PW LS 3 Answer Key [PDF]

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking

Answer Key

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3 Answer Key © 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas

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ANSWER KEY UNIT 1  THE SCIENCE OF SHOPPING THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 1) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: The title suggests that there is a science to shopping behavior. The unit may be about the psychology of shopping.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 2) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Positive changes may be that shopping is more convenient, it is easier to pay for things with a credit card, there are more choices, and you can buy things from all over the world. Negative changes may be that it is too easy to spend money with credit cards, there are too many choices, and people buy too many things. 3. Possible answers: It seems likely that online shopping will continue to be popular and that companies will try to make it as easy as possible for customers to get the goods they want quickly. If Amazon’s new store is successful, other retailers will probably copy that idea. However, there is also a chance that some stores will go back to more traditional methods of shopping in which customers are given excellent service by well-trained sales people.

LESSON A  Vocabulary A  (page 4) 1. Possible answers: Advantages: fresh produce; good prices; personal service; pleasant atmosphere. Disadvantages: selection may be limited; exposed to weather; shoppers have to carry own purchases; may not be able to use credit card. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

B  (page 4) 1. complex 2. commercial 3. addictive 4. consumer 5. purchase 6. bargain 7. retail 8. assume 9. alter 10. bump

C  (page 5) 1. retail 2. altered

3. assumed 4. bumped 5. purchase 6. bargain 7. consumers 8. addictive 9. commercial 10. complex

D  (page 5) Answers will vary.

A  L istening:  An Interview about Consumer Behavior BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 6) Possible answers: Before: make a list; research a product online; compare prices; decide where to shop During: try on or try out item; ask questions of sales person; compare with other similar items; examine for quality; purchase item After: check purchase at home; make sure it fits or works; write a review; return an item

WHILE LISTENING B  Critical Thinking: Predicting  (page 6) Environmental psychologists study two things: how people behave in different situations and why they behave in those ways.

C  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 6) a. how some stores try to influence their customers’ behavior c. what factors might cause shoppers to take certain actions

D  Listening for Details  (pages 6–7) Check 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8.

E  (page 7) a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1

AFTER LISTENING F  (page 7) Possible answers: consumer behavior is complex; personal space depends on price of items and numbers of shoppers; bargains  

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can improve mood; stores use our emotions to change behavior; guest offered various tips about when you shop and shopping online

G  (page 7)

Move the registers so shoppers must walk through the whole store to pay.

Shoppers see the whole store, and may be reminded to buy items they might otherwise miss.

Shoppers may become annoyed with the confusing layout of the store.

Put chairs outside the fitting rooms so people can sit while they wait.

This is more accommodating to people who are elderly, pregnant, etc.

The appearance of a long line of people waiting outside of fitting rooms may discourage shoppers from trying on and buying clothes.

Answers will vary.

A SPEAKING A  (page 8) Answers will vary, but should include the following conditionals. 1. If I need to buy clothes, I usually go … 2. If I have some free time next weekend, I’ll … 3. If I could go anywhere, I would go … 4. If I wanted to celebrate a special occasion, I would go to …

B  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 8) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Designing a Store Layout A–B  (page 11) Answers will vary.

C  (page 9) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  The Decoy Effect

D  (page 10)

BEFORE VIEWING

1. Pro: easy, convenient; Con: may spend more than you should 2. Pro: fun; friends can help you decide; Con: friends may persuade you to buy something you don’t need or want 3. Pro: convenient; enjoyable; Con: expensive; you may eat more in a restaurant 4. Pro: see something new; experience different culture; Con: expensive; language barrier

A  (page 12)

E Critical Thinking: Recognizing Pros and Cons  (page 10) Possible answers: How to Change Pros Shoppers’ Behavior

Cons

Train sales clerks to smile more to put shoppers in a better mood.

A friendly atmosphere in the store would encourage shoppers to return.

The clerks’ friendliness could be perceived as artificial or forced.

Bake fresh bread in a supermarket to make shoppers hungry.

Customers will buy more food when hungry.

Baking bread in-store may not be as practical or profitable as getting bread from outside sources.

Post “limit 2 per customer” signs to suggest items are in limited supply.

Customers may be more likely to buy the item if it seems like such a great deal that the quantity is limited.

Customers who want to buy more than 2 items cannot do so.

1. irresistible 2. concession stand 3. rip off 4. head over 5. influence 6. out of line 7. decoy 8. appealing

B  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 12) Answers will vary.

WHILE VIEWING C  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 13) b

D  Understanding Details  (page 13) 1. 3 2. money 3. medium /med. 4. 7 5. value / bargain

AFTER VIEWING E  (page 13) Possible answer: This video showed an experiment to illustrate the decoy effect in a movie theater. In the first experiment, customers had a choice between a small and a large popcorn, and they chose the small. They felt that the large was a lot of money. In the second experiment, customers could choose between a small,

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

medium, and large. They chose the large because it seemed like a good value when compared with the medium. The medium size acted as a decoy, and focused attention on the large.

F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting  (page 13) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: Businesses offer special sales and discounts; they create an atmosphere in the store that makes customers feel welcome; sometimes they have excellent customer service.

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context  (page 14) 1. identifying as either male or female 2. a necessary but boring task 3. to do things with other people 4. to do something such as an experiment 5. information discovered through research 6. faithfulness 7. an important task 8. causing somebody to be upset 9. not currently available to buy 10. as much as is necessary

B  Personalizing  (page 15) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: gardening, cooking, practicing music, shopping

C  Listening for Details  (page 17) Check Men for 1, 2, and 4. Check Women for 3 and 5.

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting  (page 17) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Men may be more goal oriented. Men may not care as much about clothing or fashion. Men may be less interested in the social aspects of shopping than women. Women may be more influenced about what others think, and may want to make more careful choices. Women may enjoy the process of shopping (touching things, looking at things, imagining owning things).

E  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 17) Answers will vary.

B SPEAKING A  (page 18) 1. 80% 2. 20 3. 46% 4. 68% 5. 60%

B  Personalizing  (page 18) Answers will vary.

C  (page 15)

C  (page 19)

1. frustrated 2. exciting 3. boring 4. relaxed 5. interested

Answers will vary.

B  L istening  A Lecture about Gender and Shopping

A–C  (pages 19–20)

D  Quoting Statistics  (page 19) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Giving a Persuasive Presentation Answers will vary.

BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 16) 1. Possible answers: It seems humorous, although it is presented as if it is the actual path that shoppers took through a mall. It does clearly make the point that women like to browse while men like to go in and make a purchase. 2. The title probably means that men go to stores to buy things, while women go to stores to browse and look at items, and maybe to buy something.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 16) 1. c 2. b 3. a Answer Key 

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UNIT 2  MOTHER NATURE THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 21) 1. Possible answers: cute, interesting, funny, unusual, with long fur, with a big nose, with strong arms and legs, and so on. 2. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 22) 1. Possible answer: Bees carry pollen from flower to flower. 2. Possible answers: Animals protect their young by keeping them in a nest or other special place, by keeping them close by, or by carrying them. 3. Possible answers: short life cycles: flies, mosquitos, mice, butterflies, dragonflies; long life cycles: humans, whales, elephants, tortoises, koi (carp) 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary

2. Other common subjects are history, science, inventions, biographies. 3. People may be more interested in being entertained than by watching a documentary based on facts.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 26) c

C  Note Taking  (page 27) a. A b. S c. M d. M e. S f. A

B  (page 25)

AFTER LISTENING

1. responsibility 2. extinction 3. territory 4. predators 5. colonies 6. challenge 7. factor 8. threaten 9. struggle 10. reproduce

D  Personalizing  (page 27)

C  (page 25)

Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Deciding on Criteria  (page 27) Answers will vary.

F  (page 27) Answers will vary.

A SPEAKING A  (page 28)

1. T 2. T 3. F – Colony, territory, and factor are all countable nouns. Their plural forms are colonies, territories, and factors. 4. F – Threat is the noun form of threaten. 5. T

1. academic 2. reproduction 3. responsibility 4. complexity 5. frustration 6. interaction

D  (page 25)

B  (page 28)

1. struggle 2. responsible 3. factor 4. challenges / struggles 5. threatens / challenges

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 25) Answers will vary.

A Listening  A Panel about a Film Contest BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 26) Possible answers: 1. Documentaries are based on factual information. Other films tell fictitious stories. 6 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

Suffix: –ic

Suffix: –ity

Suffix: –tion

automatic domestic dynamic specific genetic

capacity community flexibility priority electricity

construction information motivation reaction extinction

C Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Flowchart  (pages 28–29) 1. 2. 4. 6.

A body cell is removed from an adult animal. Scientists remove the nucleus from that cell. Chemicals or electricity make the egg divide. The resulting baby is a clone of the first animal.

D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 29)

WHILE VIEWING

1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Criteria might include benefits to human health and survival, benefit to the environment.

C  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 33)

E  (page 30) 1. King penguins live in large colonies that/which may contain 100,000 birds. 2. These penguins have many predators which/that include birds and seals. 3. Cloning is a technique that/which allows scientists to produce copies of animals. 4. To clone, scientists use a cell which/that has been taken from an adult animal. 5. Ken Burns is a filmmaker who is best known for his history documentaries. 6. Many of his films are about important events that/which changed history. 7. I went to the documentary film festival that/which you told me about. / I went to the documentary film festival you told me about.

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 30) Possible answers: Criteria for best documentary: an important, relevant topic, an interesting story, clear facts and support, a mix of interviews and narration, good camerawork; Criteria for best director: good story-telling; excellent photography; good cast; good editing

LESSON TASK  Discussing Conservation and Extinction A  (page 31) Possible factors that can lead to extinction may include: disease, hunting, loss of habitat, climate change, more natural predators.

B–D  (page 31) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Turtles under Threat BEFORE VIEWING A  (page 32) Possible answers: 1. fishing, ocean transportation, tourism 2. predators, climate change, pollution

B  (page 32) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

species – that can reproduce with one another population – that are members of that species Marine – that live in the sea biologists – who study life and living organisms exclude – that they neither want nor need device – that has a special function

1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b

D  Note Taking  (page 33) Possible answers: Disadvantage(s) to Advantage(s) to Fishermen Fishermen (according to biologists) (according to some fishermen) holes in net lead to loss of large part of catch

nets exclude anything large / fisherman can fish for longer / catch more shrimp

AFTER VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 33) 1. Possible answers: How much does it cost? Will they use more fuel to drag it in the ocean? What other fish might get trapped? Is it easy to repair if it breaks? Will it get caught on things underwater? 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 35) Nouns – organism / substance / method / shelter Verbs – specializes / manufacture / consume / transfer / resemble Adjective – primary

C  (page 35) Possible answers: 1. focus on and become an expert in a specific subject 2. look similar to somebody or something 3. way of doing something 4. eat or use up something 5. individual living thing, such as a plant or animal 6. first, greatest, or most important 7. type of material that can be seen or touched 8. make or produce something, especially in a factory 9. protection, especially from danger or bad weather 10. move something from one place to another

B Listening  A Conversation on Campus BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 36) Possible answers: Leo: Excuse me? Sorry to bother you, but do you know the way to the conservatory greenhouse? This map isn’t helping me much.

Answer Key 

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Elena: Yeah, the map isn’t great and the campus does resemble a maze, doesn’t it? Anyway, you’re in luck. I’m actually on my way to the conservatory greenhouse right now. We can walk together.

UNIT 3  ON THE MOVE

WHILE LISTENING

1. Possible answers: They might have moved there to be with family, to find a new job, to have a better lifestyle. They may have been attracted by work opportunities or the climate. 2. Answers will vary.

B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 37) 1. c 2. b 3. b

C  Listening for Details  (page 37) 1. T 2. F 3. NG 4. T 5. T 6. NG 7. F

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting  (page 37) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: You might need to talk to a stranger if you are lost and need directions, or if your cell phone dies and you need to borrow a phone. Some strategies might include asking the person if they have a minute and briefly explaining your situation. 4. Answers will vary. 5. Possible answers: It’s important to study how plants survive in a variety of conditions because these days we have a lot of extreme weather like droughts and hurricanes. We can learn how plants adapt to different conditions, what sort of climate is ideal, new areas where they can be grown, and how they might adapt to climate change.

B SPEAKING A Brainstorming  (page 38) Possible answers: 1. Not enough money: Get a part-time job; get a student loan 2. Limited time to study: Follow a study plan; spend less time on social media 3. Relationship problems: Ask for advice from others; see a counselor 4. An unhealthy diet: Eat healthier food; get advice from a doctor 5. Additional challenge: Not enough sleep: Set a regular bed time; don't use electronic devices late at night

B–C  (page 39) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Creating and Presenting a Proposal A–E  (pages 39–40) Answers will vary. 8 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 41)

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 42) 1. The arrows show where people migrated from and to. The circles show total foreign-born people, in millions, and the proportion of the total population. 2. New York at 5.4 million and Los Angeles at 4.4 million 3. Toronto has the highest proportion, with almost half of its population being foreign born. The other city is Sydney, Australia, although other cities are of similar proportion. 4. Possible answer: They are called gateway cities because people enter countries through those cities.

LESSON A  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context  (page 44) 1a. area 1b. people 2a. away 2b. towards 3a. country 3b. internal 4a. economic 4b. minority 5a. home 5b. problem

B  (page 44) 1. settlement 2. volunteer 3. emigrate / immigrate 4. stable 5. migrate

C  (page 45) 1. nation 2. domestic 3. voluntary 4. settle 5. barrier 6. migrants 7. emigration 8. immigration

D  (page 45) Answers will vary.

A Listening  A Lecture about Migration BEFORE LISTENING A  Predicting  (page 46) Possible answers: The first photo represents reasons connected to the climate or natural disasters, such as drought. The second photo represents economic reasons, such as not being able to find work. In addition to these reasons, the professor might mention other reasons why people migrate, including for their health, for love, or for political or religious freedom.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 46) Check items 1, 2, 3 and 5.

C  Note Taking  (page 47) 1. voluntary 2. international 3. environmental 4. Pull 5. combination 6. economic 7. language

AFTER LISTENING D  Personalizing  (page 47) Answers will vary.

A SPEAKING A  (page 48) Answers will vary.

B  (page 48) Answers will vary.

C  (page 49) Possible answers: 1. A city needs to have enough parks/public transportation/ parking/good jobs. 2. There should be enough space for recreation/restaurants. 3. There shouldn’t be too much traffic/crime/pollution/ unemployment. 4. Housing/Apartments/The cost of living shouldn’t be too expensive. 5. The city shouldn’t have too many traffic jams/accidents/tall buildings/unemployed people.

cheap places to live. In recent years, Melbourne in Australia, Vienna in Austria, and Vancouver, Toronto, and Calgary in Canada have all been in the top five.

E  (page 50) Answers will vary.

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 50) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Discussing a Case Study A Critical Thinking: Categorizing Information  (page 51) Possible answers: Reasons to Stay

Reasons to Move Push Factors

Care for her parents No work in her field Language barrier

Pull Factors Job opportunities

B  Critical Thinking: Applying  (page 51) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  What Ellis Island Means Today BEFORE VIEWING A  (page 52) 1. f 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. e 6. b

B  (page 53) 1. Answers to the first question will vary. You could find the answers on a U.S. history website. Answers to the questions are: “The Star-Spangled Banner”; executive, legislative, and judicial branches; George Washington; current president will vary; 13 colonies were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 2. Answers will vary.

WHILE VIEWING C  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 53) b

D  (page 50)

D  Understanding Details  (page 53)

Possible answers: The Economist magazine publishes an annual list of cities with the best living conditions. These “World’s Most Livable Cities” have many of the things that people want in a city. These things include access to health care, good or great transportation, and relatively

1. David Luchsinger is the great grandson of people who came through Ellis Island. 2. Just under 1.8 million bags were lost in the United States in 2012. 3. Judith Leavell’s grandmother was 20 when she arrived at Ellis Island. Answer Key 

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B Listening  A Study Group Discussion

4. Peter Wong’s parents emigrated to Ellis Island from Hong Kong. 5. Raea Hillebrant says her ancestors emigrated from Lithuania in 1914. 6. The maximum number of daily visitors to Ellis Island during the summer is about 22,000.

A  (page 56)

AFTER VIEWING

Answers will vary, but students should guess topics that relate to the unit theme of migration and people on the move.

E  Personalizing  (page 53) Answers will vary.

F  Critical Thinking: Categorizing  (page 53) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Positive emotions include happiness, anticipation, excitement, hopefulness, joy; negative emotions include fear, nervousness, shyness, confusion. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 54) 1. frontier 2. colonize 3. overview 4. relocate 5. encounter 6. survive 7. habitat 8. prospect 9. solar 10. aspect

C  (page 54) Answers will vary.

D  (page 55)

BEFORE LISTENING

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Order of Events  (page 56) a. 2 b. 1 c. 4 d. 3

C  Listening for Details  (page 56) Possible answers: Students made these decisions. 1. The title: Human Migration: Beyond Earth 2. Start with overview of push and pull factors; why people would want to leave Earth 3. Where humans are likely to go 4. How they will get there, and when it might happen 5. Lucas will talk about how and when; Cheryl will talk about push and pull factors; Marina will talk about where they might go. 6. They will meet next week at the same time and place to discuss research and practice.

D  (page 57) 1. Beyond Earth 2. push and pull 3. technology 4. groups of people 5. solar system

Nouns: colonization, colonist, colony encounter relocation survivor, survival

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 57)

E  (page 55)

B SPEAKING

1. colony 2. survival 3. habitat 4. encounter 5. frontier 6. colonists 7. colonize 8. solar

A  (page 58)

F  (page 55) Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

AFTER LISTENING Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

B  Critical Thinking: Categorizing  (page 58) Possible push factors include: pollution, over-population, health issues, lack of food, lack of freedom Possible pull factors include: more space, freedom; adventure; exploration; a unique experience

C  (pages 58–59) 1. 8 billion people 2. $10 billion 3. 200 people

UNIT 4  OUR CHANGING PLANET

4. $100,000 5. the year 2024 6. 115 days 7. –80 degrees 8. 75 pounds

THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 61)

D  (page 59) Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 59) Possible answers: Technical Skills

Personal Skills

Other Skills

Computer programming Piloting skills

Leadership Patience Flexibility

Cooking Mending things

Possible answers: 1. A good way to describe this place would be as wild but peaceful. It looks like somewhere that has not been affected by human activity. It is a mountain range with high rocky peaks. There is a valley, and a river in front of it. 2. The mountains are likely to be reduced in height because of the effect of wind, rain, and snow. Where the river flows might have changed. Humans might have cut down some or all of the trees. It is even possible that people might have built a town or city in this area.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 62)

FINAL TASK  Presenting a Viewpoint

1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: People visit the park to see the unusual sights, to see wildlife, to experience nature. 3. Answers will vary.

A–B  (page 60)

LESSON A  Vocabulary

Answers will vary.

A  (page 64) Answers will vary.

B  Meaning from Context  (pages 64–65) 1. appropriate 2. unique 3. dramatic 4. exposed 5. crack 6. pressure 7. formation 8. landscape 9. erode 10. collapse

C  (page 65) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: The natural action of gravity can cause erosion by, for example, causing rocks to fall onto other landforms. Human actions such as walking, riding bikes, or driving cars might also erode a landscape. Heat from the sun can dry the soil and kill plants, which could lead to erosion of the soil. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answers: Water can be under pressure in a bottle. It can also be under pressure in a pressure cooker. When the pressure is released, the water often comes out quickly and powerfully. 5. Possible answers: People might continue to use a plate, a cup, a cell phone, a mirror, or something plastic that has a crack in it. 6. Answers will vary.

D  (page 65) 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. a Answer Key 

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A Listening  An Earth Sciences Lecture BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 66) Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 66) Possible answer: A geology professor described the formation of karst landscapes in general and then discussed one specific example of a karst landscape.

C  (page 66) 1. f 2. d 3. b 4. e 5. a 6. c

to Tacitus, another famous Roman. His description was so detailed and accurate that similar eruptions are called Plinian by modern geologists. These days the sites of the destroyed towns are often visited by tourists. However, this may not be a safe thing to do as Vesuvius is considered to be an extremely dangerous volcano by many experts.

B  (page 69) Possible questions: Which two towns were destroyed by Vesuvius? How many citizens were killed by Vesuvius? Where was Pliny the Younger when he observed the eruption? What was Tacitus famous for? What can tourists see at the sites of the destroyed towns? Why is Vesuvius considered dangerous by experts?

C  (page 69) Answers will vary.

D  (pages 69–70)

D  (page 67) Digressions: Interestingly, the term limestone doesn’t come from the color of the rock, which is typically white or gray, not green, but from lime, an important industrial product made from limestone. Uh, we usually think of acid rain as being caused by human industry, but sometimes acid rain can be caused by gases from volcanoes. Words that signal a return to main point: Anyway, limestone is a relatively hard rock, but water can wash it away, especially water that is slightly acidic. Now as I was saying, water can erode limestone.

E  Listening for Details  (page 67) 1. KP 2. D 3. D 4. KP 5. D

Student A notes 1. They are a Native American tribe. 2. The “Legend People” originally lived there. 3. They were turned to stone for being bad. 4. It is called “Red Painted Faces” by some tribe members. Student B notes 1. They can be called tent rocks or earth pyramids. 2. They have a layer of hard rock on a thicker layer of soft rock. 3. They are formed when the softer rock is eroded by the weather. 4. The park is located in Utah, and it is special because more hoodoos are found there than anywhere else.

E  (page 70) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Creating a Legend A–B  (page 71) Answers will vary.

AFTER LISTENING

VIDEO  I Am Red

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 67)

BEFORE VIEWING

1. Answers will vary. 2. An advantage for a speaker can be that a digression can be a way of adding some especially interesting information or something humorous. A disadvantage is that it can use up time and may not be directly related to the topic.

A  (page 72) Answers will vary.

B  (page 73) Answers will vary. See exercise E for the correct answers.

A SPEAKING A  (page 68) The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 is one of the most famous in history. Two Roman towns were destroyed and numerous citizens were killed. The eruption was observed by the writer Pliny the Younger. He described the eruption in two letters

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

C  (page 73) 1. g 2. a 3. b 4. f

5. d 6. c 7. e

WHILE VIEWING D  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 73) 1. a 2. c

E  Understanding Details  (page 73) 1. False – The Colorado River has existed for six million years. 2. True 3. False – It is not the strongest or largest river in the United States. 4. True

AFTER VIEWING F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 73) 1. The best answer is a. In fact, the name of the Colorado River comes from a Spanish word meaning colored, especially red or reddish. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context  (page 74) 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. a 9. a 10. c

B  (page 75) 1. find / get 2. between 3. major 4. on 5. countable 6. reach / come to 7. cause / suffer 8. to 9. of 10. carry out / perform

C  (page 75) Answers will vary.

B  L istening  A Conversation about Selecting a College BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 76) Possible answers: price, location, quality of education, size, course offerings, reputation

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 76) • Location • Available majors • Tuition cost C  Listening for Details  (page 76) 1. 3 / three 2. ecotourism 3. air travel 4. New York (University) 5. 2 / two 6. Canada / Mount Royal (University) / Calgary

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting  (page 77) Possible answers: 1. Ecotourism is the idea that people’s vacations should cause as little damage to the environment as possible. 2. How to carry out an analysis of the tourist area; how to work with community members to make tourist practices locally sustainable; what kind of infrastructure is least harmful for the environment 3. You could do research online or attend a course at a local college or university.

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 77) 1. Possible answer: Natural Hawaii sounds more like an ecotourism vacation because the description mentions things like “minimize the impact of all activities,” “environmentallyfriendly lodge,” and “visit Hawaii without changing it.” 2. Possible answer: Active Hawaii sounds like it might be more expensive because the hotel is five-star and modern. Also, the activities may be expensive as they may require renting equipment such as mountain bikes, diving gear, and a boat. Natural Hawaii may be less expensive if the meals are prepared with seasonal local ingredients, and an environmentally-friendly lodge likely requires less energy to run than a modern hotel. 3. Answers will vary.

B SPEAKING A  (page 78) Answers will vary.

B  Personalizing  (page 79) Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

13

FINAL TASK  Presenting a Business Report A  (page 79) Answers will vary.

B  Critical Thinking: Categorizing  (page 79) Possible answers: Neutral – online encyclopedia, newspaper website Up-to-date – online encyclopedia, newspaper website Accurate – online encyclopedia, newspaper website Biased – personal blog post Out-of-date – personal blog post Inaccurate – personal blog post

C–D  (page 80) Answers will vary.

UNIT 5  MAKING A LIVING, MAKING A DIFFERENCE THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 81) Possible answers: 1. Tan Le’s invention could make it easier for people to operate electronic devices, including people with physical disabilities or limitations. For example, Le’s invention could help someone who cannot speak to communicate, or it could help a paralyzed person operate a wheelchair. 2. Earning income can improve not only one’s own life, but also the lives of family members. The money can be used to buy better food, better housing, or books and uniforms for school. A person can also make a difference by directly helping someone, as a doctor or teacher might. A person can also be a positive influence in a work environment.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 82) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: They are making a difference by providing goods and services that people want and need. The entrepreneurs may be designing software that is very helpful to people. The factory worker is being careful to produce a switch that gives people electricity. The bakery owner provides food and probably employs members of the community. The nurse provides care and comfort. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  Meaning from Context  (page 84) 1. conventional 2. models 3. cooperate 4. profits 5. diverse

C  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 84) Possible answers: 1. Owning the business could be quite motivating. Selling products or services together could lead to greater efficiencies and more profits. Sharing profits means that all members can earn a good living. 2. Profits could be higher through sharing expertise and advertising costs, and because workers/owners might have a greater incentive to do well on the job. Profits could be lower if sharing profits means that costs (in the form of salaries) are higher. 3. I want the money I spend on products and services to go directly to the co-op members rather than to a corporation. I like the personal attention I get by dealing with the co-op memberowners rather than with employees of a company. Or, I prefer the large selection or low prices at large companies or stores.

D  (page 84) Answers will vary.

E  Meaning from Context  (page 85) 1. poverty 2. entrepreneurs 14 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

3. generate 4. effective 5. assess

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 85) 1. Forming the weaving cooperative created an additional source of income for people in Chinchero. It allowed the women of Chinchero to earn money for their traditional craft. 2. Possible answers: Having diverse kinds of businesses in a community means more choices for customers and more employment options for workers—whether they prefer to work for themselves, to work for a small business, or to work for a large company.

G  (page 85) cooperative, interactive, attractive, communicative, expressive, protective Example sentences will vary.

A  L istening  A Talk about a Cooperative Business

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 87) Possible answers: Benefits to Members

Other Positive Effects

TechCollective

- Helps people w/ tech knowledge become entrepreneurs - Provides a good income

- Members have income to spend, support families - Community has a friendly place to get computers repaired

Chinchero Weaving Cooperative

- Provides a good income - Money helps the co-op and the community

- Community has more security, can deal w/ tough times - Traditional art form is valued and preserved

Irula SnakeCatchers’ Cooperative

- Provides a new way - Snakes / snake species to generate income are preserved - Irula community - Allows Irulas to doing better (e.g., more continue using children attend school) traditional skills

BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 86) Possible answers: 1. Wildlife was probably becoming endangered and needed protection; India recognized the value of protecting wild plants and animals from human activity. 2. An employer goes out of business; A job doesn’t pay enough to support a growing family; Broader economic changes take place (e.g., imported goods replace local products); Physical limitations or aging make it harder to do a certain job; Moving to another city or country means leaving a job behind; etc.

WHILE LISTENING B  Note Taking  (page 87) Possible answers: 1. dir. 2. info. 3. Ind. 4. pov. / pov’ty 5. entre’s / ent’prnrs 6. hum.

C  Listening for Details  (page 87) 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a

A SPEAKING B  (page 88) 1. [50,000] fifty thousand 2. [3,200,000] three point two million / three million, two hundred thousand 3. [9,600] ninety-six hundred / nine thousand, six hundred 4. [740,000] seven hundred (and) forty thousand 5. [8,000,000,000] eight billion 6. [1,297,300] one million, two hundred (and) ninety-seven thousand, three hundred

C  (page 88) 1. 85 2. 60 3. 18 4. 2,500 5. 7.4

D  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 89) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: The snake catchers’ co-op and Basket’s kudzu business are both environmentally friendly. On the other hand, Basket works alone while hundreds of snake catchers work for the co-op. Another difference is that Basket’s products may be nice, but they don’t save lives like the anti-venom produced by the snake catchers. 3. Possible answers: If kudzu products became quite popular, kudzu entrepreneurs might make a difference in the amount of kudzu growing in the U.S., but one kudzu entrepreneur probably can’t use very much of approximately 7.4 million acres of kudzu.

Answer Key 

15

4. Possible answers: – Marketing and advertising a product make buyers aware of it and lead to sales. – Maintaining a website is an extremely important way to reach potential clients. – Managing employees is part of making any business run smoothly. Happy and well-trained employees contribute to the success of a business. – Getting supplies is necessary before products can be produced. – Selling and shipping products gets them into the hands of customers. – Doing accounting and paying taxes are essential to a company’s financial health and its legal operation.   Business owners might also do research to make good decisions about developing new products or services, or they might write a newsletter or send marketing emails to their clients to encourage future business.

E  Critical Thinking: Interpreting Statistics  (page 90) 1. 5,825,458: five million, eight hundred (and) twenty-five thousand, four hundred (and) fifty-eight 2. 19,076: nineteen thousand (and) seventy-six 3. around 60 million 4. The overall number decreased somewhat. The economy may not have been very strong at that time, or it might have been difficult to get loans to start new businesses. 5. Four hundred thousand, six hundred (and) eighty-seven businesses closed in 2013, which is fewer than the four hundred ninety-three thousand, nine hundred (and) ninetyfour that closed in 2009. The economy might have been improving, and perhaps people were spending more money in 2013. 6. The number decreased substantially, from fifty-eight thousand, seven hundred (and) twenty-one in 2009 to thirty-six thousand, (and) sixty-one in 2013. The economy may have been improving and more businesses were doing well. 7. Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Discussing Small Businesses A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 91) Possible answers: All small businesses would provide employment and the convenience of having something close by in the community. Restaurants and coffee shops: fresh food; a place to socialize with friends and family Retail shops: a place to buy specific things Manufacturers: sources of new products and employment Service providers: a place to get something repaired or get assistance with something.

B–C  (page 91) Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

VIDEO  Light for India’s Villages BEFORE VIEWING A  (page 92) 1. lack 2. infrastructure 3. extend 4. kerosene 5. working conditions

B  (page 92) Possible answers: People who live “off-grid” would not have a television or radio for news or entertainment, and they would not be able to study or work at night. Even charging the batteries in computers or telephones would be impossible. Everyday chores such as laundry or house-keeping would require more labor since washing machines or other conveniences could not be used.

WHILE VIEWING C  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 93) 1. T 2. T 3. F (a lot of money) 4. F (does not requite any new land)

D  (page 93) Answers will vary.

E  Understanding Details  (page 93) 1. 200,000,000 / 60% 2. 30 3. 1,000 4. 3,500 / 140

AFTER VIEWING F  Critical Thinking: Personalizing  (page 93) 1. Possible answers: Cooling: air conditioners, fans; Heating: space heaters, radiators; Lighting: lamps, overhead lighting; Work or entertainment: computers, TVs; Cleaning: washers, dryers, vacuums; Water heating: showers, baths; Cooking: refrigeration, stovetop, oven, microwave 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 94) 1. concept, fundamental 2. response 3. corporation 4. donate, charity 5. accessible

AFTER LISTENING

6. demonstrate 7. outcome 8. affordable

D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 97) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: a. Reducing their use of paper would help decrease their environmental impact. b. Providing free software to help local charities would help strengthen their community. c. Offering free after-school classes would help them give back to their customers’ families and prepare youth for a competitive job market.

C  (page 95) 1. concept 2. donate 3. charity 4. affordable 5. fundamental 6. demonstrate 7. response

D Personalizing  (page 95)

B  SPEAKING

1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: They can donate goods to local thrift or second-hand stores. They can lend or rent something out for a low price when they are not using it, like a bicycle, car, or apartment. They can pass out a questionnaire asking what people need, and then host community events to collect those items.

A  (page 98)

BEFORE LISTENING

Possible answers: 1. Do you know what time it is? 2. I’d like to know why you are taking this class. 3. Can you tell me how old you were when you took your first English class? 4. Could you tell me what kind of career you hope to have in the future? 5. Can you tell me how you make decisions about the clothing you buy? 6. I’m wondering where I should go for a day trip this weekend.

A Personalizing  (page 96)

B  (page 99)

Answers will vary.

Possible answers: 1. I’d like to know what technology company is the most influential. 2. Could you explain how people get jobs with good companies? 3. I’m wondering whether you would want to be a member of a cooperative. 4. Can you tell me what kind of small business you would like to start?

B  L istening  A Meeting about Social Responsibility

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 96) Possible answers:

1.

2.

Type of Company

How Are They Socially Responsible?

Large drug manufacturer

- provide med. training - red. noise levels at plants - make meds more affordable & accessible in poorer parts of world

Small co. that makes handbags, backpacks

- “Buy one, give one” model = customer buys a bag, company donates a backpack w/ school supplies

C  Listening for Similarities and Contrasts  (page 97) 1. both 2. though 3. too 4. Even though

C  (page 99) Answers will vary.

D  (page 99) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Presenting a Socially Responsible Business A–C  (page 100) Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

17

UNIT 6  DESIGN WITH PURPOSE THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 101) 1. Possible answer: The company might have a space like this to let employees relax because this could help them be more creative. Another reason is that big companies like Google use appealing spaces like this to attract the best employees to work for them. 2. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 102) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: One possible reason for the negative reaction is that Pei’s design looks much more modern than the other buildings around it in Paris. Another possible reason is that his design is very innovative, and many people do not like things that seem very new when they are first introduced.

C  (page 105) Noun

Verb

Adjective

appeal

appeal

appealing

commitment

commit

committed

influence

influence

influential

innovation

innovate

innovative

A Listening  A Guest Lecture about Design BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 106)

LESSON A  Vocabulary

1. c 2. a 3. f 4. d 5. b 6. e

A  Meaning from Context  (pages 104–105)

B  (page 106)

1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. b

Possible answer: A prototype is a first or early model of something before the final version is made.

B  (page 105) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Durability, comfort, style, size, stain resistance, ergonomics, environmentally friendly 3. Possible answers: A couch can also function as a bed. A kitchen counter can function as a desk. 4. Answers will vary. 5. Answers will vary. 6. Possible answers: Keep an open mind. Think outside the box. Respect your elders. 7. Answers will vary. 8. Answers will vary. 9. Possible answers: Teachers need to be innovative to develop materials to teach students with different learning styles. Computer engineers need to be innovative to create programs that keep people’s information safe online. A chef needs to be innovative to design creative ways of cooking traditional dishes. 10. Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING C  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 106)  An influential experience she had as a design student  People who have had a major impact on her philosophy  Some principles she thinks are important for good design

D  Listening for Details  (page 107) 3. 4. 6. 8. 7. 5. 2. 1.

She built a prototype. She felt pleased with her hard work. She tested her prototype. She learned from the experience. She realized that her design was poor. She showed her professor her design. She spent time thinking up a design. She was given an assignment to do.

E  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 107) 1. We can infer that Ana thinks that it’s not an easy question. 2. We can infer that Ana was very embarrassed. 3. We can infer that Ana thought her design was not very good.

AFTER LISTENING F  Personalizing  (page 107) Answers will vary.

A SPEAKING A  (page 108) 1. The most important 2. better, more easily, less expensively

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

3. the biggest 4. as important as

D  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 113)

B  Personalizing  (page 108)

E  Understanding Details  (page 113)

Answers will vary.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

C  (page 109) Answers will vary.

D  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 109) Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 110) Answers will vary.

F  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 111) Principles of chindogu may include: invention needs to be a solution to a problem but be a little useless; invention needs to be funny. It needs to work. 1. C 2. DR 3. DR 4. C 5. DR

LESSON TASK  Presenting a Design A–E  (page 111) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Designing the Future BEFORE VIEWING A  (page 112) 1. f 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. e 6. c 7. h 8. g

B  (page 112) Answers will vary.

d

remove components, complexity environments and users put things together temperature, moisture, pressure pairs of shoes the future of robotics

AFTER VIEWING F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 113) Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context  (page 114) 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. a

B  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 115) 1. identify 2. objectives 3. combination 4. satisfaction

C  (page 115) 1. function 2. influence 3. philosophy 4. principle 5. browse 6. identify 7. illustrate 8. explore

WHILE VIEWING

D  Personalizing  (page 115)

C  (page 113)

Answers will vary.

a. 5 b. 6 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4 f. 1 Answer Key 

19

B  L istening  A Conversation with a Teaching Assistant BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 116) 1. Possible answers: The comic strip makes it clear that TAs provide help with homework, offer TA sessions, and hold office hours regularly. 2. Possible answers: The repetition of “Now?” and phrases related to time show the TA’s frustration. The use of phrases like “bored out of my mind” also shows her frustration. She also shows her frustration in the final sentence when she says her life is at the student’s disposal, meaning that she will do anything he wants her to do. 3. Possible answer: From the words “Yes, please” it is possible to infer that the TA is saying the opposite of what she actually means, which is “No.” 4. Answers will vary.

B SPEAKING A  (page 118) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Help save time. Look attractive. Offer a valuable service. Work and look the same. Be for non-experts.

B  (page 119)

1. c 2. a 3. b

Possible answers: 1. Help save time. // A good user experience / allows users to work quickly, / efficiently, / and without mistakes; // UX should never / waste users’ time. 2. Look attractive. // Users want sites and applications / with a design that is / clean, / simple, / beautiful to look at, / and without unnecessary elements. 3. Offer a valuable service. // It is not enough / for sites or applications / to look nice; // they / also / need to provide an experience / that users find useful. 4. Work and look the same. // Sites should have a standard appearance / and be usable in a consistent way; // one way to achieve this / is by reusing icons and colors. 5. Be for non-experts. // Most people are / not / computer programmers or designers; // they want a user experience / that is easy to understand.

C  Listening for Details  (page 117)

C  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 119)

1. Identify 2. Brainstorm / Explore 3. Select 4. Get 5. Improve 6. Decide

Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 116)

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Applying  (page 117) Possible answers: 1. The student could have spoken to other people, such as friends, family members, or even a professor, about the problem. The student could also have tried to come up with a solution without asking for help from others. 2. The process is actually not specific to design; it is just a general process for coming up with a good idea. As a result, it is useful in a wide variety of situations. For example, for choosing where to go on vacation, the “problem” is where to go; the “solutions” are possible destinations; the “design” is the final choice; the “user feedback” is what other people who will go on the vacation think about that final choice; the “redesign” is coming up with an alternative location if the original choice is not popular. The process could be adapted in a similar way for deciding what clothes to wear or what to write.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

D  (page 119) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Presenting a Process A–D  (page 120)

UNIT 7  INSPIRED TO PROTECT THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 121) 1. Possible answers: The unit title suggests that people can be inspired to protect the planet. The title relates to the photo in that the young rangers and graduate students are teaching the students respect for the environment. 2. Possible answers: Children can learn many things from exploring the outdoors, including how different species of plants and animals interact and how best to protect nature. 3. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 122) 1. Panut Hadisiswoyo has helped others get involved by giving local people a chance to volunteer and protect the forest and animals. Wasfia Nazreen has worked with people in her country to help them reflect on how to avoid affecting Earth negatively. She has also involved schoolgirls in projects and taken them on trips. Anand Varma has used photography as a way to help people learn about nature and change their ideas about animals. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context  (page 124) 1. passion 2. resources 3. conservation 4. capacity 5. fatigue

B  (page 125) Possible answers: inspire (v): to give someone the enthusiasm to do or create something. Other word forms: inspiration (n), inspiring (adj), inspired (adj); Synonyms: motivate, encourage; Antonyms: bore, discourage. Example sentence: The music inspired him to take guitar lessons. motivation (n): a feeling of enthusiasm or interest that makes you determined to do something. Other word forms: motivate (v), motivated (adj); Synonyms: drive, incentive; Antonyms: discouragement. Example sentence: These methods can help increase students’ motivation and interest. perceive (v): to understand or think about something in a particular way. Other word forms: perception (n), perceptive (adj), perceptively (adv); Synonyms: understand, realize; Antonyms: ignore, misunderstand. Example sentence: Robots are still perceived as a threat by some. sacrifice (v): to give up something important or valuable so that you or other people can do or have something else. Other word forms: sacrifice (n), sacrificial (adj), sacrificially (adv); Synonyms: give, offer; Antonyms: deny, keep. Example sentence: She sacrificed her career to be at home with her children.

C  (page 125) Answers will vary.

D  (page 125) Answers will vary.

E  (page 125) 1. Possible answer: Energy conservation helps the environment by decreasing pollution caused by burning coal and oil needed for energy. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Answers will vary. 5. Answers will vary. 6. Possible answer: I tell myself to work just a little harder, or I set a time limit. I focus on my end goal. 7. Possible answer: Environmentalists may be perceived this way because they often try to stop commercial development or ask for stricter rules about environmental issues.

A  L istening  A Podcast about the Environment BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Predicting  (page 126) Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 126) Check b, c, and f.

C  Listening for Details  (page 126) 1. TT 2. KB 3. TT 4. KB 5. TT 6. KB

D  Listening for a Speaker’s Purpose  (page 127) 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a

AFTER LISTENING E  Personalizing  (page 127) Answers will vary.

A SPEAKING A  (page 128) 1. You haven’t lived here for more than a year, have you? (rising intonation) 2. You were at the last class, weren’t you? (rising intonation)

Answer Key 

21

3. Your smartphone is less than a year old, isn’t it? (falling intonation) 4. You don’t come to school by bus or train, do you? (falling intonation) 5. Your hobbies include reading and running, don’t they? (rising intonation) 6. You can’t play the guitar, can you? (falling intonation) 7. You’ve visited Canada before, haven’t you? (rising intonation) 8. You aren’t going to the party, are you? (falling intonation)

B  (page 129) 1. We are affecting the environment negatively, and we can’t just be apathetic, can we? 2. Facts aren’t what influence people, are they? 3. You inspire people through their emotions, don’t you? 4. It’s also really important to show people the challenges and the impacts we’re having on the natural world, isn’t it? 5. We can train local people and give them resources, can’t we? 6. The kids get it, but the adults don’t seem to want to sacrifice for the future, do they?

C Critical Thinking: Considering Other Views  (page 129) Answers will vary.

D  (page 130) 1. a 2. b

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 130) Possible answers: 1. The inner core is like the cork center; the outer core is like the two rubber rings; the mantle is like the layers of cotton and wool; the crust is like the leather cover. 2. Earth has a very hot core, and each layer is a different temperature. 3. A baseball is a better analogy because each layer is different. In an onion, each layer is basically the same.

F  (page 130) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  A Group Presentation about the Environment A–C  (page 131) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Three Seconds BEFORE VIEWING A  Personalizing  (page 132) Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

B  (page 132) Possible answers: condense (v) – shorten corporation (n) – a company era (n) – a period of history existence (n) – the state of existing greedy (adj) – wanting a lot of food or money miracle (n) – an amazing event that is hard to explain neglect (v) – ignore or not care for well oppression (n) – unjust use of power or authority over someone reaction (n) – an action that occurs as a result of something symptom (n) – a sign of a disease or problem toxin (n) – a poison, something that causes disease wisdom (n) – the quality of making careful choices

WHILE VIEWING C  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 132) Answers will vary.

D  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 133) b

E  Understanding Details  (page 133) 1. 4.5 2. 140,000 3. 3 4. 1,000 5. 33 6. fourth

AFTER VIEWING F  Critical Thinking: Ranking  (page 133) Answers will vary.

G  (page 133) Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 134) 1. renewable 2. crisis 3. optimism 4. discouraged 5. activist 6. deny 7. aware 8. pessimism 9. depressing 10. source

C  (page 134) 1. activism (n) 2. awareness (n) 3. critical (adj) 4. denial (n) 5. depression (n) 6. discourage (v) 7. optimistic (adj) 8. pessimism (n) 9. renew (v) 10. source (v) Five sentences will vary.

D  Brainstorming  (page 135) Answers will vary.

E Critical Thinking: Considering Other Views  (page 135) Possible answers: – Senior citizens might be discouraged because they are usually retired and so live on a fixed income each month. – Environmental activists might think the crisis can be avoided because the government will invest money to solve the problem. – Office workers might think their workplace is depressing because they dislike their job or their boss. The office may be crowded or uncomfortable. – People might want more investment in renewable energy because they think it will be good for the environment. – Children might be optimistic about the future because many children naturally have a positive outlook.

F  (page 135) Answers will vary.

5. nine/9 6. idea 7. eleven/11 8. windows 9. electricity 10. Indonesia 11. trees 12. villages

E Critical Thinking: Considering Other Views  (page 137) Possible answers: 1. Some people may not recycle because it is not convenient. If we consider that people need different trash cans for different kinds of recycling, we can see the problem. 2. If we consider politicians, not all are aware of current science about the environment. Their lack of knowledge may cause them to deny climate change. Or, they may have a different understanding of the problem. It may not be a convenient belief for a politician.

B SPEAKING A  (page 138) Answers will vary.

B  (page 138) Possible answers: Parents can encourage curiosity about the environment or issues that relate to the child’s everyday life, and talk about possible solutions; parents can set a good example with their own actions and talk about why they do what they do; parents can encourage a child to take small actions.

C  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 138)

Answers will vary.

Possible answers: 1. The children are taking action and making real contributions. They are raising the awareness of others and inspiring others to take action. This will help us have a better future. 2. The speaker may see the video as a way to raise awareness and inspire action. The speaker, however, seems to prefer concrete actions.

WHILE LISTENING

FINAL TASK  Planning a Video

B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 136)

A–D  (pages 139–140)

The Future of Environmental Activism

Answers will vary.

B Listening  A Talk about the Environment BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Ranking  (page 136)

C  Listening for Details  (page 136) Answers will vary. After the introduction, the speaker moves to six new points.

AFTER LISTENING D  (page 137) 1. tigers 2. thousands 3. India 4. Toronto/Canada Answer Key 

23

UNIT 8  TRADITIONAL AND MODERN MEDICINE THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 141) Possible answers: 1. Cold temperatures are used to treat sore muscles or swollen tissue. Very focused freezing of the skin can treat some skin conditions. Cryotherapy may also have value in the treatment of some serious illnesses. 2. Other ancient therapies that are still in use include herbal or plant remedies, acupuncture and other forms of traditional Chinese medicine, and the application of certain creatures (e.g., leeches and maggots) to wounds to promote healing.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 142) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Students may have eaten chicken soup with garlic when they had a cold, used lavender oil in a soothing bath, or drunk ginger tea when they had an upset stomach, for example. 3. Possible answers: Traditional medicine includes plant remedies and other kinds of natural support, for example getting extra sleep and drinking plenty of fluids. Traditional medicines are often less expensive and more easily available than modern medicine. Modern medicine involves more science and technology, for example modern pharmaceutical chemistry or high-tech surgical techniques.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 145) 1. remedies 2. consistent 3. empirical 4. crucial 5. associate 6. inhibit 7. restore 8. variables 9. synthetic 10. symptoms

C  (page 145) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answer: Empirical studies are important because they can provide scientific data about how well a medicine works. 3. Possible answer: Habits for good health can include: not smoking, getting enough sleep, getting daily exercise, not eating sweets, not eating too much, eating fresh fruits and vegetables, drinking enough water. Answers to the second question will vary. 4. Possible answer: It would also be important to restore public utilities such as electricity and gas, and to restore roads, streets, and public transportation. 5. Answers will vary. 6. Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

D  (page 145) Verb

Noun

Adjective

Adverb

restore

restoration

restored; restorative X

X

consistency

consistent

consistently

inhibit

inhibitor; inhibition

inhibited

X

A  L istening  A Lecture about Plant-Based Medicines BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 146) Possible answers: 1. Steps 1 and 2 take place in a laboratory. Steps 2, 3, and 5 all focus on safety. Step 3 focuses on effectiveness. In addition, step 4 could involve looking at a new drug’s safety and effectiveness. 2. The process may take several years because each step of the process could take several months or even longer.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 146) Check a, c, and d.

C  Listening for Details  (page 147) Possible answers: Many useful older meds based on plants Aspirin: chem. found in willow tree bark Digoxin: heart disease med. from foxglove / digitalis Another plant: rosy periwinkle Traditional: used for people with diabetes New: anti-cancer drugs Meds. not made directly from plants Identify chemical in plant Synthesize chemical in laboratory New plant-based meds: Devel. is long, $$ process b/c many variables 1. Study effect’ness of trad. remedy 2. Plant variables: e.g., picked wrong sub-species of plant, picked at wrong time of day, effect of other plants growing nearby 3. Scientists need to know which chemical is active and what amount to put in each tablet, injection, etc. Overall, devel. of synthetic drugs is quicker

AFTER LISTENING D  (page 147) Answers will vary.

A SPEAKING A  (page 148) 1. c 2. e

3. b 4. a 5. d In 1, 3, and 5, the second clause explains why something happens. In 2 and 4, the first clause explains why something happens.

B  (page 148) Answers will vary.

B  (page 151) Possible answers: 1. statistics; expert opinions 2. personal stories; expert opinions 3. expert opinions; statistics 4. statistics; personal stories; expert opinions; other support could be photos

C  (page 149)

VIDEO  Wild Health

Feliciano dos Santos is making the world a healthier place by participating in a public health campaign in Mozambique.

BEFORE VIEWING

D  (page 149) Possible answers: 1. Dos Santos did not expect to live a full life because he caught polio as a child. 2. Since Massukos’s health message is in a popular song, people pay attention to it. 3. So that more people have clean water, dos Santos’s NGO also works to install pumps.

E  (page 149) Answers will vary.

F  (page 150) Possible answers: 1. The common cold is highly contagious and spreads easily. For this reason, it’s important to wash your hands often. 2. We associate regular exercise with good health. That is why I ride my bicycle to work every day. 3. Some natural remedies are quite effective. Because of this, they can be used instead of medicines from a pharmacy. 4. A good diet contributes to overall health. That’s the reason I eat a variety of foods every day.

A  (page 152) Possible answers: Eat certain foods to respond to an upset stomach or infection; eat clay to aid digestion and kill bacteria; eat the leaves of plants to increase milk production or induce delivery.

B  (page 152) 1. preventative 2. fermentation 3. compounds 4. curative 5. nausea 6. lactation 7. avoidance 8. groundbreaking

WHILE VIEWING C  Note Taking  (page 153) 1. self-medication 2. early medicine; chimpanzees 3. animals; preventative; avoidance

G  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 150)

D  Understanding Details  (page 153)

Answers will vary.

1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c

H  (page 150) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Discussing Claims about Public Health A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating Claims  (page 151) Possible answers: a. No evidence is given for the claims, and we can assume the speaker is trying to attract new patients as part of her job, so it’s difficult for us to believe the claim without evidence. b. The study is fairly recent and was published in a respected medical journal, and the speaker’s conclusion seems to be reasonable. Because of his job, he is likely to want to protect college students from the potentially fatal disease. c. The statistics are recent and from a trustworthy source, but it’s unclear how the speaker’s company would help the situation. The speaker needs to provide more information to convince us that his company would actually prevent worker absence.

AFTER VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 153) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answer: Yes, I think the claim is believable because she is an expert in her field and has written a book that has received positive support from other scientists.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 154) 1. F (A radical idea is different from what many others think.) 2. F (An internal medical device is located inside the body.) 3. T 4. T 5. T Answer Key 

25

D  (page 155)

B SPEAKING

1. nerves 2. severe 3. transmit 4. muscles 5. corresponding

A  (page 158)

E  (page 155) 1. transmit 2. internally 3. modification 4. nerves 5. muscles

1. /y/ 2. /w/ 3. /y/ 4. /w/ 5. /y/ 6. /y/

C  (page 159) Answers will vary.

F  Personalizing  (page 155)

FINAL TASK  A Presentation on Medicine and Health

Answers will vary.

A–D  (pages 159–160)

B  L istening  A Podcast about Prosthetic Devices

Answers will vary.

BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 156) Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (pages 156–157) Possible answers: 1. by moving the muscles in the chest and back 2. the cochlear implant; it allows a deaf person to hear 3. Nerves are reassigned to make different muscles move. 4. Electrodes on Amanda Kitts’ skin communicate with electrodes at the top of the prosthetic arm. The electrodes pick up signals from muscles.

C  Listening for Details  (page 157) 1. 2. 3. 4.

in a car accident more than 300,000 locate and attach nerves to muscles in the chest and shoulder send signals to the skin’s surface (which can be used to operate a prosthetic device) 5. She thinks about moving her arm or hand; the thought causes movement in the prosthetic device.

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Applying  (page 157) Answers will vary.

E  (page 157) Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

UNIT 9  UNCOVERING THE PAST THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 161) 1. Possible answers: Some treasure and important objects might be inside the temple. Some tools left by the people who built the temple might be there as well. There will probably be some art or carvings on the walls. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 162) 1. Possible answer: The image would allow an archaeologist to study the temple without visiting the site. This would be cheaper and more convenient. 2. Possible answer: The image might be useful to help people measure the temple very accurately. This would allow them to replace damaged parts of the temple with new parts that are the perfect size. 3. Answers will vary.

D  Personalizing  (page 165) Answers will vary.

A  L istening  An Interview with an Archaeologist BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Categorizing  (page 166) Possible answers: Positive: interesting, fascinating, rewarding, helpful, exciting Negative: exhausting, tiring, hot, difficult, boring

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 166)

LESSON A  Vocabulary

1. b 2. d 3. f 4. e

A  (page 164)

C  Listening for Referents  (page 167)

1. noun 2. noun 3. noun 4. noun 5. noun 6. verb 7. noun 8. noun 9. verb 10. adverb

1. the past/learning more about where we came from 2. a report 3. ancient Rome and Egypt 4. (earliest) pyramids (in the New World) 5. individuals

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Ranking  (page 167) Answers will vary.

B  (page 164)

A SPEAKING

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. A

A  (page 168)

C  (page 165) 1. collaboration 2. Possible answers: participation, civilization, collaboration, specialization 3. participant 4. proposal/proposition 5. Possible answers: archaeologist, economist, novelist, pharmacist, scientist 6. Possible answers: unlock, untie, unload, unpack, undo

Answers will vary.

B  (page 168) Answers will vary.

C  (page 169) 1. You can delete event, blocks, invention, and characters. Alphabet cannot be deleted because it would not be clear if This referred to the event, the creation, or the alphabet in the previous sentence. 2. Students read the paragraph aloud.

D  Organizing Ideas  (page 169) Answers will vary.

E  Presenting  (page 170) Answers will vary.

F  (page 170) 1. Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

27

2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: Be polite and respectful of group members. Start the discussion by listing what you need to do and how much time you have. Have each member speak in turn at first so that everyone has a chance to speak. Assign one person to be a moderator and have that person guide the discussion and make sure everyone participates.

G  (page 170) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Participating in a Group Discussion A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 171) Possible answers: Similar: People need to eat, wear clothing, live in houses, use tools and utensils, live with family members, live in a community, walk places. Different: People’s clothing, houses, tools, and utensils are made from synthetic materials; people are better protected from weather; eat a greater variety of foods; have larger houses; have electricity and gas; have more furniture; have electronic devices and technology.

B  Critical Thinking: Reflecting  (page 171) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  How Trajan’s Column Was Built BEFORE VIEWING A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 172) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Modern ways to remember and respect important people are to build a statue of the person or name a building after him or her.

B  (page 172) 1. landmark 2. tomb 3. theory 4. sophisticated 5. surface 6. carve 7. conquer 8. lower

WHILE VIEWING C  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 173) a. 4 b. X c. 2 d. 5 e. 3 f. 1 28 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

D  Understanding Details  (page 173) 1. 656 2. 77 3. 29 4. 155 5. 126 6. 113 7. 1588

AFTER VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 173) 1. Possible answers: The man would find that everything took a long time to do and required a lot of physical effort. He wouldn’t be able to communicate easily with people who were far away or not with him. He might suffer because of the hot or cold weather. He wouldn’t be able to travel easily. 2. Possible answers: a chef: ingredients and methods used in cooking a fashion designer: how dyes and materials were made; what materials were used a linguist: what early languages were like; what languages have disappeared and why an architect: how buildings were built and what materials were used 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answers: People might be more understanding of history and more compassionate toward others. They might be more appreciative of what they have now. We could more easily understand the real facts behind historical events. This could make the world a better place.

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context  (page 174) 1. artifact 2. scan 3. settlements 4. device 5. satellites

B  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 174) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: We use scanning in medicine, in airport screening, in microscopes, and for scanning on a printer. 4. Answers will vary.

C  (page 175) 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. b

D  (page 175) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Did you come across any useful data? This coin dates from the time of Caesar. We need to figure out the best schedule. Ana needs to get on with her research. I will look into how to get tickets.

E  (page 175) Answers will vary.

B Listening  A Discussion about Archaeology BEFORE LISTENING A  (page 176) Possible answers: For question 1, listen for clues at the beginning of the discussion to see when the students meet. For question 2, listen to the tone of voice and friendly language that is used. For question 3, listen for the main idea.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 176) 1. c 2. c 3. b

Disadvantages of researching alone: You have to do all of the work yourself, and cannot share the work with anybody else. You cannot understand difficult concepts better by discussing them with others. Advantages of working in a group: You can share the work. You can understand difficult concepts by discussing them with others. Disadvantages of working in a group: You may have to work at a time and place that is convenient for everybody. You may not get along well with everybody in the group. Some people may not do an equal amount of work.

B SPEAKING A  (page 178) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: One way to make sure everyone contributes equally is to assign each person specific tasks before starting work. Another way is to assign a leader whose job is to make sure each person is making an equal contribution.

B  Critical Thinking: Ranking  (page 178) Answers will vary.

C  (page 178) Answers will vary.

D  (page 178) Answers will vary.

C  Listening for Details  (page 177)

E  (page 179)

c

Answers will vary.

D  (page 177) Possible answer: Questions 1 and 2 required them to draw conclusions.

E  Critical Thinking: Drawing Conclusions  (page 177) 1. 2. 3. 4.

b only a only b only both a and b

FINAL TASK  Presenting about Life in the Past or Future A–E  (pages 179–180) Answers will vary.

AFTER LISTENING F  (page 177) Possible answers: Advantages of researching alone: You can work at the times that are most convenient for you and at your own speed. You can also work wherever you want – at the library, at a coffee shop, or wherever.

Answer Key 

29

UNIT 10  EMOTIONS AND PERSONALITY

A Listening  A Lecture about Fear

THINK AND DISCUSS  (page 181)

A  (page 186)

1. Possible answers: Emotions may include fear, happiness, or joy. 2. Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME  (page 182) 1. Possible answers: They may be happy because they’ve been married for a long time; they may be happy that it’s his birthday; they may be laughing about something. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 184) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Emotions that are easy to recognize may include happiness, anger, fear, or shock. This may be because these are instinctive emotions and are shown in facial expressions. Emotions that may be difficult to recognize are boredom, suspicion, calmness, or curiosity. This may be because these are mental states, and we may try to hide them.

C  (page 185) 1. expressions 2. makes sense 3. results 4. trigger 5. instinctively 6. personality 7. tendency 8. universal 9. confirm 10. react

D  (page 185) 1. triggers 2. confirm 3. universal 4. expression 5. result 6. instinctively 7. personality

E  (page 185) Possible answers: Does it make sense that not all reactions are instinctive? How do you react when you are very angry? Do you have a tendency to be very emotional?

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

BEFORE LISTENING

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas  (page 186) 1. the human fear response 2. react instinctively 3. useful 4. learned to fear 5. didn’t impact

C  Listening for Details  (page 187) Possible answers: ancestors: reacted instinctively; reactions for survival fear response: keeps us out of trouble fear response: inherited or learned? lab monkeys: learned fear of snakes flowers: monkeys didn’t learn fear of flowers learned: some fear is learned

AFTER LISTENING D  (page 187) Possible answers: 1. the human fear response 2. instinctive reactions, such as putting on a car’s brakes 3. the monkeys learning to fear the snakes 4. one cannot learn to fear something

E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 187) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: You can overcome a fear by experiencing it in small steps or for short periods of time. For example, if you are afraid of heights, you might try experiencing some lower heights for short periods of time. Also, you can notice what thoughts come up and change what you tell yourself about the experience.

A SPEAKING A  Personalizing  (page 188) Answers will vary.

B  Critical Thinking: Making Judgments  (page 189) Possible answers: 1. Fernando was probably not using good judgment and wasn’t controlling his speed. This seems to be a common accident in our community, especially with boys.

2. Lara may have been embarrassed in front of the classroom because of increased social anxiety. I know that I would feel embarrassed. Lara doesn’t have much self-control. 3. Jian probably has a high desire to connect with peers rather than with his family. My brother is the same way, and it makes my parents sad. 4. For Rachel, social acceptance is very important. I know that the social relationships on sports teams are very important. She probably didn’t go to practice because she felt rejected by the team.

C  (page 189) Answers will vary.

D  (page 189) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

did you use to Did you use to would you/did you use to; would you/did you use to did you use to/would you did you use to did you use to; would you/did you use to

E  (page 190) Answers will vary.

F  Personalizing  (page 190) Answers will vary.

G  (page 190) Answers will vary.

H  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing  (page 190) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: Researchers can share their results with guidance counselors or sports coaches at high schools so that they can better support teenagers in need; they can develop a mobile app where teenagers or parents input a problem and get answers about how to solve it based on science. Information about the human brain can help parents and teachers adjust their expectations of teenagers and use better strategies for communication with them.

LESSON TASK  Presenting Survey Results A–C  (page 191) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  A Tribute to Discomfort BEFORE VIEWING A  Critical Thinking: Categorizing  (page 192) Possible answers: Positive: adventure, comfortable, experience, triumph, unknown Negative: avalanche, confusing, hurt, stress, struggle, unknown

B  (page 192) Possible answers: strong, adventurous, fearless, young, motivated.

WHILE VIEWING C  Understanding Main Ideas  (page 193) 1. a 2. c 3. b

D  Understanding Details  (page 193) 1. adventure 2. realized 3. comfortable 4. expression 5. real 6. fun 7. experiencing

AFTER VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 193) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answer: Richards may categorize adventure, experience, struggle, and unknown as positive. He sees these things as ways to learn about yourself and grow as a person. 3. Possible answer: Richards may respect discomfort because he has gained a deeper understanding of himself and what it means to be human when he has been in very uncomfortable situations. For him, discomfort drives him toward life-changing experiences and has pushed his career forward in positive ways. Answers to the second question will vary. 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  (page 194) Answers will vary.

C  (page 194) Answers will vary.

D  (page 195) 1. upset 2. differ 3. lead to 4. anxiety 5. lack 6. introvert 7. outgoing 8. thrive 9. extrovert 10. awkward

E  (page 195) Possible answers: 2. expression; transmission 3. creative; instinctive 4. sociology; biology Answer Key 

31

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

likeable; believable leader; worker communicate; cooperate interview; international preview; pretest review; restart

F  (page 195) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: A person may feel awkward speaking in front of a large group if the person is shy. A person may feel awkward if he or she is asked a question that he or she feels uncomfortable about answering. 3. Possible answers: People may suffer from anxiety because of too much work, too little sleep, money worries, or traffic problems.

B  L istening  A Conversation about Food and Emotions BEFORE LISTENING A  Personalizing  (page 196) Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING

AFTER LISTENING E  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences  (page 197) Possible answers: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating  (page 197) Answers will vary.

B SPEAKING A  (page 198) Answers will vary.

B  Critical Thinking: Applying  (page 198) 1. dependability 2. extroversion 3. neuroticism 4. openness 5. agreeableness

C  Critical Thinking: Judging  (page 198) Answers will vary.

B  (page 196)

D  (page 199)

Answers will vary. Here is what is said in the conversation: 1. I have a tendency to want junk food when I’m stressed. 2. If you eat healthy food today, you’ll be in a better mood in two days. 3. If you’re in a good mood, you’ll feel more confident and less stressed. 4. Diets that contain a lot of sugar can lead to depression. 5. Extroverts eat less healthily because they’re always socializing.

Answers will vary.

C  Listening for Main Ideas  (pages 196–197) 1. He feels stressed because he has a lot to do before his job interview. 2. She wants him to throw it out because it’s not good for him. 3. You might eat less healthily because you’re eating in more social situations. 4. Sam says he’s thinking short term and does not throw his snack away.

D  Listening for Details  (page 197) 1. T 2. F; Your personality can determine what and how you eat. 3. F; Extroverts often eat in social situations, leading to less healthy diets. 4. T

E  (page 199) Answers will vary.

F  (page 199) 1. 13%; Answers will vary. 2. They want to be more extroverted. 3. You can do it with a realistic plan to change behavior patterns in certain situations.

G  Critical Thinking: Analyzing  (page 199) Possible answers: 1. Research suggests that getting a job that you really like can give you more confidence. 2. Most people would agree that having a baby makes you more responsible. 3. As far as I know, getting married may or may not change your personality. 4. I read that moving to a new place can create stress in your life. I don’t think it would change your personality, though, unless you moved to a different country.

FINAL TASK  Presenting Research A–C  (page 200) Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3