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BAGSTER'S

ANALYTICAL GREEK

LEXICON.

THE ANALYTICAL HEBREW LEXICON. The Words

of the entire

Hebrew Scriptures

are arranged just as they are found in the Sacred Text, Alphabetically,

and are Grammatically explained.

The

student of the original has only to turn from his Bible to this Lexicon for the solution of every etymological

difficulty that

may obstruct his progress, and

word, with an account of or if

it

be irregular, to

Every word

is

a conspectus of value, because

its

its

peculiarities,

find,

the words which

owe

loss

of time, a complete analysis of every

to the conjugation or declension to

(where

its

which

it

may

various signijicatioyis will be found), and with the root

their derivation to its source.

affords the opportunity of studying the

it

without trouble or

belong,

exceptional class.

also referred to its root

all

he will

and a reference

This feature of the work

language from another point of view

root to root (the roots are distinguished in the alphabetical order

by

;

larger types), the student

is

for,

is

given

of considerable

by turning from

may

see at a glance

what way the various nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech are developed from the radical forms. Another feature of interest is the Grammatical Introduction, which is chiefly devoted to the study of the Here will be found, it is believed, every single exceptional word, with a concise irregularities of the language. in

explanation of

its peculiarities.

The words which, in particular forms, occur but once in the Scriptures, possess a peculiar interest, and they are very numerous. They have all been distinguished by a small letter, which refers to the passage of occurrence at the foot of the page. in

all cases,

Among

other minor advantages afforded

the

;

—

work "

It is

;

this

Lexicon,

may

be mentioned, the indication,

III.

;

—

II.

A

:

A storehouse of the

—IV. A

—

anomalies of the language, carefully arranged and referred to from

Concordance of the

the ultimatum of

A

Lexicon in the ordinary sense of supplying the various meanings of I. is thus Dictionary of every derivative and modification of every root, in alphabetical order, with

The Analytical Lexicon the various roots analysis

by

of the Kamets-Chatuph, which requires some familiarity with the language to distinguish.

least easily

Hebrew Lexicography, and

tongue, absolutely without excuse."

will leave the Theologian,

Churchman^s Monthly Review.

One Volume

all

parts of

understood words.

quarto, price

21.

'2.9.

cloth

who

still

remains ignorant of the Sacred

Bl49,

the island

the

nominative.

of

the

plural

The w

in

are

6. The two first declensions are termed parisyllabic, as having in each case the same number of syllables. The

third declension

instead of a.

called imparisyllabic, because

is

the gen. and following cases one syllable 5.

The

Kav

Cos, for

'AttoWo), for ' AnuWuii', &c.

rejected.

like

cases

(

[Sect. IV.

Attics frequently omit the v of the ace. sing.

nom. and

SECTION

it

has in

more than

in the

voc. singular.

IV.

TABLE D.—THIRD DECLENSION. (a)

Nom,

6

Gen. Tov

Nom.

ol

"TlXXtjuos

Gen.

tS>v "EX\j]vaiv

Dat.

TO) "fXKtjvi

TOV

Voc.

EWi]va "EXXtjv.

Gen. T^j \ajxivahos Dat. rfj \ayL7rubi, Acc. TJ]v \afnra.8a Xa/xTToj. Voc.

rot? "EXkr](Ti

Tovs "EWrjuas

Voe.

"EWrjvfs.

ai

Gen.

tS)p Xafiwddcov

Dat.

TOLS Xa^ndcri

Acc.

Tcis

Voc.

TO

crw/xa,

Nom.

\afX7rd8es

Acc. Voc.

Gen. Dat.

Xa/x7raSf

Xn/X7rd5as XafXTrddes.

TO.

Dual.

aufxara

Nom.

(rcofxaTccv

Gen. Dat.

Gen. TOV aafxaTos Dat. rw acofjian Acc. TO crafia

Gen. Tav Dat. Tols Acc. ra

acofiara

Voc.

Voc.

crco/iara.

(TOijxa.

to.

Ta7v XafxTrdSoiv.

Plural.

Nom.

the body.

"EXXj/i'e

toIv 'EXXrjvoiu.

Dual.

Nom.

Singular.

(c)

Nom.

Dat.

Gen. Dat.

Plural.

the lamp.

XafiTTcis,

Nom. Acc. Voc. rw

"EXKT]ves

Ace.

Singular.

(b) f]

Dual.

"'^W-qv, the Greek.

Ace.

Nom.

Plural.

Singular.

Acc. Voc. tw

amiiaTe

toIi/ (roipdroLv.

o'uniaai

EEMA EXS. 1.

This declension contains nouns of

includes nine terminations five consonants, v, p,

The

vocative

is

a-,

:

genders, and

all

four vowels,

a,

t,

v, a,

and

generally like the nominative.

Excep-

tions will be indicated shortly.

2.

The

gen. sing,

is

always

precedes this termination

The consonant which

in os.

found in

is

all

the following

cases, except (generally) the dat. pi., rules for the formation

of which will presently be given.

The nom. the noun.

in this declension

This

is

is

*

Smooth Middle

^e primitive form

.

by throwing

cru>pa,

awp-aTOs

First Order.

Second Order.

J., tibials.

GvUurali.

.

.

.

.

of

The following Table of Jlutes may be found

.

.

.

.

^ ; e. g. gen Dom." Apayjr, mi Arabian; wxro?, nom. a)\^, an eye. (6) A mute of the second order (k, y, ;^) indicates a nom. in ^; e.g. gen. dpnayos, nom. apna^, rapacious; ovvxos, nom. ovv^, a nail, claw; Xdpvyyos, nom. Xdpvy^, But vv^, night, makes vvktos. the throat. (c) A mute of the third order (r, b, 6) indicates a nom. in f e.g. gen. eXnlSos, nom. iXnis, hope; yeXwros, nom. Except neuters in fxa, gen. p.aTos, as •ye'Xtos, laughter.

"Apal3()s,

;

not

to be found in the gen.

Aspirate

:

termination of the gen. indicates a nom. in

y\r.

^,

away the termination o?, according to the following rules (a) A mute of the first order* (tt, /3, ^) before the

.

;

also rjnap, t^ttotos, the liver

useful

vdu>p, vtaros.

:— 'I'uiRD

Order.

Denlala.

n.

K.

T.

B.

r.

*.

X.

A. &.

The letters of each column are of the same nature, and are, in certain circumstances, interchanged. If two mutes concur in the same syllable, both must be smooth, as eTrra, seven; middle, as e'^Sofxo5, sn'C7)tk; or aspirate, commence wth an aspirate: Tpe'^M, not 0pe'xw, I run; rpixos, not 0pixo?> from 6pi^, a hiiir.

successive syllables seldom

;

.as


fLs), 's ovOfLS (pvoe ovOfixLa, ovoev,

tis, indefinite, so7ne one,

who

one,

and

The

latter has the acute accent always on the

interrogative,

tIs,

fii'st

.»

So

Aewa, or but

clinable,

Gen. Gen. 6.

Setm, such an one,

6

generally inde-

sometimes declined thus

is

Dat. Sflw, Ace. hdva.

Selvos,

is

Nom.

bfiva,

—Nom.

belves.

:

Plural

Dat.

(a) ciXXos,

adjectives

ciXXt), a'AXo,

may

be placed here

The

PjLURAi.

Dat.

aKKrjkois, aWrjkais, aWrjXois, to each other

Ace.

aXXrjXovs, dXkTjXas,

of each other each other.

dXXrjXa,

Dual. Gen.

& Dat.

Ace.

dXXi'jXoiv,

dXXrjXMv, oXXtjXolv

dXXrjXa,

dXXrjXa,

dXXijXw.

No Nom. case.

following form a class.

of what kind ?

TToioj,

TOIOVTOS

[

such.

I

so much,

(Relative, oTrotor ,

olos,

of what

hind.) ocTOf ,

TTocro?,

Toaovros

y

TTjXlKOVTOS

so great.

these, tolovtos, too-ovtos,

7]XiKos,

Tt]XiKovTos are de-

TOLovTov,

but the Attic Greeks make the neuter In the New Test, we find neuter TOLovTou and ToaovTov.

12. 1.

;

whosoever. great, referring

Mat.

18. 5,

and Acts 21. 25; toctovtov, Heb. and ttoIos, are declined accord-

Totoy, roiQcrbe, olos,

ing to § VII., rem.

XL— THE

SECTION

pi.

how

to asre or size.

aore?

and

of what

or,

Jiow great, as great as.

In

In

(c) TrjXlKOS

such as, kind.

how great ? pi. how many ? nrfXiKos, how great ? or, of ivhat

(J) Toaos

clined like ovTos

Correlatives.

Interrogatives.

(a) Tolos

Of

Gen. and

:

Demonstratives

8.

:

signification.

aWifKaiv,

(6) frepos, eripa, erepov, other. 7.

same

'A/i0orf/3oy, pa, pov, the

dfifpolu.

Gen.

Declined like avros

other.

more than two.

both, two together

cipcpco,

(_/)

biivuiv.

The following

Nom. and Ace.

none, no one.

r

J

oiideis.

(d) eKacTTos, rq, tov, each of (e)

"I

'5>'

'

syllable

of each case.*

5.

- \

/

'

1.

PRONOUNS.

TABLE K.— PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Singular.

(«)

Nom.

(b)

Singular.

Nom.

eyw. I.

Gen.

ep.ov,

p.nv

Gen.

aov

Gen.

ov,

Dat.

ffioi.

p,oi

Dat.

(Toi

Dat.

oi

Ace.

efxe,

lie.

Ace.

o-e.

Ace.

e.

Plural.

Nom.

TJlXfls

Gen. Dat. Ace.

Tjuds.

Ace.

Gen. Dat.

vjuei?

rjiiwv

Gen.

VjXUlV

Gen.

acpcov

tju'lv

Dat.

VjMV

Dat.

o-(ptcn

Ace.

vfids.

Ace.

adids.

Dual.

Dual.

vm,

va

Nom. Ace.

(T(bo}'i,

crcha

Nom. Ace.

vcii'ip.

vw

Gen. Dat.

o-cjjM'iv,

(tcjjmv

Gen. Dat.

_

Pers.

Gen. (p.avTov Dat. e/LiavTo) L Ace. ep-avTou r Gen. areavrov ,

Dat.

-

L Ace. * It

New

may

epavTTJs

ep,avTov,

efiavTTj

efxavra

rGen, eavTov

of myself. .3rd

Pers. i

Singular efiavTrjV

ifiavTo.

a-eavTrjs

creavTov,

aeavra

aeavTTj

aeavra

aeavTop

aeavTr}v

(jfavTO.

crfpo)

Dat.

L Ace.

{Gen.

of thyself

.

Plural

Dat.

eavTrjS

eavTov,

iavra

iavTji

eavra

eavTov

favTrjV

eavTO,

of himself.

iavrav, for all genders eavTols

Ace. eavTovs

fuvrals

eavrols

iavrds

iavrd.

be noticed that in the Attic Greek tov and tw are used for TtVo9 and rm, and tou and tw, as enclitics, for nro? and nvi. In the latter usage occurs in the various reading, wo-Trepei toj e/crpuJ/aoTi, 1 Cor. 15. 8, where the common text has

Testament an example of the

the article.

acpwe (puif,

Compounds.

00 -

8fc.

Plural.

Plural.

r 1st Pers.

of himself

Nom.

Dual.

Nom.

2nd

Singular.

{0)

av, thou.

VERB SUBSTANTIVE.

[Sect. XII.

EEMAEKS. 1.

The

place of the 3rd personal pronoun

the oblique cases from avros,

is

supplied in

into avTov., avriis, avrov^ &c.

avrrj, avro,

The

4. 2.

The compounds

Of ourselves r)y.1v

is

enavrov and aeavrov have no plural.

expressed

by

fjnoov avruiv

;

to ourselves,

low

by

(or eoj),

ours

aiToIr, &c.

rj

(or

may

creavroO

be contracted into

and eavrov

travToi),

mine

efj-ov,

efi-r]t

ov (or

irf),

aos^

;

ours (dual)

crq,

his;

eoj/),

vperepos, pa, pov, yours

;

vcotrepos, pa, pov, 3.

pronominal adjectives are as

possessive

e'/AOf,

:

aov,

thine

fol-

oy

;

rjixerepos, pa, pov,

;

acperepos, pa, pov, theirs

;

a-cpmrepos, pa, pov, yours

(dual).

SECTION

XII.

TABLE L.— THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE. INDICATIVE.

IMPERATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Be

That I may

Present. Tarn, ^c.

thou, &c.

OPTATIVE.

That I might

he,

PARTICIPLES.

INFIN.

To

be, &c.

Being.

be.

&c. S.

ei/it,

eh, or

ei, etrri,

P. eapev, fare,

D.

'icrdi,

flat,

earov, ecTcov.

ecrrov, earov.

I

Imperfect. rjv, rji,

rjpev, rjT€,

L

ivas,

or rjaOa,

S.

P.

or

^1

hi

apev,

h TJre,

e'irjv,

am,

e'lTjs,

etTjpev,

fjTOV, fjTOV.

eivat.

e'ir],

e'lrjre, e'lrjcrav,

or

eiev,

elrjrqv, elrjrqv.

€(Trj,

P. eaopeda,

(OV,

oucra, ovcrrjs,

N.

ov, OVTOS.

OVTOS,

&c. or

rj,

rjv,

TJarqv, rjarqv.

S. €,

/ hear,

d/couo),

;

;

fJKova,

I anoint,

Att.

r'jXfi(pa,

be

Att.

aKi'jKoa.

through the moods, but the temporal augment does not go beyond the indie. e. g. from ayco, / lead, aor. 2, tjyayov (by transposition for ayrjyov), but in fin. dyayelu.

receive the aug-

dxov

;

epya^o/iai,

I permit, (iaov, contract, e'iuiv, etc. / am accustomed, m being interposed,

edco,

;

So e^o), perf. et'co^a, and edi^ca, I accustom, opdo),

e.

;

incline, kskXiku.

;

ment by inserting

The verb

;

I

(d) In the .second aorist* this reduplication continues

the Attics often change ev into

lu'ork, dpya^oprjv

kXivco,

TTT

in the perf into

av

r]v^avov.

are unchanged, and

ov,

;

mentioned, verbs

liquid

the

and the three diphthongs ei, i, v, merely lengthened in quantity; e. g. rjxea, 1 7'esound, r'jxeov ; (06m, I push, &6ov iKerevoi, I supplicate, iKerfvou vfipl^w, I assault, (J) ; 3.

fv,

6i)a>,

I/all.

a being

limit,

or av

oi,

olKea,

a>,

I increase,

at,

when

or o

6pi^a>,

a>,

the

may be

commencing with a mute and a

I write,

verb begins with one of the vowels

I

;

eairapKa.

exceptions to this rule

mencing vnth

f6iXo),

7ir€0i'X?;/ca

;

viz.,

;

iJpeXXov.

Temporal augment, so

2.

I love,

(b) Verbs which commence with p, a double letter, or two consonants, want the reduplication e. g. pdma, I sew, eppa(pa -^aXXco, I play on an instrument, 'i^aXKa (TTrfipco,

;

Attic dialect gives

fxeXXu),

^tXe'w,

e. g.

;

redvKa.

;

Verbs commencing with p double that consonant the augment e. g. pltttco, I cast, eppmrov.

The

ing smooth consonant

I sacrifice,

I

temporal augments,

e

perf. pass. eWta-pai.

see, receives

and a

;

e.

both the syllabic and

(a)

nation

.

The

is formed of the root and the termiThird pers. pi. ovai, like the dat. pi. of

present

fis, ei.

CO,

The

(i)

fixing the

The 3rd 5. Reduplication,

In-

the present participle.

g. 6pda>, iapaoi', contract.

(iipav; perf. Attic icopuKn, for (opaKa.

Formation of the tenses of the Active Voice. mood.

8.

dicative

imperfect is formed from the present by preaugment, and changing co into ov ; Xva, eXvov,

pers. pi.

is

like the 1st pers. sing, in this tense.

(a) This consists of e added to the

consonant of the root, as in XeXvKa. All verbs commencing with a consonant have the reduplication in the first

and retain it in all the moods. (Z») Verbs commencing with a vowel or a diphthong receive no reduplication, the first letter of the perf. being the same as that of the imperf. e. g. dvvrai, imperf. jjvvtov, perf I'jvvKa. In such cases the temporal augment is retained through all the moods.

perf.,

;

The

(c)

termination

The

future o-w,

is

aen,

the root, with the addition of the crei,

etc.

formed from the future by prefixing the augment, and changing crco into era ; Xvaco, i'Xva-a. The 3rd pers. pi. is formed by adding v to the 1st pers. (t?)

sing. (e) cro)

;

aorist

is

i'Xvaa, eXvaav.

The

into

Kit,

perfect is formed from the future by changing and prefixing the reduplication. ]Modifications

of this termination will be hereafter noticed. 6.

(a) If the first consonant of the present be an aspi-

rate, it is replaced in the reduplication

by the correspond-

(/) The pluperfect is formed from the perfect by preaugment e, and changing the final a into eiv

fixing the

* It will be observed that in the P.aradigm given above (Av'w), the second aorist does not occur. This tense is regarded by Bnrnouf as only another form of what is usually called the first .aorist, since it appears that if one aorist is used in a given verb, the other does not occur, at least in the same dialect. Buttmann (as quoted by Bnrnouf) lays it down, tliat no verb in which the second aorist is the same in form with the imperfect, or would difler only in the quantity of the penultimate syllabic, can have this aorist, at any rate in the active voice. Remarks on the second aorist will be found below, p. xxvi.

REGULAR VERB IN

Sect. XIV.]

Sometimes the augment

Xe'XvKa, eXfXuKfti/. e.

is

omitted;

Q.

Optative,

11.

(a)

optative are formed

g. jventaTfVKeKTav.

The present, future, and perfect by changing the last letter of the

same tenses of the indicative into Imperative,

9. o)

(a)

The

present

of the present indicative into

The imperative

(Z»)

e

;

is

formed by changing

e. g. Xvco,

aorist is in ov,

Xve, XveTco, etc.

arco

;

e.

The

perfect

is

form

in

e. g.

;

as

the

XeXvKe.

The

* (b)

All

and dual, of the imperative

pi.,

(a)

aorist

present subjunctive

is

formed

from the present indicative by changing the short vowels into long ones, and subscribing t where it occurs ; e. g. indie. Xvco, Xveis, Xvei; subj.

Xvm,

aifxi

oifxi

;

optative e.

;

perf.

XeXvKa,

rejects

augment, and

the

g. eXvcra, Xva-aifjii.

infinitive in eiv;

and the perfect

in the in-

participle ends in as,

XvaavTos,

av

acra,

Xv(rd(rr]s,

;

Xva-aaa, Xva-av,

Xvcras,

Xva-avros,

etc.

declined like adjectives of the third class.

participle ends in

coy,

via, os

SECTION XIV.— EEGULAR VERB IN

;

The

perfect

XeXvKas, XeXvKvIa, XeXvKos,

They

are

O.

TABLE N.— PASSIVE VOICE.

Present Sing.

Plur.

Dual

I am loosed,

IMPERATIVE.

SUBJDNCTIVK.

OPTATIVE.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLES.

&c.

Xvo^ai

Xuco^ai

Xvoifirju

Xvr]

Xvov

Xi;?;

Xvoio

Xverai

Xvfcrda)

Xvrjrai

XvniTO

Xvafxeda

XvolfjLeda

Xveade

Xveade

Xvijcrde

Xvoicrde

Xvovrai

Xvecrdaxrav

XvcovTat

XvOlVTO

Xvaifxedov

XvoijieSou

Xveudov

XveaOov

XvTjcrBov

XvoiaOrjv

Xvfadou

Xv€(t6cov

Xvrjcrdov

Xvoiadrjv

Xvofieda

Xvofiedov

Xvea-dai

Masc. Xvofxfvos Xvofj.evov

Fem.

Xvojievri XvofjLfinji

Neut. Xvofiivnv Xvofxeuov

Imperf. Sing.

eXvofjLTjv

eXvov fXvero Plur.

eXvofxeda iXvf(r6e

fXvOVTO

Dual

eXvofiedov eXv€a-0r]v

iXvia6r]v

JEolic aorist, Aucreta,

XuVeitr.!, Xucreie

,•

pi. XvaeCaixev, XvTeCare, \va-eiav. .Tre

in

Those tenses which have the infinitive form the participle in cov, ovcra, ov. The aorist

gen. XeXvKOTos, XeXvKVLas, X(Xvk6tos, etc.

INDICATIVE.

it

in eVat.

of the indicative.

pers. pi., Xvrjre,

a

the aorist forms

13. Participles. in fiu

gen.

Xvrji, Xvjj.

form the

and dual, XvrjTov, have no t subscribed, there being none in the corresponding persons

The 2nd

(b)

g. pres. Xvco,

e.

;

Xvcroifjn

All tenses terminating in

12. Infinitive.

dicative at,

The

optat.

Xva-o),

3rd

in the termination.

Subjunctive,

10.

same

the

perfect indicative

the 3rd persons, sing., o)

fut.

;

changes a into

pers. sing, of the

have

Xvoifj.1

optat. XeXvKoifjLi.

g. XCa-oj/,

Xvcrdrco.

(c)

optat.

The 2nd and 3rd

pers. slng.

and the 3rd

pers. pi.

alone in use.

2*

all

REGULAR YERB IN

[Sect. XIV.

Q.

TABLE N.— PASSIVE VOICE. — (Co7itimicd.) INDICATIVE.

IMPERATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

OPTATIVE.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLES.

Future Sing.

Plur.

Dual

Xv6i]CT0iiai

Xv0rj(TOllXT]V

Xv6i](Trj

Xv0l)(TOlO

Xv6i](T(Tai

Xv0t]a-oiTO

Xv0T]cr€a0at,

Masc.

XvBi-jaufievos

Xv0ricrofiivov

Xvdrja-OfjLeda

Xv0rj(To[[X(0a

Xv6i)cr€a0e

Xv0r](TOlU0€

Xv6r'](rovTai

Xv01]CrOLVTO

Xv6r](T6^e6ov

Xv0r]croifie0ov

Xvdrjo-ecrdov

Xv0r](TOL"

o

2

s3-'=tia'3bb

.1-

.t~l

a,

^^

o

o

..

;i

S Z M

ga..-°a,b&a. bb

3

o 'Ti

1^ o ,b

Ka

8e8r}XwKe

SeSryXco/co)

8e8r]Xd)Koi.ni

8e8r]X(i}K€vai

8e8r]XcoKa>s,

Pluperf.

edeSrjXaKeLV

kotos

VERBS IN

i2

PURE,— PRECEDED BY A VOWEL.

[Sect.

XXII.

KEMAEKS. Rules of contraction:

1. 00),

into

CO ;

3rd,

oei, 001,

or;,

oo, oov,

1st, of,

into

ov

In the

ot.

2nd,

;

2.

orj,

Instead of the form

Attics also wrote

infinitive,

SrjXoliMi

for the optative, the

&c.

dtjXoLrn', 8r]\ou]s, drfkoii],

ofiv is contracted into ovv.

XXL— CONTRACTED VERB TABLE U. — PASSIVE VOICE.

SECTION

IMPERATIVE.

INBICATIVE.

/ am

Present Sing.

IN Oa.

OPTATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PARTICIPLES.

INFINITIVE.

shown, &c.

^TjXoonai,, ovfxai

87]X6a)fxai, aifiai

8t]X6errdai,

8r]X00LfJLT]l/, oifxtjv

M. 8i]Xo6iJ.fvos,

ova$cu BrjXoi], ol

SrjXoeTac,

ovtm

SrjXoov, ov

8r]X6r], ol

BrfXoeado),

BrjXorjTai,

ovfievos

8r]X6oio, olo

wTiu

8r]Xonfi€vov,

8rjX6oiTO, oIto

ovfiei'ov

ovadoi drjXooixfda, ovjxfda

Plur.

brjX6((r6e,

drjXoea-Be,

8r]X6r]a-de,

F.

SrjXooifXfda, oifXfda

8r]Xou>iJ.eda, a>ij.eda

ovade

uxrOf

8t^X6oi.cr6{,

drjXooixeur],

olade

ovfievr]

ova-Be drjXoovrai, ovvtul

8rjXoofiivr]i,

hrjXoicrBaxrav, 8i]X6coi'Tai, rnvTM

8r]X6oiVTO, olvTo

ovfj,ivr]s

ovaduxrav

Dual

8r]Xo6iJ.edov, ovfxfOov

ovadov

8r]X6f(T6ov,

8r]Xooi^(6oi', oifieOov

8r]X6ecrdov,

SrjXoTjcrdov,

coadov

N.

8rjXooiixedop, OLfiedov

ovfievov

ovadov

ovaQov

8rfX6ea6oi',

driXoonfuov,

8i]Xooiadr]u, oiadrjv

8iiXoofj.tvov

8rjXoia6u>v,

8r]X6ri(rdov,

oaaOov

ovy.tvo\.

SrjXooiadrjv, oiadi]v

0VCt6(x)V

Imperf. Sing.

i8rjXri6jiriv, ovfirjv

e8r]X6ov, ov edrjXoero, ovTo

Plur.

e8t]Xo6iJ.€da, ovfj-eda

ovade

eSrfXoecTBe,

(SrjXoOVTO, OVVTO

Dual

i8rjXo6iie6ov, ovfxedov edriXoea-drjv, oxxrBrjv e8rjXoi(T6rjv, ovdBrjv

Future

8r]X(o6r]aoiJ.ai,

Aorist

fdijXoidiji'

8r]Xa>6qTt

SrjXadcc)

Perfect

8e8i]Xo}fiai

8e8t']Xaicro

deStjXcojjLems

Pluperf.

ededtjXMjirju

3rd Fut.

BeSrjXaxToiidL

8r]X6r](TOLfj.r]u

8t]Xa)di]ae(r0ai SifXcodrjaojievos, ov

8T]Xci>deiT]v

8r]Xco67ii'ai

8r]Xwdeis, 6evT0S

8(8rjX(hadai

8e8T]Xa)fj.si>os,

S68r;Xo3^eVos

J)

e'iT]U

ov

SeSrjXuxrecrdat 8€8riXa>a'6ixevos, ov

8€8r]Xoi(70lflT]V

MIDDLE VOICE. Future

8rfXa>crofini

Aorist

ebrjXcoaafirjv

8rjXo

8rjXa)(rco^ai

REMARKS ON VERBS 1.

r]aa>)

Many ;

e.

verbs in ea

g. reXeco,

have both forms ,

fl

dpKecro),

alvicru),

SrjXuxreadai

8r]Xoo(r6ij,(vos,

ov

8rjX(oaaifJirjv

SifXaxraadai

8t]Xco(rafj.fvos,

ov

SECTION XXII. PURE, e. PRECEDED BY A VOWEL.

IN

the future in eVo)

TfXecno

8T]Xa)(TOLfI.7]V

and

i.

(not

Some

nlvi](To)

2.

Of verbs

which have dfdofxiu,

Those

I

in doi,

or

e

t

many

keep a in the future.

before dco

behold, dedcrofxai,

in pacn

;

e.

g. opda,

;

e.g. eaw,

I permit,

perf. redeafiai,

I see,

Those ida oi

aor. ideddrjv.

6pda-a> (not used).

Those

REMARKS ON VERBS WHICH HAVE A CONSONANT BEFORE

Sect. XXIII.] in Xao)

yeXcico,

e. g.

;

Also Kpefidw,

KKdcrco.

But

(rndaa).

XP""^?

I laiigh^ yekacru) I hang up, Kpt^dcru) ^ lend, has xp^']^'^

I

(cXao),

;

;

TXacu,

>

break,

I draw, / hear,

(nrdo),

tXtjctco.

Of verbs in 6co a very few keep o in the future e. g. I plough, dpoao). All others have , prim. ofXavSuvoi,

XetTTo),

t]s,

change

I

(c) yj^vxi^,

Infin. Tvne7v.

Part. TVTrav, ovtos.

Indie. eTinrqv,

Part, tvtto-

/3a).

jBdnrco,

;

yj^v^co,

vowel portion, or both. is mostly short in

derived from an older and simpler form of the present is

So

syllable of this tense

This form of the aorist has been supposed to be

quantity.

eKpvfBrjv; /SAdTrro),

(b) Others

generally characterised

certain changes, in respect of the present, either in the

pass.

primitives in

g. aKova, fut. dKovaofxac.

(f)i]v

5.

lufiu. Tviriadat.

oiTo.

010,

ervnov,

g.

TvnTjcroifiTjv, j^croto, rjcroiTO,

aor. 4.

TVTToljirjv,

the same as that of the second

is

aor.

;

e.

I

g. rpenco,

e.

i ;

g.

e(pvyov.

before the terminaX,

change the

turn, eTpanov

;

e

into

rpe'^co,

irpdcpriv.

passive second aorist.

Contracted verbs have no 2nd aor. or 2nd

11. 7.

(TO.

Subjunct.

Imperat. tvttov, eada).

TUTrw/iat,

rj,

2nd

w pure. But I hum, eKarjv;

other verbs in

aor. pass.; e.g. koico,

fut.

So,

a few have the ,

I produce,

jjrai.

SECTION XXV.

REMARKS ON THE SECOND OR MIDDLE PERFECT. In some verbs with both perfects, the

1. This form is properly a second perfect active, and is formed by adding a to the radical (tvtt), and prefixing the

tive, the

reduplication

neido),

e.

;

Indie, perf

Tervrra,

Imperat. rervne, TervTroipi,

g. TervTra.

otr,

oi.

as,

TervTrerco.

Pluperf. eTfrvneiv,

e.

Subj. Tervnco,

Infin. TervTrfvai.

r]S,

rj.

etf,

ei.

Optat.

Part. TtTvno>s, via,

Very few

verbs

m

w pure have th« 2nd

perf.

;

con-

tracted verbs never, because they all easily form the 1st perf. in na.

3.

In some verbs the 2nd

fpfvyu),

Iflee,

7re

for iKkiOrjv.

Btjv,

the pres. rdco. (d) Several verbs in ^co and pvca form the perf in as if the fut.

were

Kdpvco,

Kapovpai, KeKprjKa (for KfKaprjKa),

KapSi, ;

pep€VT]Ka

2nd

in

tjctco ;

e. g.

vepco,

repvco, Tepa>, TerprjKa (for rerdprjKo) ;

So ^dXXco,

&C.

rjKa,

vepw, vfvepTjKa

2nd

aor.

pevco, pevw,

;

/3aXw, ^ejSXr^Ka (for /3e/3ciX?;Ka),

aor. e'iSaXov,

however,

It especially

fpdpava.

is

ivco

which tense they form

wanting

occurs, even if

cnreipa), cnrfpS), 'icrneipa

;

I show,

e. g. (paiucd,

cnreipu),

nenXdrvpai, 1st aor. pass.

ecnvapKa; tpdeipo),

(c) Dissyllables in

ficapov

pecially in Attic

and

into a in the perf

it

kXiVcd

(c) If the diphthongs at or ti precede the termination,

(f)ava>

e.g. (palvai, (pavm, nefpayKa; TrXarvvco,

(b) Dissyllables in Xco

order to shorten the syllable which precedes the termination

;

eTrXarwdrjv.

change

(b) If the pres. has

k

perf. act. nfirXdrvyKa, perf. pass.

I

defend, dpvvo).

NQ, PQ.

First future, first aorist, and perfect. 3. Passive voice. These tenses are directly derived from the perf. act. by changing Ka into pai, dijcropai, and drjv ; e. g. perf act. ^ejSXrjKa, [3€,3\r]piu, ^Xrjdi'jrropai, €l3\r]dr]v; p.iavSi,

formed from

g. ^j/dWo), \JAa\cb,

The consonant / repay, makes

v

be-

4.

makes

Second

passive,

the

fut. aTroricrw,

2nd

but

is,

perf. pass,

&c.

:

^tatVco, fut.

pepiaapai 1st aor. pass,

aorist, active

and

passive,

iptdvdrjv.

and second future

(a) Dissyllables change their vowel into a to form aor.;

e.g. a-ndpo), cnvfpoi,

iu fact, a

conipouml of xtw.

2nd

aor. pass, ecnrdprj]/

VERBS

XXVIIL]

Sect.

(j)delpo),

2nd

(jidepS),

aor.

But, dyyeXXco,

pass. e(f)0dpr]v.

The 2nd

(b)

aorist e.

is

2nd

So

formed in general as in other 2nd aor. eKaixov

8l8qtov

8i8nTav

8i8a)TOV

8l8oir]TT]V

F.

8c8ovaa 8i8ovarjs

N.

8i86v

8i86jnos

Imperf. Sing.

e8i8(ov

e8i8a>s e'St'So)

Plur.

eSlSofxev

i8i8oTe

Dual

So

standing,

tion.

la-rrjui.

IstFut.

Present.

and

stand, in a present sense.

TJrai.

fj,

but these are formed from

1st

regularly formed from the e has the rough breathing.

the case in

subjunctive present and 2nd aorist takes

in those of Tidrjfu

I am

pluperf.

force 3.

is

augment

I stood.

2nd person, because is

Its

This perf has the sense of the Latin

rj

the root has not an aspirated consonant, as

perfect tar-qxa

arTja-co.

e8i86Tr]v e(^l86TT]V !

6*

TABLE

A.A.—tnSa,ixi,

MIDDLE VOICE.

[Sect.

XXX.

1

TABLE Z.— S/Sco/xt, ACTIVE YOICE.— (Coniinued.) INDICATIVE.

liMPERATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

OPTATIVE.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLES.

Aor.

2nil

Sing.

riur.

Dual

Sw

8oir]v

eStor

Oos

StSf

8oii]s

eSo)

6dra>

Bcii

8oiT]

eSu)v

diofxev

boirjfj.ev

eScTf

SoTf

SwTe

doiTjre

eBocrav

Sorojcra!'

ficocrt

SoLTjaav

eSorrjv

So'roi'

eSor;;i'

BoTCCV

e5o/j,fi/

Soul/jll

jNI.

Sov?

duvTos F.

5oi}o-a Soi'(Ti/S

X

d6v

hnirjTrjv

8uVT0S

Future 1st

Aor.

BaiTOV

bou]TrjV

Sojcrco

o-oiTOS

oaicroip.L

6'co(jftv

ficocroj/,

BedcoKoifii

BebcaKevai

SeScOKO)?, KOTOS

edcoKU

Perfect

SeScoKa

Pluperf.

eSeStuKf/v

8f8o>Kf

StScBKCO

TABLE A.A.— INDICATIVE.

IMPERATIVE.

St'So^/it,

SUBJUNCTIVE.

MIDDLE VOICE. OPTATIVE.

PARTICIPLES.

INFINITIVE.

Present Sing.

8l8otm Plur.

Dual

8i8wfxai.

8i8oifirjv

8l8o(TO

otSw

8l8oio

SiSoada

8i8oL>Tai

SiSorro

8L8a>fieda

8i8oLfj.e6a

8c8(')fie0a

8ido(T6e

8i8oa-6e

SiSoi/nu

8i86a6a)aav

M.

StSojuefo? StSo/xei/ou

F.

8180 tade

8i8ofievr] 8L8ofieirr]s

1

818011^0 8i8(l}p.e6ov

8i86fi.e6ov

8l8oadM

N.

8i8oiijLedou

8[8oa6uv

SLdocrdov

8i8a)(Tdov

8L()ocrdov

8^86(70(01/

8i8a)(T6ov

8i8('La6i]i'

eSocro

86(TO

8a

8010

e8oTO

86(t6(x)

8a)Tai

801x0

86)fie0a

8oifie0a

8o)a0e

8oLa0f

81.86/j-evov

8L8o[J.fVCV

Imperf. Sinyr.

f8i.8unr]v

e8i8oao e8i8oTO

Plur.

e8i86fxeda ebiSocrde e8t8fif0(.v

€86fiedov

8urr0ai

'N. 86fxevov

8nfievov

axrofievos, ov

Sect.

TABLE

XXXL]

B.B.—BeiKfVfxi,

ACTIVE VOICE.

EEMAEKS. 1.

Si'Sw/xt

imperative

;

takes

(like

or

tiBtjjjli)

Sos for Sd^t,

in

6is for

like

the

den.

2nd

those persons in which verl^s in

aorist

It has a

e.

diphthong in the infinitive of the same tense, 8ovvaL and in the two participles, 8i8ovs and Soiiy, like riOfis and ^et'j. 2.

The

2nd

present and

middle, retain

vs

8fiKl>\jdc

8(LKmJai

BeiKVVTO) (C)

Masc. 8eiKvvs beiKvvvTOs

Fem.

BeiKi'viJ.ev

8eLKvvTe

8eLKvvTe

8(lKl>V(Ti-lia(Tl

BfiKvvToxrav

8eLKVVT0V

8flKVVT0l>

8elKVVT0V

8flKVVT(CV (v)

beLKvxxra 8eiKvvai]s

Xeut. 8€iKviv 8eiKVVVT0S

Imperf Sing.

eoeLKvvv f8flKUVS

Plur.

eSetVwre (8fLKi'vcrai>

Dual

e^eiKvvTov fSelKVVTTJV (iJ)

oi

those of the middle.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

8oda>

have the diphthong

3rd pers. plur. present, the Attic Greeks

4. Passive voice.

subscribed in

So'(9r)rt

SiSoiIo-i,

dcu

StSco, as, a.

;

write 8i86dcn like ndfacri.

8o6rj(TOjxnL

e866r]v

Perfect Pluperf.

i

IMPERATIVE.

INDICATIVE. Ibt Fut.

:

g. 8r]\cb, ois, ot

TABLE

B.B.—SeiKwixi,

PASSIVE AIND MIDDLE VOICES.

[Sect.

XXXL

TABLE B.B.— (Continued.) SeiKvvfjii,

PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICES. PARTICIPEES.

INriNITIVE.

IMPERATIVE.

INDICATIVE. Present Sing.

Masc. hdKvvjxfvos

deiKvvadai

SfiKuvfiai

SeLKiaiaat

8(Ikvv(to

8eiKviiTai

bfiKvvada)

deiKvvjievov

Fem.

teiKvvfiida

Plur.

Dual

beiKvvcrde

bi'iKwcrOe

beinvvvTai

8fCKv6ad(jL>(rau

deiKPUnivris

Neut.

heiKvvjJLeOov

deLKvvadov

8eiKvva6ov

8eLKVV

8eiKvvada>v

deiKiWjjLevrj

SeiKvifievou 8eiKVVfj.evov

i

\

Imperf, Sing.

ibiiKvvfxriv (u)

ebeLKVVTO

Plur.

eSeiKvvfieda ibeinvvcrde

(bfLKVVVTO

Dual

e8eiKvvcr6rjv

REMARKS. The

(a)

1.

the verb in

vco

The

(b)

subjunctive and optative are formed from e.

;

g. S? iki'uco,

future and

1st aorist perfect

come regularly from the primitive bebeixo., fieSety/Ltat, edeixd']", i

Verbs

(c)

in

u/xt,

out the 2nd aorist. I

rally only used in

I produce

e8vv,

;

and pluperfect e.

Sei'/co) ;

g.

Set^co,

more than two syllables, are withBut those of two syllables are genethe 2nd aorist e. g. ecpw, from (pvco, ;

bvi/co, Sua),

/ enter.

;

I know,

e.

g.

i'yvcov

tAuo), ;

rXrjut,

/3aa), /3^^i,

/ bear, / walk,

These keep the long vowel fiev, eyvoifiev.

But

Kariilia

They

€T\r]v

yvou),

;

2nd

yvmfxi,

i'j3r]i>.

in the plural

and dual

take 6l in the imperative

occurs for

Kara'iiqdi,

imperfect of verbs in

and dvaia

;

fSrjBi,

:

i'jBr]-

yumdc.

for ava,itidi.

especially in the sing.,

/it,

ow

;

So

laraov, a>v

;

e.g. erideou,

fSidoov, ovv.

in the imperative, ridee, ridet

In those

in

v/ii,

la-rae, la-rq (for "(tto)

;

6i is

;

sometimes rejected;

bi'mw for heLKwOi. 3.

In Attic Greek, the present and 2nd aorist middle

optative are sometimes formed in

(d) Several others are limited in their use to the aorist

The

often conjugated like contracted verbs;

dlSoe, 8l8ov.

&C.

of

from

2. is

8eiKvvoi[xi, ois, oi.

rjs, jj ;

Tidoiro, as if

The

from

2nd number

optative present and

the

oifzrjv,

plural

aorist is

tracted

in

Tidflev

[(TToifi.fv, [(TTolTf, [fTTalev ; 8i8u7fieu,

;

so Btlfxev, deiTe,

oio,

oiro

;

e.

g.

riOofiai.

6eiei>,

&C.

;

e.

g.

sometimes con-

ndflfiev,

rt^eire,

StSoirf, diSinev

;

Sect.

TABLE C.C— V', ACTIVE VOICE.

XXXII.]

SECTION XXXII. TABLE C.C— V', ACTR^E VOICE. INDICATIVE. Present

/ se7ul, 'Ujiiv, lere,

Dual

SUBJUNCTIVE.

OPTATIVE.

INFIN.

PARTICIPLES.

&c.

Sing. Plur.

IMPERATIVE.

Uttj}',

udl,

UTO)

telcrt

tfre,

UTwcrav

Utov

UTOV, liTCOV

U'vai irjT€,

loojuLev,

laxn

UlrjTf,

IrjTOV, IrjTov

jM. Wis,

F.

Uirjcrav

liVTOs

U'la-n, Ui(TT]s

X. Uu,

leifiTijv, ieir]Tr]v

leirroi

Imperf. Sing.

It]",

Plur.

'U^ev, ure,

trjs,

u]

larav

'

Dual 2nd Aor. Sing. Plur.

efj,ev,

ere,

eaav

Dual

€i,

fTCO

fU]s,

fir]

ere,

eraxrav

(ir]Te,

eirjcrav

i]TOV, T]TOV

€TOV, eraiv

Future

^aoifu, Tjaois,

Aorist

i]Ka,

^Kas,

rixf

Perfect

ft.-ca,

eiKay,

eifce

eivai

rjaoi

iVTOi

J\I.

etr,

F.

eto-a, elarjs

X.

ev,

Tjcrcov,

ePTos TjcrovTOS

Pluperf.

MIDDLE VOICE. Present

i'e/xai,

Imperf.

Hfxrjv,

tecro,

LfTO

2nd Aor. Future

i^rfv,

€

e(pdr]v,

aor.

pass.

eiSo)),

2nd &C.

elboprjv,

&c.

;

perf.

hence

;

7rapappvci>p(v, Ileb.

from napappeo).

;)(eco,

I pour,

1^'' '^^r.

x^'^^'

exfO) infin. x^^^(jiepci), I bear, carry, imperf. efpfpop

and

fut. pass,

i]vex0']v, fut.

oladrjaopai

perf.

rjveyKov,

I grow

ex^^""") f^f^n

(from

;

perf.

evjjvoxa,

(pedvoi), fut. pedvcro), &c.

old (prim, yrjpdoi), fut. yrjpdcropai, aor.

infin. yrjpdvai or yrjpavai, part, yijpas, yrjpavros.

I hiow

(prim,

fut.

yi'doo),

eyrcoKo, perf. pass, eyi/cocrjuai,

2nd

yvo), yvolrjv, yviovai, part, yvuvs,

yvdvTos

/ rcGfZ,

1

-yi/oxrojuat,

perf.

aor. act. eyvwv, yvaiOi,

hence

;

di'ayti'coa/ca)»

st aor. di'eyvcocra.

I

I remember,

mind (prim,

call to

pvdco), perf. pipvrjpo

aor. epvrjadrjv.

I sell (prim. Trepdoj),

TrnrpdcrKco,

and

iut. x^va-d)

fut. jrfpdo-co, perf. TreVpaAca

(for TreTTepaKa), perf. pass, iviirpapai, aor. enpadr^v,

3rd

fut.

TTfTTodcro/xat.

and

o'lfTco,

yrjpdcTKco,

pipvrjo-Kco,

aor. eppxjrjv

aor. ejBpoov.

I inebriate

yivwa-Koj,

(from

eat (prim, ^pdco), fut. ^pcocrcu, (ipaxTOjxM,

2nd

pedvaKQ),

;

perf. Zippai.

eSpay^ioi',

I

jSiiSpcaa-Ku,

perf. j3ej3p(OKa,

perf. Se'S/jojxa.

I flow, 2nd

pe'o),

aor.

perf.

(from mid.

aor. i'dpe^a,

run, fut. Optional,

BpdjXci),

Spe'/io),

2. 1,

perf. ewpaKa,

infin. pass, opadrjvai

aor. fidov, I8e, i8a>, 'i8oLpi,

and

k'rpayov.

Tpuiya, opdco,

iBfj^op-ai

ec[)ayov, fut. (pdyopai.

(from

;

eveyKoci)

pass,

ol'co),

fut.

aor. fjveyKa

evijveypai,

I consume

dvaXi(TK(i),

(prim. dXdo), oXojpt), fut. draXcoo-w,

perf. di'rjXcoKa, 1st aor. pass. avrfXiodTiv, &c.

aor.

Terminations axo) and

4.

ivix&^^opai.

ctx&j,

fi'om

u>

impure (not pro-

ceded by a vowel). 2.

Terminations

I'm,

I

aKrBdvopai,

dz'co.

perceive,

2nd

ap.aprdvci),

I

err, sin,

2nd

aor. rjpapTov, infin. apapTtlv,

ji\a(TTdvu>,

I hud (prim.

/SXuo-rco),

2nd

aor. f^Xaa-Tov,

I bite

(prim.

Sr;.]pai.

aor. eXa^ni', 5.

Termination

v/iit.

dp(pUvvvpi,

I clothe

(prim. dp(pieoo\

fut.

fut. dpfpuau), dp(bio}, perf. pass. 7]p(pieapai.

aor.

pass. f'^u>ap(u.

^divvvpi,

\i]-^op,ai, perf. ('iXrjcpa, perf. pass. e'lXrjppai,

Xavddvo),

I suffer

vn€crxpai, perf. f'lXijxci,

XaplSduoo,

aor. tdiyov, fut. ^/^co

I come (prim.

iKvtopai,

perf. iypcu, with

I touch, 2nd

and mid.

evpdprjv, 1st aor. act.

(prim,

nivdoi), fut. Tveia-opai,

e^w.

perf. pass. deBrjypai.

and

I die

perf. TedjnjKa.

n-dcrxa,

infin. (ika(TTfl.v, fut. l^Xaarrjcrco.

ddKVQi,

a^so evprjaa

(prim, eupoj), 2nd aor. evpov, infin. (Ipdv,

perf. evprjKa, perf. pass. evpT]pai, aor. evpidrjv

fiiprjcro},

6i'i]a-Ka>,

fut. dpapTTjaa}.

I Jind

evpia-Kco,

fut.

aor. ijixBoprjv, fut. aladrjaonni, perf. jjadrjpai.

aor.

I gird,

Kardyvvpi, ea^a,

2nd

I

fut. fcbcro), 1st aor.

break in

jiieces,

mid. e^uxrdpriv, perf.

fut. KareiJ^o),

1st aor. kut-

aor. pass. KaTidyi]v.

A notice of tliose which occur in the New Test, may be found useful, though not all the forms here given

appear

in the

Sacred Te.\t.

XXXVIL] REMARKS OX IRREGULAR VERBS.— VARIOUS TERMINATIONS.

Sect.

Kepdvvvfii,

I mingle (prim. Kf/jaw), fut. Kfpao-w, perf. pass. eKepdadqi; by syncope KCKpafxai, cKpddrjp.

KfKepa^drjv, r^voiy^Orjv,

fut. dvoiyrjaopai,

ylvopai,

2nd

perf.

I

I

think, imperf. cooprjv

I

oviVTfpi, coiTjcrdprji',

help (prim, owjoj), fut. mid. oinjaopai, aor.

opt. ovaiprjv.

7 drink,

TTiVo),

fut. niopai, Triecrai, also niovpai,

eTTiov

eyeir;^?;!/.

aor. inodrjv (^KarfTrdOrjv).

I am

8wapai, Seo),

I bind,

and

able, imperf. ibvvdprjv

and

Tjdvvdprjv, fut.

fut. St^ctw, 1st aor. edija-a, perf. SeSe/ca, perf.

pass. Bedepai, aor. ebidrjv. Seco,

I want,

fut. SfTjo-o)

&c.

fut. Seijo-ft,

;

;

impersonal

pass, biopai,

I

Sel, lY ?5

pray, also /

necessary, zfa??^,

Att. iyj^yepKa

;

mid.

perf. pass, eyrjyfppai,

2nd aor. mid. jjypapr)v (for typrjyopa, whence a new present,

fut. iyep6r)(Topai, aor. fiyepdrjv,

2nd

fjyepoprjv),

/

s^e (not used in the present),

infin. tSfli'

2nd

;

are as follow

o'lSas, aide,

pi.

&C.

jjSeKTav

;

;

7 /:no;c

perf. ofSa,

The forms I'trrco,

(from

pluperf.

:

;

2nd

pluperf.

r/^eiv,

fut. elo-o^at,

aor.

f/'Setr,

erSoi/,

/ A?ie?r.

perf. indie, sing. otSa, olcrdn,

la-qpi) Icrpet', lorf, i(Ta(Ti jj^eii,

Subj.eiSo); opt. 6tSf i'?;!/

etSuIn, ftSos

,•

flo-/;,

;

/;^ft,

ph

fjSeipev,

infin. fiSeVnt elcrfTai,

imp.

;

&c.

;

;

icrdt,

ijSeire,

part. ftSco?,

also

ei5;;3-a),

as if from ftSeco, w. etKQ),

2nd

KTeivo),

(prim. ;

T pour

Trerco), fut Trerrovpai, 1st aor.

(prim,

tttoco),

1st

enfaa,

perf TrenTaKa.

out, fut. andcra), perf. eanfiKa, perf. pass.

I

aa^co,

save, perf. pass, rrea-apai.

and

aecrcocrpai, aor.

I bring forth

(prim. reKto), fut. re^opai, 2nd aor.

2nd

ereKov, 1st aor. pass. €Tix6r]:>, (fiBdvco,

ecpdaKa

I anticipate, (prim.

;

perf. reroKa. 1st aor. ecpdacra, perf.

fut. (pOdcro},

(f)ddoo,

(pdrjpi),

2nd

aor.

ecpdrju,

fut.

I watch,

yprjyopeco, et'Soj,

perf.

aor.

fut. TiKTco,

I arouse, fut. eyepw, perf. I awake, 1st aor. rjydpdprjv,

eyeipopai,

IJail

aor. i'lrecrnv

(TTreVSo),

2nd

ttoco), perf. ireiraKa, perf. pass. TreTropai,

i'mretcrpai, aor. icnrdcrOrjv.

derjirnpai, aor. eterjdrjv.

eyeipco,

(prim,

TTiTrrcB,

2nd

T]8vv7]dr]v, perf. 8e8vvr]pai.

;

(also cipai, wprjv), fut.

aor. unqdi^v, infin. olrjdrjvai.

perf. y/yoca, fut. yevfjo-opai, perf. pass, yeyevrjpai, aor. pass,

Svvrjaopai, aor. f8vvfjdr]v

paprvpovpai, 1st aor. ipaprv-

ivitness, fut.

pdprjv.

perf.

I slay

A

few verbs

in

I marry

yapt'od, r](Ta,

7 resemble

New Test.

readings, InoKTau) and

;

aTTOKTeivco,

and

dco

form some tenses

as if the

(prim, yu/xco), 1st aor. tyrjpa and eydp-

I tame (prim.

dapdco,

Sd/ivo)),

2nd

aor. ehapov,

2nd

aor.

pass. eSdprjv, perf. 8i8pr]Ka (for 8e8dpr]Ka'). Sok/co,

I appear

(prim. Sokco), fut. Sd|co, 1st aor. eSo^a,

Impersonally,

So/cei,

jY

see/n^ ^«orf,

«So^f, &c.

part. eoiKas.

and, in various

nTro/creWco), fut. KTevw,

e'co

perf. yeydprjKa, regular.

perf. pass. 8e8oypai.

f otKa,

(in

2.

verb terminated in w impure.

1st

oar.

pvKaopai, Derf. asuuKa.

I

roar (prim. pvKco), 2nd aor. epvKov, 2nd

THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

[Sect.

XL.

SECTION XXXVIII.

REMARKS ON SOME PERFECT TENSES EMPLOYED AS PRESENTS. L

In a considerable number of verbs the perfect

is

used

The

explanation of this usage

the complete idea conveyed

by

I place, I stand.

is

e'jTi]Ka (Jfiavroi'),

IcrTTjfjLi,

hence,

in a strictly present signification.

simply derived from

I acquire, I possess.

KTaonai,

the perfect tense, as in the

hence,

KiKTrjjxm,

I

I

have placed myself;

have acquired and retain

ibllowing examples. 2.

I accustom

e'dco,

myself,

/ am accustomed. I see, ol8a, J knoiveoLKo, I resemble. 6vT](7Ka), I die, TedurjKo, I have I am dead.

I call

fji.vdoiJ.ai,

I have accustomed

e'icoda,

and

myself; hence,

retain

So

el'Sw,

;

to

hence,

mind,

fxefjLvrjuai,

I have

also in the perf. pass.

;

e. g. ol KSKXijutvoi,

are in receipt of a call or invitation suffered death

;

hence, \

called to

mind

/ remember.

;

hence,

those ivho

tlie

invited

ones, the guests.

SECTION XXXIX. THE USE OF THE TENSES. The

use of the present and future tenses

by

explained

their names.

But

is

the present

is

used as a lively expression of a past action aiiTuv Trpos tovs ^apiaaiovs,

tain futurity

The

Jno.

and

9. 1.3;

:

sufficiently

sometimes as,

ayovaiv

also of a cer-

if

mood

the imperative

as,

:

eaeaBe ovv

vfiels reXeioi, IMat.

The present

perfect conveys the double notion of an action

:

as, yvprj dederai, 1

In the case of certain verbs, the

momentary

idea conveyed

transient single action, being thus distinguished from the

they virtually

;

its effect

and

mood

in the indicative

it

ordinarily signi-

existing in the

Cor. 7. 39.

pluperfect expresses the effect as past, as well as

or

aorist is strictly the expression of a

imperfect

thus of constant use in the nar-

is

the action.

in past time.

The

It

terminated in past time, and of

The imperfect expresses a prolonged or recurrent action

is

that circumstance.

5. 48.

The

there

rative of past transactions.

as, fiera rpels fipepas eydpop-at, Llat. 27. 63.

:

indicative of the future has occasionally the force of

It is, however, used of a prolonged action, no positive need to make a direct expression of

past time.

fies

tively

:

latter part of the entire

by these two tenses is so prominent, that become a present and imperfect respec-

/ know,

as, oi'Sa,

jjdeiv,

I knew.

SECTION XL THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD. A

verb in the infinitive mood, either alone or in combi-

nation with other words, mostly expresses either the sub-

can

Acts 20. 35 or the object of relation of the action or condition ex-

ject of another verb

pressed

by a

ISeiv vpas,

:

as,

paKupiov

;

verb, participle, or adjective:

Rom. L

11

;

Bwarbs

(ariv ephv bovuai. Mat. 20. 23. tical situation

r^tSdrai,

as, fnnro6m Acts 11. 17; ovk The most usual gramma-

KcoXi}(rat,

of a verb in the infinitive

is

in

immediate

dependence on another verb. A verb in the infinitive, with the neuter article (to) prefixed becomes, by the inflexion of the article, admissi-

ble into the various grammatical positions of the substantive

as, yvaprj

:

rov vTvoarpiCpeiv, Acts 20. 3;

(^la

ttuvtos

rw Upardnv uvtov, Lu. 1. 8. The infinitive is always a legitimate construction, though not the only one, after the particles nptp and coore as, nplv yeveadai, Jno. 14. 29; cocrrf prj laxvfi-v Tivci, Mat. Tov

8.

^rju,

He.

2. 15

;

iv

28.

A

participle takes the place of an infinitive in depen-

dence upon certain verbs 6pa> ae ovra.

Acts

8.

23.

:

as,

enava-aro XaXcoi', Lu. 5. 4

;

THE CONCORD OF THE VERB.

XLUl]

Sect.

xliii

SECTION XLI. THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTFS^E MOOD. In the principal verb of a sentence, the subjunctive as, is an expression of deliberative interrogation Mar. 12. 15, Should we pay, or should 8a>fiei>, fj fxT) Sw/nej/;

mood

:

we not

paji ?

I say ?

Ka\ tI

This

In the

is

termed

Jno. 12. 27, Aiid ivhat should

;

deliberative use.

its

person plural,

first

which eh Tcii

e'lTrco

it

usually classed as an imperative

force

is

jX€v

e)(afiivas Ka>^lm^6\et.i,

info the next towns.

with

it, is

The

This usage,

Mar.

go

not actually identical

if

aorist of this fn)

:

as,

mood

a-aXirriajjs,

fxrj

Mat.

a form of peremptory negation

ur^, is

In dependent clauses, the subjunctive

mood when

after edv,

av

It

is also

used

and

ecos

as,

oTTcos-,

^lat. 2. 15.

(pdyco,

orav (ore av), os av, &c.,

with av subjoined.

also the ordinary construction

is

Mark

the ordinary

is

used hypothetically, and relative words

subjoined to them:

is

as also Tvplv

"iva, Q)r,

liv

with the particles

when expressive of design The same is the case when The

14. 14.

structed with as and

6. 2.

construction of the subjunctive with the combined

particles ov

future indicative

though not expressed directly:

used as an imperative with

is

The

8.

same construction.

in the

as, aya>-

:

38, Z,et us

1.

nearly related to the preceding.

the particle

The

has also the suggestive

J"o. 13.

A"? v'-^V^i

sometimes also with

as,

:

as, iVa Tr'hrjpadfi,

design

and

implied,

—

future indicative

on-coy,

is

to KaniXvua, onov-

in the

is

New

also con-

Testament

tra.

as, ov

:

SECTION XLIL THE USE OF THE OPTATIVE MOOD. In the principal verb, the optative mood is a simj)le form of wishing: as, ro dpyvinnv el'7 els dTraXeia", Acts

are

8. 20.

15. 26.

—

In combination

vvith the particle av, it is

I be

Hoiii should

8. 31,

able ?

is,

it

is

sometimes emplo^'ed

when

in ob-

niatter of narration, instead of being expressed

optative

:

as,

eTTwddveTo,

following the particle

t'l eirj

ei

is

ravra, Lu.

one of the

forms of a hypothetical clause, but of rare occurrence in the

In dependent clauses, lique narration, that

The

an expression

of a conditional futurity: as, ttws avbvva'nn]v; Acts

made a

in direct personal terms

New

Testament

;

as

also its

is

use after particles

expressive of design.

the sentiments of a person

SECTION

XLIII.

THE CONCORD OF THE VERB. In Greek,

as in

narily put in the

language in general, the verb

same number and person

is

ordi-

as its subject,

or nominative case.

There

word

is,

This is its agreement, or concord. however, this special exception that, when a ;

in the plural, expressive of the subject,

neuter gender, the verb

ndvTa

A the

avrov eyevero,

dc

is

plural:

is

as,

also in the

usually in the singular

John

subject in the singular,

word

is

:

as,

1. 3.

when

that of plurality,

may

the idea conveyed

have

ox^os eaTpoorrav, Mat. 21.

8.

its

by

verb in the

This

is

a rational, as distinguished from a formal, concord.

termed

"When a verb is in the plural, as liaving several joint and these are of different persons, its concord

subjects,

will be with the first person in preference to the second,

and with the second Since the verb, by

in preference to the third. its

inflexion alone, always implies

its

and second persons, these are, accordingly, not necessary to be expressed for the when, therefore, they are purpose of mere perspicuity pronominal subject in the

first

:

mark

of point or emphasis on the subject of the verb, of some kind or degree. And the same is the

expressed,

it is

a

case to a certain extent with the third person.

THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE

xliv

CASE.

XLVL

[Sect.

SECTION XLIV. THE CONCORD OF THE ADJECTH^E, PARTICIPLE, AND PRONOUN. The adjective, the participle, and the pronoun, agree with the substantive to which they have relation, in genRational concords are also adder, number, and case.

7Tev6ovvTes,

missible, as in the case of the verb.

verb in

An

adjective, participle, or pronoun, in the masculine

gender without any substantive expressed, has relation but in the neuter, to things as, ixaiaipioi ol to persons ;

:

^lat. 5. 4

;

iravra ravra

^lat.

e(pv\a^dij.r]v,

19. 20.

The

relative pronoun, being either the subject of the

its own clause, or the object of government of some word in that clause, agrees with its antecedent in if it is in the nominative case, gender and number only it is also reckoned of the same person with the antecedent. :

SECTION XLV. THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE

A nominative case with the used for the vocative

article prefixed is

sometimes

Mar.

aXaXov,

to

to Tivevfia

as,

.

9.25.

A substantive or adjective which

is

attached to a neuter

or passive verb, as a necessary supplement to the sense,

is

put in the same case with the subject of the verb which, except in case of an infinitive, will be the nominative as, ;

:

eyo) 1.

ei/Lit

f]

Jno. 14. 6

6S09,

14; avTol

Qeov

vlo\

o \6yos

;

aap^

KXrjdtjaovTai, IMat. 5.

vos faTlv la)dvvT]v 7rpo(pr]Tr]v elvai,

Lu. 20.

eyeveTO, Jno.

9

;

TreTTeicriJ.e-

is

used, the case of the

is

continued in the supplemental word

ovaav bid,

;

Mar.

12. 10;

The for

;

24.

tive.

as,

6. 9

:

Mat. 3. 2.

constructed with words, that

:

Mat.

as, ciTrro^nt, e)(op.ai, ytvajxai, opeyofiai, eTTLKavdavojiai^

the go-

is

implying

(1) exclusive distinction

;

as, enpaSij

II. 14.

Jno. 12. 5.

as, for instance, distributives

:

Lu. 16. 5 1 Cor. 15. 9. (4) deprivation, Lu. 16. 4; abstinence. Acts 20. 29 ; and cessation, 1 Pet. 4. 1. (5) fulness, and the opposite notions of emptiness, deficiency, need, Lu. 5. 12 Jno. 2. 7; 1 Tim. 1.6; Ja. 1. 5. (6) desire, objective pursuit. Mat. 5. 28. (7) bodily perception, except sight, Mat. 2. 9. (8) mental perception, as, for instance, memory, knowledge, Lu. 18. 32. But words of this class, as well as the preceding one, are also constructed with the accusative, superlatives,

Heb. 6. 10. Mar. 9. 1 1 Tim. 3. 1 Also certain verbs compounded of Kara, and conveying by their composition the idea of untoward action as, Kartj-yo-

tov daLfioviov e^-

used in designations of price:

TpLciKoaioiv drjvaplcov,

and

clauses are dis-

their subject in the genitive case,

hence termed the genitive absolute

and

one which

subject distinct from the principal subject of the

sentence of which

The

is

(3) inclusive distinction

to

place a substantive in immediate construction with another

immediate dependence upon Cor. 6. 19 Heb. 12. 11.

its ;

1

;

SECTION XLVIII. THE USE OF THE DATIVE As

a general principle, that to which anything

sented as accruing,

is

repre-

is

expressed in the dative case.

It

is

Ja.

4.

22

;

advantage or disadvantage. Mat.

Mat. 23. 31

;

Heb.

8. 8

Mat.

;

3.

16

;

2.

Acts

44

Rom.

;

2 Cor. 10.

;

13. 36.

these

Mar. 1

must be added, words signifying adaptation.

7

;

Eph.

5.

3

:

32

is

an expression of instrumentality. Mat.

5. 3

;

;

as also causation,

Rom.

11.

method, agency, and

20; Acts

15. 1;

Phi.

Cor. 14. 20. dative

is

used in designations of time, Lu. 12. 20

13. 20.

Certain verbs in the middle voice are followed

12. 5;

7.

(6) submission, subservience, Acts 5. 36; Lu. 2. 51

To

7;

dative

(5) credence, reliance. Mat. 21. 25

dative

;

The 5.

14. 6, 7.

Acts

16

6.

;

7.

other kindred notions,

(1) address, Mat. 3. 7 ; Lu. 1. 19 ; Acts 26. 29. (2) bestowal, Mat. 4. 9 ; Acts 3. 14. (3) approach, Lu. 7. 12.

Lu.

1.6; Lu.

The 8.

loss,

Heb. Mat. 20. 12.

likeness, equality, 2 Cor. 2. 6

thus constructed with words implying

(4) gain or

CASE.

The

:

as, ;Ypt>JMn', SioKeyofxai, KpLvop.ni,

by the

Acts 27. 17; Heb.

Mat. 5.40. dative

is

frequently found in dependence upon a

preposition involved in a

compound

verb,

Acts 13. 43; 2 Pet. 1.9; Mat. 26. 53.

Mar.

3.

10

PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS,

xlvi

AND CONJUNCTIONS.

[Sect.

XLIX.

SECTION XLIX. PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, The

various governments of cases

sitions are

by the

given at length in the Lexicon.

sitions are occasionally

several prepo-

Some

prepo-

used as adverbs without a case in

23; and are also prefixed to adverbs, ]\Iat. 4. 17 Acts 28. 23. Certain adverbs may have a case in government, ordi-

government, 2 Cor. ;

11.

AND CONJUNCTIONS.

narily the genitive. Mat. 10. 29; Jno. 6. 23; Mat. 13. 34.

The Greek language

exhibits a peculiar usage in the

repetition of a negative, Mat. 22. 16

;

Jno. 15. 5

;

Mar.

1.44.

Words

directly united

by a simple conjunction,

ordinarily in the same grammatical construction.

are

MULTiE TERRICOLIS LINGUA, CCELESTIBUS UNA.

THE ANALYTICAL

GREEK LEXICON. nOAAAI MEN ONHTOIl

TAriTTAI,

MIA A'AQANATOISIN.

I

i

LEXICON. A,

a.

Alpha,

the

Greek alphabet,

of the

letter

first

used for the

Re.

first.

i

8,

.

1

1

and

21.6;

;

dydyrj,

composition

denotes

it

dyayoires,

'privation

sometimes augmentation and union. a,

nom. or

ace. pi. neut.

Aaron,

'Aapo'iV, 6,

ace. sing.

d/Japj},*

(§

name,

pr.

Abaddon,

'Af3a88o>v,'' 6,

pr.

10. tab. J. g)

name,

rj,

&

to, -€?, (d

burdensome, not chargeable, Chald.

indecl.

14.

or

Ro.

36;

8. 15

\jBiX,

6,

Abel, pr. name, indecl.

Afiid,

6,

Abia, pr. name, indecl. 6,

AfiLXr]vy~\,

rj