promotion since she worked hard.( Thanks to) - ………………………………..…………………………, …………………………….………… Mohammed 3. He went to work. He was sick. (Although) Zouli -……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. I did not finish my homework. The light went off. (since) -…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.Some women suffer from inferiority. They suffer from violence too. (not only……..but also) -……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Governments wants to fight illiteracy. They invest much in education. (so as to) - …………………………..………………………………………………………..…………………

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Unit 1 : Gifts of youth Vocabulary exercises A) 1-impatient, 2-efficient, 3-reliable, 4-ambitious, 5-energetic, 6-enthusiastic, 7-ambitious, 8-creative, 9-priority, 10-creativity, 11-adventurous, 12-curiosity. B) 1.independence – responsible,2.shy away, 3.appeal, 4.acknowledge – vital, 5.conscience – raise, 6.protest, 7.potential – opinions – decisions. C) a. loyalty, b. generosity, c. selfish, d. thoughtful, e. discrete, f. unadventurous, g. laziness, h. adventurous, i. patience, j. curious D) 1→C - 2→A - 3→E - 4→D - 6→B

Reading comprehension A)1-She was a maid and at the same time she holds a college degree. 2-She didn’t want to offend them. Mohammed 3-The qualities which made her successful are: stubbornness and hard-work. Zouli B)1. ……………She wrote articles defending the rights of maids and workers. 2. …………..Her life changed thanks to her education hard work and good luck. C) 1-False, she is chief editor of a magazine. 2-false, she set aside money for her children’s education. D) 1. Obstinacy: stubbornness. 2. Be in a bad mood: sulk. 3. Saved up: set aside. E)1-Them: the Chinese family. 2-Her: Linda’s. 3-Theie: the maids’

Communication exercises I-1. Disagreement, 2. Disagreement, 3. Opinion, 4. Opinion II- A. Fromm y point of view young people are in favour of fashion. B. I entirely disagree. C. It seems to me that humour is needed in our sad time. D. I completely agree. III-1-yes, he does, 2-no, she doesn’t, 3-no, I haven’t, 4-no, I won’t, 5- I couldn’t agree more, 6- I wouldn’t say that, 7- yes, please. It’s delicious.

Grammar exercises: 1)1-getting, 2-to speak, 3-helping, 4-going, 5-doing, 6-to arrive, 7-stealing, 8-working, 9-to buy, 10-being, 11-laughing, 12-to be, 13-moving, 14-speaking, 15-to finish, 16-waiting, 17-buying, 18-being, 19-to come, 20-going. 2)1.going, 2.posting, 3.to put, 4.to go, 5.working, 6.travelling, 7.watching, 8.buying, 9.to make, 10.listening, 11.borrowing, 12.leaving, 13.steaking, 14.not to like all of it, 15.waiting, 16.looking, 17.coming, 18.to go, 19.seeing. 3) 1-to graduate, 2-walking, 3-to take, 4-to accept, 5-to do, 6-helping, 7-to study, 8-seeing, 9-working, 10-to be 4) 1.to seeing – watching, 2.dating, 3.to buy, 4.to talk – doing, 5.to use, 6.watching, 7.to be, 8.to wear, 9.studying, 10.to have, 11.to eat, 12.leaving, 13.having, 14.to become.

Unit 2 : Humour Vocabulary exercises 1- 1-Cracks – sense, 2-Humourists, 3-Facetious, 4-Hilarious – laughter, 5-Witty, 6-Funny, 7-Serious, 8-Satire, 9-Enjoyed – fun . 2- 1.tell a joke, 2.make fun of someone, 3.sense of humour, 4.stand-up comedy, 5.health care, 6.laugh out loud, 7.stage fright, 8.burst out laughing, 9.good mood, 10.live performance. 3- 1-funny, 2-performance, 3-worried, 4-humorous, 5-energetic – enthusiastic, 6-beneficial, 7-laughter, 8-happiness, 9-laughter, 10-entertainment. 4- A→8, B→3, C→7, D→1, E→6, F→4, G→2, H→5. 5- 1.humour – humorous /2.sadness – sad /3.amusement – amusing /4.happiness – happy /5.joy – joyful /

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6.comedy – comic / 7.pleasure – pleased /8.boredom – boring /9.mood – moody /10.optimism – optimistic / 11.misery – miserable /12.pessimism – pessimistic /13.benefit – beneficial /14.enthusiasm – enthusiastic / 15.performance – performed /16.energy – energetic /17.depression – depressed/18.tension – tense/ 19.stress – stressful/20.cheerfulness – cheerful. 6- humour – jokes – humorous – joking – witty – impression - silly

Reading comprehension A) 1997 2006 2009

“Décalages” was performed at the Palais des Glaces. Gad was voted the funniest person in France. Elmaleh wrote, produced and acted in the film “Coco”.

B) 1-True, his first cinema role was “Salut Cousin”. 2- False, following the success of “Décalages”. 3- True, Elmaleh presented his latest production “Papa est en haut”.

C) 1- He received his secondary education in Lycée Lyautey. 2- He went to Canada to study Political Sciences. 3- It was different because he interacted with the audience and improvised his dialogue.

D) 1……………………….when he performed in nightclubs. 2……………………….that all tickets were sold out at l’Olympia.

E) 1-Brought up: raised

2-Spectators: audience.

F) 1-He: Gad Elmaleh

Mohammed Zouli

2- It: Coco

Communication exercises A- 1-Could you possibly explain more ? 2-Could you clarify that, please? 3-What do you mean by brain gain? 4-I am not quite I got your point. 5-I beg your pardon? 6-Could you be a little bit more specific, please? 7-I really don’t understand. 8-What do you mean by matrimony? B- 1.You: Can you type this letter for me? Your friend: Yes, of course. 2. You: Could you possibly show me the way to the market, please? 3. You: Can you check this report, please? Your classmate: Sure, I can. 4. You: Will you post some letters for me? Your sister: By all means. 5. You: Is it possible if I use your mobile to make a call? 6. You: Yes, I will. 7. You: Can I borrow your calculator? Classmate: Sorry, you can’t. 8. Paul: Would you mind lending me some money? James: of course not.

Grammar exercises: 1- 1.can -2.shouldn’t-3.must-4.was able-5.might-6.have to-7.must-8.couldn’t 2- 1-must, 2-don’t have t, 3-might, 4-can’t, 5-must, 6-should, 7-must, 8-can, 9-can’t, 10-must.

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3- (1)may have discovered the island, (2)may have landed, (3)must have used up all the food, (4)might have been gods, (5)could have been part, (6)can’t have been easy, (7)should have done this. 4- 1.must have had, 2.can’t have been, 3.might have lent, 4.may have missed, 5.must have listened, 6.can’t have come, 7.can’t have broken – must have broken, 8.could have rained, 9.could have sung, 10.can’t have talked. 5- 1-must have been, 2-may have taken, 3-can’t have had, 4-may have forgotten, 5-might not have found, 6-must have missed, 7-must have done.

Unit 3 : Education Vocabulary exercises 1- 1.background, 2.system, 3.graduates, 4.goal – basic, 5.illiteracy. 2- 1-academic, 2-campus, 3-curriculum, 4-degree, 5-economics, 6-engineering, 7-graduated, 8-lecture, 9-medicine, 10-primary. 3- 1→E, 2→J, 3→F, 4→A, 5→G, 6→H, 7→I, 8→C, 9→D, 10→B 4- 1.went to, 2.was sent, 3.public, 4.attended, 5.left, 6.continue, 7. got, 8.offered, 9.studied, 10.graduated, 11.finishing, 12.took, 13.learned. 5- A→13, B→1, C→2, D→15, E→9, F→8, G→14, H→6, I→5, J→10, K→12, L→3, M→11, N→7, O→4.

Reading comprehension IIIIII-

IVV-

1- a newspaper Mohammed 2- drop out of school Zouli 1-False, she lived with her widowed mother. 2-False, more than 4000 girls and boys receive help. 1-She was unable to cope with demands at home and at school. 2- No access to clean water and toilets, luck of money and the distance from school. 3-It’s about 4000 student who benefited from the program. 4-The forum has opened Safe Houses in Kabwe and Serenje. 1-To deal with: to cope with. 2- Obstacles: hurdles. 3-To finish: to complete. 4- Chance: opportunity. 1-Them: girls 2-Her: Moono’s.

Communication exercises 1234-

1→C, 2→E, 3→B, 4→A, 5→D. 1.so as not, 2.to, 3.in order, 4.to, 5.so that, 6.to, 7.in order not to, 8.so that, 9. so that, 10. so that. 1→G, 2→A, 3→B, 4→C, 5→F, 6→E, 7→D 1-They invested large amount of money in education so as to eradicate illiteracy. 2-Special measures have been introduced in order to protect species threatened by extermination. 3-The government raised the price of water so that people wouldn’t waste the natural resource. 4-They stayed in youth hostel in London with the objective of saving money and staying longer there. 5-Some women beggars prefer wearing veils so as not to be recognized. 6-You must file your application a week before the deadline so that you can be interviewed. 7-They spent two months in London with the intention of improving their spoken English. 8-He was denied entering the facility for being always late. 9-The boss gave the workers a high salary in order to encourage more production. 10-Some nasty people keep doing favours to their friends in order that they can’t know their true character.

Grammar exercises: 1234-

1. spoken, 2. caught, 3. eaten, 4. understood, 5. begun. 1-had given, 2-had seen, 3-had heard, 4-had cooked, 5-had lost. 1. hadn’t ordered, 2.hadn’t visited, 3.hadn’t worn, 4.hadn’t swum, 5.hadn’t done. 1-had you finished, 2-hadn’t you cleaned, 3-had you had, 4-had she managed, 5-had she stayed

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5- 1.destroyed, 2.cleaned, 3.had already done, 4.ate, 5.had put on. 6- 1-had built, 2-hadn’t been, 3-had already done, 4-had made, 5-had put on, 6-hadn’t ordered, 7-had learned, 8-had fallen, 9-had he phoned, 10-hadn’t ridden. 7- 1.had spent – wanted, 2.had phoned – left, 3.turned on – had watched, 4.arrived – had already started, 5.had come – fed, 6.sang – had played, 7.watched – had gone,

Unit 4 : SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Vocabulary exercises

Mohammed A) 1-information, 2-experience, 3-support, 4-a dilemma. Zouli B) 1→C, 2→B, 3→I, 4→G, 5→A, 6→H, 7→F, 8→E, 9→E 1-Micro credits, 2-Water shortage, 3-Natural resources, 4-Armed conflicts. C) 1→F, 2→D, 3→E, 4→C, 5→B, 6→A. D) 1-endangered species, 2-green areas, 3-micro credits, 4-social justice, 5-sustainable development, 6-developing countries. E) Launched – yielded – undergone – supplied – granted – replaced – created – reintegrate – boosting – improving – guaranteeing. F) 1.access, 2.finance, 3.fight, 4.join, 5.threat, 6.extinction, 7.erosion, 8.use, 9.recycle.

Reading comprehension A) Country Guinea Ethiopia Kenya

The rate of the girls’ schooling in the early nineties 25%

The rate of the girls’ schooling at the present time 45%

9% 50%

B) 1- False, all the men told her get married and stay at home. 2-False, Governments have come to see female education as important only recently. 3-False, Only 10% make it to the secondary level. 4-True, poverty that pervades the continent, along with a high fertility rate, has made it nearly impossible for families to send all their children to school. C) 1-Kenya and Guinea are two examples of governments which try to solve the problem of the low rate of girls’ enrolment in school. 2-The two factors that prevent many African children from going to schools are: poverty and high fertility. D) 1-…………………getting job and being highly qualified. 2-…………………that some families are doing their best to enrol their daughters into school. E) 1- Pays for: funds. 2- Education: schooling. 3- Adopted: embraced. F) 1-Them: girls 2-Their: government’s

Communication exercises 11. Cause: Tim forgot his math book Effect: he was unable to complete his homework 2. Cause: he skipped lunch Effect: Keegan was hungry 3. Cause: Erin's car had a flat tire Effect: she called a tow truck. 4. Cause: Papa hid them in the cupboard Effect: Gina couldn't find the cookies 5. Cause: Kelly studied her spelling words Effect: she got an A on the test

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2-1)because of/ 2)since / 3)due to / 4)due to / 5)since / 6)as / 7) owing to / 8)because / 9)owing to /10)for 3-1-so/2-thus/3-for all these reasons/4-for this reason/5-as a consequence/6-therefore/7-as a result 8-consequentl/9-since/10-due to/11-on account of/12-because of/13-as/14-because. 4- 1. d. because of / 2. a. in / 3. b. because / 4. c.to / 5. d. As a reason 5- 1-Since, 2-reponsible for, 3-the leading cause, 4-beacause of, 5-lead to, 6-due to, 7-as a result of, 8-Therefore, 9-consequently, 10-so, 11-as a consequence.

Grammar exercises: 1-1. will have written /2. will have prepared/3. will have learned/4.will have invited./5. will have brought 6. will have fixed/7. will have made/8. will have read/9. will have painted/10. will have cleaned. 2-1) will have left/2) will you have finished/3) will we have done/4) Will have finished/5) will have read 6) won’t have finished/7) will you have completed/8) will have arrived/9) will have been/10) will she have got. 3-1. will have finished - 2. will have fallen - 3. will have slept - 4. will have received - 5. will have sold 6. will have cleaned - 7. will have danced - 8. will have begun - 9. will have caught - 10. will have lived. 4-1. will have started/2. will have had/3. will have become/4. will have taken/5. will have done/ 6. will have fallen/7. will have left/8. will have forgotten/9. will have drowned/10. will have grown 5I-Will have picked – finished – will have arrived – will have been II-will have graduated – will go – won’t have only completed – will have also worked

Unit 5 : Women & power Vocabulary exercises 1) (1)Packing – (2)hosting – (3)representing – (4)attending – (5)taking part – (6)forum – (7)exchanging – (8)promoting – (9)empowerment – (10)lost. 2) 1→D, 2→F, 3→A, 4→B, 5→C, 6→E, 3) 1-higher status, 2-family code, 3-equal pay, 4-leadership styles, 5-patriarchal society, 6-annual conference. 4) 1. Emancipate – emancipation /2.Secure – security/3.Free – freedom/4.Struggle – struggle/ 5. Defend – defence/6.Differ – difference/7.Support – support/8.Adopt – adoption/ 9. Treat – treatment/10.Improve – improvement/11.Approve – approval/12.Consent – consent. 5) 1.unsuitable –fit – proved – outperform 2.facilitated – valued. 6) 1→d, 2→c, 3→a, 4→f, 5→e, 6→b 1-win a gold medal, 2-fight for equality – enjoy the same rights, 3-have a say, 4-join efforts. Mohammed 7)1.run, 2.underrepresented – won – election, 3.role, 4.consent, 5.counterparts. Zouli

Reading comprehension

A) 1-True, she is unable to spend sufficient with her husband and children. 2-True, according to Munjida the teaching profession helps women to handle matters themselves. 3-True, her long absence from home creates a feeling of guilt in her. B) 1- Her profession strengthens her personality and enables her to become a social person. 2- She can’t care for her family especially her young children because of her job. 3-No, she isn’t completely dissatisfied with her job because this doesn’t affect her productivity. C) 1…………………in order to know to what extent does a woman’s occupation affect her personality and way of life 2……………………..to do things at home and take care of her children and husband because the working hours are quite convenient. 3………………………………..creates a feeling of guilt in her because she can’t care for her family. 1-degree=extent 2-weakens≠strengthens D) 1-Her: woman’s 2-She: Intissar 3-her: Awatif’s

Communication exercises 1) 1→h, 2→f, 3→d, 4→e,5→c,6→c,7→g, 8→h,9→a,b 2) 1-responsible for,2-the leading cause,3-due to,4-so,5-lead to,6-because of,7-because of, 8-therefore, 9-consequently,10-as a consequence. 3)1. so / 2. but/3. unless / 4. As /5. while /6. although/ 7. however / 8. until /9. although / 10. While. 4)1. In spite of, 2. However, 3. Although, 4. However, 5. In spite of , 6. However, 7. Although, 8. However,

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9. in spite of, 10. in spite of 5) 1- Although the weather was unpleasant, they played a match of foot-ball. 2- In spite of the many efforts made by environmental activists, pollution is still on the increase 3-The Great Pyramid of Giza is situated in Egypt likewise It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. 4- Since you are interested in sociology. Why don’t you read this book? 5- She decided not to hold any contact with him because of his betrayal. 6- India is not only the most populated country in the world but also it has the lowest percentage of contraceptive users. 7- Although I‟m eating less than usual, I still seem to be gaining weight. 8- Since you are interested in psychology. Why don‟t you read this book of Freud?

Grammar exercises: 1) 1.Passive, 2.Passive, 3.Active, 4.Active, 5.Active, 6.Active, 7.Passive, 8.Active, 9.Passive, 10.Active. 2) 1.is collected – 2.was opened – 3.have been done – 4.will be asked – 5.can be cut out – 7.was eaten – 8.won’t be repaired – 9.be done to me – 10.be fed. 3) 1-Mr.Brown is loved by everybody. 2-A new stadium is being built near the station by them. 3-The princess was eaten by the wolf. 4-A story was being told at six o’clock by someone. 5-All the milk has been drunk by somebody. 6-All the windows had been cleaned before the storm. 7-The computer will be repaired tomorrow. 8-The passive will have been studied by next year. 9-Dinner might be cooked by James. 10-My wallet must have been taken by somebody. 4) 1-will be sent, 2-has just been beaten, 3-was told, 4-wasn’t paid, 5-is often asked,6-are cut, 7-will be asked, 8-weren’t used, 9-haven’t been sold, 10-are taught. 5) 1-The job will be finished tomorrow by Jalil and Jamal. 2-The bone will be eaten by dog. 3-He will be moved before June by them. 4-The job will have begun by him by next June by him. Mohammed 5-Colonies will have been set in the moon by the year 2050 by man. Zouli 6-The traffic law ought to be respected by drivers. 7-Sport had better be practised everyday by obese people. 8-Visas must be applied for by Moroccans to travel to the UK. 9-The cells have to be cleaned every weekend by the prisoners. 10-The vase should have been broken by my little brother. 11-A bad mark should have been got in the French test by him. 12-The irregular verbs ought to have been learned by heart by students.

Unit 6 : Cultural values Vocabulary exercises 1) 1→F, 2→D, 3→E, 4→B, 5→C, 6→A, 7→G 2) 1-pervasive, 2-bigots, 3-assimilate, 4-perpetrators, 5-engender, 6-belittles 3) 1.mix – develop – a tolerance, 2.scape goats, 3.unrestrained, 4.ignorance, 5.intolerance, 6.civil rights activists – racist and violent.

4) 1→F, 1→D, 2→D, 3→E, 4→A, 5→C, 6→B, 5) 1-cultural heritage, 2-culture shock, 3-deeply rooted, 4-artistic heritage, 5-cultural offence, 6table manners, 7-melting pot. 6) 1.adjust, 2.intolerant, 3.transmitted, 4.marriages, 5.vary, 6.stick. 7) A-culture, B-cultured, C-ethics, D-cultural diversity, E-culture shock.

Reading comprehension A) 1-True, respect of privacy underlies many aspects of British life. 2-True, the British are always talking about weather. 3-False, many people make their social contacts through work.

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B) 1- Because they see that keeping their personal information for themselves as important and their right. 2- They go to clubs to make contact with other people who share some of the same interests. 3-I don’t think it is true because are going into these clubs where there are other British who held the same opinion about privacy.

C) 1-………………………………….an answer but reply by saying how do you do? 2-………………………………….considered as rude. 3-………………………clubs and work.

Mohammed Zouli

D)

1-Them: people 2- This stereotype: the British are always talking about the weather. 4- These places: clubs. E) 1-impolite: rude. 2- Answer: reply 3- component: aspect

Grammar exercises: Exercise (1) 1→J, 2→G, 3→K, 4→B, 5→D, 6→A, 7→C, 8→H, 9→E, 10→I, 11→F Exercise (2) 1-get on, 2-look for, 3-switch on, 4-fill in, 5-look up, 6-take off, 7-throw it away, 8-turn down, 9-put out, 10-look after. Exercise (3) 1- look after, 2- get on, 3- brought up, 4- grow up. Exercise (4) 1-put up with, 2-take after, 3-makes up, 4-turn on, 5-put off, 6-looking forward to, 7-look after, 8-turn down. Exercise (5) 1-do with, 2-turn over, 3-keep off, 4-broke down, 5-brought up, 6-make out, 7-went down, 8-carry on, 9-put down, 10-set up. Exercise (6) 1-for, 2-in, 3-down, 4-on, 5-off, 6-on, 7-away, 8- off – on,9-up. Exercise (7) 1-take off, 2-look after, 3-find out, 4-try on, 5-hurry up, 6-sit down, 7-get on, 8-look up, 9-fill in, 10-put out

Unit 7 : Citizenship Vocabulary exercises 1) 1→H, 2→E, 3→F, 4→C, 5→B, 6→G, 7→D, 8→A 2) 1-enthusiastic activist – voluntary work – community service, 2-national anthem, 3-dual nationality, 4-moral obligation, 5-active citizen, 6-drug addicts. 3) 1.denied – reduced, 2.volunteering – demonstrate 3.enjoy – exercise, 4.take, 5.instill – difference, 6.hnour, 7.effects, 8.loyal. 4) 1.fair – fairness, 2.responsible – responsibility, 3.kind – kindness, 4.cooperative – cooperation, 5.tolerant – tolerance, 6.generous – generosity, 7.repect – respected, 8.honesty – honest, 9.compassion – compassionate, 10.empathy – empathetic, 11.courage – courageous,12.effect – effective 5) 1→F, 2→E, 3→G, 4→I, 5→H, 6→A, 7→D, 8→B, 9→C, 10→J 6) 1.renew – membership card, 2.shunning politics – lost faith – sort out the problem – take action 3. run an awareness- raising compaign – raise their awareness,

Reading comprehension A) 1.True, at one point, when the world was a simpler place, this conceptualization of citizenship may have served us well. 2. False, school and community are equal partners. 3. False, these attributes vary according to the nature of political parties.

B) 1-included: embedded

2-conservative: conventional

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3-notion: conception

4-qualities: attributes.

C) 1-……………………………………….conveyed out through………………………………………………… 2-……………………………………….what we need is a new vision of citizenship education. 3-………………………………………..successful functioning of …………………………………………….

Mohammed Zouli

D) 1- History and civics. 2- A new vision in which both school and community are equal partners. 3- It is important because on it depends the successful functioning of political parties and therefore the functioning of the whole nation.

E) 1-It: school

2-They: attributes.

Communication exercises 1) 1•You: you’d better go have a discussion with your parents, they will never let you down. 2•You: you should respect your teacher. 3•You: Why don’t you do a general medical check-up? 4•You: I advise you to buy a laptop it’s more practical and more personal. 5•You: You ought to take an aspirin. 6•You: if you take my advice, no need to know all the words, it’s enough to get the message. 7•You: If I were you, I would continue my studies and at the same time look for a job. 8•You: My advice to you is get up earlier than where you usually get up. 2) A-You ought to give up drinking alcohol. B-If I were you I would be in bed now. C-It would be a better idea if you stop being late. D-I think you should send your daughter to school. E-I advise you to start revising for the test. F-You shouldn’t disturb a sleeping babe.

Grammar exercises: 1)1-……….to meet Sandy at the station./2-……….to check my email./3-……….to dance with her. 4-……….to write a text message./5-……….to do my homework./6-……….to help Peter’s sister. 7-……….to clean the blue bike./8-………to come at 8./9-………..to wash my hands./10-……….to open the window. 2)1……..not to play football in the garden./2…………not to forget my homework./3……….not to shout at Peter. 4……..not to talk to my neighbour./5………..not to open the door./6………..not to sing that song./ 7……..not to watch the new film./8………not to ring Romy on Sunday./9………..not to fly via Paris./ 10………not to eat so much junk food. 3)1-He requested me to help him carry that. 2-He asked me to come early. 3- She asked me to buy some milk. 4-He begged me to open the window. 5-He requested me to bring the book that night. 6-She begged me to help her with her homework. 7-She requested me to bring her a cup of coffee. 8-He asked me to pass the salt. 9-He begged me to lend him a pencil. 10-He requested me to tell him the time. 4) 1-He suggested sleeping overnight at his house. 2-My manager suggested that we examine the budget carefully at that meeting. 3-I suggested seeing the dentist that week. 4-He suggested that I don’t have time to see the dentist that week. Mohammed 5-The dentist suggested using a different toothbrush. Zouli 6-My mother suggested that it would be a good idea to see the dentist. 7-He suggested going to the doctor. 8-She suggested that I get a mechanic to look at the car. 5)1-………if I wanted to dance/ 2-…….when I had come./ 3-………….if John had arrived. 4-….where did Maria park her car./ 5-……if I had watched the latest film./6-……if she could help me.

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7-……if Mandy would have lunch with Sue./ 8-…….what I was doing./ 9-……..how much pocket money did Lisa get./ 10-………..if she must do shopping. 6)1-He said that he had just sent an email to his teacher. 2-The News Agency reported that the Alliance Forces would launch more air strikes on Libya. 3-She told me she had been reading a newspaper when I had knocked at the door. 4-He confirmed that she was going to carry out a research on young people and politics. 5-An official announced that the government had bought new capital shares to support the Pension Fund. 6-She asked me if I believed in love before marriage. 7-The teacher asked me to discuss and to illustrate the basic elements of writing an essay. 8-The students explained that they were writing a handwritten application to send it to the director of an academic school. 9-My friend said he was coming. 10-The man said he had been waiting for the bus when he had arrived. 7)1.He said he liked that song. 2. He asked me where was my sister. 3. He said he didn’t speak Italian. 4. They asked me to say hello to Jim. 5. He said the film had begun at seven o’clock. 6. She told the boys not to play on the grass. 7. She asked him where he had spent his money. 8. He said he never made mistakes. 9. He wanted to know if she knew Robert. 10. The stuntman advised the audience not to try that at home. 8) 1- He knew the Himalayas were the highest. 2- He promised to lend me some money. 3- He replied he had been watching a film. 4-The doctor said that Claire had to rest.

Unit 8 : International organizations Vocabulary exercises 1- 1-Secretary General, 2-emblem, 3-set up, 4-celebrated, 5-headquarters 2- 1 →B – 2 →C – 3 →D – 4 →A – 5 →E 3- 1→E, 2→H, 3→A, 4→J, 5→B, 6→C, 7→D, 8→F, 9→G, 10→I, 11→P, 12→T, 13→K, 14→S, 15→L, 16→M, 45678-

17→N, 18→O, 19→Q, 20→R. 1-reached agreement, 2-financial assistance, 3-farwell speech, 4-hold………summit, 5-emergency relief, 6-low-interest loans, 7-restore order, 8-peace treaty, 9-impose sanctions, 10-fundraising campaign. 1.charter, 2.maintain, 3.relations, 4.solving, 5.promoting, 6.rights, 7.attaining, 8.responsible. 1→d, 2→c, 3→e, 4→b, 5→a 1→d, 2→e, 3→b, 4→c, 5→a. 1-approved of, 2-promoting, 3-cooperating, 4-preserving, 5-chair, 6-comply with, 7-sign, 8-boycott. 1.stands for, 2.appointed, 3.fight, 4.compaign for, 5. Donations.

Reading comprehension

A. 1. False. The Cambodian government has managed to reduce the number of child labourers not to stop it. 2. False. EXCEL project is financed by the U.S. Department of Labour

B. 1. To support her father who was sick and to look after her little sister and brother. 2. By working eight hours a day, seven days a week in a brick factory.

C. 1. ……..the worst forms of child labour………… 2. ……..reduce child labour significantly. 3. ……...if she found a job in a clothing factory.

Mohammed Zouli

D. 1. Pheap and her mother each earns S80 a month. They work eight hours a day, seven days a week.

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2. Making sure Cambodian children stay in school is a priority for the government.

E. 1. decreased: dropped

2.problem: issue

3.accepted: admitted.

2.them: children under age 12.

3.her: Pheap

F. 1. the country: Cambodia.

G. 1→f, 2→a, 3→d, 4→c, 5→g, 6→b, 7→h, 8→e

H. 1-impose sanctions, 2-foreign affairs, 3-sign a peace treaty, 4-humanitarian aid, 5-settle conflict.

Communication exercises 1-Congratulations. 2-Oh dear, I am sorry to hear that. 3-What a great news!. 4-It gives me great pleasure to hear that. 5-How sad! 6-That’s bad luck. 7-Well done. 8-I’m really glad to hear that. 10-How marvellous!

Grammar exercises: A) 1-Although, 2-unless, 3-if, 4-nor, 5-besides, 6-however, 7-for, 8-while, 9-whether, 10-whatever. B) 1. You can come to the meeting with me as long as you don’t say anything. 2. Galia is not only beautiful but also smart. 3. I meet my Math’s teacher whenever I go to the market. 4. As soon as the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom. 5. Women in Britain weren’t allowed to vote until 1918. 6. We need not only a visa but also money to go to Italy. 7. I took my umbrella as it was raining. 8. Some apples are red while others are green. Mohammed 9. The ship couldn’t move since there was no wind. Zouli 10. Tough surfing is fun, it can be dangerous. 11. The first exercise was easy whereas this one is extremely difficult. 12. Mohamed bought not only a villa but also a car. 13. Adil not only studied four hours but played soccer as well. C) 1.altough, 2.because, 3.During, 4.whereas, 5.even though, 6.as, 7.so as to, 8.in spite of, 9.until, 10.therefore. D) 1-if, 2-before, 3-until, 4-why, 5-that, 6-who, 7-as soon as, 8-because, 9-as soon as, 10-such……that, 11-not only, 12-as well. E) 1. The rate of crime in big cities is higher due to urbanisation. 2. Waste material and chemicals that issue from factories result in water pollution. 3. The flight was unable to leave until this morning because the weather conditions were bad. 4. As a consequence of smoking, it is thought that the number of cases of lung cancer and heart disease will increase by about 25%. 5. Peter was having problems with mathematics; therefore he went to see his teacher to ask for advice. 6. Because of increasing the duty on cigarettes, there was a fall in demand

Unit 9 : Advances in science and technology Vocabulary exercises 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

A-emit, B-lead, C-enable, D-risky, E-proved, F-on, G-however, I-until, H-periods. 1→b, 2→e, 3→d, 4→f, 5→c, 6→a, 7→g 1-subscribe, 2-access – complete,3-transferred, 4-issued, 5-controlled, 6-download – save –charge. 1→e, 2→a, 3→g, 4→f, 5→h, 6→d, 7→b, 8→c. 1-remote control, 2-online shopping, 3-telephone booth, 4-atomic bombs, 5-genetic engineering, 6-internet addiction, 7- DVD piracy, 8-distance learning. 1.surfing, 2.remind, 3.expected, 4.put up with. (1)making, (2)writing, (3)snapping, (4)checking, (5)sending, (6)listening, (7)playing. 1 – e , 2 – d, 3 – b, 4 – a, 5 – c; 1-password, 2-appeal, 3-treatment, 4-easy reach.

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10) 1. addiction – harmful – personality, 2. arguments, 3.scientific.

Reading comprehension A) C. lifelong learning. B)

1.True, most young people must expect to change employers several times in their working lives. 2.True, employers often only employ staff on short-term contracts to complete a certain job.

C) 1-It is a type of learning where the teacher and the students are in different places. 2-She interacts with him via emails and video conferencing.

D) 1-lifelong learning…………………………………………………………… 2-……………………………………to catch up with the latest development in IT………to get a Master degree. E) a.they: university students b.The subject; Information technology. F) 1.expect 2.enrolled.

Communication exercises Mohammed Zouli

1- 1.I am not quite sure about you./2.There is no doubt about it./3.Well, he may return. 2- 1-not sure, 2-it goes without saying, 3-I am not sure about it, 4-It is obvious that Indonesian will be an international language.

Grammar exercises: 1) Condtional sentences 1. If you heat butter, it melts. 2. If CAK had won the match, it would have moved up the league. 3. Dad will take me to the zoo next week if he has time. 4. If I were rich, I would travel all over the world. 5. If I lived in Boston, I would go to The Museum of Science every now and then. 6. If I had had enough money, I'd have bought the car you sold. 7. If I watch a too much TV, I get terrible headaches. 8. I will miss Khénifra if I go to the USA. 9. If she spoke good English, she would apply for this job. 10. If Morocco produced petrol, the country would be richer. 2) 1→C, 2→G, 3→J, 4→F, 5→I, 6→E, 7→H, 8→B, 9→A, 10→D.

0 X

1

2

3 X

X X X X X X X X

3) 1.A, 2.A, 3.D, 4.D, 5.D, 6.C 4) 1.send – will receive, 2.do – will receive, 3.find – will give, 4.will go – have, 5.will go – gets, 6.doesn’t phone – will leave, 7.don’t study – won’t pass, 8.rains – won’t have, 9.won’t be able – watch, 10.can’t move – isn’t. 5) 1.had – would sail, 2.had – would learn, 3.told – would be, 4.would spend – were, 5.lived – would run, 6. would help – knew, 7. Would buy – knew, 8.felt – would go, 9.went – wouldn’t be, 10.wouldn’t talk - were 6) 1- had studied – would have passed, 2-had asked – would have helped, 3-had gone – would have seen, 4-had spoken – would have understood, 5-had listened – would have been, 6-would have written – had had, 7-hadn’t broken – would have taken part, 8-hadn’t started – would have walked, 9-would swum – hadn’t been, 10-had taken – wouldn’t have arrived.

7) 1.

If you weren’t so lazy, you would have passed that test.

2.

‘s sent

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3.

If you’d remembered to bring a map, we wouldn’t be lost now.

4.

If Paul hadn’t driven too fast, he wouldn’t be in trouble with the police.

5.

turn

6.

you’re working

7.

If I had a degree, I would have got that job.

8.

If you’d fixed the roof, it wouldn’t be leaking.

9.

has taken

Mohammed Zouli

10. would 8) 1- if you work hard, you will pass your exam. 2- If life wasn’t hard here, people wouldn’t move to cities. 3-Young people wouldn’t immigrate to Canada if we recognised the gifts of youth. 4-If there weren’t frequent droughts in Morocco, the prices of cereals wouldn’t be high. 5-If François hadn’t been driving at full speed, he wouldn’t have made an accident. 6-If you hadn’t been absent in summer, I would have invited you to my marriage ceremony. 7-If Saddam hadn’t defied America, Bush wouldn’t have toppled him down. 8-The athlete would have won the competition if he had trained well. 9-If people didn’t use a lot of cars, the planet wouldn’t be very polluted. 10-If people hadn’t used cars in the past, the planet would have been safe and clean. 11-If I go to Europe next summer, I will bring you a present. 12-If she had accepted the job offered to her, she wouldn’t have regretted. 13-If my Italian was better, I could translate the letter. 14-If I had known how to cook, I would have invited them to lunch.

Unit 10 : Brain drain Vocabulary exercises 1) 1→e, 2→c, 3→f, 4→a, 5→b, 6→d 2) (A) 1-d, 2-e, 3-b, 4-a, 5-c (B) 1-d, 2-a, 3-e, 4-c, 5-b 3) 1-money transfers, 2-human resources, 3-job opportunities, 4-rapid rate/political instability, 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

5-racial discrimination, 6-brain gain, 7-higher education/host countries. 1→c, 2→d, 3→b, 4→a, 5→e. 1-earn a living, 2-feel homesick, 3-squander money, 4- bridge the gap. 1.affected – flee,2.drain, 3.remittances –alleviating, 4.share, 5.deter, 6.reduce, 7.investing. 2-make a decision, 3-financial aid, 4-achieve success, 5-developing countries, 6-low wages, 7-outdated equipment. 1.teemed with, 2.prospect, 3.funding, 4.at a stake,5.lured – flourishing.

Reading comprehension A- 1-False, there are researchers and postdoctoral fellows. 2-False, they are working in a lab in New York University School of medicine. 3-False, he earns nearly € 2700. B- 1- He compares researchers’ migration to football transfers. 2-Europe spends € 166 billion on research, which is the equivalent of 1826 billion MD. 3-I think Europe will manage to get back its scientist if Europe spends more on research and raise the salaries of scientist. C- 1…………………………the droves of scientists and brightest minds leaving to U.S. 2…………………………..it is serious about research. D- 3- Europe’s brain drain.

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E- 1-in large quantities : in droves 3-full of: teeming with F- 1-his:Adriano’s 3-home country: Spain

2-a small copy: miniature 4-wages: salaries 2-that: €900 4-its: US’s

Communication exercises 1) 1- I wish she spoke English 2-If only she could have used the phone. 3-He wished he had attended the meeting. 4-If only that wasn’t true. 5-I wish I were a bird. 6-The teacher wishes Saida hadn’t left school at an early age. 7-Mounir wishes he hadn’t dropped out of school at an early age. 8-“If only I had taken the test” Younes said. 9-He wishes he had attended last year’s free computer classes. 10-Nadia wishes she had taken the test. 2) 1-I shouldn’t have driven fast. 2-I should have stopped gambling. 3-If only I had told the truth. 4-I wish I hadn’t said “No”. 5-I should have accepted the job. 3) A. If only I hadn’t eaten so much. B.I wish I hadn’t gone to bed so late last night. C. I regret to have called him a liar.

Grammar exercises: A) 1-UNESCO’s mission is to promote and protect global cultures.

Mohammed Zouli

2-Which in sentence 1 refers to UNESCO; 3-Where refers to Morocco * Where refers to Marrakesh. 4-Whose refers to rooms’ * Whose refers to Elglaoui’s 5-Why refers to reason; built following the Islamic architecture design. B) Which has the mission of promoting and protecting: UNESCO has the mission of promoting and protecting Where there are many famous historic monuments: in Morocco there are many famous historic monuments. Which is in Ouarzazate: Taourirt is in Ouarzazate. Whose walls are well-decorated: rooms’ walls are well-decorated. Who was the Pasha of Marakesh: Elglaoui was the Pasha of Marakesh. Whose origin was the Demnat valley: Elglaoui’s origin was the Demnat valley. Where there is still the Pasha’s famous house: in Marakesk there is still the Pasha’s famous house. Why it is one of the most beautiful sites in Marakesh: The reason it is one of the most beautiful sites in Marakesh.

C) TO REPLACE A

FUNCTION IN WE USE EXAMPLE THE STC UNESCO Subject Which Which has the mission of promoting and protecting Taourirt Subject Which Which is in Ouarzazate Rooms’ Object Whose Rooms’ walls are well-decorated. Elglaoui Subject Who Elglaoui was the Pasha of Marakesh. Elglaoui’s Object Whose Elglaoui’s origin was the Demnat valley. The reason Object Why The reason it is one of the most beautiful sites in Marakesh. D) 1-which – whose , 2-who – where – which, 3-whose – who – which. E) 1- Skilled people immigrate to developed countries where there are more opportunities. 2-George Bush, who was the ex-American president, is a businessman. 3-Women have many assets which they can use to enhance their social status.

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4-Moroccan women who have attained many of their rights, are hard-working. 5-Barrack Obama is the president of America whose grand-parents are from Kenya. 6-The UN was established in 1945 when the World War Two ended. 7- Morocco is a beautiful place where there are amazing places. F) 1-which, 2-whose, 3-who, 4-which, 5-who, 6-who, 7-which, 8-who, 9-whose, 10-whose

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Correction keys of The final checklist Correction keys to exercises on functions 1) 1-obligation 2-lack of necessity 1-lack of understanding 2-complaint 1-permission 2-obligation 3-opinion 2) A-opinion, B-advice, C-exemplifying, D-disagreement, E-Asking for opinion, F-complaint, G-asking for clarification, H-request. 3) 1-complaint, 2-apology 4) 1-purpose, 2-purpose, 3-lack of understanding, 4-disagreement, 5-request, 6-request. 5) 1-advice, 2-purpose, 3-request 6) 1→C, 2→D, 3→A, 4→E, 5→B. 7) 1→a, 2→c, 3→d, 4→b 8) 1 – c, 2 – a. 9) 1→B, 2→D, 3→A, 4→C Mohammed 10) 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – b Zouli 11) 1→C, 2→A 12) 1.→C, 2.→A 13) 1 – B, 2 – D 14) You: I‟m awfully sorry, but there is a technical problem with the TV, I bought. You: I have been waiting for my order but it hasn‟t been delivered to me yet. The pizza manager: Oh, I am so sorry pleas accept my apologies. You: Ok, no harm done. 15) You: congratulations my dear; You: Sorry, but I need it. 16) 1- You should read English materials as much as you can. 2-Sorry to disturb you but your music is loud. 3-Could you explain that please? 17) 1→d, 2→a, 3→b 18) 1 – d, 2 – b. 19) 1→b, 2→a, 3→d, 4→c. 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – a

Correction keys to exercises on collocations 1) 1.Voluntary work, 2.drug addicts, 3.enthusiastic activists, 4.community service, 5.national anthem, 6.dual nationality, 7.active citizen, 8.moral obligation. 2) 1-take, 2-make, 3-pull, 4-sank, 5-rose. 3) 1-basic education, 2-nursing course, 3-cultural background, 4-equal opportunities, 5-university graduates, 6-free access. 4) 1-adult illiteracy, 2-private lessons, 3-equal opportunities, 4-educational background, 5-nursing skills, 6-free access. 5) Table A: 1.cultural offense, 2.artistic heritage, 3.culture shock, 4.table manners, 5.melting pot, 6.deeply rooted. Table B: 1.baby sitter, 2.tin opener, 3.greenhouse gases, 4.youth hostel, 5.hay fever, 6.mother country. 6) 1→g, 2→h, 3→I, 4→b, 5→d, 6→e, 7→c, 8→k, 9→a, 10→f, 11→j. 7) 1→7, 2→e, 3→d, 4→b, 5→c, 6→a, 7→j, 8→g, 9→I, 10→k, 11→h, 12→l. 8) 1→d, 2→e, 3→a, 4→b, 5→c, 6→I, 7→f, 8→h, 9→g. 9) 1→D, 2→F, 3→E, 4→A, 5→B, 6→C? 10) 1-life expectancy, 2-drop out of school, 3-attend school, 4-space out pregnancies, 5-family planning, 6-gender gap. 11) 1-voluntary service 2-humorous jokes 1-natural disaster, 2-formal education, 3-brain gain. 1-population growth, 2-tourist target, 3-family code 4-water weapon

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12) (1)have access, (2)computer illiterate, (3)pay attention 13) A→4, B→6, C→2, D→5, E→1, F→3 14) School: subjects –attendance – administration –staff – uniform – bag – report – bus – principal – year – magazine – fees.

Correction keys to exercises on Word formation 1) 1.responsibility, 2.announcement, 3.death, 4.laughter, 5.lost, 6.behaviour, 7.complaint, 8.arrival, 9.disappearance, 10.astonishingly, 11.developments, 12.discovery, 13.permission, 14.pleasure, 15.success.

2) 1-originally, 2-Scientific, 3-instantly, 4-global, 5-enables, 6-electronically, 7-exihibition, 8-subscription, 9-provided , 10-choice.

3) 1.patience, 2.risky, 3.successful, 4.addicts, 5.empower – educate. 4) 1-sign, 2-improvement, 3-cultural, 4-government – empower – literacy, 5-industrial, 6-destruction, 7-reaction, 8-performance, 9-humorist, 10-participate. 5) 1.equality, 2.illiteracy, 3.motivated, 4.complaint, 5.humanitarian, 6.apology, 7.culture, 8.historical, 9.funny, 10.simplify. 6) 1-reliable, 2-concentration, 3-useless, 4-performance, 5-improvement, 6-relaxation, 7-prescription, 8-advertisements, 9-addiction, 10-physical, 11-industrial, 12-democtratic, 13-universal, 14-literary, 15-sympathetic, 16-musical, 17-enthusiastic, 18-artistic. 7) 1.active, 2.woolly, 3.wonderful, 4.famous, 5.friendly, 6.integrate, 7.energetic, 8.sunny, 9.useless, 10.useful, 11.visible, 12.effective, 13.biological, 14.nutritional, 15.aggressive, 16.uncurable, 17.secondary, 18.terrefic, 19.salty, 20.acceptable, 21.horrible, 22.healthy – wealthy. 8) illiteracy – management – improve – active – participation. 9) 1-truely, 2-profitable, 3-assumption, 4-enthusiastic, 5-audace, 6-innovative 10) 1.disabilities, 2.hesitation, 3.creative, 4.addition, 5.stormy, 6.housing, 7.advertisement, 8.profitable, 9.service, 10.exciting.

Correction keys to exercises on tenses 1) 1-to pay, 2-laughing, 3-buying, 4-to drink, 5-solving, 6-giving up, 7-neglecting, 8-dressing up, 9-staying, 10-to give.

2) 1-had bought, 2-has been writing, 3-will have moved, 4-hadn‟t eaten, 5-hadn‟t started, 6-won‟t 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

9)

leave, 7-will have read, 8-called. 1-had got, 2-left, 3-came, 4-is working, 5-will set up, 6-will have ended. Mohammed a.will have spent, b.had worked – resigned c.had lived. Zouli 1- did you go – had taken – met, 2-will have visited. 1.had studied, 2.got, 3.has been looking, 4.will have been, 5.regrets, 6.had studied. 1-will have produced, 2-had already left, 3-will rain/ is going to rain. 1-have been learning, 2-didn‟t work, 3-weren‟t, 4-want to pass, 5-I am going to study, 6- sent, 7- was, 8-learned, 9-went, 10-didn‟t enjoy, 11-was doing, 12-met, 13-noticed, 14-is, 15-I am having, 16-had, 17-I am revising,18-I have already begun, 19-will do, 20-is, 21-isn‟t, 22-pass, 23-will start, 24-will go, 25-can see,26-have become. A-will have spent, B-had been working – resigned, C-had lived.

Correction keys to Exercises on phrasal verbs 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

1-handed out, 2-pick up, 3-put on, 4-wrote down, 5-made up, 6-put off. 1.get on, 2.fill in, 3.look up,4.take off, 5.throw….away, 6.turn down, 7.put out, 8.look after. 1-wake up, 2-broke up, 3-hang on, 4-broke into, 5-take up, 6-make out. 1.up, 2.off, 3.up, 4.down, 5.up, 6.off, 7.on, 8.back, 9.on,10.up, 11.down, 12.up 1→F, 2→E, 3→G, 4→A, 5→C, 6→B, 7→D. 1.woke up, 2.handed out, 3.pick up, 4.take off,5.wrote down, 6.made up,7.put off, 8.turn off, 9.look up. 1-look after, 2-picked up, 3- get on….with,4-turned….down, 5-came across. 1→E, 2→I, 3→G, 4→A, 5→H, 6→B, 7→C, 8→F, 9→D. 1-looking forward to, 2-turn down, 3-set up, 4-look…..up,5-let…..down, 6-takes after.

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10) a-bring about, b-am looking forward to, c-find out, d-stand for. 11) a-looking forward, b-turned down, c-makes up. 12) a-take care, b-take off, c-turn down.

Exercises on linking words 1) 1-although, 2-as well as, 3-however - for instance, 4-for, 5-therefore, 6-inspite of, 7-in order to. 2) 1-Although, 2-unless, 3-if, 4-nor, 5-besides, 6-however, 7-for, 8-while, 9-whether, 10-whatever. 3) 1. You can come to the meeting with me as long as you don’t say anything. 2. Galia is not only beautiful but also smart. 3. I meet my Math’s teacher whenever I go to the market. 4. As soon as the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom. 5. Women in Britain weren’t allowed to vote until 1918. 6. We need not only a visa but also money to go to Italy. 7. I took my umbrella as it was raining. Mohammed 8. Some apples are red while others are green. Zouli 9. The ship couldn’t move since there was no wind. 10. Tough surfing is fun, it can be dangerous. 11. The first exercise was easy whereas this one is extremely difficult. 12. Mohamed bought not only a villa but also a car. 4) 1. The rate of crime in big cities is higher due to urbanisation. 2. Waste material and chemicals that issue from factories result in water pollution. 3. The flight was unable to leave until this morning because the weather conditions were bad. 4. As a consequence of smoking, it is thought that the number of cases of lung cancer and heart disease will increase by about 25%. 5. Peter was having problems with mathematics; therefore he went to see his teacher to ask for advice. 6. Because of increasing the duty on cigarettes, there was a fall in demand. 5) 1-but, 2-as well as, 3-because, 4-although, 5-as result, 6-in order, 7-such as, 8-though, 9-although, 10- on the contrary. 6) 1-such as…….and, 2-but, 3-therefore, 4-first – second – finally – and ,5-therefore, 6-that’s why, 7-so as. 7) 1-despite, 2-although, 3-however, 4-despite, 5-although, 6-despite, 7-however, 8- although, 9-despite, 10-despite, 11-although, 12-however, 13-however, 14-despite, 15-although. 8) 1.because of, 2.so, 3.in spite of, 4.because – on the contrary, 5.so as not to, 6-in order, 7-due to, 8-however, 9-Moreover, 10-despite. 9) 1-that’s why, 2-whereas, 3-in order to, 4-despite, 5-too 10) 1-and, 2-but, 3-because, 4-hence, 5-then, 6-therefore, 7-in order to, 8-before, 9-after, 10-because of. 11) 1.despite, 2.whereas, 3.however, 4.otherwise, 5.moreover, 6.besides, 7.however, 8.therefore, 9.even if, 10.in addition, 11.however, 12.instead, 13.provided that, 14.since, 15.therefore, 16.Moreover, 17.even if, 18.therefore, 19.whereas, 20.but. 12) 1-Although some men try to change their attitudes towards career women, our society is still maledominated. 2-Thanks to her hard work, Amina got a promotion. 3-Although he was sick, he went to work. 4-I didn’t finish my work since the light went off. 5-Some women not only suffer from inferiority but also from violence. 6-Governments invest much in education so as to fight illiteracy.

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‫االمتحان الوطني الموحد للبكالوريا‬ 8108 ‫الدورة العادية‬ -‫الموضوع‬3 ‫مدة االنجاز‬ 4

‫المعامل‬

‫اللغة االنجليزية‬ ‫ مسلك اآلداب‬: ‫شعبة اآلداب والعلوم اإلنسانية‬

‫المادة‬ ‫المسلك أو الشعبة‬

[1] Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer technology used to produce an environment that looks like reality. With VR, students, for example, can imagine themselves flying through space, diving deep under the sea, or traveling the world without stepping foot outside their classroom. In VR, a user wears a headset connected to a computer or mobile device to explore a three dimension (3D) setting. The user can move around in the space. Sights and sounds seem real. Some say the VR experience feels like jumping into a video game. [2] Google is one of the companies creating VR experiences for students. It launched Google Expeditions in 2015. Now it offers more than 600 virtual field trips. Ben Schrom who works at Google Expeditions told Time For Kids magazine (TFK) “Teachers’ faces light up because we’ve given them a superpower; they can transport their classes somewhere else.” [3] Katelyn Flanagan, 12 years old, used VR to jump to the surface of the moon. She also visited Jupiter and Mars. “It was so cool and so lifelike,” she says. Monica, a teacher at Morris Plains School, says her students loved the experience. “I think they enjoyed it so much because it’s different from watching a video. It broadens what I teach them,” she says. Chris Chin, who works for a VR company, says VR can also be used to teach real-world tasks. “People can learn how to fight fires or to become a doctor. A VR experience is a safer way to learn to treat patients,” Chin told TFK magazine. [4] Research suggests that virtual reality could reach 15 million students by 2025. In a research conducted by TFK magazine, nearly 70% of school administrators have a positive view of VR in the classroom. Of those who do not have VR in their school or region, almost half say they are very interested in using it in different subjects in the future. However, not everyone is excited about VR. Some people are concerned about its effects on kids’ eyesight. Dr. Martin Banks, a professor of vision science at the University of California, says “we’re looking for evidence, but so far, we haven’t found any.” However, Dr. Banks has found proof of discomfort. “It can lead to headaches and nausea in a small number of people,” he adds. [5] VR can also be costly. The best headsets cost more than $500. Google Cardboard viewers are more affordable. They cost less than $15 each but must be used with a smartphone. Classrooms would need a smartphone for every student, or kids would need to share one. Students like Katelyn hope that schools can overcome these obstacles and bring VR to the classroom. “I would like to go places I’ve never been to,” she says. “You don’t have to tell students about things anymore; you can show them.” Adapted from www.timeforkids.com

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I.COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS) BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT. A. TICK (√) THE QUESTIONS THAT ARE ANSWERED IN THE TEXT AND PUT A CROSS (X) NEXT TO THE ONES THAT ARE NOT ANSWERED. (3 pts)

Example: What is VR? Example: Is Katelyn Flanagan a student in Monica‟s class? 1. How much do Google Cardboard viewers cost? 2. What places did Katelyn visit in her VR experience? 3. When did TFK conduct research about VR?

√ X .... .... ....

B. ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts)

1. Google made it possible for students to have access to Virtual Reality. ............................................................... ........... 2. Ben Schrom is a teacher. ............................................................... ........... 3. School administrators disagree with the use of VR at school. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER. (2 pts)

1. “without stepping foot outside their classroom” (paragraph 1) means : a. without leaving their classroom. b. without getting into the classroom. c. without making noise in their classroom. The right answer is: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. “teachers‟ faces light up” (paragraph 2) means: a. teachers get confused b. teachers get worried. c. teachers feel excited. The right answer is: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)

1. Doctors haven‟t yet found any evidence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are some of the health problems of using VR. E. FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS THAT MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS (2 pts)

1. started (paragraph 2): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. expensive (paragraph 5): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (1 pt)

1. they (paragraph 2): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. one (paragraph 5): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH WORDS FROM THE TEXT.THE FIRST LETTER IS GIVEN. (2 pts)

Through Virtual Reality students can visit many p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . around the world. All they need is just a cardboard connected to a c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or a smart phone and h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Students who have tried VR say they enjoy the experience because the sights and s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seem real.

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II. LANGUAGE (15 POINTS) A. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASAL VERBS. (2 pts)

look up – log out – apply for – fill in – log on 1. Why don‟t you ……… that job? I think you have the required qualifications. 2. You need your username and password to ………… to your Facebook page. B. GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. (2 pts)

Morocco‟s (invest) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in (renew) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . energies has proved to be (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . for the economy and the environment. This is a good example of (sustain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . development. C. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORDS FROM THE LIST. (2 pts)

ought to – shouldn’t – needn’t – would – can't 1. It …………. be my little brother who wrote that; he doesn't know a word in English. 2. Leila ……………… see her doctor; otherwise, her headaches will get worse. D. PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM. (2 pts)

Dear mum, I hope you‟re fine. I (read) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .your e-mail yesterday. You seem to be worried. Well, now I (stay) ……………. with one of my friends because I (not/ get) . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . any answer from the university yet. I hope that by the end of this month, I (move) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . to my own room on the campus. Take care mum. E. CORRECT THE UNDERLINED MISTAKES. (3 pts)

1. To avoid obesity, doctors advise people not sitting . . .. . . . . . . . in front of TV for long hours. 2. Plastic bags are no longer using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for shopping in Morocco. 3. Your computer wouldn‟t have been infected if you install . . . . . . .. . . . . . a powerful antivirus. F. MATCH EACH EXPRESSION TO ITS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (2 pts)

Expressions

functions

1. “Why don‟t we check this website for more information?” 2. “If only I had told my teacher about my absence before.” 3. “For me, introducing English in primary school is a good idea.” 4. “I'm afraid this is not the tablet we ordered online.”

a. expressing opinion b. agreeing c. suggesting d. complaining e. expressing regret

1...............2.................3................4................... G. WRITE AN APPROPRIATE RESPONSE TO EACH SITUATION? (2 pts)

1. You were invited to a party, but you didn‟t attend. You: (apologize) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………… 2. Teacher: Bullying is a serious problem in schools. You: (express lack of understanding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……… ...............................................................................

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III. WRITING (10 POINTS) DO TASKS 1 AND 2 TASK 1: Complete the following paragraph. (4 pts) There are many reasons why people don‟t read books these days. First, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. TASK 2: Save Our Planet magazine is inviting students to suggest ways to preserve the

environment. Write an article suggesting how to protect the environment. (6 pts) ................................................................................... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ...................................................................................

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KEY AND MARKING SCALE Please accept any appropriate answer not mentioned in this key.

I. COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS) Testees should not be penalised for spelling and grammar mistakes in the comprehension section. A. CHART FILLING: (3pts; 1 pt each) 1. How much do Google Cardboard viewers cost? √ 2. What places did Katelyn visit in her VR experience? √ 3. When did TFK conduct research about VR? X B. TRUE OR FALSE: (3 pts) (1 pt each: 0.5 pt for the right choice and 0.5 pt for the right justification. Consider the justification only if the choice is correct. Quotes from the text are acceptable.)

1. T. Google is one of the companies creating VR experiences for students. 2. F. He works at Google Expeditions. 3. F. …nearly 70% of school administrators have a positive view of VR in the classroom. C. MULTIPLE CHOICE: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1: a 2: c D. SENTENCE COMPLETION: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. ............................... of the effect of virtual reality on kids‟ eye sight. 2. Headaches and nausea............................................ E. WORD MEANING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. launched 2. costly F. WORD REFERENCE: (1 pt; 0.5 pt each) 1. teachers 2. a smartphone G. BLANK FILLING: (2 pts; 0.5 pt each ) places - computer - headsets – sound

II. LANGUAGE (15 POINTS) A. GAP FILLING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. apply for 2. log on B. WORD FORM: (2 pts; 0.5 pt each) investment - renewable - beneficial - sustainable C. GAP FILLING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. can‟t be 2. ought to D. VERB TENSE: (2 pts; 0.5 pt each) read - am staying - haven‟t got/gotten - will have moved E. ERROR CORRECTION: (3 pts; 1pt each) 1. to sit 2. used/in use 3. had installed F. MATCHING: (2 pts; 0.5 pt each) 1. c 2.e 3. a 4.d G. RESPONDING TO SITUATIONS: (2 pts; 1pt each) Accept any correct and appropriate answer.

III. WRITING (10 POINTS; Task 1: 4 pts; Task 2: 6 pts) The following criteria should be respected while scoring the writing tasks. Task 1 Task2 Scoring criteria

Relevance of content to the task Appropriateness and variety of vocabulary Grammar and mechanics

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2 pts 1 pt 1 pt

3 pts 2 pts 1 pt

‫االمتحان الوطني الموحد للبكالوريا‬ 8108 ‫الدورة العادية‬ -‫الموضوع‬3‫مدة اإلنجاز‬ 3 ‫المعامل‬

‫اللغة االنجليزية‬ ‫ العلوم االنسانية‬: ‫شعبة اآلداب والعلوم اإلنسانية‬

‫المادة‬ ‫المسلك أو الشعبة‬

Laura is an Australian university student. On her 18th birthday, her father decided to do something special for her. She is telling her story. [1] When my father asked me about what I wanted for my 18th birthday, my answer was “I want to do voluntary work in Nepal”. I heard about travel volunteering from some of my classmates who already served global communities while having the pleasure to see different places. They all agreed that volunteering abroad allows people to have an authentic trip while serving another community. [2] For my 18th birthday, I decided to do something for the people in Nepal. After consulting different volunteering websites, I opted to work at the children‟s Daycare Center in Chitwan, not far from Kathmandu. Flying from my hometown, Sydney, to Kathmandu was both scary and exciting as I had never been to Nepal before. [3] At the airport, I was greeted by my guide Phil. He accompanied me for a quick visit of the streets of Kathmandu. The first night in the hotel was a real shocker and an eye-opener for me, having seen kids no more than 10 years old living on the street. In the morning, I took a bus to Chitwan where I was welcomed by Dilu and Binu, my generous homestay Dad and Mom. They immediately made me feel at home. [4] During the first week, I worked at the children‟s Daycare Center. Working with the kids was an absolute delight: from playing with them to teaching them the alphabet and some English words; it was all just an amazing experience. My homestay family organized my best 18th birthday party following local rituals; several natives of Chitwan danced and sang memorable traditional chants. For my second week, I decided to travel and see some of the rest of the country. Dilu took me to visit some of the most amazing places I have ever seen. We also went on elephant safaris and had long walks through the jungle. [5] Although it was a short stay, my volunteering experience has offered me some of the most memorable moments of my travelling life and has helped me to grow as a person. Being outside my normal routine and working with people from other cultures challenged me to open my mind. [6] Choosing a travel volunteering experience can be challenging. Yet, I recommend it to anyone who wants to see the world while doing some good for another community. International volunteering serves to strengthen communities and support them to face challenges. Adapted from different sources.

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I. COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS) BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT. A. ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts) 1. Laura knew about travel volunteering from a website. ...........................................................................… 2. Laura stayed in a hotel in Chitwan. .............................................................................. 3. Laura spent two weeks in Nepal. .............................................................................. B. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (4 pts) 1. How did Laura know about Children‟s Daycare Center? ............................................................................ 2. Why was Laura shocked when she arrived in Kathmandu? ............................................................................ 3. How did Laura help the local children? ............................................................................ 4. How did Dilu and Binu celebrate Laura‟s birthday? ............................................................................ C. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES WITH INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. (3 pts) 1. For Laura‟s 18th birthday, her father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………….. ………………………………………………………………… 2. Laura was afraid of her trip to Nepal because. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. In addition to her work in the Daycare Center, Laura spent some of her time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR PHRASES THAT MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS (3 pts) 1. chose (paragraph 2): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. songs (paragraph 4): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. unforgettable (paragraph 5): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts) 1. They (paragraph 1): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……… 2. the country (paragraph 4): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. LANGUAGE (15 POINTS) A. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASES FROM THE LIST. (2 pts) take place - give up - take after - look after - make up 1. Mouna‟s wedding party will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a five-star hotel. 2. I know Yassine; he will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a story to justify his absence again. B. GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. (2 pts) 1. The aim of this project is to (integration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . disabled people in the local economy. 2. Renewable energy contributes to the (improve) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of social services. C. FILL IN EACH GAP WITH AN APPROPRIATE WORD OR PHRASE FROM THE LIST. (2 pts) 1. Feel free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . me if you need more details about the job. to call - call - calling

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2. Ouarzazate, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gladiator was filmed, is attracting more and more film directors. which - whose - where D. PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM. (2 pts) Teacher: Is your project ready? Student: Not yet sir. We (start) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . only last Tuesday. We (still/collect) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . information. Teacher: When do you think the project (be) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ready? Student: We (complete) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the first part by the end of this week. Teacher: Ok. Remember that you have to present your project to the class next week! E. REWRITE THE SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH THE WORDS GIVEN. (3 pts) 1. Beth was too late. She didn‟t take the exam. If Beth hadn‟t been too late, she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. With this software, you can transform pictures into animations. With this software, pictures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. “The investment plans did not reduce unemployment,” the minister said. The minister admitted that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. MATCH EACH EXPRESSION WITH ITS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (2 pts) Expressions functions 1. “I‟m afraid but we gave you the best room in our hotel.” a. asking for opinion 2. “It‟s a pity she doesn‟t speak Spanish.” b. responding to a complaint 3. “What do you think should be done to reduce the crime rate?” c. expressing certainty 4. “I can hear noise; there must be someone at home.” d. giving advice e. expressing regret 1...............2.................3................4................ G. WRITE APPROPRIATE RESPONSES TO THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS. (2 pts) 1. Your friend: I‟m really sorry. I didn‟t know you were sleeping. You: (Accept the apology). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................................. 2. Your teacher: The government should invest more in renewable energies. You: (Ask for clarification). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................................

III. WRITING (10 POINTS)

DO TASKS 1 AND 2

TASK 1: (4 pts) Write a short biography of Angelina Jolie using the details below: Name: Angelina Jolie. Profession: actress / film maker/activist. Date of birth: June 4, 1975. First movie: Lookin’ to get out (1982); as a child actress. Birth place: Los Angeles, Famous movies: Mr and Mrs Smith, 2005. Wanted, 2008. California,US. Salt, 2010. Nationality: American. Hobbies: reading/volunteering/music Education: Theater Institute, California. Favorite singers: Madonna, Elvis Presley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …..…………………….....……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. TASK 2: Write a reply to the following email. (6 pts)

.You know people do different things when they feel bored. Well, for me, I usually watch a movie or go for a walk. What about you? What do you do when you feel bored and you want to relax? Jane ................................................................................... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ...................................................................................

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KEY AND MARKING SCALE Please accept any appropriate answer not mentioned in this key.

I.COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS) Testees should not be penalised for spelling and grammar mistakes in the comprehension section. A. TRUE/FALSE: (3 pts, 1pt each: 0.5 pt for the right choice and 0.5 pt for the right justification. Consider the justification ONLY if the choice is correct) 1. F. …from classmates... 2. F. ...she stayed with a homestay family/with Binu and Dilu… 3. T. …for my second week I decided to travel…… B. WH-QUESTIONS : (4 pts; 1 pt each) 1. ... from (different volunteering) websites.../from the internet 2. …because she saw young children sleeping on the street. 3. ... by playing with them and teaching them the alphabet and… 4. … they organized a party/they followed local rituals/they invited natives who danced and … C. SENTENCE COMPLETION: (3 pts; 1 pt each) 1. . . decided to do something special for her/offered her a trip to Nepal…. 2. . . she had never been there before. 3…. on safaris and jungle walks/ travelling/seeing the rest of the country…. D. WORD MEANING: (3 pts; 1 pt each) 1. opted 2. chants 3. memorable E. WORD REFERENCE: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. (my/Laura‟s) classmates. 2. Nepal.

II. LANGUAGE (15 POINTS) A. GAP FILLING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. take place 2. make up B. WORD FORM: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. integrate 2.improvement C. GAP FILLING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. to call 2. where D. VERB FORM: (2 pts; 0.5pt each) 1. started 2. are still collecting 3. will be/is 4. will have completed E. SENTENCE REWRITING: (3 pts; 1 pt each) 1. … would have taken the exam. 2. … can be transformed into animations … 3. …the investment plans had not reduced/ did not reduce unemployment. F. MATCHING: (2 pts; 0.5 each) 1. b 2. e 3. a 4. c G. RESPONDING TO SITUATIONS: (2 pts; 1 pt each) Accept any correct and appropriate answer..

III. WRITING (10 POINTS; Task 1: 4 pts; Task 2: 6 pts) The following criteria should be respected while scoring the writing tasks. Task 1(4pts) Task2 (6pts) Scoring criteria

Relevance of content to the task Appropriateness and variety of vocabulary Grammar and mechanics

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2 pts 1 pt 1 pt

3 pts 2 pts 1 pt

‫االمتحان الوطني الموحد للبكالوريا‬ 8108 ‫الدورة العادية‬ -‫الموضوع‬2‫مدة اإلنجاز‬ 2 ‫المعامل‬

‫اللغة االنجليزية‬ ‫كل مسالك الشعب العلمية والتقنية واألصيلة‬

‫المادة‬ ‫المسلك أو الشعبة‬

FLYING CARS: A DREAM COME TRUE [1] AeroMobil 3.0 is a combination of a plane and a car designed to drive on the road and fly through the air. It can transform in seconds from a car to a plane. This invention of the Slovakian companyAeroMobil started to be on sale in 2017. [2] The concept of a flying car is not new. The idea was popularized in the 1960s through animated cartoons. This concept was originally brought to life in 1989 by Slovak designer Stefan Klein. After years of testing different models, Klein‟s twenty-year dream came true when he set a partnership with entrepreneur, Juraj Vaculik. They co-founded the company AeroMobil in 2010. [3] Developing the flying car has not been without difficulties. AeroMobil company faced problems in 2015 when one of its prototypes crashed during a test in Nitra, west Slovakia, sending the pilot to hospital with minor injuries. [4] The year 2016 was a great success for AeroMobil. It marked the introduction of the latest prototype AeroMobil 3.0 at an international forum in Brussels. The vehicle uses a diesel engine and has wings that fold, which allows it to be parked like a car, though it is nearly 6 meters long. It seats two people: the pilot and a passenger. The company said the car's top speed on the road is 160 km/h and 200 km/h while flying. It can fly for 700 kilometers before running out of fuel. Drivers who can buy this luxurious flying car, priced between 1.2 and 1.6 million dollars, will need a pilot‟s license to fly it. [5] AeroMobil aims to make personal transportation more efficient and environmentally friendly. It helps to overcome traffic jams in large areas and allows faster travel for medium distances or in areas with limited road infrastructure. [6] Stefan Klein is very positive about the project. “I‟m very happy with what we have been able to achieve in such a short time with a team of only 12 engineers. AeroMobil 3.0 is not the end of this challenging project; it‟s the beginning of a whole new adventure which may change the way we look at the personal transport in the future,” he said. Adapted from www.cnn.com/autos/aeromobil-flying-car

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I.

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS) BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A. ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts) 1. AeroMobil 3.0 can quickly change to a plane. .............................................................................. 2. Both Juraj Vaculik and Stefan Klein set up the AeroMobil company. .............................................................................. 3. During the test of AeroMobil 3.0 in 2015, the pilot was hurt in an accident. .............................................................................. B. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. (2 pts) Technical Name of vehicle AeroMobil 3.0

Price

Top speed as a car

Top speed as a plane

Maximum nonstop flight distance

…………… ……………… …………….. ………………

C. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 pts) 1. Where was the latest AeroMobil 3.0 prototype introduced? ............................................................................... 2. What do drivers need to fly AeroMobil 3.0? ............................................................................... 3. How does Stefan Klein feel about the future of AeroMobil project? ............................................................................... D. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts) 1. Twelve engineers participated in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. It is easy for AeroMobil 3.0 to be parked because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts) 1. This invention (paragraph 1): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. It (paragraph 4): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. F. FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR PHRASES THAT MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS (3 pts) 1. mixture (paragraph 1): . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. 2. born (paragraph 2): . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……… 3. accomplish (paragraph 6): . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II.

LANGUAGE (15 POINTS)

A. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORDS. (2 pts) total - foreign - visual - moral - corporal 1. My grandmother used to tell us stories that teach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lessons. 2. The government encourages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . investments to create job opportunities. B. PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT TENSE. (2 pts) 1. By this time next year, Morocco (launch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . its second surveillance satellite. 2. “(you/visit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the Louvre Museum when you were in Paris last summer?”

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C. REWRITE THE SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH THE WORDS GIVEN. (3 pts) 1. Students will complete the first module in three weeks‟ time. The first module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. “Don‟t worry about the medical tests.” The nurse told the patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Samuel came late to the party; he took the wrong road. If Samuel hadn‟t taken the wrong road, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE RIGHT WORDS FROM THE LISTS. (2 pts) 1. Do you know the boy ………….. won the reading contest in your school? a. who b. whose c. which 2. “I often forget ………….. I put my keys,” Sam told his neighbour. a. how b. when c. where E. GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. (2 pts) The manager agreed to employ Emmy (immediate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . after the interview. He later gave her the employment contract for (sign) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. MATCH EACH STATEMENT WITH THE APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (4 pts) Expressions functions 1. “Can I go on an excursion with my friends, dad?” Rosa asked. a. expressing a wish 2. “If only I could go to Russia to support the Moroccan football b. asking for permission team!” c. apologizing 3. “You ought to think twice before changing your job.” d. expressing opinion 4. “I‟m sorry I stepped on your school bag.” e. giving advice 1...............2.................3................4................

III. WRITING (10 POINTS)

DO TASKS 1 AND 2

TASK 1: (4 pts) Complete the following paragraph. For my next birthday, I would like to have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .as a gift for the following reasons. First. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………….....……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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TASK 2: Write a reply to the following email. (6 pts) … You know, people do different things when they feel bored. Well, for me, I usually watch a movie or go for a walk. What about you? Jane,

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KEY AND MARKING SCALE Please accept any appropriate answer not mentioned in this key.

I.COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS) Testees should not be penalised for spelling and grammar mistakes in the comprehension section. A. TRUE / FALSE: (3 pts) (1pt each: 0.5 pt for the correct choice and 0.5 pt for a justification. Consider the justification ONLY if the choice is correct. Quotes from the text are acceptable)

1. T: It can transform in seconds from an automobile to a plane. 2. T: They co-founded the company AeroMobil. 3. T: . . . sent to hospital with minor injuries. B. CHART COMPLETION: (2 pts; 0,5 pt each) Technical Name of vehicle

Price

Top speed as a Car

Top speed as a plane

Maximum nonstop flight distance

AeroMobil 3.0

between 1.2 and 160 km/h 200 km/h 700 kilometers 1.6 million dollars C. ANSWERING QUESTIONS: (3 pts; 1 pt each) 1. … at an international forum in Brussels. 2. … a pilot‟s license. 3. … positive/optimistic/happy... D. SENTENCE COMPLETION: (2 pts; 1 pt each ) 1. ... the project/Aeromobil 3.0 2. . . its/the folding wings/it has wings that fold. E. WORD REFERENCE : (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. AeroMobil 3.0 2. (The year) 2016 F. WORD MEANING : (3 pts; 1 pt each) 1. combination 2. brought to life. 3. achieve

II. LANGUAGE (15 POINTS) A. GAP FILLING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. moral 2. foreign B. TENSES: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. will have launched 2. Did you visit… C. REWRITING SENTENCES: (3 pts; 1 pt each) 1. The first module will be completed in three weeks‟ time ( by students) . 2. The nurse told the patient not to worry/that he(she) shouldn‟t worry/. . . . . . 3. …wouldn‟t have come late… D. GAP FILLING: (2 pts; 1 pt each) 1. who 2. where E. WORD FORMATION: (2 pts; 1 pt each ) immediately - signature F. MATCHING: (4 pts; 1 pt each) 1. (b) 2.( a ) 3.( e) 4.( c )

III. WRITING (10 POINTS; Task 1: 4 pts; Task 2: 6 pts) The following criteria should be respected while scoring the writing tasks. Task 1(4pts) Task2 (6pts) Scoring criteria

Relevance of content to the task Appropriateness and variety of vocabulary Grammar and mechanics

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2 pts 1 pt 1 pt

3 pts 2 pts 1 pt

List of irregular verbs

Mohammed Zouli

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Mohammed Zouli

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Mohammed Zouli

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