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http://www.archive.org/details/analyticalgreeklOOsamuuoft
BAGSTER'S
ANALYTICAL GREEK
LEXICON.
THE ANALYTICAL HEBREW LEXICON. The Words
of the entire
Hebrew Scriptures
are arranged just as they are found in the Sacred Text, Alphabetically,
and are Grammatically explained.
The
student of the original has only to turn from his Bible to this Lexicon for the solution of every etymological
difficulty that
may obstruct his progress, and
word, with an account of or if
it
be irregular, to
Every word
is
a conspectus of value, because
its
its
peculiarities,
find,
the words which
owe
loss
of time, a complete analysis of every
to the conjugation or declension to
(where
its
which
it
may
various signijicatioyis will be found), and with the root
their derivation to its source.
affords the opportunity of studying the
it
without trouble or
belong,
exceptional class.
also referred to its root
all
he will
and a reference
This feature of the work
language from another point of view
root to root (the roots are distinguished in the alphabetical order
by
;
larger types), the student
is
for,
is
given
of considerable
by turning from
may
see at a glance
what way the various nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech are developed from the radical forms. Another feature of interest is the Grammatical Introduction, which is chiefly devoted to the study of the Here will be found, it is believed, every single exceptional word, with a concise irregularities of the language. in
explanation of
its peculiarities.
The words which, in particular forms, occur but once in the Scriptures, possess a peculiar interest, and they are very numerous. They have all been distinguished by a small letter, which refers to the passage of occurrence at the foot of the page. in
all cases,
Among
other minor advantages afforded
the
;
—
work "
It is
;
this
Lexicon,
may
be mentioned, the indication,
III.
;
—
II.
A
:
A storehouse of the
—IV. A
—
anomalies of the language, carefully arranged and referred to from
Concordance of the
the ultimatum of
A
Lexicon in the ordinary sense of supplying the various meanings of I. is thus Dictionary of every derivative and modification of every root, in alphabetical order, with
The Analytical Lexicon the various roots analysis
by
of the Kamets-Chatuph, which requires some familiarity with the language to distinguish.
least easily
Hebrew Lexicography, and
tongue, absolutely without excuse."
will leave the Theologian,
Churchman^s Monthly Review.
One Volume
all
parts of
understood words.
quarto, price
21.
'2.9.
cloth
who
still
remains ignorant of the Sacred
Bl49,
the island
the
nominative.
of
the
plural
The w
in
are
6. The two first declensions are termed parisyllabic, as having in each case the same number of syllables. The
third declension
instead of a.
called imparisyllabic, because
is
the gen. and following cases one syllable 5.
The
Kav
Cos, for
'AttoWo), for ' AnuWuii', &c.
rejected.
like
cases
(
[Sect. IV.
Attics frequently omit the v of the ace. sing.
nom. and
SECTION
it
has in
more than
in the
voc. singular.
IV.
TABLE D.—THIRD DECLENSION. (a)
Nom,
6
Gen. Tov
Nom.
ol
"TlXXtjuos
Gen.
tS>v "EX\j]vaiv
Dat.
TO) "fXKtjvi
TOV
Voc.
EWi]va "EXXtjv.
Gen. T^j \ajxivahos Dat. rfj \ayL7rubi, Acc. TJ]v \afnra.8a Xa/xTToj. Voc.
rot? "EXkr](Ti
Tovs "EWrjuas
Voe.
"EWrjvfs.
ai
Gen.
tS)p Xafiwddcov
Dat.
TOLS Xa^ndcri
Acc.
Tcis
Voc.
TO
crw/xa,
Nom.
\afX7rd8es
Acc. Voc.
Gen. Dat.
Xa/x7raSf
Xn/X7rd5as XafXTrddes.
TO.
Dual.
aufxara
Nom.
(rcofxaTccv
Gen. Dat.
Gen. TOV aafxaTos Dat. rw acofjian Acc. TO crafia
Gen. Tav Dat. Tols Acc. ra
acofiara
Voc.
Voc.
crco/iara.
(TOijxa.
to.
Ta7v XafxTrdSoiv.
Plural.
Nom.
the body.
"EXXj/i'e
toIv 'EXXrjvoiu.
Dual.
Nom.
Singular.
(c)
Nom.
Dat.
Gen. Dat.
Plural.
the lamp.
XafiTTcis,
Nom. Acc. Voc. rw
"EXKT]ves
Ace.
Singular.
(b) f]
Dual.
"'^W-qv, the Greek.
Ace.
Nom.
Plural.
Singular.
Acc. Voc. tw
amiiaTe
toIi/ (roipdroLv.
o'uniaai
EEMA EXS. 1.
This declension contains nouns of
includes nine terminations five consonants, v, p,
The
vocative
is
a-,
:
genders, and
all
four vowels,
a,
t,
v, a,
and
generally like the nominative.
Excep-
tions will be indicated shortly.
2.
The
gen. sing,
is
always
precedes this termination
The consonant which
in os.
found in
is
all
the following
cases, except (generally) the dat. pi., rules for the formation
of which will presently be given.
The nom. the noun.
in this declension
This
is
is
*
Smooth Middle
^e primitive form
.
by throwing
cru>pa,
awp-aTOs
First Order.
Second Order.
J., tibials.
GvUurali.
.
.
.
.
of
The following Table of Jlutes may be found
.
.
.
.
^ ; e. g. gen Dom." Apayjr, mi Arabian; wxro?, nom. a)\^, an eye. (6) A mute of the second order (k, y, ;^) indicates a nom. in ^; e.g. gen. dpnayos, nom. apna^, rapacious; ovvxos, nom. ovv^, a nail, claw; Xdpvyyos, nom. Xdpvy^, But vv^, night, makes vvktos. the throat. (c) A mute of the third order (r, b, 6) indicates a nom. in f e.g. gen. eXnlSos, nom. iXnis, hope; yeXwros, nom. Except neuters in fxa, gen. p.aTos, as •ye'Xtos, laughter.
"Apal3()s,
;
not
to be found in the gen.
Aspirate
:
termination of the gen. indicates a nom. in
y\r.
^,
away the termination o?, according to the following rules (a) A mute of the first order* (tt, /3, ^) before the
.
;
also rjnap, t^ttotos, the liver
useful
vdu>p, vtaros.
:— 'I'uiRD
Order.
Denlala.
n.
K.
T.
B.
r.
*.
X.
A. &.
The letters of each column are of the same nature, and are, in certain circumstances, interchanged. If two mutes concur in the same syllable, both must be smooth, as eTrra, seven; middle, as e'^Sofxo5, sn'C7)tk; or aspirate, commence wth an aspirate: Tpe'^M, not 0pe'xw, I run; rpixos, not 0pixo?> from 6pi^, a hiiir.
successive syllables seldom
;
.as
fLs), 's ovOfLS (pvoe ovOfixLa, ovoev,
tis, indefinite, so7ne one,
who
one,
and
The
latter has the acute accent always on the
interrogative,
tIs,
fii'st
.»
So
Aewa, or but
clinable,
Gen. Gen. 6.
Setm, such an one,
6
generally inde-
sometimes declined thus
is
Dat. Sflw, Ace. hdva.
Selvos,
is
Nom.
bfiva,
—Nom.
belves.
:
Plural
Dat.
(a) ciXXos,
adjectives
ciXXt), a'AXo,
may
be placed here
The
PjLURAi.
Dat.
aKKrjkois, aWrjkais, aWrjXois, to each other
Ace.
aXXrjXovs, dXkTjXas,
of each other each other.
dXXrjXa,
Dual. Gen.
& Dat.
Ace.
dXXi'jXoiv,
dXXrjXMv, oXXtjXolv
dXXrjXa,
dXXrjXa,
dXXijXw.
No Nom. case.
following form a class.
of what kind ?
TToioj,
TOIOVTOS
[
such.
I
so much,
(Relative, oTrotor ,
olos,
of what
hind.) ocTOf ,
TTocro?,
Toaovros
y
TTjXlKOVTOS
so great.
these, tolovtos, too-ovtos,
7]XiKos,
Tt]XiKovTos are de-
TOLovTov,
but the Attic Greeks make the neuter In the New Test, we find neuter TOLovTou and ToaovTov.
12. 1.
;
whosoever. great, referring
Mat.
18. 5,
and Acts 21. 25; toctovtov, Heb. and ttoIos, are declined accord-
Totoy, roiQcrbe, olos,
ing to § VII., rem.
XL— THE
SECTION
pi.
how
to asre or size.
aore?
and
of what
or,
Jiow great, as great as.
In
In
(c) TrjXlKOS
such as, kind.
how great ? pi. how many ? nrfXiKos, how great ? or, of ivhat
(J) Toaos
clined like ovTos
Correlatives.
Interrogatives.
(a) Tolos
Of
Gen. and
:
Demonstratives
8.
:
signification.
aWifKaiv,
(6) frepos, eripa, erepov, other. 7.
same
'A/i0orf/3oy, pa, pov, the
dfifpolu.
Gen.
Declined like avros
other.
more than two.
both, two together
cipcpco,
(_/)
biivuiv.
The following
Nom. and Ace.
none, no one.
r
J
oiideis.
(d) eKacTTos, rq, tov, each of (e)
"I
'5>'
'
syllable
of each case.*
5.
- \
/
'
1.
PRONOUNS.
TABLE K.— PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Singular.
(«)
Nom.
(b)
Singular.
Nom.
eyw. I.
Gen.
ep.ov,
p.nv
Gen.
aov
Gen.
ov,
Dat.
ffioi.
p,oi
Dat.
(Toi
Dat.
oi
Ace.
efxe,
lie.
Ace.
o-e.
Ace.
e.
Plural.
Nom.
TJlXfls
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Tjuds.
Ace.
Gen. Dat.
vjuei?
rjiiwv
Gen.
VjXUlV
Gen.
acpcov
tju'lv
Dat.
VjMV
Dat.
o-(ptcn
Ace.
vfids.
Ace.
adids.
Dual.
Dual.
vm,
va
Nom. Ace.
(T(bo}'i,
crcha
Nom. Ace.
vcii'ip.
vw
Gen. Dat.
o-cjjM'iv,
(tcjjmv
Gen. Dat.
_
Pers.
Gen. (p.avTov Dat. e/LiavTo) L Ace. ep-avTou r Gen. areavrov ,
Dat.
-
L Ace. * It
New
may
epavTTJs
ep,avTov,
efiavTTj
efxavra
rGen, eavTov
of myself. .3rd
Pers. i
Singular efiavTrjV
ifiavTo.
a-eavTrjs
creavTov,
aeavra
aeavTTj
aeavra
aeavTop
aeavTr}v
(jfavTO.
crfpo)
Dat.
L Ace.
{Gen.
of thyself
.
Plural
Dat.
eavTrjS
eavTov,
iavra
iavTji
eavra
eavTov
favTrjV
eavTO,
of himself.
iavrav, for all genders eavTols
Ace. eavTovs
fuvrals
eavrols
iavrds
iavrd.
be noticed that in the Attic Greek tov and tw are used for TtVo9 and rm, and tou and tw, as enclitics, for nro? and nvi. In the latter usage occurs in the various reading, wo-Trepei toj e/crpuJ/aoTi, 1 Cor. 15. 8, where the common text has
Testament an example of the
the article.
acpwe (puif,
Compounds.
00 -
8fc.
Plural.
Plural.
r 1st Pers.
of himself
Nom.
Dual.
Nom.
2nd
Singular.
{0)
av, thou.
VERB SUBSTANTIVE.
[Sect. XII.
EEMAEKS. 1.
The
place of the 3rd personal pronoun
the oblique cases from avros,
is
supplied in
into avTov., avriis, avrov^ &c.
avrrj, avro,
The
4. 2.
The compounds
Of ourselves r)y.1v
is
enavrov and aeavrov have no plural.
expressed
by
fjnoov avruiv
;
to ourselves,
low
by
(or eoj),
ours
aiToIr, &c.
rj
(or
may
creavroO
be contracted into
and eavrov
travToi),
mine
efj-ov,
efi-r]t
ov (or
irf),
aos^
;
ours (dual)
crq,
his;
eoj/),
vperepos, pa, pov, yours
;
vcotrepos, pa, pov, 3.
pronominal adjectives are as
possessive
e'/AOf,
:
aov,
thine
fol-
oy
;
rjixerepos, pa, pov,
;
acperepos, pa, pov, theirs
;
a-cpmrepos, pa, pov, yours
(dual).
SECTION
XII.
TABLE L.— THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE. INDICATIVE.
IMPERATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Be
That I may
Present. Tarn, ^c.
thou, &c.
OPTATIVE.
That I might
he,
PARTICIPLES.
INFIN.
To
be, &c.
Being.
be.
&c. S.
ei/it,
eh, or
ei, etrri,
P. eapev, fare,
D.
'icrdi,
flat,
earov, ecTcov.
ecrrov, earov.
I
Imperfect. rjv, rji,
rjpev, rjT€,
L
ivas,
or rjaOa,
S.
P.
or
^1
hi
apev,
h TJre,
e'irjv,
am,
e'lTjs,
etTjpev,
fjTOV, fjTOV.
eivat.
e'ir],
e'lrjre, e'lrjcrav,
or
eiev,
elrjrqv, elrjrqv.
€(Trj,
P. eaopeda,
(OV,
oucra, ovcrrjs,
N.
ov, OVTOS.
OVTOS,
&c. or
rj,
rjv,
TJarqv, rjarqv.
S. €,
/ hear,
d/couo),
;
;
fJKova,
I anoint,
Att.
r'jXfi(pa,
be
Att.
aKi'jKoa.
through the moods, but the temporal augment does not go beyond the indie. e. g. from ayco, / lead, aor. 2, tjyayov (by transposition for ayrjyov), but in fin. dyayelu.
receive the aug-
dxov
;
epya^o/iai,
I permit, (iaov, contract, e'iuiv, etc. / am accustomed, m being interposed,
edco,
;
So e^o), perf. et'co^a, and edi^ca, I accustom, opdo),
e.
;
incline, kskXiku.
;
ment by inserting
The verb
;
I
(d) In the .second aorist* this reduplication continues
the Attics often change ev into
lu'ork, dpya^oprjv
kXivco,
TTT
in the perf into
av
r]v^avov.
are unchanged, and
ov,
;
mentioned, verbs
liquid
the
and the three diphthongs ei, i, v, merely lengthened in quantity; e. g. rjxea, 1 7'esound, r'jxeov ; (06m, I push, &6ov iKerevoi, I supplicate, iKerfvou vfipl^w, I assault, (J) ; 3.
fv,
6i)a>,
I/all.
a being
limit,
or av
oi,
olKea,
a>,
I increase,
at,
when
or o
6pi^a>,
a>,
the
may be
commencing with a mute and a
I write,
verb begins with one of the vowels
I
;
eairapKa.
exceptions to this rule
mencing vnth
f6iXo),
7ir€0i'X?;/ca
;
viz.,
;
iJpeXXov.
Temporal augment, so
2.
I love,
(b) Verbs which commence with p, a double letter, or two consonants, want the reduplication e. g. pdma, I sew, eppa(pa -^aXXco, I play on an instrument, 'i^aXKa (TTrfipco,
;
Attic dialect gives
fxeXXu),
^tXe'w,
e. g.
;
redvKa.
;
Verbs commencing with p double that consonant the augment e. g. pltttco, I cast, eppmrov.
The
ing smooth consonant
I sacrifice,
I
temporal augments,
e
perf. pass. eWta-pai.
see, receives
and a
;
e.
both the syllabic and
(a)
nation
.
The
is formed of the root and the termiThird pers. pi. ovai, like the dat. pi. of
present
fis, ei.
CO,
The
(i)
fixing the
The 3rd 5. Reduplication,
In-
the present participle.
g. 6pda>, iapaoi', contract.
(iipav; perf. Attic icopuKn, for (opaKa.
Formation of the tenses of the Active Voice. mood.
8.
dicative
imperfect is formed from the present by preaugment, and changing co into ov ; Xva, eXvov,
pers. pi.
is
like the 1st pers. sing, in this tense.
(a) This consists of e added to the
consonant of the root, as in XeXvKa. All verbs commencing with a consonant have the reduplication in the first
and retain it in all the moods. (Z») Verbs commencing with a vowel or a diphthong receive no reduplication, the first letter of the perf. being the same as that of the imperf. e. g. dvvrai, imperf. jjvvtov, perf I'jvvKa. In such cases the temporal augment is retained through all the moods.
perf.,
;
The
(c)
termination
The
future o-w,
is
aen,
the root, with the addition of the crei,
etc.
formed from the future by prefixing the augment, and changing crco into era ; Xvaco, i'Xva-a. The 3rd pers. pi. is formed by adding v to the 1st pers. (t?)
sing. (e) cro)
;
aorist
is
i'Xvaa, eXvaav.
The
into
Kit,
perfect is formed from the future by changing and prefixing the reduplication. ]Modifications
of this termination will be hereafter noticed. 6.
(a) If the first consonant of the present be an aspi-
rate, it is replaced in the reduplication
by the correspond-
(/) The pluperfect is formed from the perfect by preaugment e, and changing the final a into eiv
fixing the
* It will be observed that in the P.aradigm given above (Av'w), the second aorist does not occur. This tense is regarded by Bnrnouf as only another form of what is usually called the first .aorist, since it appears that if one aorist is used in a given verb, the other does not occur, at least in the same dialect. Buttmann (as quoted by Bnrnouf) lays it down, tliat no verb in which the second aorist is the same in form with the imperfect, or would difler only in the quantity of the penultimate syllabic, can have this aorist, at any rate in the active voice. Remarks on the second aorist will be found below, p. xxvi.
REGULAR VERB IN
Sect. XIV.]
Sometimes the augment
Xe'XvKa, eXfXuKfti/. e.
is
omitted;
Q.
Optative,
11.
(a)
optative are formed
g. jventaTfVKeKTav.
The present, future, and perfect by changing the last letter of the
same tenses of the indicative into Imperative,
9. o)
(a)
The
present
of the present indicative into
The imperative
(Z»)
e
;
is
formed by changing
e. g. Xvco,
aorist is in ov,
Xve, XveTco, etc.
arco
;
e.
The
perfect
is
form
in
e. g.
;
as
the
XeXvKe.
The
* (b)
All
and dual, of the imperative
pi.,
(a)
aorist
present subjunctive
is
formed
from the present indicative by changing the short vowels into long ones, and subscribing t where it occurs ; e. g. indie. Xvco, Xveis, Xvei; subj.
Xvm,
aifxi
oifxi
;
optative e.
;
perf.
XeXvKa,
rejects
augment, and
the
g. eXvcra, Xva-aifjii.
infinitive in eiv;
and the perfect
in the in-
participle ends in as,
XvaavTos,
av
acra,
Xv(rd(rr]s,
;
Xva-aaa, Xva-av,
Xvcras,
Xva-avros,
etc.
declined like adjectives of the third class.
participle ends in
coy,
via, os
SECTION XIV.— EEGULAR VERB IN
;
The
perfect
XeXvKas, XeXvKvIa, XeXvKos,
They
are
O.
TABLE N.— PASSIVE VOICE.
Present Sing.
Plur.
Dual
I am loosed,
IMPERATIVE.
SUBJDNCTIVK.
OPTATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLES.
&c.
Xvo^ai
Xuco^ai
Xvoifirju
Xvr]
Xvov
Xi;?;
Xvoio
Xverai
Xvfcrda)
Xvrjrai
XvniTO
Xvafxeda
XvolfjLeda
Xveade
Xveade
Xvijcrde
Xvoicrde
Xvovrai
Xvecrdaxrav
XvcovTat
XvOlVTO
Xvaifxedov
XvoijieSou
Xveudov
XveaOov
XvTjcrBov
XvoiaOrjv
Xvfadou
Xv€(t6cov
Xvrjcrdov
Xvoiadrjv
Xvofieda
Xvofiedov
Xvea-dai
Masc. Xvofxfvos Xvofj.evov
Fem.
Xvojievri XvofjLfinji
Neut. Xvofiivnv Xvofxeuov
Imperf. Sing.
eXvofjLTjv
eXvov fXvero Plur.
eXvofxeda iXvf(r6e
fXvOVTO
Dual
eXvofiedov eXv€a-0r]v
iXvia6r]v
JEolic aorist, Aucreta,
XuVeitr.!, Xucreie
,•
pi. XvaeCaixev, XvTeCare, \va-eiav. .Tre
in
Those tenses which have the infinitive form the participle in cov, ovcra, ov. The aorist
gen. XeXvKOTos, XeXvKVLas, X(Xvk6tos, etc.
INDICATIVE.
it
in eVat.
of the indicative.
pers. pi., Xvrjre,
a
the aorist forms
13. Participles. in fiu
gen.
Xvrji, Xvjj.
form the
and dual, XvrjTov, have no t subscribed, there being none in the corresponding persons
The 2nd
(b)
g. pres. Xvco,
e.
;
Xvcroifjn
All tenses terminating in
12. Infinitive.
dicative at,
The
optat.
Xva-o),
3rd
in the termination.
Subjunctive,
10.
same
the
perfect indicative
the 3rd persons, sing., o)
fut.
;
changes a into
pers. sing, of the
have
Xvoifj.1
optat. XeXvKoifjLi.
g. XCa-oj/,
Xvcrdrco.
(c)
optat.
The 2nd and 3rd
pers. slng.
and the 3rd
pers. pi.
alone in use.
2*
all
REGULAR YERB IN
[Sect. XIV.
Q.
TABLE N.— PASSIVE VOICE. — (Co7itimicd.) INDICATIVE.
IMPERATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
OPTATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLES.
Future Sing.
Plur.
Dual
Xv6i]CT0iiai
Xv0rj(TOllXT]V
Xv6i](Trj
Xv0l)(TOlO
Xv6i](T(Tai
Xv0t]a-oiTO
Xv0T]cr€a0at,
Masc.
XvBi-jaufievos
Xv0ricrofiivov
Xvdrja-OfjLeda
Xv0rj(To[[X(0a
Xv6i)cr€a0e
Xv0r](TOlU0€
Xv6r'](rovTai
Xv01]CrOLVTO
Xv6r](T6^e6ov
Xv0r]croifie0ov
Xvdrjo-ecrdov
Xv0r](TOL"
o
2
s3-'=tia'3bb
.1-
.t~l
a,
^^
o
o
..
;i
S Z M
ga..-°a,b&a. bb
3
o 'Ti
1^ o ,b
Ka
8e8r}XwKe
SeSryXco/co)
8e8r]Xd)Koi.ni
8e8r]X(i}K€vai
8e8r]XcoKa>s,
Pluperf.
edeSrjXaKeLV
kotos
VERBS IN
i2
PURE,— PRECEDED BY A VOWEL.
[Sect.
XXII.
KEMAEKS. Rules of contraction:
1. 00),
into
CO ;
3rd,
oei, 001,
or;,
oo, oov,
1st, of,
into
ov
In the
ot.
2nd,
;
2.
orj,
Instead of the form
Attics also wrote
infinitive,
SrjXoliMi
for the optative, the
&c.
dtjXoLrn', 8r]\ou]s, drfkoii],
ofiv is contracted into ovv.
XXL— CONTRACTED VERB TABLE U. — PASSIVE VOICE.
SECTION
IMPERATIVE.
INBICATIVE.
/ am
Present Sing.
IN Oa.
OPTATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PARTICIPLES.
INFINITIVE.
shown, &c.
^TjXoonai,, ovfxai
87]X6a)fxai, aifiai
8t]X6errdai,
8r]X00LfJLT]l/, oifxtjv
M. 8i]Xo6iJ.fvos,
ova$cu BrjXoi], ol
SrjXoeTac,
ovtm
SrjXoov, ov
8r]X6r], ol
BrfXoeado),
BrjXorjTai,
ovfievos
8r]X6oio, olo
wTiu
8r]Xonfi€vov,
8rjX6oiTO, oIto
ovfiei'ov
ovadoi drjXooixfda, ovjxfda
Plur.
brjX6((r6e,
drjXoea-Be,
8r]X6r]a-de,
F.
SrjXooifXfda, oifXfda
8r]Xou>iJ.eda, a>ij.eda
ovade
uxrOf
8t^X6oi.cr6{,
drjXooixeur],
olade
ovfievr]
ova-Be drjXoovrai, ovvtul
8rjXoofiivr]i,
hrjXoicrBaxrav, 8i]X6coi'Tai, rnvTM
8r]X6oiVTO, olvTo
ovfj,ivr]s
ovaduxrav
Dual
8r]Xo6iJ.edov, ovfxfOov
ovadov
8r]X6f(T6ov,
8r]Xooi^(6oi', oifieOov
8r]X6ecrdov,
SrjXoTjcrdov,
coadov
N.
8rjXooiixedop, OLfiedov
ovfievov
ovadov
ovaQov
8rfX6ea6oi',
driXoonfuov,
8i]Xooiadr]u, oiadrjv
8iiXoofj.tvov
8rjXoia6u>v,
8r]X6ri(rdov,
oaaOov
ovy.tvo\.
SrjXooiadrjv, oiadi]v
0VCt6(x)V
Imperf. Sing.
i8rjXri6jiriv, ovfirjv
e8r]X6ov, ov edrjXoero, ovTo
Plur.
e8t]Xo6iJ.€da, ovfj-eda
ovade
eSrfXoecTBe,
(SrjXoOVTO, OVVTO
Dual
i8rjXo6iie6ov, ovfxedov edriXoea-drjv, oxxrBrjv e8rjXoi(T6rjv, ovdBrjv
Future
8r]X(o6r]aoiJ.ai,
Aorist
fdijXoidiji'
8r]Xa>6qTt
SrjXadcc)
Perfect
8e8i]Xo}fiai
8e8t']Xaicro
deStjXcojjLems
Pluperf.
ededtjXMjirju
3rd Fut.
BeSrjXaxToiidL
8r]X6r](TOLfj.r]u
8t]Xa)di]ae(r0ai SifXcodrjaojievos, ov
8T]Xci>deiT]v
8r]Xco67ii'ai
8r]Xwdeis, 6evT0S
8(8rjX(hadai
8e8T]Xa)fj.si>os,
S68r;Xo3^eVos
J)
e'iT]U
ov
SeSrjXuxrecrdat 8€8riXa>a'6ixevos, ov
8€8r]Xoi(70lflT]V
MIDDLE VOICE. Future
8rfXa>crofini
Aorist
ebrjXcoaafirjv
8rjXo
8rjXa)(rco^ai
REMARKS ON VERBS 1.
r]aa>)
Many ;
e.
verbs in ea
g. reXeco,
have both forms ,
fl
dpKecro),
alvicru),
SrjXuxreadai
8r]Xoo(r6ij,(vos,
ov
8rjX(oaaifJirjv
SifXaxraadai
8t]Xco(rafj.fvos,
ov
SECTION XXII. PURE, e. PRECEDED BY A VOWEL.
IN
the future in eVo)
TfXecno
8T]Xa)(TOLfI.7]V
and
i.
(not
Some
nlvi](To)
2.
Of verbs
which have dfdofxiu,
Those
I
in doi,
or
e
t
many
keep a in the future.
before dco
behold, dedcrofxai,
in pacn
;
e.
g. opda,
;
e.g. eaw,
I permit,
perf. redeafiai,
I see,
Those ida oi
aor. ideddrjv.
6pda-a> (not used).
Those
REMARKS ON VERBS WHICH HAVE A CONSONANT BEFORE
Sect. XXIII.] in Xao)
yeXcico,
e. g.
;
Also Kpefidw,
KKdcrco.
But
(rndaa).
XP""^?
I laiigh^ yekacru) I hang up, Kpt^dcru) ^ lend, has xp^']^'^
I
(cXao),
;
;
TXacu,
>
break,
I draw, / hear,
(nrdo),
tXtjctco.
Of verbs in 6co a very few keep o in the future e. g. I plough, dpoao). All others have , prim. ofXavSuvoi,
XetTTo),
t]s,
change
I
(c) yj^vxi^,
Infin. Tvne7v.
Part. TVTrav, ovtos.
Indie. eTinrqv,
Part, tvtto-
/3a).
jBdnrco,
;
yj^v^co,
vowel portion, or both. is mostly short in
derived from an older and simpler form of the present is
So
syllable of this tense
This form of the aorist has been supposed to be
quantity.
eKpvfBrjv; /SAdTrro),
(b) Others
generally characterised
certain changes, in respect of the present, either in the
pass.
primitives in
g. aKova, fut. dKovaofxac.
(f)i]v
5.
lufiu. Tviriadat.
oiTo.
010,
ervnov,
g.
TvnTjcroifiTjv, j^croto, rjcroiTO,
aor. 4.
TVTToljirjv,
the same as that of the second
is
aor.
;
e.
I
g. rpenco,
e.
i ;
g.
e(pvyov.
before the terminaX,
change the
turn, eTpanov
;
e
into
rpe'^co,
irpdcpriv.
passive second aorist.
Contracted verbs have no 2nd aor. or 2nd
11. 7.
(TO.
Subjunct.
Imperat. tvttov, eada).
TUTrw/iat,
rj,
2nd
w pure. But I hum, eKarjv;
other verbs in
aor. pass.; e.g. koico,
fut.
So,
a few have the ,
I produce,
jjrai.
SECTION XXV.
REMARKS ON THE SECOND OR MIDDLE PERFECT. In some verbs with both perfects, the
1. This form is properly a second perfect active, and is formed by adding a to the radical (tvtt), and prefixing the
tive, the
reduplication
neido),
e.
;
Indie, perf
Tervrra,
Imperat. rervne, TervTroipi,
g. TervTra.
otr,
oi.
as,
TervTrerco.
Pluperf. eTfrvneiv,
e.
Subj. Tervnco,
Infin. TervTrfvai.
r]S,
rj.
etf,
ei.
Optat.
Part. TtTvno>s, via,
Very few
verbs
m
w pure have th« 2nd
perf.
;
con-
tracted verbs never, because they all easily form the 1st perf. in na.
3.
In some verbs the 2nd
fpfvyu),
Iflee,
7re
for iKkiOrjv.
Btjv,
the pres. rdco. (d) Several verbs in ^co and pvca form the perf in as if the fut.
were
Kdpvco,
Kapovpai, KeKprjKa (for KfKaprjKa),
KapSi, ;
pep€VT]Ka
2nd
in
tjctco ;
e. g.
vepco,
repvco, Tepa>, TerprjKa (for rerdprjKo) ;
So ^dXXco,
&C.
rjKa,
vepw, vfvepTjKa
2nd
aor.
pevco, pevw,
;
/3aXw, ^ejSXr^Ka (for /3e/3ciX?;Ka),
aor. e'iSaXov,
however,
It especially
fpdpava.
is
ivco
which tense they form
wanting
occurs, even if
cnreipa), cnrfpS), 'icrneipa
;
I show,
e. g. (paiucd,
cnreipu),
nenXdrvpai, 1st aor. pass.
ecnvapKa; tpdeipo),
(c) Dissyllables in
ficapov
pecially in Attic
and
into a in the perf
it
kXiVcd
(c) If the diphthongs at or ti precede the termination,
(f)ava>
e.g. (palvai, (pavm, nefpayKa; TrXarvvco,
(b) Dissyllables in Xco
order to shorten the syllable which precedes the termination
;
eTrXarwdrjv.
change
(b) If the pres. has
k
perf. act. nfirXdrvyKa, perf. pass.
I
defend, dpvvo).
NQ, PQ.
First future, first aorist, and perfect. 3. Passive voice. These tenses are directly derived from the perf. act. by changing Ka into pai, dijcropai, and drjv ; e. g. perf act. ^ejSXrjKa, [3€,3\r]piu, ^Xrjdi'jrropai, €l3\r]dr]v; p.iavSi,
formed from
g. ^j/dWo), \JAa\cb,
The consonant / repay, makes
v
be-
4.
makes
Second
passive,
the
fut. aTroricrw,
2nd
but
is,
perf. pass,
&c.
:
^tatVco, fut.
pepiaapai 1st aor. pass,
aorist, active
and
passive,
iptdvdrjv.
and second future
(a) Dissyllables change their vowel into a to form aor.;
e.g. a-ndpo), cnvfpoi,
iu fact, a
conipouml of xtw.
2nd
aor. pass, ecnrdprj]/
VERBS
XXVIIL]
Sect.
(j)delpo),
2nd
(jidepS),
aor.
But, dyyeXXco,
pass. e(f)0dpr]v.
The 2nd
(b)
aorist e.
is
2nd
So
formed in general as in other 2nd aor. eKaixov
8l8qtov
8i8nTav
8i8a)TOV
8l8oir]TT]V
F.
8c8ovaa 8i8ovarjs
N.
8i86v
8i86jnos
Imperf. Sing.
e8i8(ov
e8i8a>s e'St'So)
Plur.
eSlSofxev
i8i8oTe
Dual
So
standing,
tion.
la-rrjui.
IstFut.
Present.
and
stand, in a present sense.
TJrai.
fj,
but these are formed from
1st
regularly formed from the e has the rough breathing.
the case in
subjunctive present and 2nd aorist takes
in those of Tidrjfu
I am
pluperf.
force 3.
is
augment
I stood.
2nd person, because is
Its
This perf has the sense of the Latin
rj
the root has not an aspirated consonant, as
perfect tar-qxa
arTja-co.
e8i86Tr]v e(^l86TT]V !
6*
TABLE
A.A.—tnSa,ixi,
MIDDLE VOICE.
[Sect.
XXX.
1
TABLE Z.— S/Sco/xt, ACTIVE YOICE.— (Coniinued.) INDICATIVE.
liMPERATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
OPTATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLES.
Aor.
2nil
Sing.
riur.
Dual
Sw
8oir]v
eStor
Oos
StSf
8oii]s
eSo)
6dra>
Bcii
8oiT]
eSu)v
diofxev
boirjfj.ev
eScTf
SoTf
SwTe
doiTjre
eBocrav
Sorojcra!'
ficocrt
SoLTjaav
eSorrjv
So'roi'
eSor;;i'
BoTCCV
e5o/j,fi/
Soul/jll
jNI.
Sov?
duvTos F.
5oi}o-a Soi'(Ti/S
X
d6v
hnirjTrjv
8uVT0S
Future 1st
Aor.
BaiTOV
bou]TrjV
Sojcrco
o-oiTOS
oaicroip.L
6'co(jftv
ficocroj/,
BedcoKoifii
BebcaKevai
SeScOKO)?, KOTOS
edcoKU
Perfect
SeScoKa
Pluperf.
eSeStuKf/v
8f8o>Kf
StScBKCO
TABLE A.A.— INDICATIVE.
IMPERATIVE.
St'So^/it,
SUBJUNCTIVE.
MIDDLE VOICE. OPTATIVE.
PARTICIPLES.
INFINITIVE.
Present Sing.
8l8otm Plur.
Dual
8i8wfxai.
8i8oifirjv
8l8o(TO
otSw
8l8oio
SiSoada
8i8oL>Tai
SiSorro
8L8a>fieda
8i8oLfj.e6a
8c8(')fie0a
8ido(T6e
8i8oa-6e
SiSoi/nu
8i86a6a)aav
M.
StSojuefo? StSo/xei/ou
F.
8180 tade
8i8ofievr] 8L8ofieirr]s
1
818011^0 8i8(l}p.e6ov
8i86fi.e6ov
8l8oadM
N.
8i8oiijLedou
8[8oa6uv
SLdocrdov
8i8a)(Tdov
8L()ocrdov
8^86(70(01/
8i8a)(T6ov
8i8('La6i]i'
eSocro
86(TO
8a
8010
e8oTO
86(t6(x)
8a)Tai
801x0
86)fie0a
8oifie0a
8o)a0e
8oLa0f
81.86/j-evov
8L8o[J.fVCV
Imperf. Sinyr.
f8i.8unr]v
e8i8oao e8i8oTO
Plur.
e8i86fxeda ebiSocrde e8t8fif0(.v
€86fiedov
8urr0ai
'N. 86fxevov
8nfievov
axrofievos, ov
Sect.
TABLE
XXXL]
B.B.—BeiKfVfxi,
ACTIVE VOICE.
EEMAEKS. 1.
Si'Sw/xt
imperative
;
takes
(like
or
tiBtjjjli)
Sos for Sd^t,
in
6is for
like
the
den.
2nd
those persons in which verl^s in
aorist
It has a
e.
diphthong in the infinitive of the same tense, 8ovvaL and in the two participles, 8i8ovs and Soiiy, like riOfis and ^et'j. 2.
The
2nd
present and
middle, retain
vs
8fiKl>\jdc
8(LKmJai
BeiKVVTO) (C)
Masc. 8eiKvvs beiKvvvTOs
Fem.
BeiKi'viJ.ev
8eLKvvTe
8eLKvvTe
8(lKl>V(Ti-lia(Tl
BfiKvvToxrav
8eLKVVT0V
8flKVVT0l>
8elKVVT0V
8flKVVT(CV (v)
beLKvxxra 8eiKvvai]s
Xeut. 8€iKviv 8eiKVVVT0S
Imperf Sing.
eoeLKvvv f8flKUVS
Plur.
eSetVwre (8fLKi'vcrai>
Dual
e^eiKvvTov fSelKVVTTJV (iJ)
oi
those of the middle.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
8oda>
have the diphthong
3rd pers. plur. present, the Attic Greeks
4. Passive voice.
subscribed in
So'(9r)rt
SiSoiIo-i,
dcu
StSco, as, a.
;
write 8i86dcn like ndfacri.
8o6rj(TOjxnL
e866r]v
Perfect Pluperf.
i
IMPERATIVE.
INDICATIVE. Ibt Fut.
:
g. 8r]\cb, ois, ot
TABLE
B.B.—SeiKwixi,
PASSIVE AIND MIDDLE VOICES.
[Sect.
XXXL
TABLE B.B.— (Continued.) SeiKvvfjii,
PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICES. PARTICIPEES.
INriNITIVE.
IMPERATIVE.
INDICATIVE. Present Sing.
Masc. hdKvvjxfvos
deiKvvadai
SfiKuvfiai
SeLKiaiaat
8(Ikvv(to
8eiKviiTai
bfiKvvada)
deiKvvjievov
Fem.
teiKvvfiida
Plur.
Dual
beiKvvcrde
bi'iKwcrOe
beinvvvTai
8fCKv6ad(jL>(rau
deiKPUnivris
Neut.
heiKvvjJLeOov
deLKvvadov
8eiKvva6ov
8eLKVV
8eiKvvada>v
deiKiWjjLevrj
SeiKvifievou 8eiKVVfj.evov
i
\
Imperf, Sing.
ibiiKvvfxriv (u)
ebeLKVVTO
Plur.
eSeiKvvfieda ibeinvvcrde
(bfLKVVVTO
Dual
e8eiKvvcr6rjv
REMARKS. The
(a)
1.
the verb in
vco
The
(b)
subjunctive and optative are formed from e.
;
g. S? iki'uco,
future and
1st aorist perfect
come regularly from the primitive bebeixo., fieSety/Ltat, edeixd']", i
Verbs
(c)
in
u/xt,
out the 2nd aorist. I
rally only used in
I produce
e8vv,
;
and pluperfect e.
Sei'/co) ;
g.
Set^co,
more than two syllables, are withBut those of two syllables are genethe 2nd aorist e. g. ecpw, from (pvco, ;
bvi/co, Sua),
/ enter.
;
I know,
e.
g.
i'yvcov
tAuo), ;
rXrjut,
/3aa), /3^^i,
/ bear, / walk,
These keep the long vowel fiev, eyvoifiev.
But
Kariilia
They
€T\r]v
yvou),
;
2nd
yvmfxi,
i'j3r]i>.
in the plural
and dual
take 6l in the imperative
occurs for
Kara'iiqdi,
imperfect of verbs in
and dvaia
;
fSrjBi,
:
i'jBr]-
yumdc.
for ava,itidi.
especially in the sing.,
/it,
ow
;
So
laraov, a>v
;
e.g. erideou,
fSidoov, ovv.
in the imperative, ridee, ridet
In those
in
v/ii,
la-rae, la-rq (for "(tto)
;
6i is
;
sometimes rejected;
bi'mw for heLKwOi. 3.
In Attic Greek, the present and 2nd aorist middle
optative are sometimes formed in
(d) Several others are limited in their use to the aorist
The
often conjugated like contracted verbs;
dlSoe, 8l8ov.
&C.
of
from
2. is
8eiKvvoi[xi, ois, oi.
rjs, jj ;
Tidoiro, as if
The
from
2nd number
optative present and
the
oifzrjv,
plural
aorist is
tracted
in
Tidflev
[(TToifi.fv, [(TTolTf, [fTTalev ; 8i8u7fieu,
;
so Btlfxev, deiTe,
oio,
oiro
;
e.
g.
riOofiai.
6eiei>,
&C.
;
e.
g.
sometimes con-
ndflfiev,
rt^eire,
StSoirf, diSinev
;
Sect.
TABLE C.C— V', ACTIVE VOICE.
XXXII.]
SECTION XXXII. TABLE C.C— V', ACTR^E VOICE. INDICATIVE. Present
/ se7ul, 'Ujiiv, lere,
Dual
SUBJUNCTIVE.
OPTATIVE.
INFIN.
PARTICIPLES.
&c.
Sing. Plur.
IMPERATIVE.
Uttj}',
udl,
UTO)
telcrt
tfre,
UTwcrav
Utov
UTOV, liTCOV
U'vai irjT€,
loojuLev,
laxn
UlrjTf,
IrjTOV, IrjTov
jM. Wis,
F.
Uirjcrav
liVTOs
U'la-n, Ui(TT]s
X. Uu,
leifiTijv, ieir]Tr]v
leirroi
Imperf. Sing.
It]",
Plur.
'U^ev, ure,
trjs,
u]
larav
'
Dual 2nd Aor. Sing. Plur.
efj,ev,
ere,
eaav
Dual
€i,
fTCO
fU]s,
fir]
ere,
eraxrav
(ir]Te,
eirjcrav
i]TOV, T]TOV
€TOV, eraiv
Future
^aoifu, Tjaois,
Aorist
i]Ka,
^Kas,
rixf
Perfect
ft.-ca,
eiKay,
eifce
eivai
rjaoi
iVTOi
J\I.
etr,
F.
eto-a, elarjs
X.
ev,
Tjcrcov,
ePTos TjcrovTOS
Pluperf.
MIDDLE VOICE. Present
i'e/xai,
Imperf.
Hfxrjv,
tecro,
LfTO
2nd Aor. Future
i^rfv,
€
e(pdr]v,
aor.
pass.
eiSo)),
2nd &C.
elboprjv,
&c.
;
perf.
hence
;
7rapappvci>p(v, Ileb.
from napappeo).
;)(eco,
I pour,
1^'' '^^r.
x^'^^'
exfO) infin. x^^^(jiepci), I bear, carry, imperf. efpfpop
and
fut. pass,
i]vex0']v, fut.
oladrjaopai
perf.
rjveyKov,
I grow
ex^^""") f^f^n
(from
;
perf.
evjjvoxa,
(pedvoi), fut. pedvcro), &c.
old (prim, yrjpdoi), fut. yrjpdcropai, aor.
infin. yrjpdvai or yrjpavai, part, yijpas, yrjpavros.
I hiow
(prim,
fut.
yi'doo),
eyrcoKo, perf. pass, eyi/cocrjuai,
2nd
yvo), yvolrjv, yviovai, part, yvuvs,
yvdvTos
/ rcGfZ,
1
-yi/oxrojuat,
perf.
aor. act. eyvwv, yvaiOi,
hence
;
di'ayti'coa/ca)»
st aor. di'eyvcocra.
I
I remember,
mind (prim,
call to
pvdco), perf. pipvrjpo
aor. epvrjadrjv.
I sell (prim. Trepdoj),
TrnrpdcrKco,
and
iut. x^va-d)
fut. jrfpdo-co, perf. TreVpaAca
(for TreTTepaKa), perf. pass, iviirpapai, aor. enpadr^v,
3rd
fut.
TTfTTodcro/xat.
and
o'lfTco,
yrjpdcTKco,
pipvrjo-Kco,
aor. eppxjrjv
aor. ejBpoov.
I inebriate
yivwa-Koj,
(from
eat (prim, ^pdco), fut. ^pcocrcu, (ipaxTOjxM,
2nd
pedvaKQ),
;
perf. Zippai.
eSpay^ioi',
I
jSiiSpcaa-Ku,
perf. j3ej3p(OKa,
perf. Se'S/jojxa.
I flow, 2nd
pe'o),
aor.
perf.
(from mid.
aor. i'dpe^a,
run, fut. Optional,
BpdjXci),
Spe'/io),
2. 1,
perf. ewpaKa,
infin. pass, opadrjvai
aor. fidov, I8e, i8a>, 'i8oLpi,
and
k'rpayov.
Tpuiya, opdco,
iBfj^op-ai
ec[)ayov, fut. (pdyopai.
(from
;
eveyKoci)
pass,
ol'co),
fut.
aor. fjveyKa
evijveypai,
I consume
dvaXi(TK(i),
(prim. dXdo), oXojpt), fut. draXcoo-w,
perf. di'rjXcoKa, 1st aor. pass. avrfXiodTiv, &c.
aor.
Terminations axo) and
4.
ivix&^^opai.
ctx&j,
fi'om
u>
impure (not pro-
ceded by a vowel). 2.
Terminations
I'm,
I
aKrBdvopai,
dz'co.
perceive,
2nd
ap.aprdvci),
I
err, sin,
2nd
aor. rjpapTov, infin. apapTtlv,
ji\a(TTdvu>,
I hud (prim.
/SXuo-rco),
2nd
aor. f^Xaa-Tov,
I bite
(prim.
Sr;.]pai.
aor. eXa^ni', 5.
Termination
v/iit.
dp(pUvvvpi,
I clothe
(prim. dp(pieoo\
fut.
fut. dpfpuau), dp(bio}, perf. pass. 7]p(pieapai.
aor.
pass. f'^u>ap(u.
^divvvpi,
\i]-^op,ai, perf. ('iXrjcpa, perf. pass. e'lXrjppai,
Xavddvo),
I suffer
vn€crxpai, perf. f'lXijxci,
XaplSduoo,
aor. tdiyov, fut. ^/^co
I come (prim.
iKvtopai,
perf. iypcu, with
I touch, 2nd
and mid.
evpdprjv, 1st aor. act.
(prim,
nivdoi), fut. Tveia-opai,
e^w.
perf. pass. deBrjypai.
and
I die
perf. TedjnjKa.
n-dcrxa,
infin. (ika(TTfl.v, fut. l^Xaarrjcrco.
ddKVQi,
a^so evprjaa
(prim, eupoj), 2nd aor. evpov, infin. (Ipdv,
perf. evprjKa, perf. pass. evpT]pai, aor. evpidrjv
fiiprjcro},
6i'i]a-Ka>,
fut. dpapTTjaa}.
I Jind
evpia-Kco,
fut.
aor. ijixBoprjv, fut. aladrjaonni, perf. jjadrjpai.
aor.
I gird,
Kardyvvpi, ea^a,
2nd
I
fut. fcbcro), 1st aor.
break in
jiieces,
mid. e^uxrdpriv, perf.
fut. KareiJ^o),
1st aor. kut-
aor. pass. KaTidyi]v.
A notice of tliose which occur in the New Test, may be found useful, though not all the forms here given
appear
in the
Sacred Te.\t.
XXXVIL] REMARKS OX IRREGULAR VERBS.— VARIOUS TERMINATIONS.
Sect.
Kepdvvvfii,
I mingle (prim. Kf/jaw), fut. Kfpao-w, perf. pass. eKepdadqi; by syncope KCKpafxai, cKpddrjp.
KfKepa^drjv, r^voiy^Orjv,
fut. dvoiyrjaopai,
ylvopai,
2nd
perf.
I
I
think, imperf. cooprjv
I
oviVTfpi, coiTjcrdprji',
help (prim, owjoj), fut. mid. oinjaopai, aor.
opt. ovaiprjv.
7 drink,
TTiVo),
fut. niopai, Triecrai, also niovpai,
eTTiov
eyeir;^?;!/.
aor. inodrjv (^KarfTrdOrjv).
I am
8wapai, Seo),
I bind,
and
able, imperf. ibvvdprjv
and
Tjdvvdprjv, fut.
fut. St^ctw, 1st aor. edija-a, perf. SeSe/ca, perf.
pass. Bedepai, aor. ebidrjv. Seco,
I want,
fut. SfTjo-o)
&c.
fut. Seijo-ft,
;
;
impersonal
pass, biopai,
I
Sel, lY ?5
pray, also /
necessary, zfa??^,
Att. iyj^yepKa
;
mid.
perf. pass, eyrjyfppai,
2nd aor. mid. jjypapr)v (for typrjyopa, whence a new present,
fut. iyep6r)(Topai, aor. fiyepdrjv,
2nd
fjyepoprjv),
/
s^e (not used in the present),
infin. tSfli'
2nd
;
are as follow
o'lSas, aide,
pi.
&C.
jjSeKTav
;
;
7 /:no;c
perf. ofSa,
The forms I'trrco,
(from
pluperf.
:
;
2nd
pluperf.
r/^eiv,
fut. elo-o^at,
aor.
f/'Setr,
erSoi/,
/ A?ie?r.
perf. indie, sing. otSa, olcrdn,
la-qpi) Icrpet', lorf, i(Ta(Ti jj^eii,
Subj.eiSo); opt. 6tSf i'?;!/
etSuIn, ftSos
,•
flo-/;,
;
/;^ft,
ph
fjSeipev,
infin. fiSeVnt elcrfTai,
imp.
;
&c.
;
;
icrdt,
ijSeire,
part. ftSco?,
also
ei5;;3-a),
as if from ftSeco, w. etKQ),
2nd
KTeivo),
(prim. ;
T pour
Trerco), fut Trerrovpai, 1st aor.
(prim,
tttoco),
1st
enfaa,
perf TrenTaKa.
out, fut. andcra), perf. eanfiKa, perf. pass.
I
aa^co,
save, perf. pass, rrea-apai.
and
aecrcocrpai, aor.
I bring forth
(prim. reKto), fut. re^opai, 2nd aor.
2nd
ereKov, 1st aor. pass. €Tix6r]:>, (fiBdvco,
ecpdaKa
I anticipate, (prim.
;
perf. reroKa. 1st aor. ecpdacra, perf.
fut. (pOdcro},
(f)ddoo,
(pdrjpi),
2nd
aor.
ecpdrju,
fut.
I watch,
yprjyopeco, et'Soj,
perf.
aor.
fut. TiKTco,
I arouse, fut. eyepw, perf. I awake, 1st aor. rjydpdprjv,
eyeipopai,
IJail
aor. i'lrecrnv
(TTreVSo),
2nd
ttoco), perf. ireiraKa, perf. pass. TreTropai,
i'mretcrpai, aor. icnrdcrOrjv.
derjirnpai, aor. eterjdrjv.
eyeipco,
(prim,
TTiTrrcB,
2nd
T]8vv7]dr]v, perf. 8e8vvr]pai.
;
(also cipai, wprjv), fut.
aor. unqdi^v, infin. olrjdrjvai.
perf. y/yoca, fut. yevfjo-opai, perf. pass, yeyevrjpai, aor. pass,
Svvrjaopai, aor. f8vvfjdr]v
paprvpovpai, 1st aor. ipaprv-
ivitness, fut.
pdprjv.
perf.
I slay
A
few verbs
in
I marry
yapt'od, r](Ta,
7 resemble
New Test.
readings, InoKTau) and
;
aTTOKTeivco,
and
dco
form some tenses
as if the
(prim, yu/xco), 1st aor. tyrjpa and eydp-
I tame (prim.
dapdco,
Sd/ivo)),
2nd
aor. ehapov,
2nd
aor.
pass. eSdprjv, perf. 8i8pr]Ka (for 8e8dpr]Ka'). Sok/co,
I appear
(prim. Sokco), fut. Sd|co, 1st aor. eSo^a,
Impersonally,
So/cei,
jY
see/n^ ^«orf,
«So^f, &c.
part. eoiKas.
and, in various
nTro/creWco), fut. KTevw,
e'co
perf. yeydprjKa, regular.
perf. pass. 8e8oypai.
f otKa,
(in
2.
verb terminated in w impure.
1st
oar.
pvKaopai, Derf. asuuKa.
I
roar (prim. pvKco), 2nd aor. epvKov, 2nd
THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.
[Sect.
XL.
SECTION XXXVIII.
REMARKS ON SOME PERFECT TENSES EMPLOYED AS PRESENTS. L
In a considerable number of verbs the perfect
is
used
The
explanation of this usage
the complete idea conveyed
by
I place, I stand.
is
e'jTi]Ka (Jfiavroi'),
IcrTTjfjLi,
hence,
in a strictly present signification.
simply derived from
I acquire, I possess.
KTaonai,
the perfect tense, as in the
hence,
KiKTrjjxm,
I
I
have placed myself;
have acquired and retain
ibllowing examples. 2.
I accustom
e'dco,
myself,
/ am accustomed. I see, ol8a, J knoiveoLKo, I resemble. 6vT](7Ka), I die, TedurjKo, I have I am dead.
I call
fji.vdoiJ.ai,
I have accustomed
e'icoda,
and
myself; hence,
retain
So
el'Sw,
;
to
hence,
mind,
fxefjLvrjuai,
I have
also in the perf. pass.
;
e. g. ol KSKXijutvoi,
are in receipt of a call or invitation suffered death
;
hence, \
called to
mind
/ remember.
;
hence,
those ivho
tlie
invited
ones, the guests.
SECTION XXXIX. THE USE OF THE TENSES. The
use of the present and future tenses
by
explained
their names.
But
is
the present
is
used as a lively expression of a past action aiiTuv Trpos tovs ^apiaaiovs,
tain futurity
The
Jno.
and
9. 1.3;
:
sufficiently
sometimes as,
ayovaiv
also of a cer-
if
mood
the imperative
as,
:
eaeaBe ovv
vfiels reXeioi, IMat.
The present
perfect conveys the double notion of an action
:
as, yvprj dederai, 1
In the case of certain verbs, the
momentary
idea conveyed
transient single action, being thus distinguished from the
they virtually
;
its effect
and
mood
in the indicative
it
ordinarily signi-
existing in the
Cor. 7. 39.
pluperfect expresses the effect as past, as well as
or
aorist is strictly the expression of a
imperfect
thus of constant use in the nar-
is
the action.
in past time.
The
It
terminated in past time, and of
The imperfect expresses a prolonged or recurrent action
is
that circumstance.
5. 48.
The
there
rative of past transactions.
as, fiera rpels fipepas eydpop-at, Llat. 27. 63.
:
indicative of the future has occasionally the force of
It is, however, used of a prolonged action, no positive need to make a direct expression of
past time.
fies
tively
:
latter part of the entire
by these two tenses is so prominent, that become a present and imperfect respec-
/ know,
as, oi'Sa,
jjdeiv,
I knew.
SECTION XL THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD. A
verb in the infinitive mood, either alone or in combi-
nation with other words, mostly expresses either the sub-
can
Acts 20. 35 or the object of relation of the action or condition ex-
ject of another verb
pressed
by a
ISeiv vpas,
:
as,
paKupiov
;
verb, participle, or adjective:
Rom. L
11
;
Bwarbs
(ariv ephv bovuai. Mat. 20. 23. tical situation
r^tSdrai,
as, fnnro6m Acts 11. 17; ovk The most usual gramma-
KcoXi}(rat,
of a verb in the infinitive
is
in
immediate
dependence on another verb. A verb in the infinitive, with the neuter article (to) prefixed becomes, by the inflexion of the article, admissi-
ble into the various grammatical positions of the substantive
as, yvaprj
:
rov vTvoarpiCpeiv, Acts 20. 3;
(^la
ttuvtos
rw Upardnv uvtov, Lu. 1. 8. The infinitive is always a legitimate construction, though not the only one, after the particles nptp and coore as, nplv yeveadai, Jno. 14. 29; cocrrf prj laxvfi-v Tivci, Mat. Tov
8.
^rju,
He.
2. 15
;
iv
28.
A
participle takes the place of an infinitive in depen-
dence upon certain verbs 6pa> ae ovra.
Acts
8.
23.
:
as,
enava-aro XaXcoi', Lu. 5. 4
;
THE CONCORD OF THE VERB.
XLUl]
Sect.
xliii
SECTION XLI. THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTFS^E MOOD. In the principal verb of a sentence, the subjunctive as, is an expression of deliberative interrogation Mar. 12. 15, Should we pay, or should 8a>fiei>, fj fxT) Sw/nej/;
mood
:
we not
paji ?
I say ?
Ka\ tI
This
In the
is
termed
Jno. 12. 27, Aiid ivhat should
;
deliberative use.
its
person plural,
first
which eh Tcii
e'lTrco
it
usually classed as an imperative
force
is
jX€v
e)(afiivas Ka>^lm^6\et.i,
info the next towns.
with
it, is
The
This usage,
Mar.
go
not actually identical
if
aorist of this fn)
:
as,
mood
a-aXirriajjs,
fxrj
Mat.
a form of peremptory negation
ur^, is
In dependent clauses, the subjunctive
mood when
after edv,
av
It
is also
used
and
ecos
as,
oTTcos-,
^lat. 2. 15.
(pdyco,
orav (ore av), os av, &c.,
with av subjoined.
also the ordinary construction
is
Mark
the ordinary
is
used hypothetically, and relative words
subjoined to them:
is
as also Tvplv
"iva, Q)r,
liv
with the particles
when expressive of design The same is the case when The
14. 14.
structed with as and
6. 2.
construction of the subjunctive with the combined
particles ov
future indicative
though not expressed directly:
used as an imperative with
is
The
8.
same construction.
in the
as, aya>-
:
38, Z,et us
1.
nearly related to the preceding.
the particle
The
has also the suggestive
J"o. 13.
A"? v'-^V^i
sometimes also with
as,
:
as, iVa Tr'hrjpadfi,
design
and
implied,
—
future indicative
on-coy,
is
to KaniXvua, onov-
in the
is
New
also con-
Testament
tra.
as, ov
:
SECTION XLIL THE USE OF THE OPTATIVE MOOD. In the principal verb, the optative mood is a simj)le form of wishing: as, ro dpyvinnv el'7 els dTraXeia", Acts
are
8. 20.
15. 26.
—
In combination
vvith the particle av, it is
I be
Hoiii should
8. 31,
able ?
is,
it
is
sometimes emplo^'ed
when
in ob-
niatter of narration, instead of being expressed
optative
:
as,
eTTwddveTo,
following the particle
t'l eirj
ei
is
ravra, Lu.
one of the
forms of a hypothetical clause, but of rare occurrence in the
In dependent clauses, lique narration, that
The
an expression
of a conditional futurity: as, ttws avbvva'nn]v; Acts
made a
in direct personal terms
New
Testament
;
as
also its
is
use after particles
expressive of design.
the sentiments of a person
SECTION
XLIII.
THE CONCORD OF THE VERB. In Greek,
as in
narily put in the
language in general, the verb
same number and person
is
ordi-
as its subject,
or nominative case.
There
word
is,
This is its agreement, or concord. however, this special exception that, when a ;
in the plural, expressive of the subject,
neuter gender, the verb
ndvTa
A the
avrov eyevero,
dc
is
plural:
is
as,
also in the
usually in the singular
John
subject in the singular,
word
is
:
as,
1. 3.
when
that of plurality,
may
the idea conveyed
have
ox^os eaTpoorrav, Mat. 21.
8.
its
by
verb in the
This
is
a rational, as distinguished from a formal, concord.
termed
"When a verb is in the plural, as liaving several joint and these are of different persons, its concord
subjects,
will be with the first person in preference to the second,
and with the second Since the verb, by
in preference to the third. its
inflexion alone, always implies
its
and second persons, these are, accordingly, not necessary to be expressed for the when, therefore, they are purpose of mere perspicuity pronominal subject in the
first
:
mark
of point or emphasis on the subject of the verb, of some kind or degree. And the same is the
expressed,
it is
a
case to a certain extent with the third person.
THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE
xliv
CASE.
XLVL
[Sect.
SECTION XLIV. THE CONCORD OF THE ADJECTH^E, PARTICIPLE, AND PRONOUN. The adjective, the participle, and the pronoun, agree with the substantive to which they have relation, in genRational concords are also adder, number, and case.
7Tev6ovvTes,
missible, as in the case of the verb.
verb in
An
adjective, participle, or pronoun, in the masculine
gender without any substantive expressed, has relation but in the neuter, to things as, ixaiaipioi ol to persons ;
:
^lat. 5. 4
;
iravra ravra
^lat.
e(pv\a^dij.r]v,
19. 20.
The
relative pronoun, being either the subject of the
its own clause, or the object of government of some word in that clause, agrees with its antecedent in if it is in the nominative case, gender and number only it is also reckoned of the same person with the antecedent. :
SECTION XLV. THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE
A nominative case with the used for the vocative
article prefixed is
sometimes
Mar.
aXaXov,
to
to Tivevfia
as,
.
9.25.
A substantive or adjective which
is
attached to a neuter
or passive verb, as a necessary supplement to the sense,
is
put in the same case with the subject of the verb which, except in case of an infinitive, will be the nominative as, ;
:
eyo) 1.
ei/Lit
f]
Jno. 14. 6
6S09,
14; avTol
Qeov
vlo\
o \6yos
;
aap^
KXrjdtjaovTai, IMat. 5.
vos faTlv la)dvvT]v 7rpo(pr]Tr]v elvai,
Lu. 20.
eyeveTO, Jno.
9
;
TreTTeicriJ.e-
is
used, the case of the
is
continued in the supplemental word
ovaav bid,
;
Mar.
12. 10;
The for
;
24.
tive.
as,
6. 9
:
Mat. 3. 2.
constructed with words, that
:
Mat.
as, ciTrro^nt, e)(op.ai, ytvajxai, opeyofiai, eTTLKavdavojiai^
the go-
is
implying
(1) exclusive distinction
;
as, enpaSij
II. 14.
Jno. 12. 5.
as, for instance, distributives
:
Lu. 16. 5 1 Cor. 15. 9. (4) deprivation, Lu. 16. 4; abstinence. Acts 20. 29 ; and cessation, 1 Pet. 4. 1. (5) fulness, and the opposite notions of emptiness, deficiency, need, Lu. 5. 12 Jno. 2. 7; 1 Tim. 1.6; Ja. 1. 5. (6) desire, objective pursuit. Mat. 5. 28. (7) bodily perception, except sight, Mat. 2. 9. (8) mental perception, as, for instance, memory, knowledge, Lu. 18. 32. But words of this class, as well as the preceding one, are also constructed with the accusative, superlatives,
Heb. 6. 10. Mar. 9. 1 1 Tim. 3. 1 Also certain verbs compounded of Kara, and conveying by their composition the idea of untoward action as, Kartj-yo-
tov daLfioviov e^-
used in designations of price:
TpLciKoaioiv drjvaplcov,
and
clauses are dis-
their subject in the genitive case,
hence termed the genitive absolute
and
one which
subject distinct from the principal subject of the
sentence of which
The
is
(3) inclusive distinction
to
place a substantive in immediate construction with another
immediate dependence upon Cor. 6. 19 Heb. 12. 11.
its ;
1
;
SECTION XLVIII. THE USE OF THE DATIVE As
a general principle, that to which anything
sented as accruing,
is
repre-
is
expressed in the dative case.
It
is
Ja.
4.
22
;
advantage or disadvantage. Mat.
Mat. 23. 31
;
Heb.
8. 8
Mat.
;
3.
16
;
2.
Acts
44
Rom.
;
2 Cor. 10.
;
13. 36.
these
Mar. 1
must be added, words signifying adaptation.
7
;
Eph.
5.
3
:
32
is
an expression of instrumentality. Mat.
5. 3
;
;
as also causation,
Rom.
11.
method, agency, and
20; Acts
15. 1;
Phi.
Cor. 14. 20. dative
is
used in designations of time, Lu. 12. 20
13. 20.
Certain verbs in the middle voice are followed
12. 5;
7.
(6) submission, subservience, Acts 5. 36; Lu. 2. 51
To
7;
dative
(5) credence, reliance. Mat. 21. 25
dative
;
The 5.
14. 6, 7.
Acts
16
6.
;
7.
other kindred notions,
(1) address, Mat. 3. 7 ; Lu. 1. 19 ; Acts 26. 29. (2) bestowal, Mat. 4. 9 ; Acts 3. 14. (3) approach, Lu. 7. 12.
Lu.
1.6; Lu.
The 8.
loss,
Heb. Mat. 20. 12.
likeness, equality, 2 Cor. 2. 6
thus constructed with words implying
(4) gain or
CASE.
The
:
as, ;Ypt>JMn', SioKeyofxai, KpLvop.ni,
by the
Acts 27. 17; Heb.
Mat. 5.40. dative
is
frequently found in dependence upon a
preposition involved in a
compound
verb,
Acts 13. 43; 2 Pet. 1.9; Mat. 26. 53.
Mar.
3.
10
PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS,
xlvi
AND CONJUNCTIONS.
[Sect.
XLIX.
SECTION XLIX. PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, The
various governments of cases
sitions are
by the
given at length in the Lexicon.
sitions are occasionally
several prepo-
Some
prepo-
used as adverbs without a case in
23; and are also prefixed to adverbs, ]\Iat. 4. 17 Acts 28. 23. Certain adverbs may have a case in government, ordi-
government, 2 Cor. ;
11.
AND CONJUNCTIONS.
narily the genitive. Mat. 10. 29; Jno. 6. 23; Mat. 13. 34.
The Greek language
exhibits a peculiar usage in the
repetition of a negative, Mat. 22. 16
;
Jno. 15. 5
;
Mar.
1.44.
Words
directly united
by a simple conjunction,
ordinarily in the same grammatical construction.
are
MULTiE TERRICOLIS LINGUA, CCELESTIBUS UNA.
THE ANALYTICAL
GREEK LEXICON. nOAAAI MEN ONHTOIl
TAriTTAI,
MIA A'AQANATOISIN.
I
i
LEXICON. A,
a.
Alpha,
the
Greek alphabet,
of the
letter
first
used for the
Re.
first.
i
8,
.
1
1
and
21.6;
;
dydyrj,
composition
denotes
it
dyayoires,
'privation
sometimes augmentation and union. a,
nom. or
ace. pi. neut.
Aaron,
'Aapo'iV, 6,
ace. sing.
d/Japj},*
(§
name,
pr.
Abaddon,
'Af3a88o>v,'' 6,
pr.
10. tab. J. g)
name,
rj,
&
to, -€?, (d
burdensome, not chargeable, Chald.
indecl.
14.
or
Ro.
36;
8. 15
\jBiX,
6,
Abel, pr. name, indecl.
Afiid,
6,
Abia, pr. name, indecl. 6,
AfiLXr]vy~\,
rj