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WORD FORMATION:

A/ Supply the correct forms of the words given in parentheses. [701-860]

701. Government secrecy pales in comparison to the secrecy and _______________ of free expression that exist in private companies. (BRIDGE) 702. Jack resorted to _______________ to straighten the nose. (NOSE) 703. In addition to looking better in their clothes with the help of _______________, more men are also seeking facial _______________ with _______________, eyelid surgery and brow-lifts. (ABDOMEN / JUVENILE / FACE) 704. Braille is _______________ by hand (or with a machine) onto thick paper, and is read with the fingers moving across on top of the dots. (BOSS) 705. His _______________ industry, his clear intellect, and simple _______________, won the admiration of all who knew him. (FLAG / RIGHT) 706. He was selected as national _______________ in the opening ceremony. (FLAG) 707. A car on one of the trains is also leaking _______________ alcohol, which of course, is extremely dangerous. (NATURAL) // This system came in for much criticism for _______________ education. (NATURAL) 708. The staging remained taut under the sure hand of director Jonathan Eaton, certainly a master of _______________. (DRAMA) 709. The fact that Western cultures were placed by the anthropologists on the _______________ rungs reflects their _______________ perspective! (UP / ETHNIC) 710. This disadvantaged immigrant with a _______________ education grew to be one of Scotland's top manufacturers. (SHORT) 711. This topic _______________ a different set of research questions, theoretical _______________, and sources. (TAIL / CONCEPT) 712. We tried the furniture in different _______________ to see which fit best. (FIGURE) 713. Many people seek _______________ and fulfillment through parenthood. (ACT) 714. He told us, in a very _______________ way, that he was thinking of leaving. (ROUND) 715. Emotional _______________ means that with repeated exposure to the same sort of thing we tend to react less intensely. (SENSE) 716. As a politician, her sympathy was always for the _______________ in society. (DOG) 717. Most societies are only beginning to grapple with new technological issues, such as digital _______________ and data _______________, and are yet to experience the outcomes, good or bad. (SURVEY / CENTER) 718. If locomotives become too old to maintain, they have to be _______________. (MISSION) 719. The research model has been successfully applied to modern _______________ documented societies. (ETHNIC) 720. In congested conditions, with _______________ or stop-start traffic, vehicle engines are significantly less fuel efficient than in _______________ conditions. (MOVE / FLOW) 721. The ski instructor was _______________ charming and helpful. (ERR) 722. In 2002 the currencies of twelve European countries were _______________ and replaced with the Euro. (MONEY) 723. As such videos appeared, Tesla began requiring beta testers to sign _______________ agreements. (CLOSE) 724. The 20-year-old actress is thrilled to be starring alongside the English _______________, whose rough and ready look is perfect for the country squire. (HEART) 725. I need to summon my courage for its wild, exhilarating, _______________ ride. (HEART) 726. If you are particularly _______________ and can't bear the thought of a dog helping to make everything untidy, then you would be better off not owning a Doberman. (HOUSE) 727. She got very _______________ working such long hours. (RUN) 728. In this _______________ game, participants discover _______________ between members of the group; that is, things that they have in common. (TEAM / COMMON) 729. A process of _______________ occurred in state railways and the postal service. (NATION) 730. Development in Tirumala has caused total _______________ of the forests and soil, leading to near extinction of the indigenous flora and fauna. (NUDE) 731. She high-fived _______________ on every possible occasion. (EXULT) 732. The salt deposits were formed by the _______________ of ancient seas millions of years ago. (VAPOR) 733. This _______________ work changed the way historians looked at slavery. (GROUND)

734. Some parts of secret files are available to the public, but heavily _______________. (ACT) 735. His reputation for _______________ compromised many of his achievements. (SCRUPLE) 736. The proposed law would force senders of _______________ e-mail to provide a valid return address. (SOLICIT) 737. There are fears that globalization is causing serious economic _______________ as competition _______________ and trade _______________ grow. (LOCATE / TENSE / BALANCE) 738. There is a need for a _______________ inquiry into its background, planning, execution and retreat. (FLEDGE) 739. Marriage and children are the _______________ of family life. (BED) 740. She showed great _______________ in selling her shares just before the market crashed. (SCIENCE) 741. The album is a _______________ cry, _______________ of a time before radio and television. (HEART / ODOR) // The mountain air was redolent _______________ the scent of pine needles. (ODOR) 742. Many parents rely on _______________ college savings accounts to put aside money for their children's education. (TAX) 743. The poorest families pay no grocery tax because their food stamp purchases are _______________. (TAX) 744. With this plan, your contributions are _______________, so that your savings grow faster than they would if some of the earnings went to pay taxes. (TAX) 745. The students assessed their own teaching and that of their peers in regard to lesson and curriculum issues, as well as a _______________ of the studio environment and personal attributes. (VALUE) 746. _______________ editions of Shakespeare's plays help readers to understand old words. (NOTE) 747. He was surrounded by a crowd of friends and _______________. (HANG) 748. Familiarizing new products among consumers goes a long way in sharpening their across-the-counter _______________. (SELL) 749. The defendants' behavior, in fact, constitutes the most extreme form of _______________, as it amounts to a total failure of cooperation. (OPERATE) 750. These drugs must be used with care in patients with _______________ heart disease. (EXIST) 751. The ability to establish a technique for age estimation in wild birds will provide far-reaching benefits to _______________, ornithology, and science in general. (CULTURE) 752. It is responsible for fish kills in _______________ operations in Japan and is reported to produce a neurotoxin related to those causing NSP. (CULTURE) 753. Make sure that all of their skincare is _______________ and _______________ for sensitive and dry skin. (ALLERGY / FORM) 754. After being cooped up in the overheated room all day, we took a stroll and found the fresh air _______________. (TOXIC) 755. The two charities have worked successfully together, advancing occupational therapy in the drug _______________ centers. (TOXIC) 756. For years, community groups have advocated for _______________ law enforcement – taking money away from police and prisons – and reinvesting those funds in services. (FUND) 757. Not all the writing in this book is _______________ enthusiastic, if you ask me. (RESERVE) 758. Trustees are entitled to _______________ for expenses and liabilities. (DAMAGE) 759. Some organizations seek to be known and respected for the products they offer, while others seek to retain their _______________ to selected markets. (DISPENSE) 760. The exuberance and sheer _______________ of the entire production certainly helped to sustain continuity and clarity. (THEATER) 761. We should aim to promote individuals' capacity for _______________. (DETERMINE) 762. I kept turning the pages, anticipating the _______________ that he so richly deserved. (COME) 763. All her consciousness was centered on that unfamiliar and _______________ friction. (EARTH) 764. He was staring at her with a _______________ suggesting he'd heard her argument a hundred times. (WORLD) 765. A _______________, listing all films mentioned throughout, is at the end of the article. (FILM) 766. It is not an exaggeration to say that for several generations of film-makers and _______________, Bergman practically defined cinema. (CINEMA) 767. _______________ is the process used to prevent someone's personal identity from being revealed. (IDENTITY) 768. AT&T was this country's _______________ telecom monopoly until its _______________ by court order in 1984. (DISPUTE / MEMBER)

769. The insurance policy covers sudden death or _______________. (ABLE) 770. He gave an _______________ complex explanation as to why he couldn't come. (LABOR) 771. Zoos’ _______________ claim that seeing captive animals is educational is a false narrative. (TIME) 772. An unapologetically _______________ author, Levin constantly intertwines his own life with the story he is telling. (REFER / TWIN) 773. Technological advances in computing and _______________ will reduce the need for many people to travel to work. (COMMUNICATE) 774. He is now _______________ faced with the possibility of being Paul's boss. (ENVY) 775. They have been described as the _______________ English pop group, with a string of hits _______________ late-teen angst. (ESSENCE / MOAN) 776. He felt guilt at the sheer _______________ of having survived the earthquake. (FORTUNE) 777. Her rescue, it transpires, was carefully _______________ for maximum dramatic effect. (STAGE) 778. If the _______________ spending slowdown does not happen, it will lead to a _______________ in inflation. (HOPE / SURGE) 779. His parents seemed to _______________ accept everything that happened to them. (FATE) 780. The curriculum is structured in a _______________ way and children learn through play rather than formal teaching methods. (CHILDREN) 781. Almost every hill is crowned with a _______________ little walled village. (PICTURE) 782. _______________ provides locally sourced finance for renewable energy projects around the country. (FUND) 783. There was an _______________ roar as the jets took off. (EAR) 784. The right solutions will equip Europe with _______________ communications infrastructure and services. (WORLD) 785. If I was so _______________ bright why did I have to keep learning this same thing over and over? (FIRE) 786. He was completely _______________ when he won the award. (SMACK) 787. He gets his work done quickly, but he's very _______________. (DASH) 788. Can you give me a _______________ guarantee that the work will be completed on time? (IRON) 789. Do not check email constantly. Set up an _______________ and check just two or three times daily. (REPONSE) 790. I had no idea what my boss was ordering in _______________ requests to the busy chefs, and his translations were _______________. (FIRE / DECIPHER) 791. We badly need _______________ systems for early detection of the virus. (RESPOND) 792. The government will continue its _______________ measures in the next financial year. (INFLATION) 793. The US command also announced that it is stepping up _______________ training for newly arrived officers to give them the latest tactics about protecting patrols from such attacks. (SURGE) 794. The protests set off by the start of trade talks between the United States and Andean countries in May is yet another sign of growing _______________ zeal among _______________ groups. (GLOBAL / AFFECT) 795. An estimated six million people currently living with HIV or AIDS do not have access to care, including _______________ therapy. (VIRUS) 796. The slum has been called the _______________ of the city. (ARM) 797. We didn't think you'd start trying to _______________ powers to yourself that aren't yours! (ARROGANT) 798. The delegates had enough _______________ to reject the proposal. (BONE) 799. There was a party after the ceremony where much drinking and _______________ went on. (SLAP) 800. He carved only with his right hand and was surprised to learn that some carvers were _______________. (DEXTERITY) 801. Television companies sometimes broadcast _______________ before violent movies. (ADVISE) 802. He found himself being _______________ by his former colleagues. (SHOULDER) 803. The early modern period of _______________ stimulated critical research into documents and archaeological remains. (ANTIQUE) 804. Initial treatment of _______________ involves preventing further toxin release by removing any remaining tentacles or other retained animal parts. (VENOM) 805. Everyone is going to _______________ examine everything you have done. (SCOPE) 806. He was drawn to the _______________ glamour and excitement of Paris. (METRO) 807. A sense of proportion would not go _______________ in all of this. (MISS)

808. He’s able to go from _______________ farm boy in the morning to concerned businessman in the afternoon. (FOOT) // My sister's married but I'm still _______________ and _______________. (FOOT / FANCY) 809. I scanned the paper quickly and _______________ signed on the bottom line. (HESITATE) 810. The pub attracts a mixed _______________ of tourists, business people and locals. (CLIENT) 811. We tend to be traditional rather than _______________ in our designs. (FASHION) 812. Henry is so _______________ it’s a miracle anyone bothers with him at all. (ABSORB) 813. It’s advisable to use _______________ to make your password even harder to guess. (NUMBER) 814. He is intentionally wiping away any reference to nature, _______________ and erasing natural landmarks. (FACE) 815. The country has the foundations of a _______________ economy, because of its high investment in education. (KNOW) 816. The _______________ invention of the magnetophone has made it possible to record and to repeat sounds. (EPOCH) 817. DNA testing gives investigators a _______________ tool to tackle crimes. (SPACE) 818. Midlife is a time of maturity and _______________. (KNOW) 819. They had _______________ of danger long before horses or human beings could suspect it. (KNOWCOGNITIVE) 820. Paul has gone into _______________ after his partner tested positive for the virus. (ISOLATE) 821. _______________ studies on the teratogenic potential of drugs have tended to be restricted mainly to screening for gross morphological _______________. (TOXIC / NORMAL) 822. The decision has been made – there’s no point in _______________ it now. (GUESS) 823. The report is viewed as a _______________ for/of national economic trends. (BELL) 824. The food was good but unfortunately we found the rest of the experience distinctly _______________. (WHELM) 825. The quality of the computed structures has been evaluated by several techniques borrowed from _______________. (CRYSTAL) 826. _______________ can be used to alleviate feelings of anxiety and depression. (MIND) 827. The disease allowed no time for a _______________ repentance. (DIE) 828. Early on she was a fearless climber but after a few _______________ experiences on routes with long _______________ she learned to be wary of falling. (DIE / RUN) 829. The largest urban _______________ in Scotland is centred around Glasgow. (URBAN) 830. His level of fitness will have to be _______________ for him to play professional basketball. (NOTCH) 831. A typical Chinese village consists of a cluster of _______________ stone houses or mud huts surrounded by open fields where each family tills a small plot. (WEATHER) 832. Each year the Government of Canada makes significant investments in _______________ assistance for students in need. (PAY) 833. He stood _______________, gazing at them the way one would at an _______________ suddenly _______________ out of the blue. (SPELL / APPEAR / MATERIAL) 834. The problem with employing people who are _______________ for the job is that they often don't stay in it for long. (QUALIFY) 835. The nationwide _______________ campaign urges Customers to buy ‘naked’ goods wearing nothing to protect the environment. (PACK) 836. Americans spend an estimated $4 billion a year to _______________ with herbal supplements, which are not regulated by the FDA. (MEDICINE) 837. I find it disturbing that the holiday planned for the third Monday in February, originally instituted to be a ‘family day’, is _______________ named Louis Riel Day. (FIT) 838. He had undone the buttons of his shirt, exposing an _______________ expanse of white flesh. (SEE) 839. This may be the most _______________ comment the president has ever made. (SEE) 840. One article alone brought him 300 letters from members of the public and he felt _______________ to reply to all of them. (HONOR) 841. These two related tribes of people gradually _______________ over time. (SIMILAR) 842. From new scientific theories to new artistic creations, we live in an _______________ world that is constantly evolving. (INFORM) 843. Of all the public education initiatives over the past decade, inclusion may be the most _______________ and belief-driven. (VALUE)

844. She was called back for a second, then a third audition before being cast as an _______________ to the lead. (STUDY) 845. Speaking to US farmers, their plans for the future are to expand production, diversify into added value products such as on-farm cheese production and _______________ and work hard at improving cost efficiencies to stay profitable. (TOURIST) 846. They produce a wide range of _______________ including pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and seed treatments. (CHEMISTRY) 847. There are greatly reduced _______________ prices on goods that are _______________. (ONE / SHOP) 848. Tree belts are more effective _______________, and provide more protection from the glare of low sun than mounds or fences. (WIND) 849. She realized with dismay that the task would take weeks of _______________ work. (BREAK) 850. The performers recount their story at _______________ speed, completely devoid of inflection or emotion. (BREAK) 851. The actors all look _______________ for their characters. (AGE) 852. If I wait another two years before I apply, I will become _______________. (BAR) 853. He was capable of great _______________ and hypocrisy. (SIMILAR) 854. If they sacked a few senior managers, the company would be less _______________. (HEAVY) 855. _______________ such as unorthodox or controversial ideas and opinions are notoriously difficult to prosecute. (CRIME) 856. All employees can access the parts of the Intranet that are not _______________. (FENCE) 857. _______________ trips, talks etc. are between countries who have a disagreement about something, and are meant to try to improve relations between them. (FENCE) 858. Disorganized and misleading reports from _______________ reporters create a vicious circle which _______________ the situation. (MUDDLE / GRAVE) 859. She gave the boys a severe _______________ for making so much noise. (TICK) 860. I would be irresponsible to criticize all newspapers for the actions of a minority when the majority are _______________ and responsible. (FEIGN)

B/ Fill in each blank with the correct form of the word given in the box to make meaningful passages. There are TWO words you cannot use. WIDTH

ACCESS

CONDITION PART

SUBSIDY

USE

LIVE

INFORM

CONNECT

SCRIPT

SPECIFY

ACT

In a drive for greater (1)_______________ and efficiency, the British government has announced that it plans to make all public services, from filing tax returns to ordering repeat medical (2)_______________, available online within the next five years. Already competitions between different government (3)_______________ are being used to encourage civil servants to (4)_______________ their web sites and to present information in (5)_______________ fashion. The government's new information portal, UK Online, will be (6)_______________ tailored to life events, such a having a baby, dealing with crime or moving house. Eventually it will incorporate (7)_______________ services, such as the ability to register the birth of a baby online. The greatest challenge facing the UK Online project is to ensure that its services can reach everybody. Currently only about a quarter of UK households have Internet access, so the threat of a (8)_______________ digital divide is real. With this in mind, the government is setting up centers in public libraries, schools and shopping malls to give Internet access to those who do not have it at home. Computer and Internet training courses will be heavily (9)_______________, while the unemployed will be able to attend courses for nothing and will be offered free (10)_______________ computers. VALUE

CROWN

LICENSE

ROUTINE

ERADICATE LONG

VACCINE

CONTINUE

RESPONSE

CURRENT

SEE

THREAT

It seems as though centuries have passed since we (1)_______________ experienced childhood diseases such as polio, measles, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type B and rubella, and much of society cannot remember the often devastating impact of these once common infectious diseases. Rarely, if ever, do we see someone on crutches as a result of paralytic poliomyelitis or with a hearing deficiency caused by a measles infection. We owe a huge debt of gratitude to the pioneering (2)_______________ of the twentieth century for their success in developing vaccines for many of the (3)_______________ childhood diseases, success that

resulted in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considering vaccines the greatest public health achievement of the twentieth century. Similarly, there have been comparable successes with the development of many veterinary vaccines and to date the (4)_______________ glories of the science of vaccinology are the eradication of smallpox for humans and rinderpest for cattle. Vaccine research and development has changed greatly over the past 30 years from an empirical approach to one that is rational and supported by both basic and applied science. Examples that come to mind are the hepatitis B vaccine developed by expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in yeast, the meningococcal type B vaccine developed by reverse vaccinology and the tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine developed using reverse genetics. (5)_______________, there has been a continual increase in the quantity and quality of data needed to support the vaccine development pathway for vaccine (6)_______________. Thus, not only have we seen a move by vaccine developers to exploit new technologies but regulatory science is also utilizing this information for their (7)_______________ of the safety and efficacy of candidate vaccines. Overall, this has had positive and negative effects. Positive is that we know far more about the characteristics of any particular vaccine and safety has improved. However, the bad news is that we have not seen a (8)_______________ increase in the number of vaccines licensed. This increased knowledge and better understanding appears to have (9)_______________ the time taken to generate the required data and information required for it. This situation is unlikely to change in the (10)_______________ future. PROFILE

APPOINT

INNOVATE

CAUTION

RISK

LOCK

LOOM

LAG

TEAM

SEE

Companies are moving faster and taking bigger risks than could have been imagined a few months ago. The (1)_______________ has brought forward a shift to online work practices and (2)_______________ platforms while creating new opportunities. A (3)_______________ question is how to avoid reverting to the cumbersome and cautious legacy practices and (4)_______________ decision-making that had hobbled innovation performance in many organizations. We assessed the efforts of 18 highly touted innovation drivers on relative organic growth performance in a sample of 192 global companies. Three of these 18 were robust in setting organic growth leaders apart from (5)_______________ and average performers. Investing in innovation talent. The leadership team signals its commitment to innovation with (6)_______________ investments of resources and time. Adopting an outside-in approach to innovation that starts by scouring widely for trends and searching for deep (7)_______________ into customers’ emerging needs. Encouraging prudent risk-taking. Innovative organizations foster tolerance for risk-taking by endorsing fast-to-fail experiments and learning from their innovation (8)_______________.

From “It’s Time to Rethink How You Innovate”

AUTHENTIC STRESS

PARENTAL

WHELM

WISE

GROW

RELATE

SUPERVISE

LOOK

BURST

EXPECT

SCHEDULE

Although (1)_______________ children often blame their parents for the problems in their adult life, psychologists reveal that that’s not the most healthy and productive approach. But parents still fear their parenting methods may actually be ruining their child’s future. Well, parenting is truly one of the most important jobs, but it’s not rocket science and there are simple things good parents do to keep their children happy. Many parents want their kids to succeed so much that they start to (2)_______________ their day with extracurricular activities. While having your child attend piano lessons, math classes, soccer practice, and dance classes can be beneficial for their overall development, having too many things to do puts them under a lot of stress. Children are individuals, so they need to spend time on their own and just play. Depriving them of their free time causes them to feel (3)_______________ and may cause emotional (4)_______________ and problems with behavior. Parenting can be hard and we should try to do our best to make our children happy. However, there’s a huge difference between “doing our best” and “being perfect.” When parents set impossible standards for themselves, they deprive their child of valuable experiences. This parenting style often lacks (5)_______________, since parents never express their real emotions and try to have everything under control. Parents feel guilty for not meeting impossible (6)_______________ and end up bringing frustration into the relationship they have with their child.

Childhood memories help us understand how we should react to certain events and perceive the world. Research has shown that children who have plenty of happy memories grow up healthier and more satisfied with life. They tend to have a more positive (7)_______________ on life and better (8)_______________ skills. These children are less likely to suffer from depression and are more inclined to build healthier relationships with people. Parents dedicate almost all their time and energy to their children, but it’s essential for them to have their own life. (9)_______________, it puts excessive pressure on the child when they grow up. Some parents may show possessive behavior or be too controlling and unable to let go of their child. Besides, a child needs to have a role model that truly enjoys life and doesn’t center it around their children and their house. There’s even a connection with the future career prospects of a child: research showed that daughters of working mothers are more likely to have a higher income and work in (10)_______________ positions. BOGGLE

CALL

ATOM

OBSERVE

DETECT

COMPASS

RING

FRONT

TELL

INSPIRE

SPACE

POLAR

Astronomers have a reputation for bringing us (1)_______________ discoveries: new planets, exploding stars, galaxies on the edge of the known Universe. But now they are on the trail of most (2)_______________ finding of all: evidence for a whole new universe beyond your own. For millennia, philosophers have insisted that everything we see is part of the (3)_______________ totality called the Universe. Since the discovery of cosmic expansion around a century ago, astronomers believed there must be a final (4)_______________, an ultimate barrier beyond which objects were receding so fast their light would simply never reach us. According to the latest theories of the forces that rule the cosmos, what has been regarded as the Universe may in fact just be one of an infinite number making up something far grander: the true universe – or Multiverse. The theories state that our Universe is just one of the “bubble universes” constantly budding off one another, and inflating after their own Big Bang. Each bubble universe could be radically different from our own with its own set of fundamental forces and types of sub-atomic particles. Even so, they may be able to affect our Universe, with (5)_______________ consequences. Theory predicts that if our Universe is stuck by one of its cosmic neighbor, the energy of the impact would leave a faint (6)_______________ pattern in the Cosmic Microwave Background. The orbiting space (8)_______________ Planck maps the intensity and (7)_______________ of the CMB radiation left over from the Big Bang, looking for (9)_______________ signs of a collision between our Universe and others. Theorists speculate that different bubbles universes may be also connected by (10)_______________ “space-time wormholes”. OPEN CLOZE TEST: Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word to make meaningful passages.

A/

You wake up to the alarm clock and press the 'snooze' for five more minutes' (1)_______________ sleep. The alarm (2)_______________ off again. You are waiting for a bus on a hot Sunday afternoon in the middle of (3)_______________, there's not a scrap of (4)_______________. Compare five of the minutes in the latter case to those in the (5)_______________. That, you might say, is relativity. Time is no longer the universal clock (6)_______________ behind the universe; now it is the fourth (7)_______________, as commonplace as height, width and length. Still, you might argue the example of the alarm clock (8)_______________ the late bus is one of purely subjective time, and any observer would see the (9)_______________ five minutes pass. This, however, is making the old assumption of the (10)_______________ observer, the scientist, coolly jotting (11)_______________ figures in their notebook in a tiny, near-indecipherable hand. Lately this has been called more and more into (12)_______________. Scientists have bad days too, and (13)_______________ they wish would end so they could go home and put their (14)_______________ up. The five minutes might be (15)_______________ the more tortuous for them.

B/

Part of being a good parent is teaching your children how to feel anger without (1)_______________ to violence, but this may be more of a challenge than you think. After all, anger is an emotion we all feel at times – in fact, it is an effective means of (2)_______________ our frustrations. It is not something we can just switch (3)_______________. The best way to change our children's behavior is to set a good (4)_______________. As they say, actions speak louder than words. Perhaps you think this is easy – after all, you don't go around hitting people

who annoy you. However, you may want to reconsider. Have you ever been so furious that you've thrown something? An honest answer here is the first step. The next thing you have to do is learn to stop and take a deep (5)_______________ whenever you feel (6)_______________ on the verge of spinning out of (7)_______________. If you can't calm yourself down in any other way, try a brisk walk or an hour's (8)_______________ at the gym. Both are good ways of letting off (9)_______________. Don't deal with situations unless you are feeling relatively calm and able to use your (10)_______________ of reasoning once more.

C/

Look around you, and you'll likely notice a sea of different outfits. You might see similar (1)_______________ of clothing — even the same ones — worn by different people, but rarely do you find two pairings of tops, bottoms, shoes, and accessories that are (2)_______________ alike. That wasn't always the case, said Deirdre Clemente, a historian of 20th century American culture at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, (3)_______________ research focuses on fashion and clothing. Americans were far more formal, and formulaic dressers, not all that long ago. Men wore suits, almost (4)_______________ fail — not just to work, but also at school. And women, for the most part, wore long dresses. Clemente has written extensively about the evolution of American dress in the 1900s, a period that, she said, was marked, maybe more than anything else, (5)_______________ a single but powerful trend: As everyday fashion (6)_______________ from tradition, it shed much of its socioeconomic implications — people no longer dress to feign wealth like they once (7)_______________ — and took on a new meaning. The shift has, above all, led toward (8)_______________ in the way we dress. It can be seen on college campuses, in classrooms, where students attend in sweatpants, and in the workplace, where Silicon Valley busy bodies are outfitted with hoodies and T-shirts. That change, the change in how we dress here in America, has been brewing since the 1920s, and owes (9)_______________ to the rise of specific articles of clothing. What's (10)_______________, it underscores important shifts in the way we use and understand the shirts and pants we wear.

D/

Napoleon Bonaparte’s (1)_______________ to control all the area around the Mediterranean Sea led him and his French soldiers to Egypt. After losing a naval battle, they were forced to remain there for three years. In 1779, while constructing a fort, a soldier discovered a piece of stele (a stone pillar bearing an inscription) (2)_______________ as the Rosetta stone, in (3)_______________ of the town near the fort. This famous stone, which would eventually lead to the (4)_______________ of an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics (5)_______________ to 3100 B.C., was written in three languages: hieroglyphics (picture writing), demotic (a shorthand version of the Egyptian hieroglyphics) and Greek. Scientists discovered that the characters, (6)_______________ those in English, could be written from right to left and in other (7)_______________ as well. The direction (8)_______________ which they were read depended on how the characters were (9)_______________. Living elements (animals, people and body parts) were often the first symbols, and the direction that they faced indicated the direction for reading them. Twenty-three years after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, Jean Francois Champollion, a French philologist fluent in several language, were (10)_______________ of deciphering the first word – Ptolemy – the name of an Egyptian ruler. This name was written inside an oval called a “cartouche.” (11)_______________ investigation revealed that cartouches contained names of important people of that period. Champollion painstakingly continued his search and was able to increase his growing list of known (12)_______________ signs. He and an Englishman, Thomas Young, worked (13)_______________ of each other to unravel deeply hidden (14)_______________ of this strange language. Young believed that sound values could be (15)_______________ to the symbols, while Champollion insisted that the pictures represented the words. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: [111-210]

Rewrite the sentences so that they mean almost the same as the ones before them. You have to use the exact words given in brackets. 111. Because of the increased cost of materials, the restaurant owner increased the food prices. [offset]  The restaurant owner put ____________________________________________________________.

112. In order to get into the next round, the coach will have Mark Spencer try his best in the next race. [mettle]  With a view ________________________________________________________________________. 113. Contrary to what people think, Helen is a generous person. [name]  Though that is _____________________________________________________________________. 114. Dave’s father didn’t care at all whether he could survive or not in Italy. [by]  It ________________________________________________________________________________. 115. As soon as the members of the board voiced their disapproval, Jane became unpleasantly serious. [heavy]  On _______________________________________________________________________________. 116. Julie was depressed when her father was having some financial difficulties. [embarrassed]  Julie was in ________________________________________________________________________. 117. I could not receive the result of the health check until 3 days had passed. [way]  Not until __________________________________________________________________________. 118. The foreman wants to see you right now. [double]  Please present _____________________________________________________________________. 119. Juana could only enthusiastically write articles when he was employed by the Times. [throw]  Only when Juana was taken __________________________________________________________. 120. Susie decided to confess to the theft after thinking carefully. [own]  On _______________________________________________________________________________. 121. A lot of early writers’ original ideas were prevented by conservative readers. [thwarted]  Readers’ __________________________________________________________________________. 122. Great offers from the Art Association cannot talk her into holding an exhibition. [induce]  What the Art Association _____________________________________________________________. 123. Sarah tried hard not to cry when the judges announced the scores of her performance. [fought]  The judges ________________________________________________________________________. 124. It seems to me that Jack is determined to oppose every of your suggestions. [face]  I am under ________________________________________________________________________. 125. If I were you, I’d be more cautious about investing money during the recession. [horns]  I think you ________________________________________________________________________. 126. If you are the leader of the institute, you have to neglect rumors and gossips. [laugh]  As _______________________________________________________________________________. 127. The speaker suddenly started to criticize the rival party. [on]  All _______________________________________________________________________________. 128. Nina was offended when she was denied the right to bring up her child. [deprived]  Nina took _________________________________________________________________________. 129. Though he tried so hard, his work did not meet the standards that were considered acceptable. [conform]  Try ______________________________________________________________________ standards. 130. During the conversation with the cashier, the manager hinted at her chance of promotion. [dropped]  While ____________________________________________________________________________. 131. Once they had paid the debts, the court dismissed all the charges. [off]  The debts _________________________________________________________________________. 132. Without any experience, you will be unlikely to get that well-paid job. [horn]  There is __________________________________________________________________________. 133. In almost any situation, you should not get angry. [refrain]  Whatever _________________________________________________________________________. 134. I think that Dora does not usually say unkind things. [tongue]  If ________________________________________________________________________________. 135. The young writer could remain extremely calm when she met with lots of criticism. [cucumber]  When coming ______________________________________________________________________. 136. The more benefits you get, the more responsibilities you have to assume. [mount]  In correspondence __________________________________________________________________. 137. The pain wore off after the man took the medicine. [alleviate]  Having ___________________________________________________________________________. 138. Although I am a newbie, I managed to finish the scenery setting in a very short time. [nick]  No _______________________________________________________________________________.

139. The pessimists who said that television would put paid to the book were wrong. [off]  The prophets ______________________________________________________________________. 140. They have had arguments with that particular harbor master before. [fallen]  This is not _________________________________________________________________________. 141. After the failure of the three successive films, the young director decided to quit his job. [towel]  Having ___________________________________________________________________________. 142. It’s obvious that the Deputy Director will always have the opportunity to express himself in a meeting. [say]  It goes ___________________________________________________________________________. 143. Though the essay is quite impressive, it is not as good as it could be. [room]  Impressive ________________________________________________________________________. 144. The journalist kept praising the starlet, which made her embarrassed. [fawning]  To _______________________________________________________________________________. 145. The young cashier took a risk of refunding the money to the customer without a receipt. [peril]  The young cashier __________________________________________________________________. 146. As soon as the new regulations start, you will have to change your working habits. [force]  You will have to drop ________________________________________________________________. 147. The local people were so enthusiastic about the religious activity that it was hard to control them. [bring]  The local people’s fervor _______________________________________________________ control. 148. Though the young need guidance, we should not allow routine and fear to restrict them. [fenced]  No matter _________________________________________________________________________. 149. With their hasty explanation of the necessity of the process, I could not catch up with it. [muddle]  When they ________________________________________________________________________. 150. The museum will soon display a species of butterfly which has remained unknown up to now. [hitherto]  There ____________________________________________________________________________. 151. The young people working for VSO should be selfless and kind-hearted. [gold]  In order __________________________________________________________________________. 152. Because the house is too small, we have to use our kitchen as the dining room as well. [doubles]  Due to lack ________________________________________________________________________. 153. Whether you like it or not, I’m afraid you have to join the field trip for your own sake. [merits]  Like it ____________________________________________________________________________. 154. Very few reporters could know where the star’s family was for their holiday. [foggiest]  Hardly ____________________________________________________________________________. 155. My advice is not to fill your head with trivia. [clutter]  Were _____________________________________________________________________________. 156. When my sister decided to take part in the show, she took a risk with it. [going]  My sister gambled __________________________________________________________________. 157. The children unexpectedly came to Pauline for opinions. [unawares]  The children __________________________________________________________ as a consultant. 158. There seems to be no limit to David’s enthusiasm for the committee’s plan. [unbounded]  David has ______________________________________________________________ have planned. 159. It’s not certain whether Fiona’s first book will be censored. [balance]  It _______________________________________________________________________ censorship. 160. The government should do something to stop crime in the streets. [rid]  Measures ____________________________________________________________________ crime. 161. Successive failures in art have made Kelly become less confident. [eroded]  Kelly’s ____________________________________________________________________________. 162. It is completely certain that the band will refuse our offer to go on tour again. [down]  Ten ______________________________________________________________________________. 163. The consultant was really disappointed when the investor did not pay full attention to his talk. [ear]  How _____________________________________________________________________________. 164. The jungle was nearly impenetrable, so progress was slow. [clock]  The fact __________________________________________________________________________. 165. We were surprised that the machine could be switched on and work quickly. [next]  To _______________________________________________________________________________.

166. People are saying that the organization is deeply involved in drug trafficking. [armpits]  Rumour ___________________________________________________________________________. 167. Personally I think that he’s very strong and completely fearless as well. [bargain]  If you ____________________________________________________________________________. 168. I felt shocked that Jeff was too much under the influence and control of his mother. [apron]  It came ___________________________________________________________________________. 169. It was not until they had eased coronavirus curbs that the team started their project with a lot of energy and interest. [teeth]  Coronavirus curbs __________________________________________________________________. 170. To commemorate those who had died of COVID-19, the crowd were silent for one minute. [memory]  The crowd observed _________________________________________________________________. 171. The minister’s popularity dropped sharply after the press leaked details of the scandal. [grace]  The press _________________________________________________________________________. 172. Holly should learn to do things for herself. [feet]  It’s ______________________________________________________________________________. 173. It was blindingly obvious that he knew nothing about the subject. [ignorant]  It stood ___________________________________________________________________________. 174. We were behind with our mortgage repayments because of the pandemic. [arrears]  Had it ____________________________________________________________________________. 175. Filling shelves in a supermarket all day is very tiring for Janet. [murder]  When it ___________________________________________________________________________. 176. My teacher doesn’t like me and never leaves me alone, which is annoying. [has]  Much _____________________________________________________________________________. 177. To be honest, I’m not looking forward to spending the whole summer with them. [prospect]  To tell ____________________________________________________________________________. 178. They believe that Josh got enormous pleasure from teaching the local kids. [kick]  Josh _____________________________________________________________________________. 179. When it was dark, the soldiers left the town heading towards the forest. [for]  Under ____________________________________________________________________________. 180. I’ve tried hard to remember her name, but it has slipped my mind. [call]  Try ______________________________________________________________________________. 181. In general, the guidance is very difficult to understanding. [mud]  On _______________________________________________________________________________. 182. Thinh always had everything he wanted as a child. [go]  Never ____________________________________________________________________________. 183. We have only dealt with a very small part of the information available on this topic so far. [scratched]  Up _______________________________________________________________________________. 184. Nobody can deny that the firm had lot of success in the soft drinks market. [killing]  There ____________________________________________________________________________. 185. The press claim he was present when the signing took place. [spot]  According _________________________________________________________________________. 186. He only showed up at the funeral because he knew it would be televised. [put]  Had it ____________________________________________________________________________. 187. They have had a lot of problems, but they’re trying to make their marriage successful. [go]  Their many ________________________________________________________________________. 188. Mr. Henderson said the class was like a troop of monkeys at a tea party. [analogy]  Mr. Henderson _____________________________________________________________________. 189. His father left David no money when he died. [cut]  In _______________________________________________________________________________. 190. Her behavior took me completely by surprise. [guard]  The way __________________________________________________________________________. 191. Staying home because your ex-boyfriend is at the party is really only hurting yourself and you know it. [cutting]  If ________________________________________________________________________________. 192. Clark only received a 3-month suspended sentence for theft in view of circumstances permitting greater leniency. [mitigating]  But for ___________________________________________________________________________.

193. You won’t get anywhere by refusing to give ground. [heels]  There’s no ________________________________________________________________________. 194. I can’t decide whether to spend lots of money on a holiday abroad or not. [splash]  I’m in ____________________________________________________________________________. 195. Janet speaks a lot about being a vegetarian almost every day. [spouting]  Hardly a day _______________________________________________________________________. 196. His plans to expand the business was so impractical that all of his colleagues immediately criticized them. [water]  Such _____________________________________________________________________________. 196. As regards her whereabouts, you know as much as I do. [guess]  As far as __________________________________________________________________________. 197. If anyone asks you, just tell them you didn’t know. [plead]  Should ___________________________________________________________________________. 198. Although I try hard to figure it out, I’ve still no idea how he did it. [beats]  No matter _________________________________________________________________________. 199. Olga has no intention of doing things in the same was that Amanda does. [leaf]  The last ___________________________________________________________________________. 200. If he continues to be rude to her, she’s going to get cross with him. [mind]  If he persists ______________________________________________________________________. 201. In my opinion, improving schools with little funding is quite a challenging task. [hoe]  To _______________________________________________________________________________. 202. The city was ravaged by the COVID-19 pandemic, so we were likely to be dismissed. [chop]  The COVID-19 pandemic _____________________________________________________________. 203. He got annoyed because you referred to his family background. [skin]  Had ______________________________________________________________________________. 204. The baggage handlers will do everything they can to keep their jobs. [tooth]  So as not _________________________________________________________________________. 205. People believe that Alexander the Great controlled most of the ancient world. [sway]  Alexander the Great _________________________________________________________________. 206. The new chairman was doing exactly what the board wanted quite soon. [eating]  In less ____________________________________________________________________________. 207. Tina flew off the handle when she found out I had taken her bus pass. [top]  On _______________________________________________________________________________. 208. It’s a matter of time before that actress will become famous. [big]  Sooner ___________________________________________________________________________. 209. Todd did everything he possibly could to help the less fortunate, which made me so proud of him. [earth]  I took ____________________________________________________________________________. 210. It was wrong of you not to take that job now you’ve lost a good opportunity. [boat]  You ______________________________________________________________________________. ERROR CORRECTION:

Find out the mistakes in each of the following passages and correct them. A/

Schindler's List is a 1993 American epic historic period drama, directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg and scripted by Steven Zaillian. It based on the novel Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally, an Australian novelist. The film is based on the life of Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who saved the lives of more than a thousand mostly Polish-Jewish refugees during the Holocaust by employing them in their factories. It stars Liam Neeson as Schindler, Ralph Fiennes as Schutzstaffel (SS) officer Amon Goeth, and Ben Kingsley as Schindler's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern. Ideas for a film about the Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) was proposed as early as 1963. Poldek Pfefferberg, one of theSchindlerjuden, made it his life's mission to tell the story of Schindler. Spielberg became interested in the story when executive Sid Sheinberg sent him a book review of Schindler's Ark. Universal Studios bought the rights of the novel, but Spielberg, unsure if he was ready to make a film about the Holocaust, tried to pass the project to several other directions before finally deciding to direct the film himself. Oskar Schindler is a German businessman doesn’t hesitate using Jewish slave labor in his new factory. A member of the Nazi party, Schindler is essentially apolitical but he knows how to deal with the bureaucracy

and those in power to get what he wants. Over time, he is deeply effected by the treatment of Jews and begins to make steps to protect the 1500 or so people who work for him. He convinces the authorities to build a new factory where the employees are interned and goes out of his way to hire those who face the wrath of the camp commandant, Amon Goeth. When the camp is closed, he arranged for “his” Jews to transfer to a new factory in Czechoslovakia. When the train carrying the women is diverted to Auschwitz, he races to have them freed using a part of his fortune to have them released to him. By the end of the war, Schindler has lost everything but has saved the lives of over 1000 of his employees. (12 mistakes)

B/

Internet addiction is described as an impulse control disorder, this does not involve use of an intoxicating drug and is very similar to pathological gambling. Some Internet users may develop an emotional attachment for on-line friends and activities they create on their computer screens. Internet users may enjoy aspects of the Internet that allow them to meet, socialize, and exchange ideas through the usage of chat rooms, social networking websites, or "virtual communities." Other Internet users spend endless hours research topics of interest Online or "blogging". Blogging is a contraction of the term "Web log", in which an individual will post commentary and keep regular chronicle of events. It can be viewed as journaling and the entries are primary textual. Similar to other addictions, those suffering from Internet addiction use the virtual fantasy world to connect with real people through the Internet, as a substitution for real-life human connection, which they are unable to achieve normalcy. Internet addiction results from personal, family, academic, financial, and occupational problems that are characteristic of other addictions. Impairments of real life relationships are disrupted as a result of excessive use of the Internet. Individuals suffer from Internet addiction spend more time in solitary seclusion, spend less time with real people in their lives, and are often viewed as socially awkward. Arguments may result due to the volume of time spent on-line. Those suffering from Internet addiction may attempt to conceal the number of time spent on-line, which results in distrust and the disturbance of quality in once stable relationships. Some suffering from Internet addiction may create on-line personas or profiles which they are able to alter their identities and pretend to be someone other than himself or herself. Those at higher risk for creation of a secret life are those who suffer from low self-esteem feelings of inadequacy, and fear of disapproval. Such negative self-concepts lead to clinical problems of depression and anxiety. (12 mistakes)

C/

Various psychologists and researchers have wrestled with the ways that parents collude to convince young children of the existence of Santa Claus, and have wondered whether children's abilities to critical weigh real-world evidence may be undermined by their belief in this or other imaginary figures. For example, University of Texas psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found, to the contrary, that children seemed competent in their use of logic, evidences, and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real: The adults they count on to provide reliant information about the world introduce them to Santa. Then his existence is affirmed by friends, books, TV and movies. It is also validated by hard evidence: the halfeating cookies and empty milk glasses by the tree on Christmas morning. In other words, children do a great job of scientifically evaluating Santa. And adults do a great job of duping them. Woolley posited that it is perhaps "kinship with the adult world" that causes children not to be angry that they were lied for so long. However, the criticism about this deception is not that it is a simple lie, then a complicated series of very large lies. Objections include that it is unethical for parents to lie to children without good cause, and that it discourages healthful skepticism in children. With no greater good at the heart of the lie, some have charged that it is more about the parents as it is about the children. For instance, writer Austin Cline posed the question: "Is it not possible that kids would find at least as much pleasure in knowing that parents are responsible for Christmas, not a supernatural stranger?" Others, however, see no harm in the belief in Santa Claus. Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural, not parental, lie, it does not undermine parental trust. The New Zealand Skeptics also see no harm in parents tell their children that Santa is real. Spokesperson Vicki Hyde said, "It would be a hard-hearted parent indeed who frowned at the innocent joys of our children's cultural heritage. We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable." (10 mistakes)

D/

Christmas pudding is a type of pudding traditionally served as part of the Christmas dinner in Britain, Ireland and in other countries where it has been brought by British and Irish immigrants. It has its origins in medieval England, and is sometimes known as plum pudding or just "pud", however this can also refer to other kinds of boiled pudding involved dried fruit. Despite the name "plum pudding", the pudding contains no actual plums due to the pre-Victorian use of the word "plums" as a term for raisins. The pudding composed of many dried fruits held together by egg and suet, sometimes moistened by treacle or molasses and flavoured with cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, ginger, and other spices. The pudding is aged for a month or even a year; the high alcohol content of the pudding prevents it from spoiling during this time. Many households have their own recipes in Christmas pudding, some handed down through families for generations. Essentially the recipe brings together that traditionally were expensive or luxurious ingredients — notably the sweet spices that are so important in developing its distinctively rich aroma, and usually made with suet. It is very dark in appearance — very nearly black — as a result of the dark sugars and black treacle in most recipes, and its long cooking time. The mixture can be moistened with the juice of citrus fruits, brandy and other alcohol (some recipes call for dark beers such as mild, stout or porter). Christmas puddings are often dried out on hooks for weeks prior to serving in order to enhance the flavour. This pudding has been prepared with a traditional cloth other than a basin. Prior to the 19th century, the English Christmas pudding was boiled in a pudding cloth, and often represented as round. The new Victorian era fashion involved putting the batter into a basin and then steam it, followed by unwrapping the pudding, placing it on a platter, and decorating the top for a sprig of holly. Initial cooking usually involves steaming for many hours. To serve, the pudding is reheated again by steaming once more, and dressed with warm brandy which is set alight. It can be eaten with hard sauce (usually brandy butter or rum butter), cream, lemon cream, ice cream, custard, or sweetened béchamel, and is sometimes sprinkled with caster sugar. (10 mistakes)

E/

Jane Austen came into the world on December 16th, 1775. Born to Reverend George Austen of the Steventon rectory and Cassandra Austen of the Leigh family. She was to be their seventh child and only the second daughter to a couple. Her siblings were made up largely from brothers, which in some ways forced a close relationship with her elder sister, Cassandra (not to be confused with the mother who also carried the name Cassandra - but further referred to as Mrs. Austen). Of all the brothers, it would be Henry to whom Jane would form the closest bond with, playing the part of Jane's literary agent in the later stages of her writing. Growing up, the Austen children lived in an environment of open learning, creation and dialogue. Mr. Austen worked away in the rectory but also tried his hand at farming on the side to earn more money for the growing family. Additionally, he would take on teaching roles within the home to outside children for additional extra funds. The Austen children would all grow within this close-knit family with Jane herself forming an exceptional bond with her father. In 1783, at the age of 8, Jane and her sister Cassandra were sent off to boarded school for their formal educations. Education would consist the appropriate teachings of the time, which included foreign language (mainly French), music and dancing. Returning home, the rest of Jane's education centered mainly around what her father and brothers could teach her and, of course, what she could learn from her own reading. As Mr. Austen was part of the church, he kept a large collection of literature in his home library. This library was open to Jane and Cassandra as well and the two made extensively use of it in both reading and writing endeavors, with Jane took the lead in both. Mr. Austen fed Jane's interest in writing by supplying his books, paper and writing tools to allow her exploring her creative side. By all accounts, life inside the Austen homestead was a casual environment where many an attempt at humor was made with some very good debating going on on the side. (10 mistakes)

- TO BE CONTINUED -

SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO BÌNH DƯƠNG

KỲ THI CHỌN ĐỘI TUYỂN HỌC SINH GIỎI

TRƯỜNG CHUYÊN HÙNG VƯƠNG

NĂM HỌC 2021 – 2022

Môn thi:

TIẾNG ANH

Thời gian:

180 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề)

SỐ PHÁCH

Ngày thi thứ nhất: Đề thi có 12 trang •

Thí sinh không được sử dụng tài liệu, kể cả từ điển.

•

Giám thị không giải thích gì thêm. ____________________________________________________________

I. LISTENING (50 points) HƯỚNG DẪN PHẦN THI NGHE HIỂU •

Bài nghe gồm 4 phần; mỗi phần được nghe 2 lần, mỗi lần cách nhau 10 giây; mở đầu và kết thúc mỗi phần nghe có tín hiệu.

•

Mở đầu và kết thúc bài nghe có nhạc hiệu. Thí sinh có 02 phút để hoàn chỉnh bài trước nhạc hiệu kết thúc bài nghe.

•

Mọi hướng dẫn cho thí sinh đã có trong bài nghe.

Part 1. For questions 1-5, listen to a news report about virtual classes and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) according to what you hear. Write your answers in the numbered boxes provided. 1. Nearly two thousand people a day at this school are now going online for virtual lessons. 2. Students at schools everywhere have different feelings when their learning is disrupted by Coronavirus. 3. Despite obvious obstacles, the school’s class schedules remain unchanged. 4. One of the speakers is really happy with all that the students are doing in the period of Coronavirus. 5. People are trying their best to bring things back to normal. Your answers: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to part of an interview about the new vaccine for COVID-19 and answer the questions. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS taken from the recording for each answer. 6. What country is the first to approve the Pfizer and Bayern Tech vaccine? __________________________________________________ 7. According to the committee on vaccination and immunizations, what is age considered? __________________________________________________ 8. Why does the vaccine need to be stored at extremely low temperatures? __________________________________________________ 9. What is the general description of the side effects of Pfizer vaccine? __________________________________________________ 10. When will the possible side effects of Pfizer vaccine become apparent? __________________________________________________

Page 1 of 12 pages

Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to part of an interview with Colin Fraser, a psychologist, about cultural identity and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 11. What aspect does Colin reveal when talking about his own cultural identity? A. His resilience to changing cultures.

B. His unorthodox family background.

C. His ability to adapt.

D. His feeling of alienation.

12. According to Colin, what is the defining aspect of a person's cultural identity? A. The sense of birth right.

B. The emotion it generates.

C. The physical proximity to heritage.

D. The symbols of tradition.

13. What is the influence of a culture attributed to? A. The dissemination of wisdom.

B. Connection between societies.

C. Knowledge of one's background.

D. The practice of archaic rituals.

14. According to Colin, the success of a culture on the global scene is attributed to ______. A. its capacity for tolerance

B. its isolation from the mainstream

C. its aptitude for resolving conflicts

D. its ability to be self-effacing

15. What is Colin doing during the conversation? A. Distinguishing between birthplace and residence. B. Advocating the celebration of heritage. C. Highlighting the differences in societies. D. Addressing the issues raised by conflicting cultures. Your answers: 11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Part 4. For questions 16-25, listen to a news report about the father of personalized medicine and complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording in each blank. Dr. Larry Smarr has recently directed (16)_________________________________.

his

own

surgery

after

examining

He is quickly recognised as the father of personalized medicine, (17)_________________________________ and innovative thinking.

a

title

his

anatomy

in

that

reflects

his

Dr. Larry, who likened his approach to bringing video games into (18)_____________________________, realized the potential of combining breakthroughs in (19)_____________________________ and computer graphics to produce transparent versions of people. Using (20)_________________________ along with three-dimensional visualizations gathered over nearly ten years, Dr. Larry created his own (21)_____________________________ called “Transparent Larry”, thanks to which he found out that he had a type of (22)_____________________________. With (23)__________________________, both Larry and the team operating on him gained more confidence. Dr. Larry is optimistic about a future in which the current (24)__________________________ will be transformed into holistic digital healthcare, where we are responsible for (25)__________________________.

Page 2 of 12 pages

II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (20 points) Part 1. For questions 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to each of the following questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 26. She ______ up a clenched fist in a gesture of defiance when her boss asked her to run errands. A. caught B. brought C. took D. held 27. We live in a ______ society where shopping is all-important. A. consumer B. consumption C. procurement D. purchase 28. I ______ some friends and we went to the beach together. A. rang off B. rounded up C. put on D. ran in 29. She ______ skirted around the topic of marriage with her forty-year-old son. A. tactfully B. perceptively C. insightfully D. unselfishly 30. This hotel looked older and ______ in the name of the Lion's Cub. A. desired B. relished C. envied D. rejoiced 31. Put a ______ of butter in the frying pan to make the steak taste better. A. spring B. pile C. pinch D. knob 32. It’s Mum who ______ in our house, but she always consults Dad about every major and minor thing. A. sits on the fence B. rules the roost C. talks through her hat D. makes her hackles rise 33. That Italian restaurant is nowhere near as good since it changed ______. A. hands B. fingers C. minds D. heads 34. Being ______ in the subtleties of cookery, Anne was unsure about the amount of sugar required. A. uninitiated B. unversed C. unknowing D. unquoted 35. I knew that faking the tears would ______ her and end the punishment, but I refused because it is against my personality. A. insinuate B. ingratiate C. gratify D. pander 36. I ______ in this relationship and I make every decision. A. pack my bags B. wear the trousers C. tighten my belt D. knock my socks off 37. After lunch our host suggested, "Shall we ______ to the drawing room?” A. retire B. retreat C. retract D. recede 38. After six months of stay-at-home orders, "COVID-19 Fatigue" is to be expected, but it's important to remain ______. A. circumspect B. frugal C. cagey D. vigilant 39. It didn’t take much to ______ the old animosity lurking beneath the surface of their relationship. A. regain B. recuperate C. rekindle D. revive 40. Our family ______ enjoyed our holiday in Vietnam – the places are beautiful and the people are nice. A. strongly B. thoroughly C. deeply D. significantly Your answers: 26. 27. 34. 35.

28. 36.

29. 37.

30. 38.

31. 39.

32. 40.

33.

Part 2. For questions 41-45, write the correct form of each bracketed word in each sentence in the numbered space provided in the column on the right. Your answers: 41. If homeowners can't keep up the payments, they face (CLOSE).

41. __________________

42. A lot of the characters in the play have very trusting natures, and this (VARY) leads to their downfall.

42. __________________

43. One of the duties of this post includes welcoming visiting (DIGNIFY) from foreign countries.

43. __________________

44. Hopefully, our discoveries will (ACT) the cynicism of those who say that humans are not destroying the world.

44. __________________

45. Some men feel (MASCULINE) if they work for a woman.

45. __________________

Page 3 of 12 pages

III. READING (50 points) Part 1. For questions 46-55, read the text below and think of one word that fits each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. BEACONS We have become accustomed to the sight of an untidy collection of masts and antennas on just (46)______ every high hill or mountaintop. They are all (47)______ the most of high vantage points to transmit and receive things like television programmes and mobile phone calls. However, in the event of a (48)______ emergency, they will provide vital help. Modern telecommunications networks have (49)______ an ancient early-warning system where beacons, or fires, were lit to form a chain of communication. In some cases, the (50)______ same vantage points we use today were (51)______ used for that purpose. The first beacon would typically be lit at a high point on the coast if invading ships were spotted. When this was seen from the next point some (52)______ away, a second beacon was lit, followed by others (53)______ along the chain. Each beacon would warn local communities, and the network could, within minutes, (54)______ a whole country to the danger. Of course, the message was not very sophisticated, (55)______ in most cases it was readily understood to mean, “We are under attack". Your answers: 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. Part 2. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.

LEARNING LESSONS FROM THE PAST Many past societies collapsed or vanished, leaving behind monumental ruins such as those that the poet Shelly imagined in his sonnet, Ozymandias. By collapse, I mean a drastic decrease in human population size and/ or political/ economic/ social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time. By those standards, most people would consider the following past societies to have been famous victims of full-fledged collapses rather than of just minor declines: the Anasazi and Cahokia within the boundaries of the modern US, the Maya cities in Central America, Moche and Tiwanaku societies in South America, Norse Greenland, Mycenean Greece and Minoan Crete in Europe, Great Zimbabwe in Africa, Angkor Wat and the Harappan Indus Valley cities in Asia, and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The monumental ruins left behind by those past societies hold a fascination for all of us. We marvel at them when as children we first learn of them through pictures. When we grow up, many of us plan vacations in order to experience them at first hand. We feel drawn to their often spectacular and haunting beauty, and also to the mysteries that they pose. The scales of the ruins testify to the former wealth and power of their builders. Yet these builders vanished, abandoning the great structures that they had created at such effort. How could a society that was once so mighty end up collapsing? It has long been suspected that many of those mysterious abandonments were at least partly triggered by ecological problems: people inadvertently destroying the environmental resources on which their societies depended. This suspicion of unintended ecological suicides (ecocide) has been confirmed by discoveries made in recent decades by archaeologists, climatologists, historians, paleontologists, and palynologists (pollen scientists). The processes through which past societies have undermined themselves by damaging their environments fall into eight categories, whose relative importance differs from case to case: deforestation and habitat destruction, soil problems, water management problems, overhunting, overfishing, effects of introduced species on native species, human population growth, and increased impact of people. Those past collapses tended to follow somewhat similar courses constituting variations on a theme. Writers find it tempting to draw analogies between the course of human societies and the course of individual human lives – to talk of a society’s birth, growth, peak, old age and eventual death. But that metaphor proves erroneous for many past societies: they declined rapidly after reaching peak numbers and power, and those rapid declines must have come as surprise and shock to their citizens. Obviously, too, this trajectory is not one that all past societies followed unvaryingly to completion: different societies collapsed to different degrees and in somewhat different ways, while many societies did not collapse at all. Today many people feel that environmental problems overshadow all the other threats to global civilization. These environmental problems include the same eight that undermined past societies, plus four new ones: humancaused climate change, build up of toxic chemicals in the environment, energy shortages, and full human utilization of the Earth’s photosynthetic capacity. But the seriousness of those current environmental problems is vigourously debated. Are the risks greatly exaggerated, or conversely, are they underestimated? Will modern technology solve our problems, or is it creating new problems faster than it solves old ones? When we deplete one resource (e.g. Page 4 of 12 pages

wood, oil or ocean fish), can we count on being able to substitute some new resource (e.g. plastics, wind and solar energy, or farmed fish)? Isn’t the rate of human population growth declining, such that we’re already on course for the world’s population to level off at some manageable number of people? Questions like this illustrate why those famous collapses of past civilisations have taken on more meaning than just that of a romantic mystery. Perhaps there are some practical lessons that we could learn from all those past collapses. But there are also differences between the modern world and its problems, and those past societies and their problems. We shouldn’t be so naïve as to think that study of the past will yield simple solutions, directly transferrable to our society today. We differ from past societies in some respects that put us at lower risk than them; some of those respects often mentioned include our powerful technology (i.e. its beneficial effects), globalization, modern medicine, and greater knowledge of past societies and of distant modern societies. We also differ from past societies in some respects that put us at greater risk than them: again our potent technology (i.e. its unintended destructive effects), globalization (such that now a problem in one part of the world affects all the rest), the dependence of millions of us on modern medicine for our survival, and our much larger human population. Perhaps we can still learn from the past, but if only we think carefully about its lessons. Questions 56 - 58 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write your answers in the numbered boxes provided. 56. When the writer describes the impact of monumental ruins today, he emphasizes A. the income they generate from tourism. B. the area of land they occupy. C. their archaeological value. D. their romantic appeal. 57. Recent findings concerning vanished civilisations have A. overturned long-held beliefs. B. caused controversy amongst scientists. C. come from a variety of disciplines. D. identified one main cause of environmental damage. 58. What does the writer say about ways in which former societies collapsed? A. The pace of decline was usually similar. B. The likelihood of collapse would have been foreseeable. C. Deterioration invariably led to total collapse. D. Individual citizens could sometimes influence the course of events. Your answers: 56. 57. 58. Questions 59 – 65 Decide whether the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage. Write your answer in the numbered boxes provided. Write YES if the statement agrees with the view of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about it 59. It is widely believed that environmental problems represent the main danger faced by the modern world. 60. The accumulation of poisonous substances is a relatively modern problem. 61. There is general agreement that the threats posed by environmental problems are very serious. 62. Some past societies resembled present-day societies more closely than others. 63. We should be careful when drawing comparisons between past and present. Your answers: 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. Questions 65 - 68 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F below 64. Evidence of the greatness of some former civilisations 65. The parallel between an individual’s life and the life of a society 66. The number of environmental problems that societies face 67. The power of technology 68. A consideration of historical events and trends A. B. C. D. E. F. Your answers: 64.

is not necessarily valid. provides grounds for an optimistic outlook. exists in the form of physical structures. is potentially both positive and negative. will not provide direct solutions for present problems. is greater now than in the past.

65.

66. Page 5 of 12 pages

67.

68.

Part 3. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 69-75, read the passage choose from the paragraphs A–H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the numbered boxes provided. PNEUMATICS IS MAKING A COMEBACK Sometimes an email won't suffice, so it's time to breathe new life into an antique messaging technology. In a windowless room in a London basement, there's a device on the wall that makes things disappear. Technicians file in, grasping large containers shaped like capsules and stuff bags into them. One places his container into the device, taps a code on a panel, and whoosh, it's gone. A few minutes later, the capsule reappears a kilometer away. 69. Pneumatic networks were once heralded as the future of communication and delivery. Indeed, some think their history echoes the way current information technology developed. Yet while today's pneumatic market may be modest by comparison, it is now proving essential for a few types of organisation such as this one in London. In a digital age, why has this antique technology been embraced once more? 70. By the turn of the 20th century, entrepreneurs — and even the American postmaster general — were predicting a 'pneumatic age', promising delivery of everything from household goods to hot food. Some people even dreamed of pneumatic public transport. 'We had this utopian discourse about the pneumatic subway; the crazy notion that you'd be able to travel under the Atlantic,' says Holly Kruse of Rogers State University in Oklahoma, who has studied the social impact of pneumatic tubes. 71. Tubes never formed a pneumatic internet, of course. One by one, citywide networks fell into disuse. Surprisingly, perhaps, a few were still running in the late 20th century, but the last postal example, in Prague, was eventually shut down in 2002 after a flood had damaged it beyond repair. 72. In 2008, a UK-based organization called Foodtubes looked into the idea of distributing food to supermarkets via networks of one-metre-wide underground tubes. Pneumatic transport was one of the methods explored. The project attracted interest from at least one supermarket, but the up-front cost meant it never got off the ground. Therefore, it appears that if a large-scale demonstration could be put in place to show that this form of transport is cost-effective, it might just snowball. 73. Yet the real booming market for modern pneumatics is in hospitals. 'They are used extensively in the healthcare sector,' says Robert Beardsley of the international pneumatic tube firm Aerocom. The company has installed over 1000 hospital systems in around 80 countries for transporting samples and medicines. 74. These installations are not merely pipes connecting point A to point B. They are highly complex networks with a multitude of junctions and computer-controlled switches that serve to deliver the dispatched material to the appropriate destination. Some are vast: Stanford Hospital in California, for example, has 124 stations. 75. Pneumatic delivery has not revolutionized the world in the way its early advocates hoped it would. However, it has found a niche because not everything can be reduced to 1s and 0s. It has also evolved from steampunk brass systems to computerized ones and will continue to adapt as new technologies are developed. Missing paragraphs A. However, while the electronic age delivered many of the benefits foreseen by early tube enthusiasts, there are some that have not been realised. Wires cannot transport physical goods, for example. You can order practically anything online and have it delivered to your door, but until the 3D-printing revolution actually happens, it must still be transported by road. Could tubes prove more efficient? B. If the demand for pneumatic delivery systems increases, there is a chance that they will become as indispensable as digital technology. They may even be used to distribute food and medicine to those who cannot venture out on their own. Although this would require huge investment, it would create a more caring society. C. In fiction, pneumatic technology is often associated with a creaking bureaucratic dystopia, such as in George Orwell's 1984, or in the satirical film Brazil. From the late 1900s, pneumatic tubes carried mail across the cities of the US and Europe. They also carried cash, stock market messages and other objects inside buildings. Tubes were the social network of their era. In 1890, pneumatic pipes beneath Milan, Italy, allowed composer Page 6 of 12 pages

Giuseppe Verdi and his collaborator, Arrigo Boito, to shuttle messages concerning the opera they were working on. D. Pneumatic delivery of more limited proportions, though, has been embraced by many modern organisations. In fact, in some places, it has never gone away. Banks and supermarkets use tubes to move money from cashiers to the back office as cash collected by roving clerks has the potential to be lost or stolen. E. The basic mechanics, though, are simple: fans blow air to push capsules one way, and suck to pull them in the opposite direction. Air built up at the end of each tube provides a cushioning for brake. The modern twist comes with computer-controlled routing and motorized junctions that allow multiple capsules to be transported at once. And each capsule has a radio tracking tag. F. The researcher argues that historical pneumatic efforts and the surrounding discussion echo facets of society today, particularly our use of information technology. They foreshadowed the physical structure of computer networks inside buildings. And as well as inspiring the same kind of hyperbole as the internet does, tubes also prompted similar moral issues. In E.M. Forster's 1909 sci-fi story The Machine Stops, for instance, the 'pneumatic post' helps create a dark future in which nobody converses face to face. G. This particular contraption employs a technology that was supposed to have faded away decades ago pneumatic tubes. Hidden in the walls is a vast computer-controlled network of pipes propelling capsules via air pressure and vacuum. Installed in the early 2000s, it is present in one of many buildings worldwide that boasts a high-tech pneumatic network. Some of them have hundreds of stations fed by several kilometres of tubes and junctions. H. The London basement houses one of those contemporary networks. There, tubes deliver blood and tissue for testing to the pathology lab from about 50 stations on various wards. Sending capsules at 20 to 30 kilometres per hour through an air-chute system is handy in a large hospital with dozens of patients waiting for urgent treatment or diagnosis at any one time. Your answers: 69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

Part 4. For questions 76-85, read the passage on the nature of symbols and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to the passage. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. One of the current definitions of a symbol is that it is “something that stands for something else.” We can differentiate between three kinds of symbols: the conventional, the accidental, and the universal symbol. The conventional symbol is the best known of the three, since we employ it in everyday language. If we see the word “table” or hear the sound “table,” the letters t-a-b-l-e stand for something else. They stand for the thing “table” that we see, touch, and use. What is the connection between the word “table” and the thing “table”? Is there any inherent relationship between them? Obviously not. The thing table has nothing to do with the sound table, and the only reason the word symbolizes the thing is the convention of calling this particular thing by a name. We learn this connection as children by the repeated experience of hearing the word in reference to the thing until a lasting association is formed so that we don’t have to think to find the right word. There are some words, however, in which the association is not only conventional. When we say “phooey,” for instance, we make with our lips a movement of dispelling the air quickly. It is an expression of disgust in which our mouths participate. By this quick expulsion of air we imitate and thus express our intention to expel something, to get it out of our system. In this case, as in some others, the symbol has an inherent connection with the feeling it symbolizes. But even if we assume that originally many or even all words had their origins in some such inherent connection between symbol and the symbolized, most words no longer have this meaning for us when we learn a language. Words are not the only illustration for conventional symbols, although they are most frequent and best known ones. Pictures also can be conventional symbols. A flag, for instance, may stand for a specific country, and yet there is no intrinsic connection between the specific colors and the country for which they stand. They have been accepted as denoting that particular country, and we translate the visual impression of the flag into the concept of that country, again on conventional grounds. The opposite to the conventional symbol is the accidental symbol, although they have one thing in common: there is no intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it symbolizes. Let us assume that someone has had a saddening experience in a certain city; when he hears the name of that city, he will easily connect the name with a mood of sadness, just as he would connect it with a mood of joy had his experience been a happy one. Quite obviously, there is nothing in the nature of the city that is either sad or joyful. It is the individual experience connected with the city that makes it a symbol of a mood. The same reaction could occur in connection with a house, a street, a certain dress, certain scenery, or anything once connected with a specific mood. We might find ourselves dreaming that we are in a certain city. We ask ourselves why we happened to think of that city in our sleep and may discover that we had fallen asleep and may discover that we had fallen asleep in a mood similar to the one symbolized by the city. The picture in the dream represents this mood, the city “stands for” the mood once experienced in it. The connection between the symbol and the experience symbolized is entirely accidental.

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The universal symbol is one in which there is an intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it represents. Take, for instance, the symbol of fire. We are fascinated by certain qualities of fire in a fireplace. First of all, by its aliveness. It changes continuously, it moves all the time, and yet there is constancy in it. It remains the same without being the same. It gives the impression of power, of energy, of grace and lightness. It is as if it were dancing, and had an inexhaustible source of energy. When we use fire as a symbol, we describe the inner experience characterized by the same elements which we notice in the sensory experience of fire – the mood of energy, lightness, movement, grace, gaiety, sometimes one, sometimes another of these elements being predominant in the feeling. The universal symbol is the only one in which the relationship between the symbol and that which is symbolized is not coincidental, but intrinsic. It is rooted in the experience of the affinity between an emotion or thought, on the one hand, and a sensory experience, on the other. It can be called universal because it is shared by all men, in contrast not only to the accidental symbol, which is by its very nature entirely personal, but also to the conventional symbol, which is restricted to a group of people sharing the same convention. The universal symbol is rooted in the properties of our body, our senses, and our mind, which are common to all men and, therefore, not restricted to individuals or to specific groups. Indeed, the language of the universal symbol is the one common tongue developed by the human race, a language which it forgot before it succeeded in developing a universal conventional language. 76. The passage is primarily concerned with ______. A. refuting an argument B. describing a process C. disproving a thesis D. refining a definition 77. According to the passage, “table” and “phooey” differ in that ______. A. only one is a conventional symbol B. “phooey” has an inherent link with its meaning C. “table” is a better known symbol than “phooey” D. only one is used exclusively by children 78. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT correct? A. Children can learn the conventional link between a word and a thing. B. The conventional symbol is the most widely known. C. Only words can illustrate conventional symbols. D. The conventional and accidental symbols have something in common. 79. The author argues that conventional symbols ______. A. are less meaningful than accidental ones B. necessarily have a link with an emotion C. are less familiar than universal symbols D. can be pictorial as well as linguistic 80. Which of the following would the author be most likely to categorize as a conventional symbol? A. a country road B. the Statue of Liberty C. a bonfire D. the city of London 81. According to the author’s argument, a relationship between the city of Paris and the mood of joy can best be described as ______. A. coincidental B. dreamlike C. elemental D. built-in 82. A major distinction of a universal symbol from conventional and accidental symbols is ______. A. its origins in sensory experience B. its dependence on a specific occasion C. the intensity of the mood experienced D. its unmemorable nature 83. According to the passage, which of the following is true? A. Accidental and conventional symbols are entirely different. B. Accidental symbols can be both personal and communal. C. A word can be both inherently and conventionally associated with its meaning. D. A universal symbol developed accidentally from the human desire to communicate. 84. According to the passage, universal symbols ______. A. appeal to conventionally minded people B. are shared only among a definite human community C. are less familiar than conventional symbols D. are shared by all human communities 85. The author contends that the language of the universal symbol ______. A. restricts itself to those capable of comprehending symbolism B. should be adopted as the common tongue for the human race C. comes before the development of everyday conventional language D. grew out of human efforts to create a universal conventional language Your answers: 76. 81.

77. 82.

78. 83.

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79. 84.

80. 85.

Part 5. The passage below consists of four paragraphs marked A, B, C, and D. For questions 86-95, read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. A. Mark Although there is quite a lot of guided learning while you are at university, the element of individual research and initiative increases as you progress towards earning your degree. A university education helps students to polish their writing skills, thus enabling them to arrange, evaluate and summarize relevant material, argue and justify points, and reach a conclusion. Another, and possibly even more important, part of the university experience is meeting people from all sorts of different backgrounds, hearing their opinions and discussing the relative merits of your different points of view. To my mind, this experience is invaluable preparation for success in any career. It is for this reason that many employers are happy to take on a graduate regardless of what they actually studied for their degree. Such employers appreciate the fact that the candidate has demonstrated the effort and discipline to successfully graduate. Though you may not consider it essential to have been awarded a degree in order to go on to a rewarding career, it is certainly highly desirable. B. Vince It is important to remember that not everybody’s definition of achievement is tied to the number of rungs on the corporate ladder that they have managed to scale. Many highly desirable careers, in the arts, for example, require very little in the way of a record of academic achievement. What counts is to make your mark and thus have your talents recognized by the people who matter. Lots of people are talented, but being self-assured can give you the edge on others. The same principle may apply in the arena of entrepreneurship. Of course, a degree in business studies won’t harm you, but many successful entrepreneurs have an innate aptitude for making good deals. To some extent, it is a person’s character and personality that seals their success. Such people are positive, optimistic and highly skilled at networking. The fact that some of them may have failed to shine in secondary school is irrelevant. C. Fay Nowadays, some fields of science are so advanced that even a postgraduate degree may not be enough for you to get your foot in the door of your chosen career. Occasionally, however, it is possible for the unthinkable to happen, enabling someone with a poor start in academic terms to find an unseen route to a successful career. My best friend, Susanna, is a classic example of what I mean. After an unpromising and fairly miserable time at school, she more or less had to quit before the end of her final school year. Her mother, however, managed to find her an apprenticeship in a new industry. This was when the Siftex Company started manufacturing the Siftex, which was the result of a completely new technological breakthrough. From then on, there was no looking back for Susanna. She’s had a great career, working all over the world, and she has been the company’s senior troubleshooter for the last decade. And just think – she was told that she would never have got her apprenticeship if she’d waited until the end of the academic year! D. Connor Medicine, law, engineering, biotechnology – these are all fields where you need a good degree in order to get your first job. Imagine, you even have to go to university in order to become a nurse in some countries! Getting a degree would appear to be an essential stage in nearly anyone’s education if they want to do something more rewarding than manual labor or assembly line work. One great aspect of this type of education is that, for a lot of careers, you need to complement the academic side with a generous share of work experience. This is why there is very close cooperation nowadays between businesses and universities. You can learn lots of theory at university, but nothing in lectures can take the place of hands-on learning. For this reason, degree courses with sandwich years for the non-academic side are becoming more the norm. Which person gives each of these opinions about education? Good undergraduate qualifications are essential for immediately landing oneself a job. Self-confidence can be greatly significant in personal success. Graduates should have developed the art of writing which demonstrates high-order thinking skills. Even though you fail academically at university, it doesn’t mean that you can’t succeed in your career. Learning to think from other people’s perspectives can be valuable. Success is not always defined by getting a promotion in an organization. Luck can be an important factor in personal success. Extensive practical training should be added to improve university education. Some employers value graduates irrespective of what their degree is in. Some people succeed due to their ability to identify and cultivate useful contacts.

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Your answers: 86. _________ 87. _________ 88. _________ 89. _________ 90. _________ 91. _________ 92. _________ 93. _________ 94. _________ 95. _________

IV. WRITING (60 points) Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarise it. Your summary should be between 100 and 120 words. Alternative energy sources are resources that are constantly replaced and are usually less polluting. They are not the result of the burning of fossil fuels or splitting of atoms. The use of renewable energy is contributing to our energy supply. Some alternative energy sources are: biomass energy, geothermal energy and hydroelectric power. Biomass is renewable energy that is produced from organic matter. Biomass fuels include wood, forest and mill residues, animal waste, grains, agricultural crops, and aquatic plants. These materials are used as fuel to heat water for steam or processed into liquids and gases, which can be burned to do the same thing. With more use of biomass at lower production costs and better technology, the United States could generate as much as four-anda-half times more biopower by 2020. It is estimated that biomass will have the largest increase among renewable energy sources, rising by 80 percent and reaching 65.7 billion KW in 2020. Geothermal energy uses heat from within the earth. Wells are drilled into geothermal reservoirs to bring the hot water or steam to the surface. The steam then drives a turbine-generator to generate electricity in geothermal plants. In some places this heat is used directly to heat homes and greenhouses, or to provide process heat for businesses or industries. Reykjavik, Iceland, is heated by geothermal energy. Most geothermal resources are concentrated in the western part of the United States. Geothermal heat pumps use shallow ground energy to heat and cool homes, and this technique can be employed almost anywhere. With technological improvements much more power could be generated from hydrothermal resources. Scientists have been experimenting by pumping water into the hot dry rock that is 3-6 miles below the earth's surface for use in geothermal power plants. Hydroelectric (hydropower) energy employs the force of falling water to drive turbine-generators to produce electricity. Hydropower produces more electricity than any other alternative energy source. It has been estimated that hydroelectric power will decline from 389 billion KW in the US in 1999 to 298 billion KW in 2020. This decline is expected because most of the best sites for hydropower have already been developed and because of concerns about the adverse impact that large-scale hydroelectric facilities may have on the environment. …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …...............................................................................................................................................................................

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Part 2. The chart below shows the percentages of species expected to lose more than half their range by 2100 due to global warming. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write about 150 words.

Impact of global warming on biodiversity Percentages of species expected to lose more than half their range by 2100 26%

+3.2oC

44%

3.2oC

49% 8%

+2.0o2.0oC C

16% 18% 4%

+1.5o1.5oC C

8% 6%

Vetebrates

Plants

Insects

…............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …...............................................................................................................................................................................

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Part 3. Write an essay of 350 words on the following topic. As for success in life, many of us think that our greatness lies in persistence, while others believe that only realization of our limits in ability can bring true success. Discuss both views and give your opinions. …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... 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…............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... …............................................................................................................................................................................... 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…............................................................................................................................................................................... (You may write overleaf if you need more space.)

– THE END –

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SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TỈNH QUẢNG NINH ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC

KỲ THI LẬP ĐỘI TUYỂN CỦA TỈNH DỰ THI CHỌN HSGQG THPT NĂM HỌC 2021-2022 Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH Ngày thi : 06/10/2021 Thời gian làm bài:180 phút, không kể thời gian giao đề (Đề thi có 14 trang, không kể trang này)

Cán bộ coi thi 1 (Họ tên, chữ ký)

Cán bộ coi thi 2 (Họ tên, chữ ký)

Họ và tên thí sinh: Ngày sinh: Nơi sinh: Học sinh trường: Hội đồng coi thi:

SỐ BÁO DANH

SỐ PHÁCH

Điểm bài thi

Họ tên, chữ ký của cán bộ chấm thi

Số phách

Bằng số: ……………………………… 1: ……………………………………………… Bằng chữ:………………………………… 2: ……………………………………………… Ghi chú: - Thí sinh trả lời ngay vào bài thi này. Nếu viết sai phải gạch bỏ rồi viết lại. - Thí sinh không được sử dụng tài liệu, kể cả từ điển. - Cán bộ coi thi không giải thích gì thêm. I. LISTENING (50 POINTS) HƯỚNG DẪN PHẦN THI NGHE HIỂU • Bài nghe gồm 4 phần; mỗi phần được nghe 2 lần, mỗi lần cách nhau 10 giây; mở đầu và kết thúc mỗi phần nghe có tín hiệu. • Mở đầu và kết thúc bài nghe có nhạc hiệu. • Mọi hướng dẫn cho thí sinh (bằng tiếng Anh) đã có trong bài nghe. Part 1. For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) what unexpected aspect each speaker encountered while watching the film. A. the versatility of the cast B. the seamlessness of the images C. the authenticity of the scenes D. the film’s sense of humor E. the feeling elicited F. the scarcity of roles G. the impact of the soundtrack H. the intensity of the special effects

Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker 5

1 2 3 4 5

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

Part 2. Listen to a talk about memory and answer the questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in the space provided. 6. How was Dr. Federik Sullivan’s memory at first? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. Besides a computer, what can help you improve your memory? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. Besides prolonging life, what has a full and active memory been proved to be able to do? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 9. According to Sullivan, how is the human brain? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 10.What is the function of long-term memory? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to part of a discussion programme, in which a teacher called Simon and a business journalist called Trina are talking about the issue of change, and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 11. What does Simon say about change when discussing linguistic expressions? A. It is an inevitable part of life. B. It is generally perceived as unwelcome. C. Its significance has altered over time. D. It brings improvements when they're least expected. 12. What do they agree about change in the business community? A. It is regarded as synonymous with progress. B. It is seen as unfortunate but necessary. Page | 1

C. It never seems to be questioned. D. It can lead to undesirable results. 13. What does Trina dislike about feedback forms? A. the scale of the reaction they can provoke B. the disharmony they can create within organizations C. the extent of their use in the world of education D. the justification they give to managers who want to introduce changes 14. When discussing day-to-day routines, Simon and Trina agree that people ______________ A. make too much fuss about small-scale changes. B. find that changes in the workplace mirror those in daily life. C. only like change that clearly benefits them personally. D. experience an ongoing cycle of resisting and accepting change. 15. In Simon's view, people will really enjoy an activity if _____________ A. they do it on a regular basis. B. they keep on changing it slightly. C. it represents a change for them. D. it coincides with their expectations. Your answers: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Part 4. For questions 16-25, listen to a talk about hacking and supply the blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in the space provided. THE SECRET LIVES OF THE HACKER 16. In broad terms, hacking can be conceived as ingenious __________________________ since this activity aims to exploit the properties of things in an unanticipated manner. 17. The way that Galileo used crooked glass to _________________ can be seen as a hacking activity. 18. NASA engineers used a hack to save Apollo 13, with a book, a plastic bag and a ________________________. 19. In order to establish a call, phone providers utilized ____________________________________. 20. Many hackers are propelled by the desire to understand the operation of a system, to __________________________ and hidden secrets. 21. Steve Wozniak found source of inspiration from his early explorations to embark on ____________________________. 22. There is an analogy between some types of hackers and security forces working to protect their _________________________________. 23. Greed, fame, nonconformity and the yearnings to hurt others for ________________________ are what propel hackers. 24. Another type of hackers is ___________________________________ who aim to deceive people. 25. While hackers themselves value their actions; other people deem what they do as ___________________________________. II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (20 points) Part 1. For questions 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 26. You can try reformatting your computer, but once you open that ________, you'll probably be working on it for days. A. apple of discord B. can of worms C. load of cobblers D. spot of bother 27. The film still __________with younger audiences, even after all these years. A. beats the drum B. rings a bell C. strikes a chord D. hits the right note 28. The question of peace settlement is likely to figure ___________ in the talks. A. prominently B. prolifically C. proportionately D. properly Page | 2

29. I thought I had made it __________ that I didn’t want to discuss this matter anymore. A. frank B. distinct C. plain D. straight 30. I went to see the boss about a pay rise and he __________ with a weak excuse about a business dinner and left me standing there. A. brushed me aside B. brushed me up C. brushed me off D. brushed me down 31. She was very fortunate to __________ an excellent private tutor to help her with her study. A. think through B. seek out C. pick up D. light upon 32. We had to _______ in the back of the car for an hour to find the missing keys. A. bed out B. rack up C. root around D. turn down 33. They spend so much time arguing that, when it comes to the _______, decisions are often deferred. A. crunch B. outcry C. snag D. uproar 34. James never really broke the rules but he did _________ them a little bit when it suited him. A. twist B. curve C. move D. bend 35. Take care that your love for him doesn't __________ your judgement. A. cloud B. darken C. topple D. shadow 36. Don’t get yourself ________ up over such a trivial matter. A. done B. worried C. whipped D. worked 37. Maria and Jean had a __________ romance, they met and married within two months. A. hurricane B. cyclone C. whirlwind D. typhoon 38. After the football match the crowds ________ out of the stadium into the nearest bars and cafes. A. leaked B. poured C. trickled D. dripped 39. I'm afraid we got our _________ crossed, I thought my husband would be picking up the children and he thought I was doing it. A. minds B. purposes C. wires D. fingers 40. Every year many small companies get __________ up by large multinationals. A. swallowed B. digested C. drowned D. burnt Your answers: 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Part 2. For questions 41-45, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered space provided in the column on the right. 41. She is totally (SUFFICE)_________ and doesn’t need help from anyone. 41.____________ 42. The school is acknowledged as providing equal access and (TITLE) 42.____________ ___________ to a rich and varied curriculum. 43. I cast my eyes (HEAVEN)_________ and saw the geese flying in V-line.

43.____________

44. It was sheer (SANE)___________ to try to drive through the mountains in 44.____________ that thunderstorm. 45. He was a modest and (ASSUME)__________ man who never gave the 45.____________ impression that he knew all the answers. III. READING (50 points) Part 1. For questions 46-57, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. APATHY OR IGNORANCE? Kande Beach is located on the western shore of Lake Malawi, (46) ___________ of Africa’s Great Lakes. It is an idyllic location with guaranteed sunshine for much of the year (47) _________than the Page | 3

rainy season, so it is hardly surprising that the resort there is much in (48) _____________ with tourists. Many go to enjoy the multitude of activities on (49) ____________, such as scuba diving and horse riding. Yet more simply want to lounge about relaxing on the shore, taking the odd dip to cool down (50) _____________ and then. Yet few tourists seem to appreciate the fact that on the (51) __________ doorstep of their little parasite- at the edge of their bubble, if you will- lies the evidence in microcosm of a desperately impoverished country. Kapeti Village, for example, is but a stone’s (52) ______________from the resort. Here, according to local leaders, the prevalence of one particular very serious incurable illness is alarmingly at more than 33%. In other (53) ________, fewer than two in three people are free of the disease. (54) __________, that incurable disease is far from the only problem, with malaria, cholera and other serious illnesses also wreaking havoc. But is the general apathy amongst tourists a sign that they care less? Well, it would seem not. Whilst it may be a tall order to burst their bubble and remove the illusion of paradise found. Efforts to do so are not entirely in (55) _____________. According to locals running village tours, it isn’t (56) _________ they see the extent of deprivation for themselves that tourists begin to appreciate the problem. Then and only then do they begin to open their eyes, but at (57) ___________ it’s a start. Part 2. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow AMERICA’S OLDEST ART? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away in the secluded valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of South America’s most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically-important National Park of the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps, according to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely held view that the Americas were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10,000 BC, only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to, and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art, and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown in a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions - lines of human and animal figures - also appear of great importance to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the surrounding landscape. Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some form of a ritual dance. Due to the favorable climatic conditions, the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long-term survival. The chemical and mineral qualities of the rock on which the imagery is painted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult given the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there are a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Boqueirao da Pedra Furada, rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able Page | 4

to date to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with the painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered were a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC, arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the Americas. However, these conclusions are not without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock-art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years ago, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fuel to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Park tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at different times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores all the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo-anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 60,000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while either hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land-bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock-art and its allied archaeology of northeast Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. Questions 58-60. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 58. According to the first paragraph, the rock-art in Serra da Capivara may revolutionize accepted ideas about_______________. A. the way primitive people lived in North America. B. the date when the earliest people arrived in South America. C. the origin of the people who crossed the Bering Straits. D. the variety of cultures which developed in South America. 59. How did the ancient artists use the form of the rock where they painted? A. to mimic the shape of the countryside nearby B. to emphasize the shape of different animals C. to give added light and shade to their paintings D. to give the impression of distance in complex works 60. In the fourth paragraph, what does the writer say is unusual about the rock-artists of Serra da Capivara? A. They had a very wide range of subject-matter. B. Their work often appears to be illustrating a story. C. They tended to use a variety of styles in one painting. D. They rarely made new paintings on top of old ones. Your answers: 58. 59. 60. Questions 61-67: In the boxes below, write: YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Page | 5

61. The location of the rock-art suggests that the artists had a significant role in their society. 62. The paintings of animals show they were regarded as sacred by the ancient humans. 63. Some damage to paintings is most likely due to changes in the weather of the region. 64. The fact that some paintings were buried is useful to archaeologists. 65. The tools found near some paintings were probably used for hunting animals. 66. The North American researchers have confirmed Niede Guidon’s dating of the paintings. 67. Archeologists have completed their survey on the rock art in Piaui. Your answers: 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. Questions 68-71. Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, on the boxes. 68. Materials derived from plants or animals 69.The discussions about the ancient hearths 70. Theories about where the first South Americans originated from 71. The finds of archaeologists in Oregon A. are giving rise to a great deal of debate among palaeo-anthropologists. B. do not support the earliest dates suggested for the arrival of people in America. C. are absent from rock-art sites in the Serra da Capivara. D. have not been accepted by academics outside America. E. center on whether or not they are actually man-made. F. reflect the advances in scientific dating methods. Your answers: 68. 69. 70. 71. Part 3. You are going to read an article about the social history of coffee houses. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (72-78). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. THE INTERNET IN A CUP The Internet café is not such a new idea- something similar existed back in the seven century Where do you go when you want to know the latest news, keep up with celebrity gossip, find out what others think of a new book, or stay abreast of the latest scientific and technological developments? Today, the answer is obvious: you log on to the internet. Three centuries ago, the answer was just as easy: you went to your favorite coffee house. 72 What's more, rumors, news and gossip were often carried between them by their patrons and runners would flit from one to another to report major events. Each establishment was, therefore, an integral part of quite a complex web of contacts. But of even greater importance was their role as centers of scientific education, literary and philosophical speculation, commercial innovation and, sometimes, political fermentation. 73 This reputation accompanied its spread into Europe during the seventeenth century, at first as a medicine, and then as a social beverage in the eastern tradition. It was reflected in the decor of the dedicated coffee houses that began to appear in European cities, London in particular, where they were often adorned with bookshelves, mirrors, gilt-framed pictures and good furniture. 74 Page | 6

There was a new rationalism abroad in the spheres of both philosophy and commerce, and this ethos struck exactly the right note, whilst coffee was the ideal accompaniment. The popularity of the beverage owed much to the growing middle class of information workers - clerks, merchants and businessmen - who did mental work in offices rather than performing physical labor in the open, and found that it sharpened their mental faculties. 75 As with modern websites, the coffee houses an individual or group frequented reflected their interests, for each coffee house attracted a particular clientele, usually by virtue of its location. Though coffee houses were also popular in Paris, Venice and Amsterdam, this characteristic was particularly notable in London, where eighty-two coffee houses had been set up by 1663, and more than five hundred by 1700. For many, coffee houses had become almost an extension of the home. 76 That said, most people frequented several houses for the purpose of furthering their commercial, social or political interests. A merchant, for example, would generally oscillate between a financial house and one specializing in shipping or trade with a particular region. The wide-ranging interests of Robert Hooke, a scientist and polymath, were reflected in his visits to around sixty houses during the 1670s. Not to visit one at all was to invite social exclusion. 77 This is exactly the kind of threat that worries some people today about the power of social-networking sites. Interestingly, a proclamation of 1675 that sought to outlaw the coffee houses of London was met by a public outcry, for they had become central to commercial as well as political life. When it became clear that the proclamation would be ignored, it was toned down and then quietly dropped. 78 But history also provides a cautionary tale for those operators who would charge for access Coffee houses used to charge for coffee, but gave away access to reading materials. Many coffee shops are now following the same model, which could undermine the prospects for fee-based hotspots. Information, both in the seventeenth century and today, wants to be free - and coffee drinking customers, it seems, expect it to be. A. According to local custom, social differences were left at the door when you entered such a scholarly space, each of those details contributing to an ambience that fostered sober, respectful behaviour. Indeed, anyone who started a quarrel had to atone for it by buying a coffee for all present. In short, these were calm, well-ordered establishments that promoted polite conversation and discussion. B. But that was a risk some were willing to take, for coffee houses did have their detractors. Coffee itself was held by some to be a harmful substance, although this was never taken particularly seriously. The real opposition came from those who were alarmed at the houses’ potential for facilitating political discussion and activity. C. Coffee, the drink that fueled this vibrant network, originated in the highlands of Ethiopia, where its beans were originally chewed rather than infused for their invigorating effects. Coffee spread into the Islamic world during the fifteenth century, where it came to be regarded as stimulating mental activity and heightening perception. D. In the days before formal addresses or regular postal services were introduced, for example, it became a common practice to use one as a mailing address. Regulars could pop in once or twice a day, hear the latest news, and check to see if any post awaited them.

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E. Lavish entertainment at home was beyond the means of this social stratum but a few pence a day on coffee could be afforded. What’s more, coffee houses provided a forum for education, debate and selfimprovement, and were nicknamed 'penny universities' in a contemporary English verse. F. Such kinship was soon underlined by the establishment of so-called 'hotspots’. What’s more, from the outset these often provided access in establishments where coffee was also on offer - this can’t have been a coincidence. G. The parallels are certainly striking. Originally the province of scientists, the Net also soon grew to become a nexus of commercial, journalistic and political interchange. In discussion groups, gossip passes freely - a little too freely, according to some regulators and governments, which have generally failed in their attempts to rein them in. H. The quality of the coffee wasn't the only factor governing which one this would be, however, for these lively and often unreliable sources of information typically specialized in a particular topic or political viewpoint. They also doubled as outlets for a stream of newsletters and pamphlets that reflected the interests of their particular clientele. Part 4. For questions 79 - 85, read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow. Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes. THE FINNISH EDUCATION SYSTEM Finland’s education system is head and shoulders above most of the world’s, but why? On one level, it is simple, teachers there are held in the highest esteem and entrusted to make decisions in the best interests of pupils, which they appear invariably to do. They also go the extra mile and tailor- make lessons. The respect they are afforded in return, perhaps, stems from an awareness of the stiff qualification standards teachers are set, they come from the top 10% of graduates, educated to Master’s level. Finland, then attracts some of its best human capital into teaching, but whether its success can all simply be attributed to the calibre of staff is open to debate. There is more to this formula than meets the eyes. The size of schools is no minor factor in the education system’s success either, for many are very small, and this allows teachers to devote more attention to pupils. Even the best teachers, after all, are not magicians, and they cannot wave a magic wand and ensure that all pupils fulfil their potential. It takes effort and devotion on a micro scale, and this can only be achieved in a conductive environment. In a world of rising pupil-teachers ratios, that Finland bucks this trend must surely play a pivotal role in its education system’s success. However, demographics and the country’s unique geography, with many small areas of habitation dotted across the landscape, predetermine to some extent, class sizes, so for this the government cannot monopolize credit, it is as much down to circumstance. Nonetheless, the figures make for impressive reading, with nearly thirty percent of Finnish children receiving some form of special attention in their educational development before the age of nine. The reinvention of education on a more macro scale, though, was very deliberate indeed, and it began in Finland over four decades ago as a key part of the country’s economic recovery plan. Success was not by any means instantaneous, though, and educators deserve much credit for sticking to their principles in the early years of the transformation despite this, when, so often, programmes conceived with the best of intentions are abandoned prematurely. Really, it was not until 2000 that confirmation and validation would arrive, but they did so in eye- raising fashion. This marked the first year of results being issued from the Programme for International Students Assessment, a standardized test delivered to 15-year-olds in 40 different countries. Finland’s youths came way out on top in terms of literacy. Page | 8

Within three years, it also, led the maths tables and pupils were excelling in science, too, and Finland has consistently occupied a high position in all three areas ever since, without any blips, so it was patently clear for all to see that this was not the endeavor of fluke. Counterintuitively, Finland’s pupils excel in these standardized tests despite not being mandated to sit any on a regular basis in their own educational system until the very end of their second-level schooling, nothing official exists prior and other such testing is only carried out should individual schools undertake to do so of their own volition. More intriguingly, competition does not form any part of the education philosophy. Neither are the decision-makers political, although Finnish schools are publicly funded and it is a state-driven education system, politicians and business people are precluded from interfering. Nor are schools vying for the best teacher candidates, irrespective of location, they have an equal shot of getting top graduates, with all drawing from the same pool of resources in this respect. Furthermore, in the absence of competitive, only national goals count, so there is no elite list of schools parents dream of sending their children to, every child, whether schooled in a rural or urban environment, is afforded the same standard of education. It is, therefore, arguably, one of the most equitable systems in the world. This assertion is supported by the fact that refugees in this relatively homogenous country are not greatly disadvantaged educationally and tend to catch up to their native peers before long. Indeed, there is evidence on a broader level, too, of this equitability, since Finland has the lowest gap in the OECD between its weakest and strongest pupils in performance terms. The stats make for very impressive reading, yet, remarkably, Finland’s expenditure on education as a proportion of its overall budget is much less then places like the United, which cannot boast nearly as impressive results. 79. What does the writer imply when she says “There is more to this formula than meets the eye”? A. that it is not as easy as it sounds to produce top-quality teachers B. that the success of Finland’s education system is down to various reasons C. that the quality of teacher in the Finnish education system is not what it seems D. that the Finnish education system is more impressive than it looks 80. What does the writer say about Finland’s small class sizes? A. Finland has set a trend the rest of the world is trying to copy. B. the country’s record is more impressive in relation to young learners. C. the country’s character lends itself to smaller class sizes. D. a government initiative is directly responsible for them. 81. In the third paragraph, we learn that Finland’s education system___________. A. was revised during a period of economic strain B. was first revised after the year 2000 C. enjoyed rapid success after changes were implemented D. took over forty years to convert into the success it is today 82. What does the word “blips” in the fourth passage mean? A. glitches B. drawbacks C. plethoras D. hindrances 83. What is the Finnish education system’s approach to standardized testing? A. it regularly takes place in the area of Science, Literacy and Maths only. B. standardized tests are not compulsory but schools are encouraged to use them. C. it plays a key role at all levels of schooling. D. this evaluation methods is only officially used as students exit secondary school. 84. The Finnish education system______________. A. sets no goal or targets for schools to achieve B. generally operates independent of state and commercial interference C. is highly competitive in terms of schools’ efforts to attract the best teachers and students D. encourages graduates to take up rural teaching roles with incentives. 85. Why does the writer mention refugees? A. to exemplify how fair the Finnish education system is Page | 9

B. to highlight the lack of diversity in Finland C. to show that the gap between topmost and lowest performing students is very low D. to suggest what can be achieved if more money is invested in education Your answers: 79. 80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

Part 5. You are going to read an article about architecture. For questions 86-95, choose the best answer from sections (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once. LOCKED IN TIME What are the issues surrounding the preservation of good architecture? A. Emerging from the Lincoln tunnel into midtown Manhattan in New York, a yellow cab from JFK Airport takes you past an architectural masterpiece. Number 510 Fifth Avenue was originally the Manufacturers Hanover Trust Bank and was designed in 1954 as a new kind of banking house, something other than a thick-walled fortress. It was a glass temple of finance, inviting passers-by to step through its cool transparency and be converted to its gleaming vision of the future. Mid-twentieth-century banks were usually mundane but at 510 Fifth Avenue, the vault was displayed behind the glazed faqade and the escalators became central to the composition, falling and rising diagonally across the gridded lines like an updated game of snakes and ladders. The upper floor featured a gilded screen by the artist Harry Bertoia. B. But things are changing at 510 Fifth Avenue. As a very carefully-designed and much-admired building, it now finds itself at the frontier between developers and preservationists and it’s turning into quite a fight. For if there’s one thing in architecture that causes friction, it’s that our needs change, and so buildings must evolve and adapt in order to stay useful. Within reason. Vornado Realty Trust, the site’s owners and one of New York’s largest developers, has made the not unreasonable assumption that this commercial building on the world’s primary shopping street should be adapted to suit its new tenant, a retailer of lumberjack-style shirts. For this purpose, the gilded screen has been dismantled, the entrance is to be moved, the escalator reversed and the vault moved. On the basis that the facades remain intact, the Landmarks Preservation Commission approved these changes in April. But in July, a judge halted work after a legal challenge by the Citizens’ Emergency Committee to Preserve Preservation, which argues that, given the transparency of the facade, Landmark status must extend to those interior features that contribute to the streetscape. Too late. It is now gutted, the interior features broken from their positions of more than half a century. C. Architects are often feted for designing buildings whose form follows function. And that’s reasonable - intelligent design brings intellectual and physical beauty to the world. But architects are no better at predicting the future than the rest of us. Hence, the flip side to architectural masterpieces: the closer a building’s form follows its function, the bigger the upheaval when the original purpose no longer needs to be served. Preservation groups are aware that conservation is an expensive business. Arguments to preserve for preservation’s sake are weakened when loans are in short supply and the economic buoyancy that might offer a long-term business case for the sensitive commercial usage of old buildings starts to sink. The stronger argument is to update historic places so they can fund themselves. In any repurposing of a historic building, something has to give. And it usually gives in the direction of apartments, shops, restaurants or art galleries. It's a global picture. D. The most exciting new place in New York is the High Line, built as an elevated railway through the Meatpacking District and unused since the I 980s. It was scheduled to be torn down, but local residents started a grass-roots movement in 1999. Three years on, they gained the authorities’ support for a radical redevelopment as a city garden, a string of improbable greenery threading through an overlooked quarter that has since spread economic fertilizer in its wake with hotels, boutiques and bars abounding. Back in Fifth Avenue, there’s much hand-wringing over the stripped modern icon. Is it too Page | 10

late to hope the perfect tenant will turn up and want to strike a deal? If it’s not to change further, who will put it back together, take care of it and run it as ... what - an icon? In which section does the writer mention _____________ the idea that a preservation project can regenerate the surrounding area? why a particular structure stood out amongst its contemporaries? the inescapable need to make compromises when structures find a new use? a successful attempt to halt the total destruction of an obsolete structure? a paradox regarding the work of highly renowned architects? an approach to saving the architectural heritage that cannot always be financed? how an architect made a feature of something which is usually obscured? a disagreement about how a principle should be applied in practice? a structure that embodied the optimism of its time? a feeling that alterations to a structure were justifiable?

86.__________ 87.__________ 88.__________ 89.__________ 90.__________ 91.__________ 92.__________ 93.__________ 94.__________ 95.__________

IV. WRITING (60 POINTS) Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be between 120 and 140 words long. The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods. Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group discussion and learning. Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that the teacher’s task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A student’s participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to questions that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the “formal authority” model of teaching. A less rigid form of teacher-centered education is the “demonstrator” model. This maintains the formal authority model’s notion of the teacher as a “flashlight” who illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasizes a more individualized approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis. Many education researchers argue for student-centered learning instead, and suggest that the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centered paradigm, the “delegator” style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully, they will build not only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work and interpersonal roles. ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... Page | 11

..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... Task 2: The charts below show the changes in ownership of electrical appliances and amount of time spent doing housework in households in one country between 1920 and 2019. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.

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Task 3: Write an essay of about 350 words on the following topic: Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... 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