English-Croatian Dictionary / Veliki Englesko-Hrvatski Rječnik [4 ed.] 9531671788, 9789531671781 [PDF]

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I Z G O V O R N I Z N A K O V I UPOTRIJEBLJENI U O V O M R J E Č N I K U I U P U T E ZA E N G L E S K I ( B R I T A N S K I I AMERIČKI) IZGOVOR (Razrađeniju,

Znak 1. [i:]

Kao u

komentiranu verziju ove tablice vidi na str.

riječi

11-14)

Praktično pojašnjenje izgovora

see, sea

kao dugo : u hrvatskom

(AE many ['meni:])

kao (polu) dugo ; u hrvatskom

2. [i] 3. [e]

bid, sip set, bed

kratko i (zapr. glas između i i e) kao hrvatsko kratko e

4. [se]

cat, mad

[ae:] 5. [a:]

jako otvoreno e (glas između e i a, kao u »bedast« u H r v . Zagorju (AE) ask, bath, dance, task itd.(polu)dugo [ae]

(BE) dark, far (AE = [da:rk, fa:r])

dugo a (stražnje, ne prednje kao u hrvatskom)

(AE) on, hop

dugo prednje a (kao u hrvatskom)

6. [D] 7. [ a : ]

(BE) cm, hop (BE) form, law

kratko otvoreno o (hrvatsko kratko o je zatvorenije) kao hrvatsko dugo o

8. [u] 9. [u:]

foot, took mood, you

kratko u, ali s nezaobljenim usnama kao dugo hrvatsko u

(BE) cut, mud

kratko a, slično hrvatskom

(AE = [fo:rm])

10. [A]

(AE = [kat, mad]) 11. [ a ]

about [ a ' b a u t ]

kratki poluglas koji se u hrvatskom

pilot ['pailat]

izgovara iza pojedinih slova u brzom

(BE) taker f'teika] (AE) rabbit [Yaebat]

slovkartju: b, c, d [ba, c a , d a ]

(BE) bird, fur

dugi poluglas koji u hrvatskom izgovaramo da popuni-

(AE = [ba:rd, fa:r])

mo stanku, kad se ne možemo sjetiti nečega, ili pri sporom slovkanju: b... c... d... [ba:, c a : , da:]

day, make fly, bite

kao hrvatsko ej kao hrvatsko aj

15. [ai]

boy, choice

kao hrvatsko oj

16. [au]

how, now

kao hrvatsko au

17. [ a u ]

(BE) ione, home

kratko a + kratko u

12. [a:]

13. [ei] 14. [ai]

18. [ou]

(AE) tone, home

kao hrvatsko ou

19. [ia]

(BE) ear, here (AE = [iar])

kratko i + kratko a

20. [ t a ]

(BE) daring, bare

kratko e + kratko a

(AE = [ser]) 21. [ u a ] 22. [t]

(BE) sure, moor (AE = [uar]) kratko u + kratko a top, hit uglavnom kao hrvatsko t

23. [it)]

(AE) sentimental

24. [d] 25. [6]

(AE) better, beauty ['bedor, 'b\u:di:] smith, thigh

26. [3] 27. [0]

the, bother sing, bank

28. [1] ali:

light, silly bell, milk

29. [r]

right, glory

30. [w]

west, wind

31. [(h)w)] 32. [(i)]

(AE) what, when (AE) new, tune, dew [n(j)u:, t(j)u:n, d(j)u:)] neutral, opinion ['n-ju:tral, a'pin-jan]

33. [nj]

34. [li]

million, lewd ['mil-jan, l-ju:d]

35. [ii]

laic ["leiik]

36. ['] 37. [:] 38. [(.:)] 39. H 40. [...] 41. m

moguće ispuštanje ( (dakle [seni'menal]) glas između i i d izgovaraju ga naši ljudi s govornom manom »šuškanja« umjesto 5 izgovaramo ga normalo u hrvatskom umjesto n u skupinama nk i ng (npr. banka i bitanga) kao hrvatsko / kao »debelo« / [otpr. beL, miLk]: na kraju riječi i pred drugim suglasnikom izgovara se uvijajući jezik (umjesto da- vrh jezika zatreperi kao u hrvatskom) kratak glas između u i v (kao u talijanskom quando ['kuando] izbor između [hw] i [w] j se može ispustiti u izgovoru ne izgovara se kao jedan glas, dakle kao hrvatsko nj, nego odvojeno: n + j (kao u slovenskom) - osobito na sastavku složenice (npr. barn-yard) ne izgovara se kao nego odvojeno: / + ; (kao u slovenskom) - osobito na sastavku složenice (npr. bull-yard) konvencija u transkripciji, s time da se prvo i izgovara zapravo kao j (dakle: ['lejik, 'lajirj]) mjesto glavnog naglaska (na početku naglašenog sloga) znak dužine (dakle glas se izgovara dugo JI, ali v. i 1) znak uvjetne dužine: room [ru(:)m] se može izgovoriti kao [ru:m] i [rum]

a, 5. E nazalni izgovor (u riječima franc, podrijetla) ispušten (radi uštede na prostoru) dio izgovora jednak prethodnom isti izgovor kao za prethodnu natuknicu (-ce)

Ž e l j k o Bujaš VELIKI E N G L E S K O - H R V A T S K I ENGLISH-CROATIAN

RJEČNIK

DICTIONARY

Biblioteka RJEČNICI I LEKSIKONI

Recenzenti prof. dr. V L A D I M I R IVIR prof. dr. D A M I R

KALOGJERA

Urednica S U N I T A BUJAŠ, prof.

CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica - Zagreb UDK8tl.lll(038)=163.42 BUJAŠ, Željko Veliki englesko-hrvatski rječnik = English Croatian dictionary / Željko Bujaš. - 4. izd. - Zagreb : Nakladni zavod Globus. 2005. - (Biblioteka Rječnici i leksikoni) ISBN 953-167-178-8 450504151

ŽELJKO BUJAŠ

VELIKI ENGLESKO-HRVATSKI RJEČNIK V

Četvrto izdanje

ENGLISH-CROATIAN DICTIONARY Fourth Edition

NAKLADNI ZAVOD Zagreb, 2 0 0 5 .

GLOBUS

© Nakladni zavod Globus, Zagreb Prvo izdanje

1999.

D r u g o izdanje 2 0 0 1 . T r e ć e izdanje 2 0 0 1 . Č e t v r t o izdanje 2 0 0 5 .

Sva p r a v a p r i d r ž a n a . N i j e d a n d i o o v e knjige n e smije se r e p r o d u c i r a t i niti p r e n o s i t i ni u k o j e m o b l i k u : e l e k t r o n i č k i , m e h a n i č k i , f o t o g r a f s k i ili n a d r u g i n a č i n bez prethodne suglasnosti izdavača.

KAZALO

Predgovor U p u t e za uporabu Kratice i odrednice upotrijebljene u rječniku Englesko-hrvaiski rječnik Rječnik vlastitih i zemljopisnih imena Rječnik najčešćih kratica s e n g l e s k o g g o v o r n o g područja Pregled engleskih nepravilnih glagola Mjere i mjerni sustavi Pretvorbene tablice mjera P o r e d b e n e tablice brojeva odjeće i o b u ć e Tablice činova u o r u ž a n i m snagama Najpoznatije engleske poslovice i uzrečice Posebni dodatak Rječniku Peter T r u d g i l l , C o p i n g with America Jean H a n n a h , C o p i n g with England

7 10 15 19 1035 1075 1110 1116 1118 1143 1147 1149 1152 1153 1309

PREDGOVOR

U hrvatskoj sredini, po mojoj procjeni, v e ć d u ž e vremena postoji potreba za englesko-hrvatskim rječnikom velikog priručnog formata koji bi p o k u š a o odgovoriti na neke zahtjeve m o d e r n o g korisnika d v o j e z i č n i h rječnika. T i zahtjevi s u , najkraće r e č e n o , beskompromisna suvremenost i jezična otvorenost. S u v r e m e n o s t podrazumijeva ažurnost i aktualnost; jezična otvorenost jamči puni raspon izraza (od biranog d o slenga i tabua) i tematike (od teologije, da tako k a ž e m o , d o tehnologije). O p s e ž n o s t i i neodložnosti leksikografskog posla na rječniku koji bi udovoljavao n a v e d e n i m zahtjevima bio sam i n t e n z i v n o svjestan radeći na redigiranju tri uzastopna izdanja ( 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 3 , 1978) popularnog D r v o d e l i ć e v a englesko-hrvatskog rječnika. N a tom p o s l u , kao revizor t u đ e g rječničkog teksta, najbolje sam osjetio tipične nedostatke hrvatske dvojezične leksikografije: neaktualnost, odsutnost i m i n i m a l n e »enciklopedij­ ske« informacije, preveliko oslanjanje na filološku tradiciju i elitnu kulturu, jezični konzervatizam i zanemarivanje nacionalnih jezičnih i civilizacijskih specifičnosti (u o v o m slučaju američkog e n g l e s k o g i američke kulture). I s t o v r e m e n o je nastalo i naraslo nekoliko mojih vlastitih datoteka koje su »vapile« da b u d u n e p o s r e d n o uvrštene u n e k u rječničku g r a đ u , ili bar konzultirane za nju. Kao prvo, 2 2 . 0 0 0 d o p u n s k i h e n g l e s k o -hrvatskih rječničkih kartica, zatim 18.000 kartica američko-britanskih vokabularskih i civilizacijskih razlika, i k o n a č n o , preko 2 0 0 tematskih fascikala (s o k o 15.000 stranica) pretežno publicističkih i časopisnih tekstova od sociokulturnog interesa, sadržajno okrenutih prema a m e r i č k o m društvu i civilizaciji, što je posljednjih dvadesetak godina u središtu m o g zanimanja. T a k o su zapravo dozrijevali uvjeti za izradu vlastitog englesko-hrvatskog rječnika u k o m e bih samostalno - odgovoran pred s o b o m , strukom i korisnicima - pokušao zadovoljiti sve nabrojene zahtjeve u p u ć e n e piscu d v o j e z i č n o g rječnika, a k o n a č n o svodive na već s p o m e n u t a temeljna dva: beskompromisnu suvremenost i jezičnu otvorenost. Vjerojatno bi takav englesko-hrvatski rječnik ostao u z a m e t k u još koju g o d i n u ( p o g o t o v u pošto sam od 1980. d o n e d a v n a , d o d u š e uz neizbježne p r e k i d e , radio na v e l i k o m vlastitom h r v a t s k o - e n g l e s k o m rječniku), da mi 1984. T o m i s l a v P u š e k , direktor nakladnog zavoda G l o b u s , nije p o n u d i o da za njihovu k u ć u izradim s u v r e m e n i e n g l e s k o -hrvatski, a zatim i prateći hrvatsko-engleski, rječnik. O d s a m o g početka sve moje zamisli naišle su na njegovu p u n u p o d r š k u , da i ne s p o m i n j e m razumijevanje i strpljenje, što je d o d u š e g o t o v o o b v e z n o za nakladnika svakog rječničkog izdanja. U o v o m slučaju, autor je, kako se vidi, kasnio podosta godina. D o n e k l e m e ispričava paralelni posao na s p o m e n u t o m e n c i k l o p e d i j s k o m h r v a t s k o - e n g l e s k o m rječniku, od kojeg su dosad izašli prvi (1983) i drugi ( 1 9 8 9 ) svezak. Zatim su počele burne d e v e d e s e t e g o d i n e nastanka nezavisne Hrvatske kada s a m , kao i d r u g i , odvajao m n o g o v r e m e n a na dobrovoljne djelatnosti prema potrebi trenutka, a stanovito vrijeme p r o v e o s a m i na državnoj dužnosti izvan zemlje. K o n a č n o , po p o v r a t k u , suočio sam se s p o t r e b o m da pažljivo uskladim

8 hrvatsku stranu o v o g rječnika s n o v i m d r ž a v n i m ustrojem i jezičnom sviješću (nazivi ustanova, hrvatsko v o j n o nazivlje, stremljenje prema i z v o r n o m hrvatskom leksiku). N a kraju svega, nakladni zavod G l o b u s kao nakladnik a ja kao autor, m i s l i m o da m o ž e m o ustvrditi da su uloženi trud i vrijeme bili svrsishodni. O v i m rječnikom, kao p r v o , hrvatska javnost dobiva još jedan veliki englesko-hrvatski rječnik sljedećeg " o s o b n o g opisa": - 1.528 stranica; - 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 leksičkih jedinica ( 5 8 . 0 0 0 natuknica uz 4 2 . 0 0 0 fraza, izraza i kolokacija); - 1 7 7 . 0 0 0 značenja; - 4 1 . 0 0 0 jedinica s u s p o r e d n i m a m e r i č k i m i z g o v o r o m ; - rječnik angloameričkih kratica ( 3 . 1 0 0 jedinica); - rječnik vlastitih i zemljopisnih imena ( 4 . 4 0 0 jedinica) s britanskim i američkim izgovorom; - 33 stranice u s p o r e d n i h i pretvorbenih tablica angloameričkih mjera, vrijednosti i nazivlja s hrvatskim ekvivalentima; - 3 5 9 str. P o s e b n o g dodatka (dvaju autorskih opisa p o r e d b e n i h civilizacijskih i vokabularskih razlika i z m e đ u američkog i britanskog društva) - dosad najpotpuniji p o p i s engleskih nepravilnih glagola ( 3 2 9 ) i njihovih oblika (1.112). K a o d r u g o , autor i nakladnik o v i m rječnikom pružaju hrvatskoj javnosti n o v o leksikografsko djelo u m n o g o č e m inovativno. Ovaj je rječnik, pobliže: - prvi englesko-hrvatski rječnik s o z n a č e n i m d v o j n i m , britanskim i američkim izgovorom; - prvi englesko-hrvatski rječnik s o p s e ž n i m d o d a t k o m praktičnih u s p o r e d n i h i pretvorbenih tablica s v a k o d n e v n i h angloameričkih mjera i veličina s metričkim o d n . hrvatskim ekvivalentima; - prvi englesko-hrvatski rječnik s p o s e b n i m poredbenocivilizacijskim (američko/ britanskim) d o d a t k o m autorskih tekstova; - englesko-hrvatski rječnik s dosad najopsežnijim o b u h v a t o m građe iz američke civilizacije i a m e r i č k o g e n g l e s k o g ( p o s e b n o slenga); - djelo u k o j e m je dosad najpotpunije p r e d o č e n tzv. n e k o n v e n c i o n a l n i vokabular (s v u l g a r i z m i m a , s e k s u a l n i m ž a r g o n o m i tabu izrazima); - prvi dvojezični rječnik namjenski »ciljan« na određeni tip e n g l e s k o g teksta, za koji jamči v i s o k u učinkovitost. O o v o m posljednjem svojstvu p o n u đ e n o g rječnika potrebno je reći nešto više. S a m o zaista opsežni »stolni« rječnici, višestruko veći od o v o g a , m o g u pretendirati na generalnu djelotvornost, to jest da im je obuhvat vokabulara takav da se p o m o ć u njih m o ž e čitati najširi raspon engleskih tekstova: od Shakespearea d o krimića, od Biblije d o s u v r e m e n e tehnologije, od m e đ u n a r o d n i h vijesti d o »crne kronike«, od filozofije d o športske reportaže. Započevši posao na o v o m rječniku, i upravo stoga što sam zamišljao djelo od o k o tisuću stranica, i m a o sam na u m u rječnik usmjerene namjene. Želio s a m , da p o n o v i m još jedanput, stvoriti englesko-hrvatski rječnik » b e s k o m p r o m i s n e s u v r e m e n o s t i i jezične otvorenosti«. Rječnik koji bi, dakle, najbolje funkcionirao pri čitanju s u v r e m e ­ nih tekstova: aktualnih, unutar raspona interesa obrazovane m o d e r n e o s o b e i s najšireg područja djelatnosti s u v r e m e n o g svijeta. I rječnik koji bi, isto tako, bio najdjelotvorniji na jezično otvorenim tekstovima: p o s e b n o onima d i n a m i č n o g vokabulara, o b i l n o prože­ tog n e o l o g i z m i m a i jezičnom inovativnošću, n e k o n v e n c i o n a l n i m izrazima, aktualnim stručnim ž a r g o n o m , relevantnim t e h n o l o g i z m i m a , te civilizacijski specifičnim riječima i pojmovljem (amerikanizmi, briticizmi i slično).

9 Takvi tekstovi najprisutniji su u informativnim tjednicima tipa Time Magazine, Newsweek, The Economist, ali i u publikacijama kao što su The New Yorker, National Geographic i slično. Ovaj rječnik nastao je zapravo provjeravanjem djelotvornosti postoje­ ćih englesko-hrvatskih rječnika na tekstovima iz n a v e d e n i h publikacija. ( T a k o je uosta­ lom prikupljena ranije s p o m e n u t a datoteka o d 2 2 . 0 0 0 d o p u n s k i h englesko-hrvatskih rjećničkih kartica.) Ovaj rječnik dakle jamči svoju p o s e b n u učinkovitost ne na s v a k o m , bilo k o j e m , e n g l e s k o m tekstu, n e g o upravo na s u v r e m e n i m publicističkim tekstovima i vokabularski srodnoj materiji, to jest d n e v n o m tisku i bestselerima. K o n a č n o , ovaj rječnik sadrži i sustavno prikupljen vokabular (uz frazeologiju) potreban za razumijevanje situacija i materijalne kulture svakodnevice u v o d e ć i m društvima engleskog jezičnog izraza: a m e r i č k o m i britanskom. Suvremenost tog vokabu­ lara jamče i autorovi nedavni duži boravci u S A D ( T e k s a s u ) i U K ( L o n d o n u ) . Što se tiče zastupljenosti raznih nacionalnih tipova e n g l e s k o g jezika (američkog, britanskog, australskog i drugih) u o v o m rječniku, jasno je s a m o po sebi da je o v o p r v e n s t v e n o , i n e i z b j e ž n o , rječnik o n o g e n g l e s k o g koji je zajednički svim rođenim govornicima tog jezika. O n m e đ u t i m u potrebnoj mjeri, ali i razmjerno, uključuje i vokabular specifičan za s p o m e n u t e tipove e n g l e s k o g . Stoga je m e đ u njima najjače zastupljen leksik s frazeologijom američkog e n g l e s k o g , kojim se uostalom služi čak 7 1 % svih izvornih govornika e n g l e s k o g ( o d n o s n o 7 6 % kad t o m e pribrojimo vrlo srodan kanadski engleski). R a z m j e r n o manje zastupljeni su britanski (svega 16%) i drugi tipovi e n g l e s k o g (preostalih 8%) koji obuhvaćaju škotski, irski, australski, novozelandski i južnoafrički, te p o s e b n u s k u p i n u karipsko-engleskih govora. K o n a č n o , ne s m i j e m o zanemariti da se američkim e n g l e s k i m služi i najbrojnija skupina iseljenih Hrvata, ona u S A D i Kanadi. Slična načela ( s u v r e m e n o s t i jezična otvorenost, uz primjereniju zastupljenost a m e ­ ričkog e n g l e s k o g ) primjenjujem i u pratećem hrvatsko-engleskom rječniku, također u Globusovoj nakladi. S v o j o m p r i s u t n o š ć u , oba sveska, englesko-hrvatski i hrvatskoengleski, popunit će o d r e đ e n u prazninu u hrvatskoj dvojezičnoj leksikografiji i svojim inovacijama pridonijeti (nadam se) m e t o d o l o š k o m razvoju tog stručnog područja. O o v o m e n g l e s k o - h r v a t s k o m svesku - i p r v o m d v o j e z i č n o m leksikografskom pro­ jektu G l o b u s o v o m - u o v o m času želim reći upravo o n o što sam rekao predajući javnosti prvi svezak svog velikog hrvatsko-engleskog rječnika. Svjestan, kao vjerojatno svi leksikografi, svega što je još trebalo uraditi - p o s e b n o o p s e ž n e vlastite ili postojeće druge građe koju nisam stigao uvrstiti - nisam dokraja zadovoljan učinjenim. Ostaje da kasnija izdanja isprave nedostatke o v o g prvog kojeg, zajedno s n a k l a d n i k o m , predajem na upotrebu i sud javnosti. U Zagrebu, svibnja 1998.

Željko Bujaš

U P U T E ZA UPORABU

A . TRAŽENJE DVOČLANIH I VIŠEČLANIH IZRAZA

1. E n g l e s k e i d i o m e i fraze treba, u pravilu, tražiti p o d i m e n i c o m : tako ć e m o naprimjer i d i o m t o k e e p in m i n d naći p o d i m e n i c o m m i n d a ne p o d g l a g o l o m k e e p . T a m o gdje i d i o m sadrži dvije i m e n i c e valja tražiti pod p r v o m od njih: izreku birds o f a f e a t h e r flock t o g e t h e r potražit ć e m o dakle, i naći, p o d i m e n i c o m b i r d , a ne pod d r u g o m p o redu i m e n i c o m f e a t h e r ili g l a g o l o m f l o c k . M e đ u t i m , fine f e a t h e r s m a k e fine birds naći ć e m o pod p r v o m po redu i m e n i c o m f e a t h e r . 2 . Isto, u pravilu, vrijedi za e n g l e s k e d v o č l a n e izraze o d pridjeva i i m e n i c e : b l i n d t i g e r p o d t i g e r , s o f t s o a p p o d s o a p , live w i r e p o d w i r e itd. 3 . K o d dvočlanih engleskih izraza sastavljenih od dvije i m e n i c e nije se m o g l o postupiti sasvim ujednačeno. Ipak, takvi se izrazi najčešće svrstavaju p o d p r v o m i m e n i c o m , u frazeološki d i o natuknice, naprimjer c o a l - b e d , c o a l - b i n , c o a l - f i e l d itd. pod c o a l . U m a n j e m broju slučajeva takvi se d v o i m e n i č n i izrazi isto svrstavaju p o d p r v o m i m e n i c o m , ali kao zasebna natuknica, p o g o t o v u ako imaju vlastite fraze, naprimjer c o a t - t a i l zbog t o ride o n s m b ' s c o a t - t a i l s . U o g r a n i č e n o m broju slučajeva d v o i m e ­ nični izrazi svrstavaju se p o d d r u g o m i m e n i c o m , kad je ona očito d o m i n a n t n a u značenju čitavog izraza, naprimjer m o t o r h o m e pod h o m e . 4 . D v o č l a n i glagoli (vb + adv), tako tipični za engleski jezik, traže se naravno p o d g l a g o l o m ; naprimjer t o s e t a b o u t , t o s e t a g a i n s t , t o s e t a p a r t , t o s e t a s i d e itd. - sve pod s e t ( v b ) . 3

B . UPORABA ZAGRADA, KOSE I OKOMITE CRTE

5 . Zagradama se označava cijela alternativna fraza ili izraz, pa prva zagrada zapravo znači ili. Zato ć e m o t o m a k e a s if (si t o m a k e like) pretvarati se kao da, pročitati kao: t o m a k e a s if = pretvarati se kao d a , i si t o m a k e like = pretvarati se kao d a , d o k je t o m a k e s m b . c r y ( l a u g h ) natjerati u plač (smijeh) jasno, n a d a m s e , s a m o p o sebi. 6 . Zagradama se označava d i o fraze ili izraza koji se m o g u ispustiti: m a l e c h a u v i n i s t ( p i g ) = m a l e c h a u v i n i s t ili m a l e c h a u v i n i s t p i g h e h a s ( g o t ) it m a d e = h e h a s it m a d e ili h e h a s g o t it m a d e 7. K o s o m crtom ( = ili) označava se alternativna engleska riječ, o d n . riječi, koje se na t o m mjestu m o g u upotrijebiti: t o m a k e light/little o f = t o m a k e light o f ili t o m a k e little of. T a n k o m o k o m i t o m crtom (I) odvaja se frazeološki/idiomatski d i o o d p r v o g dijela natuknice. Z n a k ~

("tilda") u frazeološkom dijelu natuknice stoji u m j e s t o g l a v n e

riječi: t r e e n d r v o , stablo . . . I C h r i s t m a s ~ ( = C h r i s t m a s t r e e ) b o ž i č n o d r v c e .

C.

IZGOVOR

8 . Izgovor riječi označen je m e đ u n a r o d n i m fonetskim z n a k o v i m a , p o z n a t i m s v a k o m e tko je učio engleski u školi ili n e k o m centru za strane jezike. T i se znakovi

11 upotrebljavaju u s v i m d o m a ć i m š k o l s k i m u d ž b e n i c i m a i većini e n g l e s k i h rječnika izdanih k o d nas. O n i m a koji ne poznaju te z n a k o v e , ili su i m izblijedjeli u sjećanju, ovaj rječnik pruža praktičan pregledan prikaz na predlistu. 9 . N a p r v o m mjestu (iza natuknice) o z n a č e n je britanski izgovor riječi, koji k o d nas ima n e s u m n j i v o prvenstvo zahvaljujući svojoj dominaciji u nastavi e n g l e s k o g jezika i rječničkom izdavaštvu. M e đ u t i m , uz svaku n a t u k n i c u gdje u a m e r i č k o m e n g l e ­ skom postoje i z g o v o r n e razlike - u s a m o j e d n o m glasu ili izgovoru čitave riječi - te su razlike pažljivo i sustavno o z n a č e n e . I tu se rječnik striktno služi m e đ u n a r o d n i m fonetskim z n a k o v i m a , što o m o g u ć u j e s v a k o m korisniku da lako usvoji američki izgovor ili s a m o stekne s u s t a v n u p r e d o d ž b u o n j e m u . Jedini znak koji sam d o d a o kao vlastito rješenje je k u r z i v n o d, za tzv. m e đ u s a m o g l a s n i č k o »t« (v. 2 4 u Tabeli izgovornih znakova i uputa). 10. Prednost britanskog e n g l e s k o g , kao sadašnja kulturna činjenica, očituje se i time što se u natuknicama ( p o j m o v i m a ) iz američke civilizacije n a v o d i , uz američki, i njihov britanski izgovor. S d r u g e strane, uz natuknice ( p o j m o v e ) koji izrazito pripadaju britanskom j e z i č n o m izrazu o d n o s n o civilizaciji stoji, u pravilu, s a m o britanski izgovor. D.

DODACI RJEČNIKU

1 1 . N e zaboravite, na kraju rječnika nalaze se vrlo korisni dodaci: -

Rječnik vlastitih i zemljopisnih i m e n a , s o k o 4 4 0 0 jedinica ( o z n a č e n i h britanskim i američkim izgovorom)

-

Rječnik najčešćih kratica s e n g l e s k o g g o v o r n o g područja, s o k o 3 1 0 0 jedinica (uključene i s t r u č n e , kolokvijalne i žargonske kratice)

-

Pregled nepravilnih glagola u e n g l e s k o m R a z n e p r e t v o r b e n e i p o r e d b e n e tablice mjera, vrijednosti i nazivlja u zemljama e n g l . g o v o r n o g izraza i H r v a t s k o j .

IZGOVORNI ZNAKOVI UPOTRIJEBLJENI U OVOM RJEČNIKU I U P U T E ZA ENGLESKI (BRITANSKI I AMERIČKI) IZGOVOR

Znak

Kao u

1.

[i:]

2.

riječi:

Praktično objašnjenje izgovora

Komentar

see, sea

kao dugo i u hrvatskom

Na kraju riječi u AE (npr. many ['meni:]), taj može biti i poludug; BE tu ima kratko i.

[i]

bid, sip

kratko i (zapr. glas između i i e)

3.

[e]

set, bed

kao hrvatsko kratko e

4.

[x]

cat, mad

jako otvoreno e (glas između e i a, kao u »bedast« u Hrv. Zagorju)

[ae:]

(AE) ask, bath, dance, task itd.

(polu)dugo [se]

U AE zamjenjuje svako britansko [a:] nepovezano s »nijemim« r (v. 5).

12

5.

Znak

Kao u riječi:

Praktično objašnjenje izgovora

Komentar

[a:]

(BE) dark, far

dugo a (stražnje, ne prednje kao u hrvatskom)

Dok u BE ovdje nema ni traga r u izgovoru, u AE izgovara se svako r, pa tu imamo [da:rk] i [fa:r]; pri tome se jezik uvija, što tom glasu daje osebujan američki ton.

(AE) on, hop

Vidi komentar uz 6.

U AE izgovara se zajedno s r i koje je nijemo u BE), pa lako imamo form [fo:rm], pri čemu se jezik uvija (v. komentar uz 5). U riječima gdje r nije prisutno (law, sauce) AE ima dugo otvoreno o, tj. glas između a i o.

6.

M

(BE) on, hop

dugo prednje a (kao u hrvatskom) kratko otvoreno o (hrvatsko kratko o je zatvorenije)

7.

[y.]

(BE) form, law

kao hrvatsko dugo o

8.

tu]

foot, took

kratko u, ali s nezaobljenim usnama

9.

[u:]

mood, you

kao dugo hrvatsko u

Vidi komentar uz / (32).

10.

1A]

(BE) cut, mud

kratko a, slično hrvatskom

U AE zamjenjuje ga [a] (v. 11), dakle [kat], [mad].

11.

[3]

about [a'baut] pilot ['pailat] (BE) taker ['teika] (AE) rabbit ['rasbat]

kratki poluglas koji se u hrvatskom izgovara iza pojedinih slova u brzom slovkanju: b, c, d [ba, ca, da]

Na kraju riječi (kao u taker) u BE izgovara se »otvoreno« [a], tj. glas blizu kratkom a (»tejka«). Za izgovor riječi taker u AE v. komentar uz 12.

12.

[a:]

(BE) bird, fur

dugi poluglas koji u hrvatskom izgovaramo da popunimo stanku, kad se ne možemo sjetiti nečega, ili pri sporom slovkanju: b. .c. ,d.. [ba:, ca:, da:]

U AE izgovara se zajedno s r, pa tako dobivamo [ba:rd] i [fa:r]; jezik se jednostavno uvrne i u tom položaju izgovara dugi poluglas. T o je vrlo karakterističan glas za američki izgovor.

13.

[ei]

day, make

kao hrvatsko ej

14.

[ai]

fly, bile

kao hrvatsko aj

[ai] [au]

boy, choice

kao hrvatskoj oj

how, now

kao hrvatsko au

17.

[3U]

(BE) tone, home

18.

[ou]

(AE) tone, home

kao hrvatsko ou

U AE zamjenjuje svako britansko [au].

19.

[io]

(BE) ear, here (AE = [iar])

kratko 7 + kratko a

Na kraiu riječi u BE izgovara se gotovo kao io. U AE izgovara se

15. 16.

U AE umjesto ovog glasa izgovara se [a:], to jest dugo a jednako dugom hrvatskom a - dakle on [a:n] i hop [ha:p].

Prvi glas je kratki poluglas (v. 11), ali izgovaran u BE kao kratki glas između [a] i [e]. T o je vrlo karakterističan dvoglas za BE. U AE ne postoji.

13

Znak

Kao u riječi:

Praktično objašnjenje izgovora

Komentar

kao ir(s dugim i), uz karakte­ ristično uvijanje jezika za r. 20.

[ED]

(BE) dating, bare (AE = [ear])

kratko e + kratko a

Na kraju riječi u BE izgovara se gotovo kao ea. U AE izgovara se kao er (s dugim e), uz karakte­ ristično uvijanje jezika za r.

21.

[ua]

(BE) sure, moor (AE = [uar])

kratko u + kratko a

Na kraju riječi u BE izgovara se gotovo kao ua. U AE izgovara se kao «r(s dugim u), uz karakte­ ristično uvijanje jezika za r.

22.

[t]

top, hit

uglavnom kao hrvatsko t

Dobar engleski izgovor zahtijeva izgovor i samo vrškom jezika i s dosta zraka (ekspiracije). Možda je bolje ne truditi se previše oko toga, jer je veća šteta ako se upadne u neobrazovani (britanski) izgovor gdje i jednostavno zvuči kao c.

23.

m

(AE) sentimental

moguće ispuštanje t

U AE postoji izrazita sklonost, naročito u kolokvijalnom govoru, da se u skupini nt ispusti (ili jedva naznači) suglasnik i, dakle • [sen(t)i'men(t)l] ili [seni'menal] - ali u glasnom čitanju i sporijem, biranijem govornom stilu [senti'mentl].

24.

[d]

(AE) better, beauty

glas između t i d

Izgovor ['bea'ar] i ['bju:đi:] karakterističan je za AE, osobito u normalnom govornom stilu. Glas d javlja se samo iza naglaska i između dva samoglasnika!

25.

[6]

smith, thigh

izgovaraju ga naši ljudi s govornom manom »šuškanja« umjesto s.

Stavi vrh jezika među zube i, držeći ga tamo, pokušaj izgovoriti Ili oponašaj ljude sa spomenutom govornom manom: QedamdeQet umj. sedamdeset.

26.

[d]

the, bother

27.

fo]

sing, bank

izgovaramo ga normalno u hrvatskom umjesto n u skupinama nk i ng (npr. banka i bitanga)

28.

[1] ali:

light, silly

kao hrvatsko /

bell, milk

»debelo« /

Stavi vrh jezika među zube i, držeći ga tamo, pokušaj izgovoriti z.

Na kraju riječi (bell) i pred drugim suglasnikom (milk), osim j , izgovara se »debelo« (stražnje) / - kada jezik uopće ne dotiče desni. Izgovor »debelog« / ne bi trebao biti problem većini

14

Znak

K a o u riječi:

Praktično objašnjenje izgovora

Komentar

gradske sjevernohrvatske mladeži koja danas ionako izgovara svako / na taj način. Njihov je problem, naravno, u razlikovanju prednjeg i stražnjeg /. 29.

[r]

right, glory

izgovara se uvijajući jezik (umjesto da vrh jezika zatreperi kao u hrvatskom)

30.

[w]

west, wind

kratak glas između u i v (kao u talijanskom quando ['kuando])

31.

[(h)w)

(AE) what, when

izbor između [hw] i [w]

32.

[li)]

(AE) new, tune, dew j se moze ispustiti u izgovoru

33.

[nj]

neutron, opinion

34.

[lj]

million, lewd

35.

[ii]

laic [Meiik] lying ['laiin]

36.

[']

mjesto glavnog naglaska (na početku naglašenog sloga)

37.

[:]

znak dužine (dakle glas se izgovara dugo)

38.

[(:)]

znak uvjetne dužine: room [ru(:)m] se može izgovoriti kao [ru:m] i [rum]

39.

["]

a,

D,

e

ne izgovara se kao jedan glas, dakle kao hrvatsko nj, nego odvojeno: n +j (kao u slovenskom) - osobito na sastavku složenice (npr. barn-yard) ne izgovara se kao Ij nego odvojeno: l + j (kao u slovenskom) - osobito na sastavku složenice (npr. bull-yard)

U glasovima [a:] i [D:] - npr. u far [{&:}, farm [fa:m],/or[fD:] i form [fb:m] - ne ostaje u BE ni traga od r. U AE to je r izrazito i karakteristično prisutno (v. komentare uz 5 i 7).

Skupina wh u BE izgovara se kao [w]. U AE međutim vrlo je čest izgovor [hw], dakle what [hwa:t] i when [hwen]. Posebno česta pojava u AE u skupinama nj, tj i dj pred dugim u; dakle new [nu:], tune [tu:n] idew[du:].

konvencija u transkripciji, s time da se p r v o i z g o v a r a zapravo k a o ) (dakle: ['lejik, 'lajirj])

nazalni izgovor

40.

[...]

ispušten (radi uštede na prostoru) dio izgovora jednak prethodnom

41.

m

isti izgovor kao za prethodnu riječ(i)

Vidi i komentar uz 1.

U riječima francuskog podrijetla.

POPIS KRATICA I ODREDNICA UPOTRIJEBLJENIH U OVOM RJEČNIKU

A A+ abbr adj adv AE AE+ aero aerosp anat approx arch archeol archit art AS as tron astrol aug Austr aux

American American also abbreviation adjective adverb American English in Amer. English also aeronautics aerospace anatomy approximately archaic archeology architecture art Anglo-Saxon astronomy astrology augmentative Australija auxiliary

američki engleski američki još i kratica pridjev prilog američki engleski u amer. engleskom još i avijacija astronautski, svemirski anatomija otprilike zastarjelo arheologija arhitektura umjetnost anglosaski astronomija astrologija augmentativ Australija pomoćni

B B+ bact BE BE+ Bibl biochem biol bkk bot box

British British also bacteriology British English in Brit. English also Biblical biochemistry biology book-keeping botany boxing

britanski engleski britanski još i bakteriologija britanski engleski u brit. engleskom još i biblijski izraz biokemija biologija knjigovodstvo botanika boks

Cam Can car chem chess civ eng coll collect com comp cond conj cosm cri

Cambridge Canadian cards chemistry chess civil engineering colloquially collective commercial comparative conditional conjunction cosmetics cricket

na sveučilištu Cambridge kanadski (izraz) kartanje kemija šah građevina kolokvijalno, u običnom govoru kolektivan, zbimi komercijalan (trgovački) izraz komparativ pogodbeni oblik veznik kozmetika knket

16 crim cryst cul

criminology crystallography culinary

kriminologija kristalografija kulinarski (kuharski) izraz

dem dent derog dial dim dipl DP

demonstrative dentistry derogatorily dialectally diminutive diplomacy data processing

pokazni zubarstvo prezirno dijalektalno deminutiv diplomacija (automatska) obrada podataka

E eccl econ el emph Eng eng ent esp euph evthg exch

England ecclesiastical economy electricity emphatically English engineering entomology especially euphemism everything Stock Exchange

britanski engleski crkveni izraz ekonomija elektrika; elektrotehnika emfatički, pojačano engleski tehnika o kukcima osobito eufemizam, ublažen izraz sve burza

fam farm fern fenc fig film fin for form ftb

familiarly farming feminine fencing figuratively film financial forestry formally French football

familijarno (u obiteljskom ili prijateljskom krugu) poljoprivreda ženski (rod) mačevanje figurativno (u prenesenom značenju) film financijski šumarstvo u biranom govoru francuski nogomet

GB genet geog geol geom Ger Gk golf gram gym

Great Britain genetics geography geology geometry German Greek golf grammar gymnastics

Velika Britanija genetika zemljopis geologija geometrija njemački grčki golf gramatika gimnastika

her hist hort HUM hum hunt HV hyp

heraldry history horticulture Croatian Navy humorously hunting Croatian Army hypocoristic

heraldika povijest; povijesni izraz vrtlarstvo Hrvatska ratna mornarica humoristički lov Hrvatska vojska od milja (dragosti)

ichth •Hit imit

ichthyology illiterate imitative

o ribama u neobrazovanom govoru onomatopeja, oponašanje

FT

17 imp Ind ind art ind pron inf info ins int In iron

imperative India indefinite article indefinite pronoun infinitive information science insurance interjection Irish ironically

imperativ Indija neodređeni član neodređena zamjenica infinitiv informatika osiguranje uzvik irski ironično

journ jur

journalistic juridical

novinarski pravni izraz

Lat ling lit log

Latin linguistics literary logic

latinski lingvistika književni izraz logika

mach mar math mech med metal meteor microb mil min minx mot mus myth

machinery maritime mathematics mechanics medicine metallurgy meteorology microbiology military mining mineralogy motoring music mythology

strojarstvo pomorski izraz matematika mehanika medicina metalurgija meteorologija mikrobiologija vojni izraz rudarstvo mineralogija automobilistika glazba mitologija

n naut nav n pi num

noun nautical naval plural noun numeral

imenica pomorski izraz koji se odnosi na ratnu mornaricu imenica u množini broj

obs opt ord ornith Ox

obsolete optics ordinal ornithology Oxford

riječ koja se više ne upotrebljava optika redni o pticama na sveučilištu Oxford

paleont par pas ped pharm phil phon photo phys Pi poet pol pop DOSS

paleontology parliament passive pedagogy pharmacy philosophy phonetics photography physics plural poetically politics popular possessive

paleontologija parlament pasiv pedagogija farmacija filozofija fonetika fotografija fizika množina pjesnički politika popularan (nestručan) izraz posvojni

18 pp pred pref prep p pres pret print pron pros prov psych

past participle predicative prefix preposition present participle preterite printing pronoun prosody proverb psychology

particip perfekta (prošli) predikatkmi; samo predikativno prefiks prijedlog particip prezenta (sadašnji) preterit tiskarstvo zamjenica prozodija poslovica psihologija

rad RC ref rel RH rhet rlw rust

radio R o m a n Catholic reflexive relative Republic of Croatia rhetoric railway rustic

radio rimokatolički povratni relativan Republika Hrvatska govorništvo željeznica narodski

sch sci Sc sg Shak si smb. smb's soc sp Span specif sthg. suf sup

school scientific Scottish singular Shakespeare slang somebody somebody's sociology sports Spanish specifically something suffix superlative

školski izraz znanstveni izraz škotski jednina iz Shakespearea sleng (žargon, argo, šatrovački govor) netko (nekoga, nekome) nečiji sociologija sport španjolski uže, određenije, u posebnom značenju nešto (nečeg, nečim) sufiks, nastavak superlativ

tab tech ten text theat theol TV

taboo technology tennis textile theater theology television

nepristojan (opscen) izraz tehnologija tenis tekstil kazalište teologija televizija

univ US usu

university United States usually

sveučilišni izraz SAD obično

v(b) vet vi vr vt vulg

verb veterinary medicine intransitive verb reflexive verb transitive verb vulgar

glagol veterinarstvo neprelazni glagol povratni glagol prelazni glagol neobrazovan (vulgarni) izraz

W WW2

West World War 2

američki Zapad Drugi svjetski rat

zoo

zoology

zoologija

VELIKI ENGLESKO-HRVATSKI RJEČNIK ENGLISH-CROATIAN DICTIONARY

Biblioteka RJEČNICI I LEKSIKONI Željko Bujaš VELIKI E N G L E S K O - H R V A T S K I

RJEČNIK

Četvrto izdanje Izdavač NAKLADNI ZAVOD

GLOBUS

Za izdavača T O M I S L A V PUŠEK Urednica S U N I T A BUJAŠ Korektura BRANKO

ILJAZOVIĆ

DANIJELA ŽIVKOVIĆ Grafička priprema D E L O R e p r o s t u d i o d.d., Ljubljana Likovna oprema MAJA FRAN1Ć Tisak i uvez EUROADRIA d.o.o. Ljubljana, 2 0 0 5 .

POPIS K R A T I C A I O D R E D N I C A UPOTRIJEBLJENIH U OVOM R J E Č N I K U (Ukoliko korisniku ovog praktičnog popisa zatreba pojašnjenje engleske riječi iz desnog stupca, može to naći u razrađcnijoj verziji ovog popisa na str. 15-18)

A A+ abbr adj adv AE AE+ aero aerosp anat approx arch archeol archit art AS astr astrol aug Austr aux

American American also abbreviation adjective adverb American English in American English also aeronautics aerospace anatomy approximately archaic archeology architecture art Anglo-Saxon astronomy astrology augmentative Australia auxiliary

B B+ bact BE BE+ Bibl biochem biol bkk bot box

British British also bacteriology British English in Brit. English also Biblical biochemistry biology book-keeping botany boxing

Cam Can car chem chess civ eng coll collect com comp conj cosm cri crim cryst cul

Cambridge Canadian cards chemistry chess civil engineering colloquially collective commercial comparative conjuction cosmetics crisket criminology crystallography culinary

dem dent

demonstrative dentistry

derog dial dim dipl DP

derogatorily dialectally diminutive diplomacy data processing

E eccl econ el emph Eng eng entom esp euph evthg exch

England ecclesiastical economy electricity emphatically English engineering entomology especially euphemism everything Stock Exchange

fam farm fem fenc fig film fin for form Fr ftb

familiarly farming feminine fencing figurativelv film financial forestry formally French football

GB geog geol geom Ger Gk golf gram gym

Great Britain geography geology geometry German Greek golf grammar gymnastic

her hist hort hum hunt hyp

heraldry history horticulture humorously hunting hypocoristics

ichth illit imit imp Ind

ichthyology illiterate imitative imperative India

ind art ind pron inf ins int Iri iron

indefinite article indefinite pronoun infinitive insurance interjection Irish ironically

journ jur

journalistic juridical

lat ling lit log

Latin linguistics literary logic

mach mar math mech med metal meteor microb mil min minr mot mus myth

machinery maritime mathematics mechanics medicine metallurgy meteorology microbiology military mining mineralogy motoring music mythology

n naut nav n pi num

noun nautical naval plural noun numeral

obs opt ornith Ox

obsolete optics ornithology Oxford

par pas ped pharm phil phon photo phys Pi poet pol pop poss pp pred

parliament passive pedagogy pharmacy philosophy phot"* ''" phi ph\ plu: poe poli pop pos: past prei 1

1

pref prep ppress pret print pron pros prov psych

prefix preposition present participle preterite printing pronoun prosody proverb psychology

rad RC ref rel rhet rlw rust

radio Roman Catholic reflexive relative rhetoric railway rustic

sch sci Sc sg Shak si smb. smb's soc sp Span specif sthg. suf sup

school scientific Scottish singular Shakespeare slang somebody somebody's sociology sports Spanish specifically something suffix superlative

tab tech tenn text theat theol TV

taboo technology tennis textile theater theology television

univ US usu

university United States usually

v(b) vet vi vr vt vulg

verb veterinary medici intransitive verb reflexive verb transitive verb vulgar

W WW2

West World War 2

zoo

zoology

a

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1

abjuration

A 1

a [ei] slovo a; mus nota a; sch odličan (ocjena) I A 1 [ei W A n ] coll prvoklasan a [ei, nenagl. a ] ind an jedan, neki, stanovit I 20 dollars ~ week 20 dolara tjedno a [a] prep arch I to go —begging prosjačiti aardvark ['a:dva:k, AE 'a:rdva:rk] n zoo kapski mravožder aardwolf ['a:dwulf, AE 'a:rd-] n zoo (afrički) zemni vuk (podvrsta hijene) abaca ['aebaka] n boi v. Manilla hemp aback [a'baek] adv natrag, straga; naut po krmi I taken ~ zapanjen, zatečen abacus ['aebakas] n abak (računaljka s pomič­ nim kuglicama) abaft [a'ba:ft, AE -ae:ft] adv naut na krmi, po krmi; straga (na brodu) abalone [aeba'louni:, BE -'launi] n zoo puzlatka (školjka) abandon' [a'baendan] vi ostaviti, napustiti; okaniti se; prepustiti se abandon [ f ] n prepuštanje (davanje maha) osjećajima, zanesenost, zanos; impulzivnost; očaj abandoned [a'baendand] ađj napušten; ra­ zuzdan abandonment [a'baendanmant] n napuštanje, napuštenost; odricanje; v. abandon abase [a'beis] vi poniziti abasement [a'beismant] n poniženje abash [a'baeš] vi posramiti; smesti, zbuniti abashment [a'baešmant] n posramljenost; sme­ tenost, zbunjenost abate [a'beit] vi smanjiti, sniziti; ublažiti, utaži­ ti I vi popustiti, oslabiti, spasti, jenjati abatement [a'beitmant] n popuštanje, jenjanje; sniženje (poreza) abbess ['aebis, AE -as] n nadstojnica ženskog samostana abbey ['sebi, AE -\:)n opatija abbot ['aebat] n opat abbreviate [a'bri:vieit] vi pokratiti abbreviation [abri:vi'eišan] n skraćivanje, po­ krala, kratica abdicate ['aebdikeit] vi odreći se (časti i s i ) , dati ostavku, abdicirati abdication [aebdi'keišan] n odreknuće; ostavka; abdikacija 2

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abdomen [aeb'daumen, AE -'dou-] n anal tr­ buh; ent zadak ['aebdaman] abdominal [aeb'daminal, AE -'da:ma-] adj tr­ bušni, abdominalan; ent zatčani abduct [aeb'dAkt, AE -'da-] vi ugrabiti (dijete, djevojku), oteti abduction [aeb'dAkšan, AE -'dak-] n otmica abeam [a'biim] adv naul (p)o boku, okomito na bok ili kilj broda abed [a'bed] adv u postelji; prikovan uz krevet abelmosk ['eiblmask, AE -a:sk] n bot bamija aberrant [ae'berant] adj koji zabluđuje, koji zastranjuje, devijantan, atipičan aberration [aeba'reišan] n odvajanje, zastranjenje, devijacija; opi lom (svjetla); poremećenost abet [a'bet] vi poticati, podbadati, potpomagati I to aid and ~ biti sukrivac abettor (-er) [a'beta, AE -ea'ar] n jur pomagač, ortak, sukrivac abeyance [a'beians] n stanje neizvjesnosti; neriješenost dodjele titule, baštine itd.; prekid abhor [ab'ha:, AE -'ha:r] vi zazirati od, gnušati se nad, biti nekome mrzak abhorrence [ab'harans] n zaziranje, gnušanje; odvratnost, mrskost I to hold in — v. abhor abhorrent [ab'harant] adj mrzak, zazoran, od­ vratan abide, abode (abided), abode (abided) [a'baid, a'baud (a'baidid); AE a'boud, a'baidad] vi ostati, ustrajati kod (by); pridržavati se čega; održati (riječ); stanovati, prebivati I vi čekati; snositi, trpjeti, podnijeti abiding [a'baidirj] adj lit trajan Abie ['eibi, AE -i:] n A si derog Židov muškarac abigail ['aebigeil, AE -ba-] n fig sobarica ability [a'bilati, AE -arfi:] n sposobnost, vješti­ na, pl nadarenost; com solventnost I to the best of my ~ što bolje budem mogao (znao) abject ['sebdžekt] adj podao, prezira vrijedan, bijedan, jadan I in ~ poverty u krajnjoj bijedi abjectness ['aebdžektnis, AE -nas] n krajnja bijeda; prezrenost; podlost abjuration [aebdžu'reišan] n odreknuće pod za­ kletvom

abjure abjure [ a b ' d ž u a , AE -uar] vt odreći se pod zakletvom ablation [aeb'leišan] n ablacija, skidanje, odljuštenje, kirurško uklanjanje ablative ['aeblativ, AE -div] n gram ablativ ablaze [a'bleiz] adv u plamenu, plamsajući; blistav; usijan I to set ~ zapaliti able-bodied ['eibrbodid,zlZj -'ba:dad] adj naut jak, krepak, čio; (fizički) sposoban I naut — seaman mornar I klase able ['eibl] adj kadar, sposoban; vješt I to be ~ to moći, biti kadar abloom [a'blu:m] adv & pred adj u cvatu ablution [a'blu.šan] n pranje, umivanje (obred­ no i form) I to perform one's ~ s umivati se ably ['eibli, AE -li:] adv sposobno, vješto abnegate ['aebnigeit] vt odreći se; poricati, nije­ kati abnegation [aebni'geišan] n nijekanje; odrica­ nje; zabacivanje (doktrine); samoprijegor abnormal [3eb'nD:mal, AE -'na:r-] adj abnor­ malan, nakazan, izobličen; nepravilan, izu­ zetan abnormality [3ebna:'maetati, AE -nar'maeladi:] n abnormalnost, nakaznost, nepravilnost aboard [a'bo:d, AE o : r d ] adv & prep na brod(u); na vlak (avion), u vlaku (avionu); tik uz brod; ukrcan I A rlw ali ~ ! polazak! (svi u vlak!) abode [ a ' b a u d , AE -oud] n (arch & lit) boravi­ šte, stan I to take up (ili make) one's ~ na­ staniti se a b o d e [ f ] prep & pp od to abide abolish [a'bališ, AE -'ba:-] vt ukinuti abolition [aeba'lišan] n ukinuće; A hist ukinuće ropstva crnaca abolitionism [aeba'lišanizm] n A hist pokret za ukinuće ropstva crnaca abolitionist [aeba'lišanist, AE -ast] n A hist abolicionist, zagovaratelj ukinuća ropstva (crnaca) A-bomb ['ei'bam, AE -ba:m] n v. atom bomb abominable [a'bominabl, AE -'ba:ma-] adj od­ vratan, gadan; vrlo neugodan abominate [a'bamineit, AE f ] vt zazirati, gnu­ šati se o d , užasavati se nad abomination [abomi'neišan, AE f ] n gnušanje; odvratnost, mrskost; gadost; opačina I to hold in ~ biti nekome mrzak (odvratan); gnušati se nad aboriginal [aeba'ridžanal] adj domorodački, starosjedilački I n prastanovnik, domorodac, starosjedilac (esp australski) aborigines [aeba'ridžani:z] n pl prastanovnici, domoroci, starosjedioci (esp australski) abort [a'ba:t, AE -a:rt] vi p o b a c i u ; / i g izjaloviti se; zakržljati; prekinuti aborted [a'ba:tid, AE a'ba:rdad] adj neuspio, izjalovljen abortion [a'ba:šan, AE -'ba:r-] n pobačaj, po1

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abrogation metnuće, abortus; nedonošče; izjalovljenje, neuspjeh abortionist [a'ba:šanist, AE -a:ršanast] n vrši­ telj abortusa, aborter abortive [a'ba:tiv, AE -o-.rdiv] adj pometnut; zakržljao; izjalovljen, neuspio, uzaludan I to prove ~ izjaloviti se abound [a'baund] vi (in, with) obilovati, vrvjeli od about [a'baut] adv & prep (na)okolo, u blizini, u krugu; otprilike, približno, malone, goto­ vo; r e d o m , naizmjence, p o , o I all ~ svuda naokolo; plague is ~ kuga vlada; to be ~ again pridići se (nakon bolesti); the wrong way ~ naopako; the other way ~ obratno; I am ~ to baš se spremam da; what are you ~ ? što radiš?, čime se baviš?; ~ the house po kući, oko kuće; to have no money ~ one nemati novca kod sebe; mil left ~ ! čelom nazad! about-face [a'bautfeis] n potpuna promjena stava, zaokret za 180 stupnjeva I vi potpuno promijeniti stav, učiniti zaokret od 180 stup­ njeva above" [a'bAV, AE -av] adv iznad, gore, ozgora I as ~ kako je gore rečeno above [ f ] prep iznad, nad I ~ ali više od svega, prije svega; pogotovu, prvenstveno; this is ~ m e to ne mogu shvatiti; he is — doing it to je njemu ispod časti; ~ ten više od 10 a b o v e [ f ] adj gornji, prije spomenut aboveboard [a'bAv'bo:d, AE a'bav'ba:rd] adv & adj otvoreno, iskren(o), pošten(o) aboveground [a'bAvgraund, AE -'bav-] adv nepokopan, (još) živ abrade [a'breid] vt ogrepsti, ostrugati, okrznuti abrasion [a'breižan] n ogrebotina; geol abrazija abrasive' [a'breisiv] adj abrazivan;./Ig zajedljiv, oštra jezika, koji iritira abrasive [ | ] n abrazivno sredstvo (npr. šmirgl) abreast [a'brest] adv usporedo, rame o rame I to keep ~ of the times držati korak s vre­ m e n o m , biti suvremen abridge [a'bridž] vt skratiti, pokratiti abridgment [a'bridžmant] n skraćenje, pokraćivanje, pokrala abroach [a'brauč, AE -ouč] adv & pred adj probušen (sud, bačva), načet I to set ~ načeti (otvoriti) p u n u bačvu abroad [a'bro:d] adv u inozemstvo, u inozem­ stvu; van, vani; arch izvan kuće, na ulici; sp na tuđem terenu I rumor is ~ širi se glasina; to be all ~ biti smeten, smušen; the oarsmen were all ~ veslači su izgubili takt abrogate ['aebrageit] vt opozvati, ukinuti (zakon) abrogation [aebra'geišan] n ukinuće, opoziv 2

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abrupt

abrupt [a'brApt, AE -apt] adj nenadan; otresit, nagao, iskidan; strm abruptly [a'brAptli, AE -aptli:] adv nenadano; s neba pa u rebra, naglo, naprečac; strmo abruptness [a'brAptnis, AE -spinas] n nenadanost; naglost, otresitost; strmina abscess ['aebsis, AE -sas] n med apsces, čir, granulom abscessed ['aebsest] adj na kome se razvio čir (čirevi) I ~ tooth granulom abscissa [aeb'sisa] n math apscisa abscission [aeb'sižan] n odrezivanje, amputaci­ ja; odrezak, nagli prekid abscond [ab'skand, AE -a:nd] vi (potajno) umaknuti absence ['aebsns] n odsutnost; pomanjkanje ;jur nedolazak na sud I ~ of mind rastresenost absent ['aebsant] adj odsutan, nepostojeći I mil ~ without leave samovoljno odsutan; koji je dezertirao absent [aeb'sent] vt (oneself) udaljiti se; ne dola­ ziti, izostati absentee [aebsn'ti:] n stalno odsutan posjednik (imanja); odsutan birač; radnik koji izostaje s radnog mjesta absenteeism [sebsn'ti:izm] n stalno izbivanje (s imanja); često izostajanje s radnog mjesta absent-minded ['sebsnt'maindid, AE -dad] adj duhom odsutan, rastresen; nesvjestan absent-mindedness ['aebsnt'maindidnis, AE -dadnas] n rastresenost absinth(e) ['sebsin0] n apsint absolute ['aebsalu:t] adj apsolutan; neograni­ čen; bezuvjetan; potpun; isključiv; čist, nerazrijeđen absolutely ['aebsalu:tli, AE -li:] adv apsolutno; posvema; potpuno, neograničeno; bezu­ vjetno absoluteness ['aebsalu:tnis, AE -nas] n apsolutnost; neogranićenost, potpunost; bezuvjetnost absolution [aebsa'lu:šan] n eccl oprost (od grije­ ha); odrješenje absolutism ['aebsalu:tizm, AE -u:d\-] n apsolu­ tizam absolutist ['aebsalu:tist, AE -u:iast] n pristaša apsolutizma absolve [ab'zalv, AE -a:lv] vt odriješiti (od grijeha); podijeliti oprost; riješiti (dužnosti), osloboditi (obveze) absorb [ab'sa:b, AE -a:rb] vt upiti, apsorbirati; zaokupiti (pažnju); svega obuzeti absorbed [ab>'sa:bd, AE -a:rbd] adj apsorbiran, upijen I ~ in thought obuzet (zaokupljen) mislima, utonuo u misli absorbent [ab'sa:bant, AE -'so:r-] adj koji upi­ ja I n sredstvo za upijanje absorbing [ab'so:bin, AE f ] adj koji upija; koji posve zaokuplja, vrlo zanimljiv 1

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abusive absorption [ab'sa:pšan, AE f ] n upijanje, usi­ savanje, zaokupljenost, zadubenost absorptive [ab'sa:ptiv, AE -a:r-] adj koji ima sposobnost upijanja abstain [ab'stein] vi sustegnuti se; kloniti se (pića), apstinirati; ne izaći na glasovanje, uzdržati se od glasovanja abstainer [ab'steina, AE -ar] n apstinent, trez­ venjak; osoba koja nije izašla na glasovanje abstemious [aeb'sti:mias] adj umjeren, suzdržljiv abstemiousness [aeb'sti:miasnis, AE -nas] n umjerenost, suzdržijivost abstention [aeb'stenšan], AE -can] n uzdržava­ nje (od glasovanja) I 3 —s 3 suzdržana glasa abstergent [aeb'sta:džant, AE -ta:r-] adj med koji čisti ili otvara stolicu I n sredstvo za čišćenje (otvaranje) abstersion [aeb'sta:šan, AE -ta:rž-] n čišćenje (ispiranjem); otvaranje (stolice) abstinence ['aebstinans, AE -sta-] n uzdržava­ nje od; umjerenost, trijeznost I eccl days of ~ posni dani abstinent ['assbstinant, AE | ] adj koji se kloni pića I n trezvenjak abstract ['sebstraekt] adj apstraktan; pojmovan I in the ~ u apstraktnom smislu, samo po sebi, općenito abstract ['aebstraekt] n kratak izvadak, kratak sadržaj, sažetak abstract [aeb'straekt] vt oduzeti; coll ukrasti; pojmovno zamišljati, apstrahirati; chem desti­ lirati; načiniti kratak izvadak abstracted faeb'straektid, AE -tad] adj rastre­ sen; zaokupljen mislima abstraction [aeb'straekšan] n apstrakcija; oduzi­ manje, krađa; apstraktno umjetničko djelo abstractness [aeb'strasktnis, AE -nas] n apstraktnost abstruse [aeb'stru:s] adj zakučast abstruseness [aeb'stru:snis, AE -nas] n zakučastost absurd [ab'sa:d, AE -a:rd] adj apsurdan, be­ smislen, budalast; smiješan absurdity [ab'sa:dati, AE ab'sa:rdadi:] n i absurdness [ab'sa:dnis, AE -a:rdnas] n apsurd(nost), besmisao, besmislenost, smiješnost abubble [a'bAbl, AE -'ba-] adj uzavrio, usko­ mešan abundance [ a ' b A n d a n s , AE -'ba-] n obilje I in — napretek, u izobilju; v. ~ of heart abundant [a'bAndant, AE f ] adj (in, with) koji obiluje (nečim) abundantly [a'bAndantli, AE a'bandantli:] adv obilno; potpuno abuse [a'bju:s] n zloupotreba; grdnja, psovke abuse [a'bju:z] vt zloupotrijebiti; prevariti; gr­ diti, psovati; neumjereno uživati abusive [a'bju:siv] adj I ~ language pogrdni, 1

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abut prostački izrazi, psovke; ~ practices malver­ zacija; ~ treatment zlostavljanje abut [a'bAt, AE -at] vi (on, against) graničiti s; doticati se, naslanjati se, upirati se abutment [a'bAtmant, AE -'bat-] n civ eng pot­ poranj, upornjak, uporište, nosač abuttal [a'bAtl, AE a'barfl] n dio (posjeda) koji se tiče tla susjeda abuttals [ a ' b A t l z , AE | ] n pl granice (granični dio) posjeda prema susjedu abuzz [a'bAZ, AE - a z ] adj I be ~ with brujati od abysmal [a'bizmal] adj bezdan; fig skrajnji, potpun abyss [a'bis] n bezdan, ponor, jaz abyssal [a'bisal] adj dubinski acacia [a'keiša] n bol akacija, bagrem academic [aeka'demik] adj akademski, sveuči­ lišni I ~ costume akademska (sveučilišna) kapa i ogrtač (talar); ~ year (sveučilišna) školska godina; ~ subjects »teoretski« pred­ meti (za razl. od »praktičnih«, »primije­ njenih«) academical [aeka'demikal] adj akademski, sve­ učilišni I ~ s akademska (sveučilišna) nošnja academician [akaeda'mišan, AE aekada-] n aka­ demik, član akademije academy [a'kaedami, AE -i:] n akademija; AE zvučan naslov za privatne srednje škole; ško­ la (jahanja, policijska itd.) acanthus [a'kaenGas] n bol medvjeđa šapa; archil stilizirani list te biljke kao ukras korintskog kapitela accede [aek'si:d] vi stupiti u, (to) pristati na I to ~ to the throne stupiti na prijestolje accelerate [aek'selareit] vt ubrzati (se), pospje­ šiti acceleration [aeksela'reišan] n ubrzanje, posp jesen je; phys akceleracija accelerator [aek'selareita, AE -eirfar] n mot papučica za gas; phys akcelerator accent ['aeksant, AE -ent] n naglasak; prizvuk stranog izgovora; poet govor, riječi, stihovi, 1

zvuči 2

accent [aek'sent] vi naglasiti, istaći, označiti naglaskom, akcentirati accentuate [sek'sentjueit, AE -caweit] vt nagla­ siti, istaći; pojačati, potencirati accentuation [aeksentju'eišan, AE -ča'vveišan] n naglašavanje, isticanje accept [ak'sept] vt & vi prihvatiti, pristati na, odobriti; com akceptirati (mjenicu) acceptability [aksepta'bilati, AE -adi.] n pri­ hvatljivost acceptable [ak'septabl] adj prihvatljiv; dobro­ došao; dovoljan acceptance [ak'septans] n prihvaćanje, odobre­ nje; com prihvaćena mjenica I to find ready ~ biti rado priman acceptation [asksep'teišan] n prihvaćanje; pri­ hvaćeno značenje riječi

accommodation accepted [ak'septid, AE -ad] adj prihvaćen, priznat; uobičajen a c c e s s f'aekses] n prilaz, pristup; prirast, pove­ ćanje I easy of — pristupačan accessary [ak'sesari, AE -ri:] n sudionik, su­ krivac accessibility [aeksesi'bilati, AE -sa'bilaii:] n pristupačnost; dostupnost, dostižnost accessible [aek'sesibl, AE -abl] adj pristupa­ čan; dostupan, dostižan accession [aek'sešan] n pristup; privola; pri­ rast; nastup službe; dolazak na prijestolje (vlast); med napadaj (bolesti) accessory' [aek'sesari, AE -ri:] adj dodatan; dopunski; pomoćni; nuz-; sukriv accessory [ \ ] n sudionik, sukrivac; pl doda­ tak (glavnoj stvari); okolnosti; pripaci, pribor accidence ['aeksidans, AE -sad-] n gram zna­ nost o oblicima, morfologija accident ['aeksidant, AE f ] n slučaj; nezgoda, nesreća I by ~ slučajno; to meet with an ~ doživjeti nezgodu, nesreću; nothing was left to ~ ništa se nije prepustilo slučaju, poduzelo se sve moguće accidental [aeksi'dentl,/l£ -a'den(t)l] adj sluča­ jan, nebitan, nuz-, sporedan; izazvan nesret­ nim slučajem accidentally [aeksi'dentali, AE ] -li:] adv slu­ čajno I iron ~ on purpose tobože slučajno accident-prone ['aeksidant'praun, AE -sadant 'proun] adj I I am ~ stalno mi se događaju nezgode (ozljeđujem se) acclaim [a'kleim] vt klicanjem povlađivati, aklamirati acclaim [ t ] " povlađivanje klicanjem, akla­ macija acclamation [aekla'meišan] n aklamacija, po­ vlađivanje, klicanje, odobravanje acclimate [a'klaimeit] vt & vi v. acclimatize acclimatization [aklaimatai'zeišan, AE -mada-] n aklimatizacija, prilagođavanje podneblju acclimatize [a'klaimataiz] vt & vi aklimatizirati (se) (i fig) acclivity [a'klivati, AE -adi:] n strmina, uzbr­ dica accolade ['aekaleid] n dodir mačem po ramenu ili poljubac (zagrljaj) pri imenovanju vite­ zom; fig javno priznanje, počast; mus spojni­ ca nad notama accommodate [a'kamadeit, AE -'ka:m-] vt op­ skrbiti (nečim); ukonačiti, smjestiti; pružiti uslugu; posuditi (nekome) novac; izgladiti spor; prilagoditi (se); zadovoljiti, primiti accommodating [a'kamadeitirj, AE a'ka:madeiđirj] adj uslužan, susretljiv accommodation [akama'deišan, AE -'ka:m-] n prilagođenje, udešenje; nagodba, izravnanje (spora), sporazum; stvar (naprava) za udobnost (sjedalo, ležaj itd.); (često p/) smje2

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accommodationist štaj, smještaj i opskrba I ~ bili mjenica bez podloge; naut ~ ladder ljestve uz bok broda, siz; AE ~ train lokalni, spori vlak accommodationist [akama'đeišanist, AE aka:ma'deišanast] adj popustljiv, kompromiserski accompaniment [a'kAmpanimant, AE a'kam-] n pratnja (i mus)\ popratna okolnost, dodatak accompanist [a'kAmpanist, AE a'kampanast] n mus pratilac accompany [a'kAmpani, AE a'kampani:] vt pratiti (i mus); zbivati se istovremeno accomplice [a'kamplis, AE a'ka:mplas] n su­ krivac, ortak accomplish [a'kampliš, AE a'ka.m-] vt izvršiti, obaviti, postići accomplished [a'kamplišt, AE | ] adj izvršen; dotjeran, savršen; vrstan; s otmjenim dru­ štvenim odgojem; svestrano naobražen; ne­ sumnjiv (činjenica); bez premca, arciaccomplishment [a'komplišmant, AE T ] n iz­ vršenje, polučenje, dostignuće, postignuće; pl znanje, svestrana naobraženost; nadare­ nost accord [a'ka:d, AE -o:rd] n sklad, podudara­ nje; suglasnost, sporazum(nosi), sloga; pri­ vola; sporazum, nagodba I of/with one ~ složno, jednodušno; of one's own ~ od svoje volje accord [ | ] vt & vi biti u skladu s; podijeliti, dati, pružiti; udovoljiti, privoljeti accordance [a'ka.dans, AE -'ka:r-] n poduda­ ranje, suglasje, sklad; podjeljivanje, pruža­ nje; udovoljavanje 1

2

according [a'ka:dirj,,4£ f ]prep I ~ to u skladu s, prema; ~ to H o m e r prema Homeru, kako kaže Homer; ~ as ukoliko, već prema tome accordingly [a'ka:dirjli, AE a'ko:rdirjli:] adv dakle, prema tome accordion [a'ka.dian, AE -'ko.r-] n harmonika accordionist [a'ka:dianist, AE a'ka:rdianast] n harmonikaš accost [a'kast, AE -a:st] vt osloviti, pristupiti k account [a'kaunt] n račun, računanje; izvje­ štaj, prikaz, opis, navodi; važnost, značenje, korist; pogled, obzir, razlog, odgovornost, štovanje, cijena 1

F R A Z E I IZRAZI

bank ~ bankovni račun; current ~ tekući račun; checking (BE current) ~ čekovni račun; as per ~ prema računu; money of ~ valuta koja postoji samo u računu; of good/great ~ uvažen; on my own ~ na moj vlastiti račun (odgovornost); on no ~ nipo­ što, nikako; no ~ bez vrijednosti; on that ~ zbog toga; on ~ of zbog; on ali ~ s svakako, bezuvjetno; by all ~ s po svemu sudeći; on my (your, his itd.) ~ zbog mene (tebe, njega itd.)

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accumulate S GLAGOLIMA (po abecedi) to be of no ~ biti bez važnosti; to bring/ /call to ~ pozvati na odgovornost; to carry an amount to smb's ~ zaračunati nekomu svotu; to cast ~ s sračunati; to give ~ of razjasniti; to give an ~ of izvjestiti, prikaza­ ti; to give a g o o d ~ of an enemy nemilo obračunati s neprijateljem; to give a good ~ of oneself dobro se ponijeti (držati); poka­ zati se sposobnim; hunt to give a good ~ of oneself imati dobar ulov; si he is gone to his — otišao je Bogu na račun; to keep —s voditi račune; to lay one's ~ with računali s ne­ čim, očekivati; to make no ~ of ne mariti za, ne obazirati se na; to make light/ /little — of potcjenjivati; olako uzeti; to pay on ~ platiti na račun; to place an ~ with a bank otvoriti račun kod banke; to balance/ /settle/square an ~ namiriti račun; to take into ~ uzeti u račun (obzir); to take no ~ of ne računati, ne obazirati se na; to turn to — upotrijebiti, iskoristiti, izrabiti account [a'kaunt] vt & vi smatrati, držati, cijeniti I to ~ for biti razlogom, razjasniti, biti odgovoran za; that ~ s for it to razjašnja­ va stvar, sad je jasno; it ~ s for 85% to čini (obuhvaća, pokriva) 8 5 % ; there is no ~ i n g for tastes o ukusima se ne da raspravljati accountability [akaunta'bilati, AE -n(t)a'biladi:] n odgovornost accountable [a'kauntabl, AE -n(t)abl] adj od­ govoran; razjašnjiv accountancy [a'kauntansi, AE -n(t)ansi:] n ra­ čunovodstvo accountant [a'kauntam, AE -n(d)ant] n raču­ novođa I AE certified public ~ , BE charte­ red ~ ovlašteni (računovodstveni) revizor, revizor financijskog poslovanja accountantship [a'kauntantšip, AE -n(t)ant-] n mjesto (položaj) računovođe accoutre [a'ku:ta, AE -u:dar] vt opremiti; obući accoutrement [a'ku:tamant, AE] ] n (obično u pt) vojnička oprema (bez oružja i odore); vanjski znakovi (oznake) accredit [a'kredit, AE -at] vi učiniti vjerodo­ stojnim, dati vjerodajnicu, opunomoćiti, službeno priznati, potvrditi (istinitost), pripi­ sati nekome accredited [a'kreditid, AE -dadad] adj s vjero­ dajnicom, opunomoćen, ovlašten, službeno priznat, s pravom javnosti I ~ story vjerodo­ stojan prikaz accrete [a'kri:t] vt & vi narasti, prirasti, srasti accretion [a'kri:šan] n prirast, povećavanje, dodatak, priplod; med srašćivanje accrue [a'kru:] vi prirasti, pridoći; nastati od; narasti (kamate) accumulate [a'kju:mjuleit, AE -m(j)al-] vt & vi 2

acquired

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accumulation

akumulirati, nagomilati (se), nakupiti (se), Achilles [a'kili:z] n Ahil I heel of ~ Ahilova zgrnuti peta; fig slaba strana accumulation [akju:mju'leišan, AE | ] n aku­ achromatic [aekra'maetik, AE -dik] adj bezbo­ mulacija, gomilanje, zgrtanje; gomila jan, akromatičan (i opt) accumulative [a'kju:mjulativ, AE -m(j)aleidiv] acid ['assid, AE -adj adj kiseo; fig mrzovoljast, adj akumulativan, koji se nakuplja jedak I A si ~ head/freak narkoman koji accumulator [a'kju:mjuleita, AE -m(j)aleidar] uživa acid; ~ rock vrlo glasan rok koji se n el akumulator često služi svjetlosnim efektima (oponašajući accuracy ['aekjurasi, AE -kjarasi:] n točnost, halucinogenost euforije izazvane LSD-om) ispravnost; pomnost, brižnost acid [ t ] n kiselina; si LSD ili druga halucinoaccurate ['aekjurat, AE -kja-] adj točan, ispra­ gena droga van; poman, brižan acidify [a'sidifai, AE -da-] vt & vi (u)kiseliti accursed [a'ka:sid, AE -a:rsad] adj klet; pro­ (se), zakiseliti, pretvoriti (se) u kiselinu klet acidity [a'sidati, AE -adi:) n kiselost accusation [aekju'zeišan, AE -kp-] n optužba, acidulate [a'sidjuleit, AE -džal-] vt zakiseliti okrivljavanje accidulous [a'sidjulas, AE -džal-] adj nakiseo accusative [a'kju:zativ, AE -adiv] adj optužni ack-ack f'aek'aek] n si protuzrakoplovni top I n gram akuzativ (topništvo, vatra) accusatory [a'kju:zat(a)ri, AE -ata:ri:] adj op­ acknowledge [ak'nalidž, AE ik'na:-] vt prizna­ tužni ti; dopuštati; potvrditi (primitak); biti zah­ valan accuse [a'kju:z] vt optužiti, okriviti acknowledged [ak'nalidžd, AE T ] adj priznat, accused [a'kju:zd] adj optužen I n optuženik prihvaćen accuser [a'kju:za, AE -sr] n (op)tužitelj(ica) acknowledgment [ak'nalidžmant, AE | ] n pri­ accustom [a'kAStam, AE -'kas-] vt priučiti, znanje; potvrda primitka; izraz zahvalnosti; priviknuti uzvrat pozdrava accustomed [a'kAStamd, AE | ] adj priviknut, acme ['aekmi, AE -mi:] n vrhunac vičan; običan, uobičajen acne ['aekni, AE -ni:] n med akne, bubuljičavost ace [eis] n as, jedinica na kocki ili karti; slavni acock [a'kok, AE -a:k] adj & adv nahero, načuavijatičar; fig malenkost, mrva; A si superljen -frajer, super-stručnjak I within an ~ za dla­ acolyte f'aekalait] n eccl (trećorednik) crkveni ku, malo da n(ij)e; to be within an ~ of sluga; ministrant; pomagač; fig novajlija losing one's life jedva spasiti živu glavu; aconite f'aekanait] n bot živolina AE — in the hole (BE ~ up one's sleeve) acorn ['eiko:n, AE -o.m] n žir skriveni adut; A si you're ~ s ti si super, sila acoustic [a'ku:stik] adj akustičan si acoustician [aeku'stišan] n akustičar acerbate ['sesabeit, AE -sar-] vt razdražiti; zao­ acoustics [a'ku:stiks] n pl akustika štriti acquaint [a'kweint] vt priopćiti; obavijestiti; acerbic [a'sa:bik, AE -'sa:r-] adj jedak, trpak, upoznati s I to be ~ e d with poznavati se s; to zajedljiv, oštar get ~ e d with upoznati se s acerbity [a'sa:bati, AE a'sa:rbadi:] n jetkost, acquaintance [a'kweintans, AE -n(t)ans] n po­ trpkost, oporost, gorčina, zajedljivost znanstvo, poznavanje; znanac I to make acetate ['aesiteit, AE 'aesadeit] n chem acetat one's ~ upoznati nekoga; to scrape (up) an acetic [a'si.tik, AE -dik] adj octen; kiseo ~ with nametljivo se upoznati, nametnuti se acetify [ a'setifai, AE a'si:dafai] vt & vi ukiseliti u društvo (se) acquaintanceship [a'kweintansip, AE -n(t)an-] acetylene [a'setili:n, AE a'sedilan] n acetilen rt poznanstvo acey-deucey ['eisi'dju:si, AE 'eisi:'d(j)u:si:] acquiesce [aekwi'es] vi (in) (nevoljko) privolje­ adj A si ni sim ni tarn, nit smrdi nit miriše, ti; šutke pristati; snaći se u, trpjeti, pomiriti prosječan se s (okolnostima) Achaean [a'ki:an] adj ahejski I n Ahejac acquiescence [aekwi'esns] n privola mimo volje a c h e [eik] n bol (preko srca), pokoravanje sudbini, prepu­ a c h e [\]vi boljeti, trpjeti boli štanje achievable [a'či:vabl] adj postiživ, izvediv, do­ acquiescent [aekwi'esnt] adj koji nerado privostižan ljuje (popušta, pokorava se); strpljiv, popust­ achieve [a'čirv] vt postići; izvršiti, izvesti ljiv achievement [a'či:vmant] n izvođenje; postig­ acquire [a'kwaia, AE -waiar] vt steći, naučiti, nuće, podvig; ostvarenje postići achiever [a'či:va, AE -ar] n I high (low) ~ usp­ ješan (neuspješan) pojedinac; dobar (loš) acquired [a'kwaiad, AE \ ] adj stečen, priučen, naučen, postignut učenik 1

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acquirement

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acquirement [a'kwaiamant, AE t ] n stjecanje; pl stečeno znanje acquisition [aekwi'zisan, AE -wa-] n stjecanje, stečevina; dobitak; veliki dobitak, korist acquisitive [ae'kwizitiv, AE -zadiv] adj gramzljiv acquisitiveness [a'kwizitivnis, AE -zadivnas] n gramzljivost, strast za stjecanjem acquit [a'kwit] vt osloboditi (optužbe) I to ~ oneself well (of a thing) dobro izvesti, dobro se ponijeti, iskazati se acquittal [a'kwitl, AE -dl] n odrješenje; oslobo­ đenje (od plateža); izvršenje acquittance [a'kwitans, AE -dans] n namira, namirenje duga; oprost od obveze acre ['eika, AE -ar] n (mjera) 0,4 ha (4840 četvornih yarda), jutro, ral I God's ~ groblje acreage ['eikaridž] n površina u akrima acrid ['aekrid, AE -ad] adj jedak, ljut, trpak; zajedljiv acridity [a'kridati, AE -adi:] n jetkost, trpkost, ljutina acrimonious [aekri'maunjas, AE -'mounias] adj gorak, trpak, ljut, oštar; zajedljiv acrimoniousness [aekri'maunjasnis, AE -'mouniasnas] n gorčina, trpkost, zajedljivost acrimony ['aekrimani, AE 'aekramouni:] n gor­ čina, zajedljivost acrobat ['aekrabaet] n akrobat acrobatic [aekra'baetik, AE -dik] adj akrobatski acrobatics [aekra'baetiks, AE \ ] n pl akrobatika, akrobacije acronym ['aekranim] n akronim (kratica od po­ četnih slova) acropolis [a'krapalis, AE -a:palas] n akropola across [a'kras, AE -o:s] adv & prep preko, s one strane, onkraj, poprijeko; vodoravno (u kri­ žaljci) I with arms ~ prekrštenih ruku across-the-board [a'krosda'bo:d, AE -a:sda'ba:rd] adj opći, sveobuhvatni acrostic [a'krastik, AE - D : S - ] n akrostih acrylic [a'krilik] adj chem akrilni I n akrilik act [aekt] n čin, djelo, postupak; theat čin; pari zaključak, odluka, zakon; spis, povelja I jur ~ of G o d viša sila, vis major; jur my ~ and deed pravomoćna, po meni potpisana ispra­ va; ~ of Grace pomilovanje; ~ of Parlia­ ment zakon donijet u parlamentu; — of force primjena sile; ~ s of Saints svetačke legende; caught in the very ~ zatečen na djelu; coll to put on an ~ pretvarati se, glumiti; A si to clean up one's ~ popraviti se; A si to get one's ~ together srediti se, organizirati se, pribrati se; A si he went into his John Wayne — počeo je izigravati Johna Waynea act [ t ] vi činiti; ponijeti se; postupati; zastu­ pati; (po)služiti; zamjenjivati (u službi); poči­ niti; raditi (stroj); djelovati (sredstvo) I vt glumiti, prikazivati; pretvarati se, hiniti I this key won't ~ ovaj ključ nije dobar; to ~ up to 2

actuation a principle postupati prema načelu; to ~ up to one's reputation ponijeti se dostojno svog glasa; to — up biti nepokoran; smetati, opet se javiti, zafrkavati; to ~ on djelovati na; donijeti odluku o; to — upon smb's advice (suggestion) postupati po nečijem savjetu (prijedlogu); to ~ out ispoljiti, provesti, pre­ tvoriti u djelo, uprizoriti acting' faektirj] n postupak; djelovanje, učinak; vladanje; glumljenje acting [ I ] adj u zamjeni, privremen I ~ man­ ager vršitelj dužnosti direktora action ['aekšan] n akcija, djelovanje, učinak, rad, djelo; postupak; kretnja, čin; hod (ko­ nja, stroja, naprave); radnja (drame); tužba (sudu), parnica; boj, kreševo, okršaj I a man of ~ čovjek djela; to suit the ~ to the word reći i odmah izvršiti; to take ~ poduzeti korake; to take legal ~ pokrenuti zakonski (pravni) postupak; to call for ~ zahtijevati odlučne mjere; to bring an ~ against dići parnicu (tužbu) protiv; to hold an ~ voditi parnicu; in full ~ u punom zamahu (hodu, radu); to fall in ~ pasti u borbi; clear for ~ spreman za borbu; where the ~ is gdje se nešto događa, gdje nema mrtvila actionable ['sekšanabl] adj utuživ, kažnjiv activate ['aektiveit, AE -ta-] vt aktivirati active' ['aektiv] adj aktivan; djelatan, djelujući; u aktivnoj službi; radin; živahan, žustar; kre­ pak; gram aktivan active n gram aktiv activism ['aektivizm] n aktivizam activist ['aektivist, AE -vast] n aktivist activity [aek'tivati, AE -adi:] n aktivnost, djelat­ nost, radinost, živahnost, žustrina, pokretnost, energija, zamah, pogon; pl aktivnost(i), djelovanje, djelokrug rada actor ['aekta, AE -ar] n glumac; činilac, glavna 2

osoba, akter actress ['sektris, AE -as] n glumica actual ['aekčual, AE -č(u)al] adj zbiljski, stva­ ran, konkretan; sadašnji actuality [aekču'aelati, AE -adi:] n zbiljnost, realnost, stvarnost, aktualnost, suvremene prilike actualization [aekčualai'zeišan, AE -č(u)ala-] n ostvarenje actualize ['aekčualaiz] vt ostvariti, živo prikaza­ ti; učiniti aktualnim actually ['aekčuali, AE -li:] adv zapravo, ustva­ ri; zaista; konkretno actuarial [askču'earial] adj I ins ~ tables aktuarske tablice actuary ['aekčuari, AE -ueri:] n ins aktuar actuate ['eekčueit] vt potaći, pokrenuti, aktivi­ rati; utjecati na actuation [aekču'eišan] n poticanje, utjecaj (dje­ lovanje) na, aktiviranje

acuity

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acuity [a'kju:ati, AE -adi.] n oštrina, prodor­ addictive [a'diktiv] adj med koji izazivlje (esp narkomansku) ovisnost nost, pronicavost ['aedirj] n dodavanje, zbrajanje acumen [a'kju:men] n oštroumlje, pronicavost adding I ~ machine računski stroj acupressure ['aekjupreša, AE 'aekjaprešar] n med akupresura addition [a'dišan] n dodavanje, dodatak, pove­ acupuncture ['aekjupArjkča, AE 'aekjaparjkčar] ćanje; zbrajanje; prirast, prizidani dio I in n med akupunktura ~ to povrh, pored, još k tomu, uz to acupuncturist ['aekjupArjkčarist, AE | -ast] additional [a'diš(a)nal] adj dodatan, daljnji, na­ n med specijalist za akupunkturu knadan, nuzacute [a'kju:t] adj oštar, šiljat; žestok (bol), additive ['aeditiv, AE -adiv] n dodatak, primje­ bolan; pronicav, lukav; (glas) vrištav; med sa; aditiv akutan; fin, istančan I ling ~ accent akut addle ['aedl] adj smušen; prazan, šupalj (glava) acuteness [a'kju:tnis, AE -nas] n oštrina, šiljaI ~ g g mućak, pokvareno jaje tost; žestina (boli); oštroumlje, lukavost; fi­ addle [ \ ] vt učiniti jalovim; smesti, smutiti noća; vrištavost I vi (jaje) pokvariti se ad [aed] n coll oglas, reklama (kratica od adver­ addle-brained ['aedlbreind] adj smušen, šuplje tisement) glave adage ['aedidž] n mudra izreka; uzrečica, poslo­ addled ['aedld] adj pokvaren; smušen vica add-on ['aedan, AE -a:n] n coll dodatak; dodatni Adam [aedam] n Adam; fig slaba ljudska narav uređaj I not to know one from ~ nekoga uopće ne address [a'dres, AE+ 'aedras] n naslov, adre­ prepoznati; hum ~ ' s ale/wine voda; ~ ' s ap­ sa; podnesak, molba, spomenica; (javni) go­ ple jabučica grla; you can't hide the old vor; način držanja (vladanja); nastup; tjeles­ ~ ne možeš sakriti grešnu ljudsku narav; na spretnost; pl udvaranje I of winning ~ that's as old as ~ to je prastaro (osoba) ugodnog načina općenja, simpatič­ nog nastupa; to pay one's ~ e s to a lady adamant ['aedamant] adj nepopustljiv, nepoko­ udvarati ženi; public ~ system razglas lebljiv, neumoljiv, tvrd adamantine [seda'maentain; AE -n(t)ain, address [a'dres] vt adresirati, nasloviti, upra­ -n(t)i:n] adj nepopustljiv viti na; pristupiti, osloviti; držati govor I to ~ oneself to obratiti se na; prionuti uz adapt [a'daept] vt adaptirati, prilagoditi, preaddressee [aedre'si:] n naslovnik, koga oslovudesiti ljuju adaptability [adaepta'bilati, AE -adi:] n prila­ addresser [a'dresa, AE -ar] n koji šalje (pismo, godljivost molbu), oslovljuje, drži govor adaptable [ae'daeptabl] adj prilagodljiv adaptation [aedaep'teišan] n adaptacija, prilago­ adduce [a'dju:s, AE a'd(j)u:s] vt navesti (prim­ jer, citat, razlog); med privući (udo) đen je, prilagodba, primjena; preradba adapted [a'daeptid, AE -ad] adj adaptiran, pri­ adduction [a'dAkšan, AE -'dak-] n navođenje (citiranje) primjera, razloga; med privlačenje lagođen, (pre)udešen, prerađen adenoids ['aedinaidz, AE -da-] n pl med adenoadaptive [a'daeptiv] adj prilagodljiv idne vegetacije, »treći krajnik« adaptiveness [a'daeptivnis, AE -nas] n prila­ adept [a'dept] adj vješt, vrlo upućen, godljivost ekspertan adaptor [a'daspta, AE -ar] n el adapter A-Day ['ei'dei] n mil dan napada atomskom adept ['aedept] n upućen čovjek, stručnjak adequacy ['aedikwasi, AE -si:] n adekvatnost; bombom primjerenost, dovoljnost; svrsishodnost; do­ add [aed] vt (to) dodati, pridati, uključiti; (up) raslost zbrajati; (in) ubrojiti 1 vi (to) povećati, prido­ nijeti; pridoći I to ~ insult to injury naškodi­ adequate ['aedikwat] adj adekvatan; odgovara­ jući, svrsishodan, dovoljan; primjeren, dovo­ ti i još vrijeđati; to ~ up to dovoditi do; ljan; razmjeran; dorastao (nečemu), spo­ pretvarati se u; coll it doesn't ~ up zbroj nije soban točan; nije logično adequate ['aedikwatli, AE -li:] adv adekvatno, addendum [a'dendam] n (pl addenda odgovarajući, primjereno, dovoljno [a'denda]) dodatak adequateness ['aedikwatnis, AE -nas] n adek­ adder ['aeda, AE -ar] n zoo riđovka vatnost, primjerenost, dovoljnost addict [a'dikt] vt\to~ oneself to postati rob navike; ~ e d to drink odan piću adhere [ad'hia, AE -'hiar] vi (to) prianjati, addict ['aedikt] n rob zle navike; narkoman, lijepiti se; držati se, ustrajati kod; biti pri­ ovisnik vržen addiction [a'dikšan] n (to) robovanje (zloj navi­ adherence [ad'hiarans, AE '-hiar-] n prianja­ ci); narkomanija, ovisnost nje, ustrajanje kod; privrženost 1

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adherent adherent [ad'hiarant, AE 1 1 adj koji prianja, koji ustraje kod, privržen I n pristaša adhesion [ad'hi:žan] n prianjanje, privrženost, ustrajanje kod, pridržavanje; phys adhezija adhesive [ad'hi:siv] adj prionljiv, ljepljiv I n lje­ pilo I ~ plaster flaster; ~ tape gumirana traka (papira), selotejp adieu [a'dju:] int zbogom! I to bid/say ~ reći zbogom, oprostiti se ad infinitum [aed infi'naitam, AE -dom] adv u beskraj, bez kraja i konca adipose ['aedipaus, AE -apous] adj tust; med prelio, predebeo I n životinjska mast adiposity [aedi'posati, AE -a'pa:sadi:] n med pretilost, pretjerana debljina adjacency [a'džeisansi, AE -si:] n graničenje; susjednost; pl okolne zgrade, okolica adjacent [a'džeisant] adj susjedan, koji graniči uz adjectival [aedžak'taival] adj pridjevni adjective ['aedžiktiv] n pridjev adjoin [a'džain] vi (to) dodati; graničiti s adjoining [a'džainin] adj koji graniči s, sus­ jedan adjourn [a'dža:n, AE -a:rn] vt & vi odgodili, prekinuti rad (zasjedanje); (to) prijeći druga­ mo, premjestiti (se) adjournment [a'dža:nmant, AE f ] n odgoda (zasjedanja, rada); promjena mjesta, prela­ ženje adjudge [a'dŽAdž, AE a'dža-] vt dosuditi, izreći presudu (odluku); dosuditi (nagradu) adjudgment [a'dŽAdžmant, AE \ ] presuda, odluka adjudicate [a'džu:dikeit] vt & vi presuditi, izre­ ći presudu, proglasiti osudu; dosuditi (na­ gradu) adjudication [adžu:di'keišan] n presuda, izri­ canje presude, proglašenje osude, dosuđiva­ nje (nagrade itd.) adjudicator [a'džu:dikeita, AE -eidar] n dosuđivač, presuđivač, izricatelj osude adjunct ['aedŽArjkt, AE -dža-] adj dodatan, pomoćan; pridijeljen adjunct [ | ] n sporedna okolnost; pristav, po­ moćnik; dodatak; gram dodatak, adjunkt adjunction [a'dŽArjkšan, AE -'dža-] n dodava­ nje, dodatak adjuration [aedžua'reišan, AE -dža'r-] n zakli­ njanje, usrdna molba; zaprisegnuće adjure [a'džua, AE -uar] vt zaklinjali, usrdno moliti; zaprisegnuti adjust [a'dŽASt, AE -'džast] vt prilagoditi, udesiti, uskladiti; popraviti, namjestiti, poravna­ ti, naravnati; izgladiti (svađu); baždariti adjustable [a'dŽAStabl, AE | ] adj koji se da popraviti, naravnati (izravnati, udesiti); po­ mičan adjuster [a'dŽASta, AE -astar] n ins procjenitelj štete 1

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adjustment [a'dŽAStmant, AE -'džas-] n prilagođenje, udešenje, naravnanje, uštimavanje; izravnanje (spora), nagodba; baždarenje adjutancy ['aedžutansi, AE 'aedžadansi:] n pobočništvo, ađutantstvo, dužnost (čast, služ­ ba) pobočnika adjutant ['asdžutant, AE -adant] n mil poboč­ nik, ađutant; omith ađutant (golema indijska roda) ad lib [aed'lib] adv po volji ad-lib [aed'lib] adj improviziran I vt & vi impro­ vizirati, slobodno dodavati adman ['aedmaen] n AE reklamni stručnjak, propagandist admeasure [aed'meža, AE -žar] vt dodijeliti; (odmjeriti) dio admeasurement [aed'mežamant, AE f ] odmje­ ravanje, dodjela administer [ad'minista, AE -nastar] vt uprav­ ljati ostavštinom, izvrši vati oporuku; (to) pri­ donijeti k; voditi, krojiti pravdu; dijeliti, pružati, davati (lijek, pomoć) I to ~ an oath to smb nekoga zaprisegnuti administration [adminis'treišan, AE -minas-] n administracija, upravljanje, uprava; US vla­ da SAD; pružanje lijeka (pomoći, itd.); I AE to study business ~ studirati ekonomiju; AE business ~ graduate ekonomist administrative [ad'ministrativ, AE -nastreidivj adj upravni administrator [ad'ministreita, AE -nastreidar] n administrator, upravljač, upravitelj, izvrši­ telj oporuke, skrbnik administratrix [ad'ministreitriks, AE -minas-] n upraviteljica (imovine); izvršiteljica opo­ ruke admirable ['aedmarabl] adj dostojan divljenja, divan, začudan, izvrstan admirableness ['aedmarablnis, AE -as] n ono što izaziva divljenje, divota, izvrsnost admiral ['aedmaral] n admiral; ent vrsta leptira I US nav fleet — HRM stožerni admiral admiralship ['aedmaralšip] n admiralska čast admiralty ['aedmaralti, AE -i:] n zgrada admiralata; admirali (tijelo) I GB Court of A ~ sud za pomorske stvari; GB First Lord of A ~ ministar ratne mornarice admiration [aedma'reišan] n divljenje I to ~ da je divota, izvanredno admire [ad'maia, AE -ar] vt diviti se, sviđati se, biti drago, cijeniti admirer [ad'maiara, AE -rar] n obožavatelj admissibility [admisa'bilati, AE -adi:] n dopu­ stivost, pripustivost; sposobnost da se pripu­ sti službi, uvaži kao dokaz, uzme u obzir (ideja) admissible [ad'misibl] adj pripustiv (k službi), uvaživ; dopustiv, dopušten admission [ad'mišan] n (to, into) pripuštanje,

admit prilaz, primanje; pripusnina, ulaznina; do­ puštanje; priznanje I free ~ besplatan ulaz admit [ad'mif] vt & vi (to, into) pripustiti u, primiti u (bolnicu), odobriti upis na; (of) dopustiti (mišljenje, tvrdnju); obuhvatiti (imati prostora, mjesta); (jur) priznati, uvaži­ ti (tražbinu, dokaz) I to ~ of improvement dati se usavršiti (popraviti, dotjerati); this ~ s of doubt u to se može posumnjati; the mat­ ter ~ s of no delay stvar ne trpi odgodu, neodgodivo je admittance [ad'mitans, AE -'miđa-] n (to, into) pristup u 1 no ~ ! ulaz (pristup) zabranjen! admittedly [ad'mitidli, AE -'miiadli:] adv do­ duše admix [ad'miks] vt primiješati, pomiješati s admixture [ad'miksča, AE -ar] n primjesa, do­ davanje admonish [ad'maniš, AE -'ma:-] vt opomenuti, upozoriti admonition [aedma'nišan] n opomena, upozo­ renje, ukor admonitory [ad'manit(a)ri, AE -ta:ri:] adj koji opominje, upozoruje, kori ad nauseam [3ed'na:siam] adv u beskraj, da se čovjeku smuči ado [a'du:] n graja, užurbanost; muka, trud, napor; gungula I without more ~ bez daljeg ustručavanja; much ~ about nothing mnogo vike nizašto adobe [a'doubi:, BE a'daubi] n AE sušena (nepečena) opeka adolescence [aeda'lesns] n mladost, mladenaštvo; pubertet; dozrijevanje adolescent [aeda'lesnt] adj mladenački I n momčić, mlada djevojka; osoba u pubertetu, pubertetlija adopt [a'dapt, AE -'da:-] vt posiniti, pokćeriti, uzeti za posvojče, adoptirati; fig prihvatiti, usvojiti; uvesti; poprimiti; odabrati, pristati uz adoptable [a'daptabl, AE | ] adj fig prihvatljiv, usvojiv adopted [a'daptid, AE -a:ptad] adj adoptiran; naturaliziran (državljanin) adoptee [adap'ti:, AE -da:-] n posvojče, usvojenik adoption [a'dapšan, AE -'da:-] n prihvat; usva­ janje, uvođenje, posvojenje (djeteta), adopti­ rani e adoptive [a'daptiv, AE \ ] adj adoptivan, po­ svojen (dijete) I ~ s o n (daughter) posinak (pokćerka); — father poočim adorable [a'da:rabl] adj divan, presladak adoration [aeda'reišan] n obožavanje, divljenje; eccl klanjanje adore [a'da: AE -a:r] vt obožavati, diviti se adorer [a'da:ra, AE -rar] n obožavatelj, po­ klonik

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adorn [a'do:n, AE -a:rn]: vt okititi, uresiti; krasiti, kititi, biti na ures adornment [a'da:nmant, AE a'da:rn-] n ukras, nakit, kićenje adrenal [a'dri:nl] adj anat nadbubrežni; fig električan adrenalin [a'drenalin, AE - a n ] n med adrenalin Adriatic [eidri'aetik, AE -'aedik] n Jadransko more I adj jadranski adrift [a'drift] adv nošen valovima (strujom, vjetrom, prilikama, sudbinom itd.); bez ci­ lja, bez korijena I to set/turn ~ prepustiti prirodnim silama, prilikama, sudbini itd.; to be all ~ ne znati se snaći; to cut ~ from one's ties otkinuti (se) od svojih veza (roda itd.) adroit [a'drait] adj spretan, vješt, okretan, lukav adroitly [a'draitli, AE -li:] adv spretno, vješto, okretno, lukavo ads pl v. ad adulate ['asdjuleit, AE aedža-] vt ulagivati se, laskati adulation [aedju'leišan, AE | ] n ulagivanje, la­ skanje adulator ['aedjuleita, AE 'aedžaleidar] n ulagi­ valo, laskavac adulatory ['aedjuleitari, AE 'aedžalatD:ri:] adj ulagivački, laskav adult [a'dAlt, AE -'da-] adj odrastao, zreo I ~ age zrela dob; ~ suffrage pravo glasa odraslih; ~ school škola za odrasle; euph ~ movies pornofilmovi adult [ f ] n odrastao čovjek adulterant [a'dAltarant, AE -'da-] n sredstvo za patvorenje (krivotvorenje, falsificiranje) adulterate [a'dAltareit, AE ] ] vt patvoriti, krivotvoriti, falsificirati; iskriviti; počiniti preljub adulterate [a'DALTARAT, AE f ] adj patvoren, krivotvoren, falsificiran adulteration [adAlta'reišan, AE -da-] n patvo­ renje, krivotvorenje, falsificiranje adulterator [a'dAltareita, AE a'daltareidar] n patvoritelj, krivotvoritelj, falsifikator adulterer [a'đAltara, AE a'daltarar] n preljubnik adulteress [a'dAltaris, AE a'daltaras] n pre­ ljubnica adulterine [a'DALTARAIN, AE -'da-] adj nezakonit (dijete); patvoren adulterous [a'DALTARAS, AE f ] adj preljubnički adultery [a'dAltari, AE a'daltari:] n preljub, brakolomstvo adulthood [a'dAlthud, AE a'da-] n zrelo doba adumbrate ['aedAmbreit, AE -dam-] vt skicira­ ti, nabaciti; fig nagovijestiti; šatirati (crtkati) adumbration [aedAm'breišan, AE | ] n skicira­ nje, skica, obris; fig nagovještanje; šatiranje advance [ad'va:ns, AE -ae:ns] n napredak, napredovanje; promicanje; ponuda, prijazno 2

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advance' susretanje; predujam, unapređenje; poviše­ nje (cijena); pl pokušaj približavanja, name­ tanje I to be in ~ of odmaći dalje od nekoga; in ~ unaprijed; to make ~ s pokušavati se približiti (upoznati, sprijateljiti) advance [ f ] vi napredovati, prodirati, odmi­ cati, primicati se, istupiti, iskoračiti I vt po­ maći naprijed; unaprijediti, promaknuti; iz­ nijeti (prijedlog); posuditi (novac); dati pre­ dujam; dići (cijene); usavršiti, pospješiti, pri­ donijeti advanced [ad'va:nst, AE -ae:n-] adj (uznapre­ dovao, poodmakao; napredan; pomaknut na­ prijed; za napredne I (well) ~ in years u (poodmaklim) godinama; mil ~ positions pred­ nji položaji advancement [ad'va:nsmant, AE \ ] n napre­ dak, napredovanje; unapređenje, promica­ nje; povišenje advantage [ad'va:ntidž, AE -'vaen(t)idž] n (of, over) prednost, nadmoć; korist I to ~ u korist, vrlo povoljno; to the best ~ najpo­ voljnije; unfair ~ nepravedna prednost; to set off to ~ povoljno isticati (stas i si.); to have /get/gain ~ of (over) imati (steći) pred­ nost pred; you have the ~ of me (pri pred­ stavljanju) oprostite, ali ja se Vas ne sjećam; to take ~ of izrabiti, iskoristiti, prevariti; to take at ~ iznenaditi; to turn to one's ~ iskoristiti, okrenuti u svoju korist; it turned to ~ ispalo je dobro (povoljno) advantageous [aedvan'teidžas] adj koristan, po­ voljan, probitačan advent ['sedvant, AE -ent] n eccl advent, došašće; nastup, dolazak Adventism ['aedvantizm, AE -ven-] n adventizam Adventist ['aedvantist, AE -en(t)ast] n adventist I adj adventistički I Seventh-Day ~ s subotari 2

adventitious [aedven'tišas] adj pridošao; uzgre­ dan, slučajan; nebitan adventure [ad'venča, AE -ar] n avantura, pu­ stolovina, dogodovština, smion pothvat; spe­ kulacija adventure [ t ] vt & vi (in, into) usuditi se, upustiti se u, odvažiti se na; izvrći se (opas­ nosti) adventurer [ad'venč(a)ra, AE -rar] n avantu­ rist, pustolov; zavojevač; plaćenik adventuress [ad'venč(a)ris, AE -as] n pusto­ lovka adventurist [a'dvenč(a)rist, AE -ast] n avantu­ rist adventuristic [advenča'ristik] adj avanturi­ stički adventurous [ad'venč(a)ras] adj avanturistički, pustolovan, vratoloman adverb ['aedva:b, AE -a:rb] n prilog, adverb adverbial [ad'va:bial, AE -'va:r-] adj priložan 1

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aerate adversary ['aedvas(a)ri, AE -arseri:] n protiv­ nik, neprijatelj adversative [ad'va:sativ, AE -va:rsadiv] adj suprotan I n gram suprotan veznik adverse ['aedva:s, AE -a:rs] adj (to) protivan, nepovoljan, negativan; neprijateljski; štetan, škodljiv I ~ fate loša sreća, zla kob adversely [aed'va:sli, AE -'va:rsli:] adj nepo­ voljno, štetno, negativno I ~ affected pogo­ đen, izložen negativnom djelovanju adversity [ad'va:sati, AE -'va:rsadi:] n nesreća, zla kob, nužda advert' [ad'va:t, AE -a:rt] vi (to) skrenuti paž­ nju na; uputiti na advert ['aedva:t, AE f ] n B coll v. advertise­ ment advertise ['aedvataiz, AE -var-] vi obavijestiti, oglasiti, reklamirati; upozoriti; (oneself) hva­ lisati se I to ~ for tražiti putem oglasa advertisement [ad'vartismant; AE aedvar'taizmant, ad'varrtaz-] n oglas, reklama advertiser ['aedvataiza, AE -vartaizar] n oglaši­ vač; oglasnik advertising ['aedvataizirj, AE -var-] adj oglasni, reklamni, propagandistički advice [ad'vais] n savjet(ovanje); pl (trgovačke) vijesti I a piece of ~ jedan savjet; to follow an — poslušati savjet; to take legal ~ posavjetovati se s odvjetnikom advisability [ad'vaizabilati, AE -adi:] n uputnost advisable [ad'vaizabl] adj uputan, vrijedan da se posluša (savjet) advise [ad'vaiz] vt & vi savjetovati (se); obavije­ stiti, najaviti, priopćiti advised [ad'vaizd] adj arch promišljen, razbo­ rit; namjeran advisedly [ad'vaizidli, AE -adli:] adv promi­ šljeno, razborito adviser [ad'vaiza, AE -ar] n savjetnik advisory [ad'vaiz(a)ri, AE -ari:] adj savjeto­ davan advocacy ['aedvakasi, AE -si:] n zagovaranje, zalaganje za, obrana advocate ['aedvakat] n zagovaratelj, zagovor­ nik, branitelj advocate ['aedvakeit] vt braniti; zagovarati, zalagati se za, propagirati; zastupati (u par­ nici) advocateship ['aedvakatšip] n advokatura advowson [ad'vauzn] n eccl pravo podjeljivanja župe adze [aedz] n širočka (vrsta tesarske sjekirice) aegis ['i:džis, AE -as] n egida, zaštita, okrilje aeolian [i:'aulian, AE -'oul-] adj eolski I ~ harp eolska harfa (žice na vjetru) aeon (AE eon) ['i:an, BE+ 'i:an, AE+ 'i:a:n] n eon, beskrajno vrijeme, vječnost aerate ['eareit] vt zračiti, prožeti zrakom; zasiti­ ti tekućinu ugljičnim dioksidom, karbonirati 2

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aerated aerated ['eareitid, AE -eidad] adj prožet (zasi­ ćen) ugljičnim dioksidom I ~ water soda voda aerial ['earial] adj zračan, eteričan, atmosfer­ ski I ~ railway zračna željeznica, žičara aerial [ | ] n BE antena aerialist ['earialist, AE -ast] n akrobat na tra­ pezu aerie, aery ['eari, AE -i:] n visoko gnijezdo grabežljive ptice aerobatics [eara'baetiks, AE -aediks] npl zračne (avionske) akrobacije aerobic [ea'raubik, AE- 'rou-] n sp aerobik aerodrome ['earadraum] n BE uzletište aerodynamics ['Earaudai'naemiks, AE -rou-] n pl aerodinamika aerolite f'earalait] n meteomi kamen aeronaut ['earanart] n zrakoplovac aeronautics [eara'nD:tiks, AE -'a:diks] n pl aeronautika aeroplane ['earaplein] n BE zrakoplov, avion aerosol ['earasal, AE -sa:l] n sprej; raspršivač aerospace ['earaspeis, AE -rou-] adj aviokozmički aerostat ['earastaet, AE -rou-] n zrakoplov, balon aery ['tari, AE -i:] adj eteričan; vizionaran, nestvaran Aesopian [i:'saupian, AE -'sou-] adj ezopovski aesthete ['i:s8i:t, AE 'es-] n estet aesthetic [i:s'0etik, AE es'Gedik] adj estetski aesthetics [i:s'0etiks, AE es'Oediks] n pl este­ tika aestival adj v. estival aethiological (BE) v. ethiological afar [a'fa:, AE -a:r] adv daleko, u daljini, u da­ ljinu affability [aefa'bilati, AE -adi:] n prijaznost affable ['aefabl] adj prijazan, ugodan affair [a'fea, AE -ear] n stvar, posao, briga; svađa, sukob, okršaj; nešto; pl poslovi, po­ slovanje; afera I a poor ~ trica, malenkost; that is my ~ to je moja stvar; that is not my ~ to me se ne tiče; it was a gorgeous ~ bilo je to nešto sjajno; state of ~ s stanje stvari; to have an ~ with imati ljubavnu avanturu s, biti intiman s; ~ of honour afera časti; dvoboj affect [a'fekt] vt pretvarati se, afektirati, opona­ šati; djelovati na, utjecati, imati štetno djelo­ vanje na, nauditi; zahvatiti; ticati se, odnositi se na I to ~ deeply duboko se kosnuti; ~ e d in health načeta zdravlja; to be ~ e d by osjetiti djelovanje; nalaziti se pod djelova­ njem; to ~ to be surprised praviti se iznena­ đenim; to ~ a laugh silom se nasmijati; to ~ indifference praviti se ravnodušnim; to ~ masculine dress oblačiti se kao muškarac affectation [aefek'teišan] n afektacija, pretvara­ nje, si prenavljanje 1

2

32

afford

affected [a'fektid, AE -ad] adj usiljen, afektiran affecting [a'fektin] adj dirljiv; ganutljiv affection [a'fekšan] n sklonost, ljubav (za, pre­ ma), privrženost, obljubljenost; med obolje­ nje, bolest; svojstvo, atribut affectionate [a'fekš(a)nat] adj srdačan, pun lju­ bavi, odan, privržen affectionately [ | -li. AE -li:] adv srdačno, pri­ vrženo I Yours ~ Voli te affectionateness [ f -nis, AE -nas] n srdačnost, ljubav; odanost, privrženost affective [a'fektiv] adj emocionalan, afektivan, ne-neutralan (stilski označen) affiance [a'faians] vt zaručiti (se) affidavit [aefi'deivit, AE -a'deivat] n izjava pod zakletvom; garantno pismo I to take/make an ~ iskazati pod prisegom affiliate [a'filieit] vt primiti za člana; pridružiti, pripojiti središnjici (podružnicu), udružiti; jur ustanoviti očinstvo; pripisati uzrok (vezu) I vi spojiti se; AE (with) družiti se I ~ d society podružnica; to ~ oneself with pove­ zati se, pridružiti se affiliation [afili'eišan] n začlanjenje, pripojenje; veza, odnos, srodstvo, povezanost affinity [a'finati, AE -adi:] n srodstvo (nekrvno); srodnost, sličnost, privlačivost, sklo­ nost, afinitet (i chem) affirm [a'fa:m, AE -'fa:r-] vi tvrditi, izjaviti; uvjeravati; jur potvrditi presudu (nižeg suda) affirmance [a'fa:mans, AE f ] n jur potvrda presude nižeg suda affirmation [aefa'meišan, AE -far-] n izjava, tvrdnja; svečana izjava pred sudom (umj. zakletve) affirmative [a'fa:mativ, AE a'fa:rmadiv] adj afirmativan; izjavni; jesni, potvrdni I mil —! da; to answer in the ~ odgovorili potvrdno; A pol ~ action zakonska korektivna kvota zapostavljenim društvenim manjinama affix [a'fiks] vt (to, on, upon) pričvrstiti; pripoji­ ti; zaključiti (potpisom, pečatom); prilijepiti; gram dodati sufiks (prefiks) afflict [a'flikt] vt mučiti, pogoditi, boljeti, raža­ lostiti, rastužiti; opteretiti I to be ~ e d with headache patiti od glavobolje affliction [a'flikšan] n kušnja; patnja, bol, ža­ lost; nevolja, jad affluence ['aefluans] n pritjecanje; obilje, bogat­ stvo affluent ['aefluant] ad; obilan, imućan I ~ soci­ ety društvo obilja (s visokim standardom) affluent [ \ ] n pritok afflux ['aeflAks, AE -aks] n pritjecanje, navala afford [a'fa:d, AE -o:rd] vt pružati, davati; moći, imati dovoljno sredstava I I cannot ~ to buy it nemam novaca (ne mogu sebi priuštiti) da kupim 1

2

afforest afforest [a'farist, AE -a:rast] vt pošumiti afforestation [aeforis'teišan, AE f ] n pošumljavanje affranchise [a'frančaiz] vt osloboditi (ropstva, obveze) affranchisement [a'fraenčizmant] n oslobođe­ nje od ropstva affray [a'frei] n gužva, tučnjava; kreševo affricate ['aefrikat] n phon afrikata affront' [a'frAnt, AE -ant] n uvreda I to offer an — nanijeti uvredu; to take an ~ uvrijediti se affront [ f ] vt uvrijedili Afghan f'aefgaen] adj afganistanski Afghanistan! [aefgaeni'sta:ni, AE -i:] n Afganistanac, Afganistanka aficionado [afisi:a'na:dau, AE -ou] n ljubitelj afield [a'fi:ld] adv & pred adj u polje, u polju, van, vani; na stranu, skrenuo I far ~ daleko afire [a'faia, AE - a r ] pred adj & adv u plamenu, rasplamsan I to set ~ zapaliti; fig ushititi; — with passion razjaren, uspaljen aflame [a'fleim] pred adj & adv v. afire afloat [a'flaut, AE -out] pred adj & adv koji pliva (pluta, plovi) I to be ~ plivati, plutati, biti odsukan; kolati (glasine); fig to keep oneself ~ održati se bez duga; to set — porinuti, pustiti na (niz) vodu, odsukati; cam osnovati (kompaniju); the company is again ~ poduzeće se pridiglo (opet plaća dividende); decks are — valovi polijevaju palubu aflutter [a'fUta, AE a'fladar] pred adj & adv lepršajući; (with) pun nečeg lepršavog; fig uznemiren afoot [a'fut] pred adj & adv pješke I something is ~ nešto se sprema afore [a'fb:, AE a ' f o : r ] pred adj & adv arch prije; naut ispred I — s a i d , -named, -mentioned gore (malo prije, ranije) spome­ nut, naveden aforethought [a'fa:93:t, AE f ] adj unaprijed smišljen; s predumišljajem afoul [a'faul] adv I AE to run ~ of v. foul' afraid [a'freid] pred adj u strahu, zabrinut I to be — bojati se; I am — I can't žao mi je, ali ne mogu afresh [a'freš] adv iznova African f'aefrikan] adj afrički I n Afrikanac, Afrikanka Afrikaans [aefri'ka:ns] n južnoafričko-holandski Afrikaner [sefri'ka:no, AE - a r ] n holandski naseljenik u Južnoj Africi afro ["ael'rau] n »afro« frizura (bujna prirodna ili stilizirana crnačka kosa) Afro-American [aefraua'merikan, AE -roua'mera-] adj afroamerički I n američki Crnac Afro-Saxon [ ] -saeksan] n A si Crnac samo po koži (a u duši bijelac) aft [a:ft, AE ae:ft] adv naut straga (na krmi) 2

33

against

after' ['a;fta, AE 'ae:ftar] adv kasnije, poslije, nakon toga; za nečim (nekim) after [ | ] prep nakon; za, po I ~ ali konačno, na kraju krajeva, napokon, ipak; what are you ~ ? koja ti je namjera?, na što ciljaš?, kamo smjeraš?; he is ~ you tebe traži (pro­ goni, ima na zubu); one — another jedan za drugim after [ f ] adj stražnji; kasniji, budući after [ f ] conj pošto, nakon što afterbirth ['a;ftaba:9, AE 'ae:ftarba:ru] n med posteljica izbačena nakon porođaja aftercabin ['a:ftakaebin, AE 'ae:ftarkaeban] n stražnja kabina afterdeck ['a:ftadek, AE 'aeiftar-] n krmena paluba after-dinner ['a:fta'dina, AE 'ae:ftardinar] adj I ~ speech zdravica (govor) na banketu aftereffect ['a:ftari'fekt, AE 'ae:f-] n popratna pojava, nepoželjna posljedica afterglow ['a:ftaglau, AE 'ae:ftarglou] n večer­ nje rumenilo poslije zalaza sunca; fig ugodno sjećanje, prijašnja slava afterlife ['a:ftalaif, AE 'ae:ftar-] n zagrobni ži­ vot; ostatak života, kasniji život aftermath ['a:ftamae0, AE 'ae:ftar-] n otava; fig posljedica, posljedice aftermost ['a:ftamaust, AE 'ae:ftarmoust] adj krajnji straga afternoon [a:fta'nu:n, AE ae:ftar] n popodne aftershave ['a:ftašeiv, AE 'a;:ftor-] n losion za poslije brijanja aftershock ['arftašak, AE 'ae:ftarša:kj n nak­ nadni šok; (naknadno) podrhtavanje tla aftertaste ['a:ftateist, AE 'ae:ftar-] n trajan okus; fig osjećaj koji preostaje after-tax ['atftataeks, AE 'ae:l"tor-] adj čist, neto (nakon odbitka poreza) 2

4

afterthought ['a:fta8a:t, AE 'ae:ftar-] n pomisao iza čina; primisao, skrivena misao afterwards ["a:fiawadz, AE 'a.':ftarwardz] adv kasnije afterwit ['a:ftawit, AE 'ae;ftar-] n naknadna pamet I — is everybody's wit svi smo mi pametni kasnije afterworld ['a:ftawa:ld, AE 'ae;ftarwa:rld] n za­ grobni život again [a'ge(i)n] adv opet, iznova, nanovo; nada­ lje; naprotiv I ~ and — neprestano; once ~ još jednom; as much ~ dvostruko; as tali (long) ~ dvaput viši (duži); now and ~ po­ nekad, tu i tamo; to e c h o ~ odjekivati; to ring ~ odzvanjati; o n — , off— na mahove against [a'ge(i)nsi] prep protiv, d o , prema, o, za, oko I as ~ u usporedbi s; za razliku od; to provide ~ misfortune ( ~ the rainy day) štedjeti za crne dane; over ~ nasuprot; the picture hangs — the wall slika visi na zidu; ~ my return dok se ne vratim; we worked

34

agape ~ time pokušavali smo svršiti na vrijeme; A si up ~ it u škripcu, u teškom položaju agape [a'geip] pred adj & adv razjapljenih usta, zablenut I to stand ~ zinuti (od čuda) agaric ['asgarik] n (bol) šumska pečurka agate ['aegat] n minr ahat; vrsta špekule age' [eidž] n dob(a), vrijeme; starost, punoljet­ nost; vijek, stoljeće; godine; koljeno, poko­ ljenje; vječnost I to be 20 years of ~ imati 20 godina; what ~ is he? koliko je star?; at the ~ of ten u dobi od 10 godina; to be un­ der ~ biti maloljetan; to c o m e of ~ postati punoljetan; fig sazrijeti; full ~ punoljetnost; ~ of discretion godine razuma; not to look one's ~ izgledati mlađi od svojih godina; to carry/bear one's — well dobro se držati za svoje godine; old — starost; green old ~ čila visoka starost; it is quite an ~ since I saw you nisam te vidio sto godina; the Dark/ /Middle A ~ s srednji vijek age [ t ] vt & vi starjeti, postarati (se); pustiti (viski) da odleži aged ['eidžid, AE -ad] adj ostario, star u godi­ nama; odležao (viski) 1 the — starci; he is aged ['eidžd] ten ima 10 godina ageism ['eidžizm] n dobna diskriminacija (esp starijih osoba) ageless ['eidžlis, AE -as] adj vječan, beskrajan, bezvremen age-long ['eidžbrj, AE -a:rj] adj vjekovan, dre­ van, doživotan, beskrajan agency ['eidžansi, AE -si:] n djelovanje; uči­ nak; posredstvo, posredništvo; agencija; za­ vod; US savezna direkcija (uprava) I by the ~ of posredstvom, putem, djelovanjem; free ~ slobodna volja; physical ~ prirodna sila agenda [a'dženda] n dnevni red (konferencije); program, prioriteti, zadaće I ~ building stva­ ranje programa agent f'eidžant] n uzročnik, sila; sredstvo; po­ srednik, posredstvo, zastupnik, mešetar, agent, fig oruđe I A coll road ~ drumski razbojnik; secret ~ tajni agent, obavještajac; ~ provocateur ['aežarj provaka'ta:] provo­ kator age-old ['eidžauld, AE -ould] adj drevan, vje­ kovni, prastari age-worn ['eidžwa:n, AE -a:rn] adj oronuo, trošan od starosti agglomerate' [a'gbmareit, AE -la:m-] vt & vi nagomilati (se), zgrudati (se), srasti se agglomerate [a'gbmarat, AE f ] adj zgrudan T n aglomerat, rudna gromada agglomeration [agbma'reišan, AE \ ] n gomi­ lanje, zgrudana gromada agglutinant [a'glu:tinant, AE -u:da-] adj koji sljepljuje (gruša) I n sredstvo za aglutinaciju agglutinate' [a'glu:tinat, AE f ] adj slijepljen; gram sastavljen od nepromjenljivih dijelova (riječ) 2

2

agitator

agglutinate [a'glu:tineit, AE f ] vt & vi slijepiti (se), srasti (se); gram primati sufikse i prefik­ se; med grušati (se) agglutination [aglu:ti'neišan] AE f ] n gram aglutinacija; med grušanje agglutinative [a'glu:tinativ, AE -u:danadiv] adj I ~ language jezik koji umjesto padeža prima samo sufikse i prefikse (mađarski, finski) aggrandize [a'graendaiz] vi & vi povećati (moć, ugled, sjaj); postati ugledniji (moćniji) aggrandizement [a'graendizmant] n povećanje, uveličanje; prirast aggravate f'aegraveit] vt pogoršati: otežati; coll razdražiti, razljutiti aggravating ['segraveitirj, AE -eidirj] adj koji otežava; coll koji ozlojeđuje (iritira, razdražuje), neugodan I ~ circumstances otežavajuće okolnosti aggravation [aegra'veišan] n pogoršanje; oteža­ vanje; pretjerivanje; coll iritiranje, razdraživanje, izazivanje; coll iritans, problem, gnja­ važa, tegoba aggregate faegrigeit] vt & vi nagomilati (se); coll ukupno iznositi aggregate ['aegrigat] adj skupan, zbrojen i — amount zbroj, ukupna svota aggregate [ f ] n ukupnost, svota, masa I in the ~ ukupno, u cijelosti, sve u svemu, jedno s drugim aggregation [aegri'geišan] n gomilanje; sastav­ ljanje u cjelinu aggress [a'gres] vt (on) napasti (u svađi), oboriti se na, dodijavati aggression [a'grešan] n (upon) napadaj na, agresija; agresivnost aggressive [a'gresiv] adj agresivan; napadački, nasrtljiv; ratoboran; fig neukusan, koji vrije­ đa oko, drečav aggressor [a'gresa, AE -ar] n napadač, agresor aggrieve [a'gri:v] vt ojaditi (zbog nepravde), učiniti nažao, kosnuti 2

3

aggrievement [a'gri:vmant] n ojađenost, povri­ jeđenost, oštećenost aghast [a'ga:st, AE -ae:st] pred adj zaprepašten, zgranut agile ['aedžail, AE -džal] adj okretan, žustar, hitar; agilan; živahan, radin agility [a'džibti, AE -adi:] n žustrina, okret­ nost, hitrina; živahnost; agilnost aging' ['eidžirj] n starenje; zub vremena aging [ t ] adj koji stari, star, ocvao agitate ['ađžiteit, AE 'aedža-] vt tresti; uzbur­ kati; uzrujati, uznemiriti; pretresati, rasprav­ ljati, mozgali I vi agitirati, rovariti agitation [aedži'leišan, AE \ ] n trešnja, potre­ sanje, komešanje; uzbuđenost; agitacija; fig vrenje 2

agitator ['aedžiteita, AE 'aedžateidar] n agitator, rovar

35

aglet aglet ['aeglit, AE -at] n kovni okrajak (vezice za cipele, čipke itd.) aglitter [a'glita, AE -iđar] adj koji bliješti, blje­ štav aglow [a'glau, AE -ou] pred adj užaren; (nebo) zažaren agnail ['aegneil] n zanoktica agnate ['aegneit] n rođak po ocu; fig srodan agnostic [ajg'nastik AE -'na;s-] adj agnostičan I n agnostik agnosticism [aeg'nastisizm, AE -'na.sta-] n agnosticizam ago [a'gau, AE -ou] adv & adj I a week ~ prije tjedan dana; long ~ davno; not long ~ nema tome davno, nedavno agog [a'gag, AE -a:g] pred adj & adv (about, on, for) vrlo radoznao, u napetom očekivanju, jako uzbuđen agonize ['aeganaiz] vi & vt mučiti (se), strašno trpjeti I fig to ~ over lomiti se nad, raspinjati se, biti u strašnoj nedoumici agonized ['aeganaizd] adj bolan, tjeskoban agonizing f'aeganaiziij] adj bolan, raspinjući agony ['segani, AE -i:] n smrtna m u k a , agonija; bol, bolna napetost, tjeskoba I B coll ~ col­ umn stupac u novinama u kome se traže nestale osobe i si. agouti [a'gu:ti, AE -di:] n zoo aguti (južnoamer. glodavac) agrarian [a'grearian] adj agrarni I n agrarac agree [a'gri;] vt složiti se s, pristati na; utanači­ ti; izravnati I vi uskladiti (račune itd.) (on, upon) pristati na, privoljeti, biti sporazuman, dopuštati (da j e . . . ) , sporazumjeti se; gram slagati se; (klima, hrana) prijati I to — with one biti istog mišljenja (nazora); the price was ~ d upon sporazumjeli su se o cijeni; the statements ~ prikazi (iskazi) se slažu (podu­ daraju); the words ~ in gender and case riječi se slažu u rodu i padežu; the beef (climate) d o e s not — with him govedina (podneblje) mu škodi; as ~ d po (prema) dogovoru; to be ~ d pristati (na), biti spora­ zuman (s); —d pristajem; to ~ items of an account uskladiti stavke računa agreeable [a'griabl, AE -i:abl] adj ugodan; u skladu s agreeableness [a'griablnis, AE ugodnost

-itablnas] n

agreeably [a'griabli, AE -i:abli:] adv ugodno I ~ to (with) prema, uslijed, u skladu s agreed-upon [a'grkdapan, AE -pa:n] adj ugo­ voren, utanačen agreement [a'gri:mant] n poklapanje; sklad, sloga; nagodba, sporazum; ugovor I to come to an ~ sporazumjeti se, nagoditi se; by ~ prema ugovoru (sporazumu) agribusiness ['segri'biznis, AE -ra'biznos] n poljoprivredno-industrijski kombinat

agriculture [aegri'kAlča, AE -'kalčar] n ratar­ stvo, poljodjelstvo agriculturist [aegri'kAlč(a)rist, AE -'kalč(a)rast] n poljoprivredni stručnjak agronomic [aegra'namik, AE -'na:m-] adj agronomski agronomist [a'granamist, AE -arnamast] n agronom agronomy [a'gronami, AE -a:nami:] n agrono­ mija aground [a'graund] pred adj & adv nasukan I the ship is ~ brod se nasukao; to run ~ nasukati se ague ['eigju:] n groznica, zimica aguish ['eigjuiš] adj grozničav ah [a:] ini ah!, a! aha [a'ha;] ini aha! ahead [a'hed] adv sprijeda, ispred, naprijed; preda se; predstojeći I there is danger ~ pri­ jeti opasnost; 3 miles ~ 3 milje daleko i.od­ makao, u prednosti); A si to c o m e out — (ili to get ~ of the game) pobijediti, izvući neki profit, popraviti svoj položaj ahem [hm, a'hem] int zvuk nakašljavanja -aholic [a'holik, AE -'ha:l-] suf A si fanatik nečega, manijak, onaj tko pretjeruje u nečem (npr. workaholic radoholičar, sleepaholic, cho­ coholic itd.) ahoy [a'hai] int naut I ship (whale) ~ ! brod (kit) na vidiku! aid [eid] n pomoć, potpora; pomoćno sredstvo, pomagalo; pomoćnik, pomagač I by the — of pomoću; to come to — of doći u pomoć; to give/lend ~ pomoći; first — prva (hitna) pomoć; hearing — aparat za nagluhe; ~ worker humanitarni djelatnik, humanitarac aid [ f ] vi pomoći aide [ \ ] n pol pomoćnik, savjetnik, suradnik; joum ministar; mil ađutant, pobočnik aide-de-camp ['eidaka:rj, AE -dikaemp] n mil pobočnik, ađutant aidman ['eidmaen] n mil bolničar aide-memoire ['eidmemwa:, AE -meimwa:r] n dipl ed memoar AIDS [eidz] n med (= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) sida aigrette ['eigret] n perjanica čapljina pera ili perje (ili dlaka); čelenka; nakit od dragulja (u obliku pera) na glavi aiguilette [eigwi'let] n mil oramnica (pletenica) na odori ail [eil] vi pobolijevati, boljeti I what ~ s you? što ti je?, što te boli? aileron ['eilaran, AE -a:n] n aero eleron, krilce ailing ['eilirj] adj boležljiv; fig bolestan, klimav ailment ['eilmant] n lakša bolest aim' [eim] n cilj, nišan; svrha, namjera, težnja I to take a good ~ dobro naciljati; to take dead ~ at naciljati ravno u (i fig) aim" [ t ] vi (at) ciljati, šibati, smjerali, aludirati 1

2

aimless na; uperiti na; težiti za I to ~ a blow at udariti na; to be ~ e d at bili uperen proliv aimless ['eimlis, AE -as] adj besciljan ain't [eint] vulg & dial = am (are, is) not nisam, nije, nisu; = have (has) not n e m a m , nemaš itd. I A si Paris it ~ to doduše nije Pariz aintcha ['einča] illit & dial = are you not? zar nisi (niste)? air [ea, AE ear] n zrak; vjetar, vjetrić, ćuh vjetra; izraz, držanje I by ~ zrakom; coll hot ~ šuplje fraze, pra­ zna slama, naklapanje; to melt into thin ~ rasplinuti se u ništa; in the open ~ pod vedrim nebom; na zraku; to take the ~ ići na zrak (šetati); to clear the ~ raščistiti nespo­ razum, ukloniti napetu atmosferu; to walk/ /tread on the ~ biti u zanosu; to travel by — putovati avionom; the secret took ~ tajna je izbila na javu; in the ~ u atmosferi (zraku, optjecaju); neizvjestan, u oblacima; to beat the — uzalud se mučiti; to put on ~ s praviti se važan; to be/go on the ~ govoriti (biti prenošen) preko radija, emitirati, biti u eteru: to go off the ~ prestati s emitira­ njem; up in the ~ neizvjestan, u oblacima; si to go up in the — planuti, razbjesniti se a i r [ J ] vt & vi zračiti, provjeriti; sušiti (na zraku); izvesti (staviti) na zrak; jig iznijeti, raspraviti, producirati se; emitirati, prenositi air [ I ] arija, napjev, melodija, pjesma air [ 1 ] n izraz lica, držanje, vanjština; pl prenavijanje, naduto držanje I to give one­ self ~ s držati se naduto (uobraženo), prenavljati se; to put on ~ s and graces afektirati, prenavljati se air-base ['eabeis, AE ear-] n mil zračna baza air-bed ['sabed, AE f ] n zračni madrac air-bladder ['eoblaeda, AE 'earblasdar] n riblji mjehur 1

4

airborne ['eabo:n, AE'esrbo.m] adj uzletio, u letu, u zraku; koji lebdi u zraku, koji se prenosi zrakom; mil zračni, avionski, zračno-desantni air-brush ['EABRAŠ, AE 'earbraš] n art zračni kist air-brake ['eabreik, AE ' e a r ] n zračna kočnica air-conditioned ['eakan'dišand, AE | ] adj kli­ matiziran air-conditioner [eakan'diš(a)na, AE e a r . . . nar] klima-uređaj air-conditioning [eakan'diš(a)nirj, AE ear-] a klimatizacija; klima-uređaji air-cooled ['eaku:ld, AE | ] adj sa zračnim hla­ đenjem air-cover ['eakAva, AE 'earkavor] n mil zračna podrška (zrakoplostvom) aircraft ['Eakra:ft, AE 'earkrae:ft] n (sg & pl) avion; svako letalo I ~ carrier nosač aviona air-crew ['eakru:, AE 'ear-] n posada aviona

36

airscrew air-cushion ['eakušn, AE \ ] n gumeni jastuk I ~ vehicle lebdjelica, aerogliser airdrome ['eadraum, AE 'Eardroum] n AE uzletište air-drop ['eadrap, AE 'eardra:p] n opskrba ba­ canjem iz zraka (padobranima) Airedale ['eadeil, AE 'Ear-] n erdel (veliki hrđastocrni oštrodlaki terijer) air-field ['eafi:ld, AE } ] n uzletište air-force ['eafo:s, AE 'eorfa:rs] n mil zrakoplov­ stvo, zračne snage, avijacija airframe ['eafreim. AE 'ear-] n dovršen avion bez motora airfreight ['ealreit, AE ] ] n zračni transport; avionska pošiljka (roba) air-gun ['eogAn, AE 'eargan] n zračna puška air-hostess, ['eahaustis, AE 'earhousias] n stjuardesa airily feorili, AE 'earali:] adv površno, lakomi­ sleno, neozbiljno, nehajno airiness ['earinis, AE 'eari:nas] n zračnost; po­ vršnost, lakoumnost, neozbiljnost airing ['earirj] n zračenje; šetnja na zraku; izno­ šenje pred javnost, javna rasprava airless ['talis, AE ' e a r b s ] adj bezračan, zrako­ prazan air-lift' ['ealift, AE 'ear-] n snabdijevanje zrač­ nim p u t e m , zračni most; transport avionom air-lift [ | ] vi prebaciti avionom air-line ['ealain, AE 'ear-] n zračna linija; avi­ onska kompanija, zrakoplovna tvrtka airliner ['ealaina, AE 'earlainar] n veliki put­ nički avion air-lock [ ' e a b k , AE 'earla:k] n hermetička pre­ grada, nepropusna komora air-mail ['eameil, AE 'ear-] n avionska pošta airman ['eaman AE | ] n letač, zrakoplovac, avijatičar, pilot; (čin) pozornik ( ~ first class razvodnik) amer. ratnog zrakoplovstva air-minded ['eamaindid, AE 'earmaindad] adj koji voli putovati avionom; koji zagovara zračni transport air-park ['eapa:k, AE 'earpa:rk] n mali aero­ drom air-pillow [ ' e a p i b u , AE 'earpilou] n gumeni jastuk airplane ["earplein] n AE avion, zrakoplov air-pocket ['eapakit, AE 'sarpa.kai] n zračna jama (u koju avion propada u letu) air-port ['eapo:t, AE 'earpa:rt] n zračna luka (veliki aerodrom) air-power ['eapaua, AE 'earpauar] n avijacija, zračne snage; mil zračna podrška air-proof ['eapru:f, AE 'ear-] v. airtight air-pump ['eapAmp, AE 'earpamp] n zračna sisaljka air-raid ['eareid] n zračni napad air-rifle ['earaifl] n zračna puška airs n pl od air airscrew ['easkru:] n HE avionski propeler 2

4

air-shaft air-shaft ['faša:ft, AE 'earšsft] n min vjeireno okno (za zračenje rudnika) airship ['Eašip, AE ' e a r - ] n cepelin air-sick ['easik, AE 'earsik] adj koji osjeća muč­ ninu od letenja air-sickness ['easiknis, AE 'earsiknas] n zračna bolest air-sleeve [~Easli:v, AE ' e a r - ] n i air-sock ['easak, AE 'earsaik] n v. wind-cone air-space ['easpeis, AE } ] n zračni prostor airstop ['sastap. AE 'earsta:p] n helikopterska (putnička) postaja air-strike ['eastraik, AE ' e a r - ] n mil zračni napad airstrip ['eastrip, AE t ] " provizorni (poljski, pomoćni) aerodrom airtight ['satait, AE'eor-] adj hermetičan, nepropustan za zrak air-waves ['e.aweivz, AE \ ] n pl eter (radio, TV) airway ['eawei, AE \ ] n avionska ruta airworthy ['Eawa:di, AE 'earwa:rdi:] adj ispra­ van (avion), sposoban za let airy ['Eari, AE -i:] adj (pro)zračan; vrlo lagan (tanak, proziran); bestjelesan; površan, lako­ mislen, neozbiljan aisle [ail] n lađa crkve; AE prolaz medu sjedali­ ma (vlaka, dvorane) I A si to lay/knock them in the ~ s imati ogromnog uspjeha kod publi­ ke (esp komičan aitch [eič] n slovo »h« I to drop one's ~ e s ispuštati u govoru početno h (tj. govoriti neobrazovano ili kao Cockney) aitch-bone ['eičbaun, AE -oun] n cul goveđi but ajar [a'đža:, AE -a:r] adv odškrinut I — with the world u sukobu sa svijetom; it sets my nerves ~ razdražuje mi živce akimbo [a'kimbau, AE -ou] adv I with arms ~ podbočivši se rukama o bokove akin [a'kin] adj srodan, u rodu alabaster ['aelaba:sta, AE aelo'baestar] n minr alabaster alack [a'laek] ini arch jao! I — the day! jao i pomagaj! alacrity [a'laekrati, AE -odi:] n bodrost, žustrost: spremnost alarm' [a'la:m, AE a'la:rm] n uzbuna; strah, bojazan; zabrinutost, uznemirenost I to give the ~ dići uzbunu; to take ~ uznemiriti (usplahiriti) se alarm" [ | ] vt zaplašiti, uzbuniti, uzrujati, uz­ nemiriti alarm-clock [ a ' l a : m k b k , AE a'la:rmkla:k] n budilica alarmed [a'la:md, AE - ' l a : r - ] adj (at) zabrinut, uznemiren (zbog) alarming [a'la:min, AE - ' l a : r - ] adj uznemiruju­ ći, uzbuđujući, zabrinjujući; zastrašujući alarmist [a'la:mist, AE a'lairmast] n paničar

alias

37

alarm-rigged [ a ' l a : m ' r i g d , AE -a:rm-] adj s ugrađenim alarmnim uređajem alarum [ a ' l e a r a m ] n v. alarm alas [a'laes] int jao!, nažalost! albacore ['aelbaka:, AE -a:r] n ichth vrsta tune Albanian [sel'beinian] adj albanski I n Albanac, Albanka albatros ['aelbatras, AE -D;S] n ornith albatros; fig kamen oko vrata albeit [a:l'bi:it] conjform premda, iako, usprkos albino [ad'bi:nau, AE -'bainou] n med albino Albion ['aelbian] n poet Engleska album ['a:lbom] n album albumen [ael'bjuimin, AE -on] bjelanjak, bje­ lance; bjelančevina albuminous [asl'bju:minas, AE -man-] adi bjelančevinast alchemic [ael'kemik] adj alkemijski alchemist ['adkimist, AE -amast] n alkemičar alchemy ['aelkimi, AE -ami:] n alkemija alcohol ['aelkahal, AE -a:l] n alkohol I wood ~ drvni alkohol alcoholic [aelka'holik; AE -'ha:l-, -'ha:l-] adj alkoholičan alcoholic [ | ] n alkoholičar(ka) alcoholism ['aelkahalizm; AE \ ] n alkoho­ lizam alcove ['aelkauv, AE -ouv] n alkoven; omanja prostorija kao proširenje sobe alder [ ' a : l d a , AE -ar] n bot joha alderman [ ' a : l d a m a n , AE - d a r ] n gradski vi­ jećnik, senator ale [eil] n svijetlo pivo alee [a'li:] adv naut u zavjetrini ale-house feilhaus] n točionica piva, krčma alert' [ a ' l a . t , AE -o:rt] adj okretan, žustar, živih refleksa; budan, pažljiv, na oprezu alert [ t ] » uzbuna; zračna uzbuna; stanje pripravnosti I mil red ~ zračna uzbuna najvi­ šeg stupnja; jig stanje najviše pripravnosti, neposredna opasnost alert [ ] ] vt mil uzbuniti; dati zračnu u z b u n u ; dovesti u stanje pripravnosti alertness [ a ' l a : t n i s , AE -a:rtnas] n napeta bud­ nost (oprez); okretnost, živahnost 1

2

2

alewife ['eilwaif] n ichth sjevernoatlantska lojka alfalfa [stTfaelfa] n AE lucerka (krmna biljka) (v. lucerne) alfresco [ael'freskau, AE -ou] adj & adv u vrtu, pod vedrim n e b o m , izvan kuće, vani u priro­ di I ~ meal jelo na otvorenom, piknik alga ['selga] n alga (/>/. algae f'aeldži:]) algebra ['teldžibro, AE -dža-] ti algebra algebraic [aeldži'breiik, AE \ ] adj math alge­ barski Algerian [a-Tdžiarian] adj alžirski I n Alžirac, Alžirka alias f'eiliaes] adv inače zvan I n krivo (lažno, drugo) ime I by the ~ pod krivim imenom

alibi

alliteration

38

alibi ['aelibai, AE -lab-] n alibi, odsutnost s mje­ sta zločina; coll isprika alien' feilian] adj inozeman, stran, tuđ alien [ f ] n strani državljanin; »vanzemaljac«, biće iz svemira alienability [eiliana'bilati, AE -adi:] n otuđivost alienable ['eilianabl] adj otuđiv; jur prenosiv alienate ['eilianeit] vt otuđiti; jur prenijeti po­ sjed na drugoga alienation [eilia'neišan] n alijenacija, otuđenje; jur prijenos posjeda I mental ~ duševno poremećenje alienism ['eilianizm] n strano državljanstvo alienist ['eilianist, AE -ast] n psihijatar alight' [a'lait] adj & adv rasvijetljen, u plamenu aUght [ f ] vi sići (s vozila), sjahati, skočiti (s), spustiti se, oboriti se, pasti na; sletjeti na; naići na, sresti align [a'lain] vt & vi svrstati (se) u red, poredati (se) u ravnoj crti, poravnati se; (with) priklju­ čiti se 2

2

alignment [a'lainmant] n mil poravnanje, rav­ nanje, poravnatost; raspored (odnos) snaga; ravna crta (smjer) I out of — neporavnat alike [a'laik] adv & adj jednak(o) aliment' ['aelimant, AE -lam-] n hrana, sred­ stva za život aliment ['aeliment, AE f ] vt izdržavati alimentary [aeli'mentari, AE aela men(t)ari:] adj prehrambeni, jestiv, probavni alimentation [aelimen'teišan, AE aela-] n hra­ njenje, prehrana alimony ['aelimani, AE 'aelamouni:] n jur ali­ mentacija aliquot ['aelikwat, AE -a:t] adj & n math alikvotan (faktor), sadržan u većem bez ostatka alive [a'laiv] adj živ(ahan), žustar; osjetljiv (na to); svjestan (čega to) I no man ~ nitko živ; to keep memory ~ održati uspomenu svježom; to be ~ with vrvjeli od; fig vibrirati; to c o m e ~ oživjeti, živnuti alkali faelkalai] n chcm alkalij, lužina alkaline ['aelkalain, AE -lan] adj chcm alkalni alky ['aelki:] /? A si alkohol ali [D:1] adj sav, čitav, cio I adv posve, sasvim I n sve I at ~ uopće; not at ~ uopće ne, nikako, podnipošto; BE molim! (odgovor na thank you); A si ~ in iscrpljen; ~ in ~ sve u svemu; 20 in ~ u svemu 20; and ~ i sve drugo; (sp) s i x — šest : šest; with ~ speed svom brzinom; for ~ I could say (do) rekao (učinio) ja što mu drago; for ~ that usprkos svemu tome; ~ the better (sooner) to bolje (prije), utoliko bolje (prije); ~ the year ro­ und cijelu godinu; I did it ~ by myself učinio sam to posve sam; I had the box ~ to myself bio sam sam samcat u loži; ~ you have to do is to ring ne ireba ništa drugo nego da pozvoniš; ~ I did was ask samo sam 2

,

pitao; he was ~ e y e s (ears) napeto je gledao (slušao); it is ~ up with him u beznadnom je stanju; ~ of us/you/them svi mi, vi, oni; — of 100 dollars cijelih 100 dolara; when ~ c o m e s to — konačno; to be ~ for bezre­ zervno podržavati all-American [a:la'merikan, AE -rak-] adj čisto (tipično) američki; nacionalni, savezni; vr­ hunski all-around [a:laVaund] adj svestran, univerza­ lan, totalan, kompletan, sveobuhvatan allay [a'lei] vi ublažiti, utišati all-day ['a:ldei] adj cjelodnevni allegation [aeli'geišan] n navod, tvrdnja; iskaz allege [a'ledž] vt navoditi (kazati), iznijeti kao, tvrditi; jur iskazati alleged [a'ledžd] adj navodni, još nepotvrđen (nedokazan, neutvrđen) I he is ~ d to have said on je navodno rekao allegedly [aTedžidli, AE -adli:] adv navodno, kako se tvrdi allegiance [a'liidžans] n podanička vjernost, privrženost; politička podrška I oath of ~ podanička zakletva; US pledge of ~ kratka skupna izjava odanosti američkoj zastavi i Republici (kojom započinje školski dan) allegorical [aeli'garikal, AE -la'go:-] adj alegorički allegory ['aeligari, AE 'aelagairi:] n alegorija all-embracing [a:lim'breisirj] adj sveobuhvatan allergic [ a ' l a : d ž i k , AE -'la:r-] adj alergičan (na to), preosjetljiv na nešto allergy ['aeladži, AE -ardži:] n med alergija alleviate [a'li:vieit] vt ublažiti, utažiti; olakšati alleviation [ali:vi'eišan] n olakšanje, olakšica; ublaženje alleviative [a'li:viativ, AE -t\d\\] adj & n (lijek) koji ublažuje bol alley ['aeli, AE -i:] n aleja, drvored; uličica; prolaz I back ~ zabačena (fig sumnjiva) ulica alley v. ally alleyway ['aeliwei] n uličica AU-Fools'-Day ['o:l'fu:lzdei] n prvi travnja All-Hallows farl'hgelauz, AE -ouz] n Svi sveti I — Eve predvečerje Svih svetih alliance [a'laians] n savez; ženidbena veza (srodstvo); zajednica I to form (ili enter into) an — sklopiti savez; oženiti se (stupiti u srod­ stvo) allied [a'laid] adj združen, udružen; saveznički; srodan allies ['selaiz, AE a'laiz] n pl saveznici (sg ally) alligator ['aeligeita, AE 'ajlageidar] n zoo aliga­ tor, kajman I A si ~ bait Crnac (esp iz Floride ili Louisiane) all-important ['D:lim'pa:tant, /M; -po:rii-] adj od najveće važnosti all-inclusive [a:lin'klu:siv] adj u kojem je sve uključeno, sveobuhvatan, totalan alliteration [alita'reišan, AE a\ids-] n aliteracija 2

3

alliterative alliterative [a'litarotiv, AE s'licbreu/iv] adj aliterativan allocate ['aebkeit] vt dodijeliti, doznačiti; odre­ diti; izdvojiti; dotirati allocation [aeb'keišsn] n dodjeljenje, doznaka; određivanje; izdvajanje; dotacija allocution [aeb'kju:Š3n] n svečani govor allopathy [ s ' b p s G i , AE s'la.paGi:] ?! med alopatija allot [ s ' b t , AE a'la:t] vt dodijeliti, doznačiti allotment [ s ' b t m s n t , AE a'la:t-] n dodijeljen dio (iznos); dodjeljivanje, doznačavanje I com letter of ~ pismo kojim novoosnovano dru­ štvo dodjeljuje dionice all-out ['o:laut] adj si totalan, maksimalan, bez­ rezervan, beskompromisan allow [s'lau] vt dopustiti; dopuštati (priznati) ispravnost tvrdnje; (for) uzeti u obzir (kao ispriku), odračunati I vi (for) uzeti u obzir, ispričati; AE tvrditi, smatrati I this —s of no delay to ne trpi odgode; I am ~ e d smijem; daju mi allowable [s'lauabl] adj dopustiv allowance [a'lauans] n dopuštenje; stalna nov­ čana pripomoć (plaća, doplatak, džeparac); popust, odbitak; obrok jela I family ~ obi­ teljski doplatak; child ~ dječji doplatak; pocket — džeparac; to be put on short ~ d o ­ bivati manje obroke jela (manje novaca); to make ~ s for uzimati u obzir; otpisali n a ; biti uviđavan, imati razumijevanja z a , gledati kroz prste alloy ['aebi] n legura, slitina; fig primjesa alloy [ a ' b i ] vi primiješati lošiju kovinu; praviti leguru; fig umanjiti (vrijednost), oslabiti (uži­ tak), pokvariti (veselje) I pleasure without ~ nepomućen užitak all-pro [ b i l p r a u , AE - o u ] adj A si v. all-star all-purpose [ ' D i l ' p s i p a s , AE -'pa:rp-] adj uni­ verzalan all-round [oil'raund] adj v. all-around All Saints' Day ['oil'seintsdei] n eccl Svi sveti All Souls' D a y ['oil'saulzdei, AE -'soul-] n eccl Dušni dan allspice ['n:lspais] n cul piment, najkvirc all-star ['a:lsta:, AE -a:r] adj fig vrhunski, prvo­ ligaški, prvorazredan all-time ['ailtaim] adj svih vremena; apsolutni (rekord) allude [ a ' l u : d ] vi (to) aludirati, natuknuti, ciljati 1

2

na

allure [ a ' l j u a , AE s'luar] vt mamiti, vabili, zavoditi I n lit draž allurement [a'ljunmnnt, AE j ] n vabac, ma­ mac, privlačnost, čar, draž alluring [n'ljuorirj,AE f ] adj zamaman, zavod­ ljiv, privlačan allusion [o'luižan] n aluzija, natucanje izdale­ ka, ciljanje na allusive [a'luisiv] adj koji aludira

39

aloud alluvial [ a ' l u i v b l ] adj geol nastao naplavljiva­ njem, naplavni, aluvijalni alluvion [o'luivian] n geol stvaranje tla naplavi­ nom; naplavljivanje; naplavina alluvium [a'luiviom] n geol naplavljeno tlo, na­ plavina; aluvij all-weather ['ailweds. AE -ar] adj za sve vre­ menske uvjete all-white ['o:lwait, AE -(h)wait] adj samo za bijelce, bez crnaca ally' ['aelai, AE a'lai] n saveznik a l l y [o'lai] vt & vi (to with) spojiti (se), udružiti se, postati saveznikom (rođakom) I to be allied with biti u savezu (rodu) s ally' i (AE) alley ['aeli, AE -i:] n špekula (od alabastra, mramora), kamenka a Ima mater faelmo'ma.to, AE -dar] n fig sve­ učilište koje je netko pohađao almanac [bilmanaek] n godišnji kalendar, al­ manah almighty [D:l'maiti, AE -di:] adj svemoguć I the A ~ Svemogući almond ['a:msnd] n badem, mandula almoner ['aimans, AE 'aelmanar] n djelitelj milostinje (potpora); GB socijalni radnik bol­ ničke službe almost [ b d m a u s t , AE -oust] adv skoro, gotovo alms [a:mz] n pl milostinja almshouse ['a:mzhaus] n BE ubožnica almsman f'a:mzmon] n ubožničar aloe ['aebu, AE -ou] n boi aloja aloft [.Vbft, AE -o:ft] adv visoko, na nebu, u zraku, u letu; uvis; naut na jarbol(u) alone [ a ' b u n , AE -oun] adv jedino, samo, is­ ključivo I pred adj sam I ali — sam sameat, posve sam, jedini; this deed ~ već samo to djelo; let ~ a kamoli; to let/leave — pustiti na miru (ne dirati); to let well ~ ostaviti na miru; not riches ~ ne samo (jedino) bogat­ stvo; to go it — djelovati (provesti) sam (vlastitim snagama, bez tuđe pomoći) along [ o ' b n , AE o : n ] prep uz(duž), kraj, niz, putem, naprijed I adv dalje I ali — cijelim putem, cijelo vrijeme, od samog početka; well ~ odmakao, uznapredovao; to come ~ poći s nekim, pridružiti se; ~ with zajedno s; A si to go ~ with složiti se s alongshore [ o ' b n š s : , AE -D:rjŠ3:r] adv uz oba­ lu, duž obale alongside [a'brjsaid, AE -o:rj-] pred adj & adv uzduž, jedan uz drugoga, bok uz bok aloof [a'luif) pred adj koji održava distancu, rezerviran, uzdržan I adv daleko I to hold/ /keep ~ from držati se daleko od, kloniti se; održavati distancu, biti rezerviran aloofness [s'luifnis. AE -os] n držanje po strani (daleko od), rezerviranost, uzdržanost, di­ stanca; izbjegavanje aloud [ a ' l a u d ] adv glasno

alpaca

40

alpaca [ael'paeka] n zoo alpaka; njezina vuna i tkanina od nje alpha ['aelfa] n alfa I — and omega početak i kraj svega alphabet ['aelfabit, AE -bet] n alfabet, abeceda; fig temeljne zasade, osnove I fig ~ soup hrpa, niz akronima (kratica od početnih slova), npr. N A T O , U N S C , U N H C R , EEC, EMS... alphabetic [aelfa'betik, AE -dik] adj alfabetski alpine ['aelpain] adj alpski alpinism ['aelpinizam, AE -po-] m alpinizam alpinist ['aelpinist, AE -anast] n alpinist, pla­ ninar already [a:l'redi, AE -i:] adv već I ^4 s/ all right ~ ! dobro, dobro (dosta o tom)!; A si shut up ~ ! zaveži već jednom! Alsatian [ael'seišn] n BE njemački ovčar (pas) also ['ailsau, AE -ou] adv također; povrh, osim toga also-ran ['ailsaura-n, AE -sou-] n si konj koji nije medu prva 3 ili 4 u trci; si netko bez velikih izgleda, nevažna (prosječna) osoba alt [aelt] n mus alt altar ['a:lta, AE -ar] n oltar I ~ piece oltarna slika; ~ boy ministrant; fig lead to the ~ po­ vesti pred oltar, oženiti alter ['a:lta, AE -ar] vt prepraviti, preudesiti, preinačiti; djelomično izmijeniti; uškopiti, ustrojiti I vi mijenjati se alterability [o:ltara'bilati, AE -adi:] n promjen­ ljivost, preinačivost alterable [bMtarabl] adj promjenljiv, preinačiv alteration [a:lta'reišan] n prepravak (esp kon­ fekcije), preinaka, promjena altercate ['a:ltakeit, AE -tar-] vt prepirati se, rječkati se, svađati se altercation [a:lta'keišan, AE}] n prepiranje, rječkanje, zadjevica, svađa alter ego ['seltar'egau, AE o:ltar'i:gou] n Lat drugo ja; najprisniji prijatelj alternant [o:l'ta:nant, AE -'ta:r-] adj koji se izmjenjuje, izmjeničan alternate [a:l'ta:nat, AE 'D:ltarnat] adj izmje­ ničan I n zamjenik, zastupnik I on ~ days svaki drugi dan alternate ['o:ltaneit, AE -tar-] vt & vi alternirati, izmjenjivati (se), slijediti naizmjence, redali se alternately [o:l'ta:natli, AE 'a:ltarnatli:] adv naizmjence alternating ['a:ltaneitin, AE -arneidirj] adj I el ~ current izmjenična struja alternation [a:lta'neišan, AE -tar-] n izmjenji­ vanje; math permutacija alternative [a:l'ta:nativ, AE -a:rnadiv] adj na­ izmjeničan I n biranje od dvoga, alternativa I I had no ~ nije mi preostalo drugo alternatively [ \ -li, AE -li:] adv kao alternati­ va; naizmjence 2

amative alternator ['a:ltaneita, AE -arneidar] n el gene­ rator za izmjeničnu struju although (AE+ altho) [ a T d a u , AE -ou] conj premda, iako, makar, mada altimeter [ad'timita, AE -madar] n visinomjer altitude [a:ltitju:d, AE -tat(j)u:d] n visina, vr­ šak; nadmorska visina; Jig uzvišenost I — sickness visinska bolest alto ['aeltau, AE -ou] n mus alt (glas i pjevačica) altogether [a:lta'ge&a, AE -5ar] adv potpuno, sasvim; sve u svemu I taking it ~ uzevši u obzir sve altogether [ } ] n I coll in the ~ gol altruism ['aeltruizam] n altruizam, nesebičnost altruist ['aeltruist, AE -uast] rt altruist, nesebičnjak altruistic [aeltru'istik] adj altruističan, nese­ bičan alum ['aelam] n stipsa, alaun alum [ a ' U m , AE a'lam] n A si = alumnus, alumna alumina [a'lju:mina, AE a'lu:mana] n aluminijev oksid (zemlja), glinica aluminium [aelju:'miniam] n BE aluminij aluminum [a'lu:manam] n AE aluminij alumna [ a ' U m n a , AE -Mam-] (pl alumnae [a'Umni:]) n US bivša učenica (studentica) neke škole (sveučilišta) alumnus [ a ' U m n a s , AE -'lam-] (pl alumni [a'Umnai]) n US bivši đak (student) neke škole (sveučilišta) always ['a:lweiz] adv uvijek, neprestano, stalno alyssum [a'lisam] n bol kamenita trava am [asm, nenagl. ('a)m] (1. lice sing. prez. pom. gl. io be) sam, jesam amah ['a:ma] n (na Dalekom Istoku) dadilja; služavka amalgam [a'maelgam] n amalgam; jig mješavina amalgamate fa'maelgameit] vt & vi (po)miješati (se), stopiti se, amalgamirati (se), fuzionirati (se); sliti se sa živom amalgamation [amselga'meišan] n slitina; sta­ panje; com fuzija, integracija amanita [aema'naita, AE -da] bot rod gljiva (pupavka, muhara, blagva, biserka) amanuensis [amaenju'ensis, AE -ja'wensas] n tajnik amaryllis [aema'rilis, AE -las] n boi amarilis amass [a'maes] vi nagomilati, zgrnuti amassment [a'majsmant] n gomilanje; nešto nagomilano, gomila amateur ['»inata, AE -tar] n amater; diletant, nestručnjak I A si ~ night diletantski postu­ pak (pristup); tab slučajna seksualna avantu­ ra (s neprostitutkom) amateurish [aem,Vto:riš] adj amaterski, dile­ tantski, nestručni amateurism ['a.-malarizm] n amaterizam, amaterstvo; nestručnost amative ['ajniativ, -adiv) adj zaljubljive naravi 1

1

2

amatory

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amiability

one vrebati na nekoga; to lay an ~ postaviti amatory ['aematari, AE -ta:ri:] adj ljubavan amaze [a'meiz] vt zapanjiti, začuditi zasjedu amazed [a'meizd] adj (at) začuđen, zapanjen ambush [ \ ] vt napasti iz zasjede; zaskočiti amazement [a'meizmant] n začudenje I vi postaviti zasjedu, vrebali iz zasjede amazing [a'meizirj] adj zapanjujući, zamjeran, ameba n v. amoeba ameliorate [o'mi:liareit] vt & vi popravili (se); izvanredan, začudan ameliorirati amazingly [a'meizinji, AE -li:] adv začudno, izvanredno amelioration [ami:lia'reišan] rt poboljšanje, Amazon ['aemazan, AE -za:n] n Amazonka amelioracija (i fig); muškaraca amen ['a:men, 'ei'men] int amen! ambassador [aem'batsada, AE -ar] n veleposla­ amenability [ami:no'bilati. AE -odi:] n posluš­ nik; fig izaslanik, poklisar nost, voljnost; pristupačnost (savjetu, razbo­ ambassadorial [a?mba*s3'dD:rial] adj veleposlaru, utjecaju), otvorenost (pred); podvrgnunički tost, podložnost ambassadress [ajm'baessdris, AE -as] n velepo­ amenable [a'mi:nabl] adj (to) poslušan, voljan; slanica; supruga veleposlanika pristupačan, otvoren (pred); podvrgnut, amber ['aemba, AE -ar] n jantar I adj jantarne podložan boje; žut (svjetlo semafora) amend [a'mend] vi & vi popravili (se), ispravi­ ambergris f'aembagri:s, AE 'aembargris] n ti, poboljšati (se), izmijeniti nabolje; izmije­ ambra niti amandmanima amberjack ['aembadžaek, AE -bar-] n ichth ple­ amendatory [a'mendat(a)ri, AE -ta:ri:] adj koji menita riba toplih atlantskih voda (slična ispravlja (poboljšava) našem orhanu, gofu) amendment [ a ' m e n d m a n t ] n ispravak, popra­ ambiance, ambience ['aembians] n ambijent, vak, d o p u n a , amandman I A jur the fifth ~ atmosfera pravo uskrate svjedočenja (izjave) kojim se ambidexter ['aembi'deksta, AE -ar] n čovjek može inkriminirati samog sebe (prema 5. vješt desnicom i ljevicom I adj vrlo spretan, amandmanu ustava SAD); A jur to take the dvoličan fifth — odbiti svjedočenje (izjavu) na .toj osnovi ambient ['aembiant] adj okolni ambiguity [aembi'gjuati, AE -adi:] n dvosmisle­ amends [o'mendz] n pl nadoknada, odšteta I to nost, ne jasnost make ~ for odštetiti, nadoknaditi, dati zado­ ambiguous [aem'bigjuas] adj dvosmislen; neo­ voljštinu dređen; nejasan amenity [ a ' m k n a t i , AE a'menadi:] n ugodnost, ambition [aem'bišan] n ambicija, častohleplje, prijatnost; pl prednosti, blagodati, ljepote, nadobudnost; težnja čari, užici, zabave; pl uljudni pozdravi (izra­ ambitious [aem'bišas] adj ambiciozan, častohle­ zi) I a town with many —ties grad s parkovi­ pan, nadobudan ma, knjižnicama, sportskim lerenima i si. ambitiousness [aem'bišasnis, AE -nas] n ambi­ Amerasian [aema'reižan] adj američko-azijski cioznost I n osoba američko-azijskog porijekla (esp od ambivalence [ s m ' b i v a l a n s ] n podvojenost, oca Amerikanca) podvojeni stav amerce [ a ' m a : s , AE -'ma:rs] vt globili; jig amble fasmbl] n lagan korak (esp konja); pola­ kazniti gana šetnja I -vi hodati (jahati) korakom; pola­ amercement [ a ' m a : s m a n t , AE \ ] n globa gano šetati American [a'merikan, AE -rak-] adj američki ambler ['a'mbla, AE -or] n spor konj/pješak; I rt Amerikanac, Amerikanka; američki en­ šetač gleski I General ~ engleski kakvim govori ambrosia [ivm'brauzia. AE -ouža] n ambrozija, većina stanovništva SAD (za razl. od Eastern hrana bogova i Southern ~ English) i koji stranci čuju kao »tipični američki« ambulance ['aembjutans, .4/;' -bja-] rt bolnička kola. kola za hitnu pomoć I AE — chaser Americana [ameri'ka:no, /l/f -ra-] n materijali agresivan advokat (esp »specijaliziran« za od­ amer. civilizacije; pojave tipične za S A D ; štete ozlijeđenima) amer. fundus (biblioteke, muzeja) ambulant ['aembjulant. AE f ] adj ambulantan, Americanism [o'merikanizam, AE \ ] n amerikoji obilazi, putujući kanizam, američka riječ (izraz) ambulate ['aembjuleit, AE f ] vt hodati, šetati Americanize [a'merikanaiz, AE } ] vt amerika­ ambulatory ['sembjulat(a)ri, .4/:' -jolotoiri:] adj nizirati pokretan I n šetalište (u zgradi), trijem Amerindian [aema'rindian] n Indijanac ambuscade [a'mbss'keid. AE 'aem-] rt & vt v. amethyst ['semiOist. AE -oGast] rt ametist ambush amiability [eimia'bilati, AE -adi:] n ljubaznost, prijaznost ambush' ['aembuš] n zasjeda I to lie in — for 2

amiable amiable ['eimiabl] adj prijazan, ljubazan amicability [aemika'bilati, AE -adi:] n prijatelj­ ski (susretljiv) način, srdačnost; miroljubi­ vost amicable ['aemikabl] adj prijateljski, susretljiv, srdačan I ~ divorce sporazumna rastava amid [a'mid] prep usred, medu amidships [a'midšips] adv naut u (po) sredini broda amidst [a'midst] prep usred amino [a'mainau, AE a'mi:nou] pref chem I ~ acid amino kiselina Amish ['a:miš] n & adj I the ~ stroga prote­ stantska sekta u SAD (odjeća iz 18. st.; odba­ cuju modernu tehnologiju) amiss [a'mis] adv & pred adj naopak(o), u zao čas, nezgodan(-dno) I it may not be ~ bilo bi možda zgodno (uputno); to c o m e ~ doći u nezgodan čas; you don't c o m e ~ dolazite u dobar čas; nothing c o m e s ~ with him ništa ne uzimlje za zlo; nothing c o m e s — to him sve mu je pravo; something went ~ with my watch nešto nije u redu s mojim satom; to go ~ promašiti; to take ~ uzeti za zlo, zamjerili; is anything ~ ? zar nešto nije u redu?, je li se nešto dogodilo? amity ['aemati, AE -adi:] n prijateljski odnosi, dobrohotnost Am Lit ['asm'lit] n A univ si = American Litera­ ture ammeter ['aemmiua, AE -dar] n el ampermetar ammo ['aemau, AE -ou] n si = ammunition ammonia [ a ' m a u n i a , AE -'moun-] n chem amo­ nijak ammunition [aemju'nišan] n municija, streljivo amnesia [aem'ni:zia, AE -i:ža] n med amnezija, gubitak pamćenja amnesty ['aemnisti, AE -asti:] n jur (opće) po­ milovanje, amnestija I vt pomilovati, amne­ stirati amnion ['semnion, AE -a:n] n anal unutarnja embrionalna ovojnica amniotic [aemni'atik, AE -'a:dik] adj anal I ~ sac v. amnion; ~ fluid amnionska teku­ ćina, plodna voda amoeba [a'mi:ba] n biol ameba amoebic [a'mkbik] adj biol amebni amok [a'mak, AE -a:k] i amuck [a'mAk, AE -ak] adv I to run — pobjesnjeti, podivljati, razulariti se, izgubiti svaku vlast nad sobom among [a'mAn, AE -an] prep m e d u , posred, (iz)među I we had 20 cigarettes ~ us imali smo ukupno (svi zajedno) 20 cigareta amongst [a'mAnst, AE -ma-] prep. v. among amoral [ei'maral, AE -'ma:r-] adj amoralan amorous ['aemaras] adj zaljubljive naravi; pun ljubavnog žara; nasrtljiv amorousness ['aemarasnis, AE -as] n sklonost zaljubljivanju; ljubavni žar; nasrtljivost

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amuse amorphous [a'mo:fas, AE -'ma:r-] adj amor­ fan, bezobličan amortization [ama.ti'zeišan, AE aemarda'zei-] n amortizacija, otplata amortize [a'ma:taiz, AE 'aimari-] vi amortizira­ ti, otplatiti amount [a'maunt] n iznos, svota, cifra, količi­ na I to the — of u iznosu (od); total ~ ukupni iznos amount [ f ] vi iznositi (svota, količina); zapra­ vo značiti I it ~ s to the same thing izlazi na isto; it ~ s to a lie to je zapravo laž; his word does not — to much njegova riječ ne vrijedi mnogo amour [ a ' m u a , AE -uar] n ljubav, ljubakanje, avantura; »simpatija« amour-propre ['aemua'prapra, AE aemur'proupar] n visoko mišljenje o samom sebi amp [aemp] n A si = ampere, amplifier, ampo­ ule (droge) ampere ['aempea, AE -piar] n el amper ampersand ['aempasaend, AE -par-] znak »&« (tj. »i«) amphetamine [aem'feiami:n, AE -'feda-] n pharm amfetamin (lijek, stimulans i droga) amphibia [aem'fibia] n pl zoo vodozemci amphibian [semTibian] adj zoo vodozeman I n zoo vodozemac; mil amfibijsko vozilo (ietalo) amphibious [aem'fibias] adj zoo vodozemski; mil (vozilo, letalo) amfibijski amphitheatre [aemfi'oiata, AE -fa'0i:adar] n amfiteatar; predavaonica u obliku amfitea­ tra; theai balkon amphitheatrical [smfiOi'aetrikal, AE aemfa-] adj amfiteatralan, u obliku polukruga amphora faemfara] n amfora ample ['asmpl] adj obilan, opsežan; komotan ampleness ['aemplnis, AE -as] n prostranost; obilje amplification [asmpliffkeišan, AE -plafa-] n povećanje, proširenje, pojačanje amplifier ['semplifaia, AE -lafaiar] n el & mus pojačalo amplify ['asmplifai, AE -pla-] vt & vi povećati (se), proširiti (se), pojačati (se), razraditi amplitude ['aemplitju:d, AE -plat(j)u:d] n am­ plituda; raspon, punoća, opsežnost amply ['aempli, AE -li:] adv i te kako, i više nego dovoljno ampoule faempu:l, AE -p(j)u:l] n ampula amputate ['aempjuteit, AE -pja-] vt amputirali, odrezati amputation [tempjuieišon, . 4 / : t ] n amputa­ cija amputee [aempju'ti:] n osoba koja je pretrpjela amputaciju amuck [a'mAk, AE -ak] adv. v. amok amulet ['a-mjulit. AE -jalat] n amulet amuse [a'mju:z] vt zabavljati; veseliti I to be 1

2

amusement ~ d at uživati u, zabavljati se nečim; ironično (podsmješljivo) pratiti amusement [a'mju:zmant] n zabava, razonoda, I ~ park/grounds pučko zabavište, luna­ park; with ~ ironično, podsmješljivo, zabav­ ljajući se amusing [a'mju:zin,] adj zabavan Amy-John ['eimi'džan, AE -i:'dža:n] n A si (dominantna) lezbijka an [sen, nenagl. an] ind art jedan, neki, izvjes­ ni, v. a an" [aen] conj arch ako, iako ana ['a:na] n pl zbirka anegdota o nekom čov­ jeku Anabaptism [aena'baeptizm] n anabaptizam Anabaptist [aena'baeptist, AE -ost] n anabaptist I adj anabaptistički anachronism [a'naekranizm] n anakronija, ana­ kronizam anachronistic [aenakra'nistik] adj anakronićan; anakronističan anaconda [aena'kanda, AE -'ka:n-] n zoo anakonda (južnoamerički udav) anaemia [a'ni:mia] n anemija, slabokrvnost anaemic [a'nkmik] adj anemičan, slabokrvan anaesthesia [aenis'0i:zja, AE -as'0i:ža] n ane­ stezija, obamrlost, bešćutnost anaesthetic [aenis'0etik, AE -as'Gedik] n anestetično sredstvo anaesthetist [ae'ni:s0atisi, AE a'nesOadast] n anestetičar anaesthetize [ae'ni.sOataiz, AE -'nes-] vt ane­ stezirati, dati anesteziju; umrtviti anagram [ ' a n a g r a m ] n anagram anal ['einal] adj anal analni, čmarni, šupčani; trtićni analeptic [ana'leptik] adj med koji jača, krijepi I n lijek za jačanje analgesia [anaTdži:zja, AE -i:ža] n med bezbolnost, neosjećanje bola analogous [a'nalagas] adj analogan, po analo­ giji, sličan analogy [ a ' n a b đ ž i , AE -i:] n analogija, sličnost I to bear — with (to) biti nečemu analogan (sličan) analyse ['acnalaiz] vt analizirati, raščlaniti, raz­ glabati analysis [a'nalisis, ,4/:' -asas] n analiza; AE psihoanaliza analyst ['aenalist, AE -ast] n analitičar fugi. chcm); AE psihoanalitičar analytic [ana'litik, AE -dik] adj analitički analyze AE v. analyse anapaest ['aenapi:st] n poet anapest anarchic [ae'na:kik, AE -'na:r-] adj anarhičan anarchism ['aenakizm, AE -nar-] ti anarhizam anarchist ['anokist, AE -arkast] n anarhist anarchy ['anaki, AE -orki:] n anarhija, bezvlade anathema [a'naeOama] n prokletstvo (i fig) 1

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aneroid anathematize [a'na0amataiz] vi prokleti anatomic [ a n a ' t a m i k , AE -'ta:m-] adj ana­ tomski anatomist [a'naetomist, AE -damast] n anatom anatomize [ a ' n a t a m a i z , AE -ada-] vi secirati anatomy [ a ' n a t a m i , AE -dami:] n anatomija ancestor ['ansesta, AE -ar] n predak, pradjed ancestral [an'sesiral] adj pradjedovski ancestress ['ansestris, AE -as] prababa ancestry ['aensestri, AE -i:] n pređi; porijeklo anchor f a r j k a . AE -ar] n sidro; fig uporište I to cast/drop ~ baciti sidro, usidriti (se); to lie/ride at ~ biti usidren; to weigh ~ dići sidro a n c h o r [ ] ] vt & vi usidriti (se) anchorage ['arjkaridž] n sidrište; uporište anchoret ['arjkaret] n i anchorite ['aerjkarait] n pustinjak anchorman ['arjkaman, AE -kar-] n nosilac emisije T V (radio) novosti, glavni najavlji­ vač, moderator; A univ si student s najnižom prosječnom ocjenom anchovy ['aenčavi. AE 'aenčouvi:] n ichth inćun I cul ~ paste sardelna pasta ancient ['einšant] adj drevan, starinski; staroklasičan I ~ lights prozori koji se ne smiju zatvoriti tuđom dogradnjom ancients feinšants] n pl antički narodi; antički pisci ancillary [ a n ' s i b r i , AE 'ansaleri:] adj (to) pomoćan, podređen and [aend. nenagl. an(d)] conj i. također; a; pa. pa zato I — yet pa ipak; higher — higher sve više i više (uvis); ~ he laughed ~ laughed neprestance se smijao; he is a coward — a mean one too on je kukavica i još k tome podlac; coll ~ how! naravno!, još kako!, i te kako!; come ~ see us dođi nas posjetiti; he is a fool ~ no mistake on je budala i o tome nema dvojbe; there are men ~ men ljudi su razna kova; coll try ~ find him nastoj ga naći; ~ so on/forth i tako dalje; I'll do it, — will­ ingly učinit ću to, i to rado andiron ['andaian, AE - a m ] n stalak (željezne rašlje) za klade na ognjištu and/or i/ili ( = i eventualno) anecdotal [ a n i k ' d a u t l , AE -oudl] adj anegdotalan anecdote ['anikdaut, AE -out] n anegdota; vic anecdotic [anek'datik, AE -'da:dik] adj aneg­ dotski anecdotist ['anekdautist, AE -oudast] n prićalac anegdota (viceva) anele [a'ni:l] vt eccl dati posljednju pomast anemia v. anaemia anemometer [ a n i ' m a m i t a , AE -a'ma:madar] n vjetromjer anemone [a'nemani. AE -i:] bol anemona, šu­ m a r k a I zoo sea ~ viasulja aneroid ['anaraid] n phys aneroid

anesthesia anesthesia v. anaesthesia aneurysm ['aenjurizam, AE -jar-] n med aneurizma anew [a'nju:, AE a'n(j)u:] adv iznova angel ['eindžal] n anđeo; si osoba koja nešto financira \ A si ~ dust P C P (trenkvilajzer) u prahu (kao droga), sintetički heroin Angeleno [aendža'li:nau, AE -ou] n stanovnik Los Angelesa angelic [aen'đželik] adj anđeoski angelus ['aendžilas, AE -dža-] n eccl angelus anger' ['aenga, AE -ar] n ljutnja, srdžba, gnjev a n g e r [ T ] vt naljutiti, razljutiti, razgnjeviti angina [an'đžaina] n med angina pectoris anginal [aen'džainal] adj med\~ seizure napad angine pectoris angle' faerjgl] n kut; fig strana; poseban pri­ stup, stanovište, tehnika; si lični interes, »kombinacija« I acute (obtuse, straight, right) — oštar (tup, od 180°, pravi) kut angle [ t ] vi nastojati dočepati se nečega I vi prikazati s posebnog stanovišta, iskriviti; nagnuti anghr [ | ] n udica I vi (for) pecati angler ['aengla, AE -ar] n pecač, ribič Angles ['aerjglz] n pl Angli angleworm ['aer)glwa:m, AE -a:rm] ti obična glista, gujavica Anglican ['aerjglikan] adj anglikanski I n anglikanac anglice ['aenglisi, AE -asi:] adv na englesku, engleski anglicism ['aegglisizm, AE -las-] n anglicizam, engleski idiom anglicist f'aerjglisist, AE -lasast] n anglist anglistics [aen'glistiks] n anglistika anglicize ['aenglisaiz, AE -gla-] vt dati riječi engleski oblik, anglicirati angling ['aerjglirj] n pecanje Anglo ['aerjglau, AE -ou] n US Amerikanac (bijelac) koji nije Hispanic (v.) Anglo-American [aerjglaua'merikan, AE -oua'mera-] n stanovnik SAD (Kanade) en­ gleskog porijekla Anglo-Catholic ['aerjglau'kaeGalik, AE -lou-] n pripadnik struje u anglikanskoj crkvi naj­ bliže katolicizmu I adj anglokatolički anglomania ['aerjglau'meinia, AE f ] n anglomanija, ludovanje za svim što je englesko Anglo-Norman [aerjglau'na:man,/l£ -ou'no:r-] n N o r m a n u Engleskoj nakon Conquest (v.); francuski kojim su oni govorili anglophile ['aerjglaufail. AE f ] n velik prijatelj Engleza i engl. kulture, anglofil anglophobe ['aerjglaufaub, AE -loufoub] n anglofob, mrzitelj Engleza Anglo-Saxon ['aeijglau'saeksan, AE -lou-] n An­ glosas, anglosaski (staroengleski) jezik I adj anglosaski Angolan [aen'gaulan, AE -'gou-] adj angolski 2

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aniseed angora [aen'ga.ra] n (i ~ wool) tkanina od dlake angorske koze (kunića); angorska koza (mač­ ka, kunić) angostura ['aerjgas'tjuara, AE -'st( j)ura-] n vrlo gorka tekućina (česta u koktelima) angrily ['aengrili, AE -ali:] adv ljutito, srdito, gnjevno angry ['asngri, AE -i:] adj (at, about, with) ljutit, gnjevan, ogorčen; jtg buran, mrk; med upaljen (rana) I to be ~ with ljutiti se na; to grow ~ razljutiti se; to make ~ razljutiti angst [aerjgst] n psych tjeskoba anguish ['aerjgwis] n bol; tjeskoba; strahovanje vt & vi mučiti, tištiti bolju (tjeskobom) anguished faengwist] adj bolan, uznemiren, tjeskoban angular ['aerjgjula, AE -jalar] adj kutni, uglat, koščat; ukočena ponašanja angularity [aerjgju'lxrati, AE -ac/i:] n uglatost; fig ukočenost, krutost anile ['aenail, AE+ ' a n a l ] adj senilan aniline ['3enili:n, AE -alan] n chem anilin I adj anilinski anility [ae'nilati, AE -adi:] n senilnost animadversion [aenimaed'va:šan, AE aenamaed'va:ržan] n (on, upon) prijekor, ukor; kuđe­ nje, osuđivanje animadvert [aenimaed'va:t, AE aenamaed'va:rt] vi (on, upon) kuditi, osuđivati animal' ['aenimal, AE -na-] n životinja, živ stvor animal [ \ ] adj životinjski, tjelesan I — spirits tjelesna bodrost, izraz životne snage (veselja, zdravlja); ~ kingdom životinjsko carstvo animalism ['aenimalizm, AE 'aena-] n poživinčenost; životinjska (neljudska) narav animalize ['aenimalaiz, AE 'aena-] vt poživinčiti animate' ['aenimat, AE 'aena-] adj živ (i gram); živahan animate ['aenimeit, AE 'aena-] vt animirati; udahnuti života, obodriti; prožeti, potaći, pobuditi; film animirati animated ['aenimeitid, AE 'aenameidad] adj živ, živahan, temperamentan I ~ cartoons crtani film(ovi), crtici animation [aeni'meišan, AE aena-] n unošenje živahnosti (duha, žara, bodrosti, oduševlje­ nja); film animacija animator ['aenimeita, AE 'aenameidar] n crtač (međupokreta) u crtanom filmu animism ['aenimizam, AE 'aena-] n animizam, primitivna religija animist ['aenimist, AE -amast] n animist, pri­ padnik primitivnih religija animosity [aeni'masati, AE aena'ma: sadi:] n ne­ prijateljsko raspoloženje animus ['aenimas, AE 'aena-] n d u h , intencija; neprijateljstvo anise ['aenis, AE -as] n boi anis, (slatki) januš aniseed ['aenisi:d, AE 'aena-] M anis (sjeme) 2

2

ankle

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ankle ['aerjkl] n gležanj ankle-deep ['aenkldi:p] adj dubok do gležnja anklet ['aerjklit, AE -at] n grivna na gležnju; okov na nozi, negva anna ['sens] rt ana (indijski novac: ' / rupije) annalist ['aenalist, AE -ast] n ljetopisac, kro­ ničar annals ['aenalz] n pl anali; povijest Anne [aen] n Ana I Queen — is dead to već svi vrapci znaju anneal [a'ni:l] vt metal kaliti, žariti, temperovati; fig očvrsnuti, kalili annelid ['aenalid, AE -ad] n zoo kolutićavac annex [a'neks] vt (to) pripojiti; priklopiti; prigraditi; dodati; anektirati I as ~ e d prema prilogu (spisu) annex(e) ['aeneks] n prigradnja, novo krilo; de­ pandansa; prilog annexation [aenek'seišan] n pripojenje; aneksija Annie (Oakley) ['»ni 'aukli, AE 'aeni:'oukli:] rt A si besplatna ulaznica annihilate [a'naialeit] vt uništiti, razoriti; uki­ nuti annihilation [anaia'leišan] n uništenje, razorenje; ukinuće anniversary [aeni'va:s(a)ri, AE aena'va:rs(a)ri:] n obljetnica, godišnjica anno domini ['aenau 'dominai, AE 'aenou 'da:mani:] (kratica A. D.) ljeta gospodnjega, naše ere; coll godine, starost annotate ['senateit] vt pribilježiti; popratiti bi­ lješkama (komentarima) annotation [aena'teišan] n zabilježba, pribilježba, bilješka; primjedba announce [a'nauns] vt najaviti, oglasiti I pol to ~ for izjasniti se za; najaviti kandidaturu 1 0

announcement [a'naunsmant] n najava; obja­ va; oglas announcer [a'naunsa, AE -ar] n najavljivač, spiker annoy [a'noi] vt ozlovoljiti; dosađivati; ljutiti, uzrujavati, mučiti I to be ~ e d (at, with) ljutiti se izbog, na); that's — ing to čovjeka ljuti annoyance [a'naians] rt dodijavanje, dosađiva­ nje, uzrujavanje; zlovolja; smetanje annual ['aenjual, AE -(u)al] adj godišnji; bol jednogodišnji I n godišnjak; bol jednogodiš­ nja biljka annually ['aenjuali, AE -(u)ali:] adv svake go­ dine annuity [a'njui:ti, ,4/; a'n(j)u:adi:] n renta I to settle an ~ on smb. odrediti nekomu stalnu rentu annul [a'nAl, ,4/; -al] vt dokinuti (zakon), opoz­ vati: proglasiti nevažećim; poništiti annular ['aenjula. AE -jalar] adj prstenast annulation [aenju'leišan, AE -ja-] rt godišnji koluti (prsteni) na presjeku stabla

answer

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annulment [a'nAlmant, AE a'nal-] n dokinuće, opoziv, proglašenje nevažećim; poništenje annunciate [a'nAnšieit, AE a'nansieit] vi naja­ viti annunciation [a'nAnsi'eišan, AE -'nan-] n eccl Blagovijest anode ['aenaud, AE -oud] n anoda anodyne['aenadain] rt sredstvo protiv bolova; fig melem anoint [a'naint] vt namazati; pomazali anointment [a'naintmant] n pomazanje anomalous[a'namalas, AE a'na:-] adj nepravi­ lan, izniman anomaly [a'namali, AE -a:mali:] n anomalija, nepravilnost, izuzetnost anomie ['aenami, AE -i:] n društvena rastrojenost; dezorijentiranost anon [a'nan, AE -a:n] adv arch o d m a h , skoro I ever and ~ svaki čas, neprestano anonym ['senanim] n nepoznata osoba, anonimus; pseudonim anonymity [aena'nimati, AE -sdi:] rt anonim­ nost anonymous [a'nanimas, AE a'na:-] adj anoni­ m a n , neimenovan, nepoznat anopheles [a'nafali:z, AE a'na:-] anofeles (ko­ marac malaričar) anorak ['aenaraek] n BE topla nepromočiva ja­ kna; »komandosica« anorectic (-exic) [aena'rektik (-eksik)] adj med bolesno mršav I n med bolesno mršava osoba, anorektičar anorexia [sena'reksia] rt med kronični gubitak apetita; ( ~ nervosa) neurotično odbijanje hra­ ne (izgladnjivanje), anoreksija another [a'nAda, AE a ' n a d a r ] adj drugi, još jedan I one ~ jedan drugoga (drugome); one after ~ jedan za drugim, redom; such ~ još jedan takav; just such ~ još jedan baš takav; ~ day or two još par dana; yet ~ još jedan; one thing with — jedno s drugim; they like one ~ vole se; A si (iron) ~ country/ /county/precinct heard from! još jedno mi­ šljenje!, još jedan se javlja! anserine ['aensarain] adj guščji; fig glup answer ['a:nsa, AE 'se:nsar] n odgovor; jur replika; odaziv; rješenje; protuudarac I to make an ~ odgovoriti; in ~ t o . . . odgovara­ jući na, kao odgovor na; A si to know all the ~ s znati sve, biti sveznajući, biti blaziran 1

a n s w e r [ j ] vt & vi (io) odgovoriti na; odgova­ rati (svrsi), zadovoljavati; (for) biti odgovo­ ran (jamčiti) za; braniti se; odazivati se I jur to ~ in law odazvati se sudu; to ~ the door (bell) ići otvoriti vrata (pogledati tko zvoni); to ~ to the helm slušati (reagirati na) kormi­ lo; to ~ (smb's) purpose služiti (nečijoj) svrsi; it ~ s no purpose nema svrhe; ~ i n g machine telefonska »sekretarica«; ~ i n g ser-

answerable vice (uslužna) centrala za privatne telefonske poruke; coll to ~ back drsko odgovarati answerable ['a:nsarabl, AE 'x:n-] adj odgovo­ ran (za /or); na što se može odgovoriti ant [aenl] n ent mrav I white ~ termit; army ~ s mravi koji putuju u kolonama i uništavaju sve što im se nađe na putu; red — (ili pharaoh —) crveni mrav; A coll ~ s in one's pants nemir, nestrpljivost, neobuzdanost, »crv u stražnjici«; A si spolna uzbuđenost, jebežljivost antacid [aent'aesid, AE -ad] adj med I ~ tablets pilule za smanjivanje želučane kiseline antagonism [aen'tseganizm] n antagonizam; ne­ prijateljstvo; protivština; suprotnost, opreč­ nost; suparništvo antagonist [aen'taeganist, AE -ast] n protivnik, neprijatelj, suparnik antagonistic [aentaega'nistik] adj neprijateljski; oprečan, suprotan antagonize [aen'taeganaiz] vt učiniti neprijate­ ljem, izazivati neprijateljstvo (nezadovolj­ stvo) kod; djelovati protivno; tjerati na otpor; protiviti se antarctic [aen'taiktik, AE -'ta;r-] adj antarktički I n Antarktik antbear ['aentbea, AE -bear] n zoo južnoamerički mravojed ante ['senti, AE 'aen(t)i:] n IA si to up (ili raise) the — povisiti uiog (i fig), povećati udio (iznos, svotu) ante [ f ] vt A si platiti, dati svoj doprinos (i ~ up) ante- [ f ] pref pred-, prijeanteater ['aenti:ta, AE -i:dar] n zoo mravojed antebellum [asnti'bebm, AE aen(t)i:-] adj pre­ dratni; AE prije građanskog rata antecedence [aenti'si:dans, AE aen(t)i:-] n prednost, preče pravo antecedent [senti'skdant, AE f ] adj prethodan I n prethodan događaj; prethodna riječ (reče­ nica) na koju se nešto odnosi; math prednjak; • pl prijašnji događaji, predživot, prošlost antecessor [asnti'sesa, AE aen(t)i:'sesar] n pret­ hodnik, preteča antechamber ['aentičeimba, AE 'aen(t)i:čeimbar] n predsoblje antedate ['aentideit,/\i: 'aen(t)i:-] vt staviti rani­ ji datum; zbiti se prije; arch pospješiti antediluvian [aentidi'lu:vian, AE aen(t)i;da-] adj pretpotopni, prastar I n starkelja, staro­ modan čovjek; pretpotopna životinja antelope ['aentilaup, AE 'aen(t)aloup] n anti­ lopa antenatal [aenti'neital, AE aen(t)i:'neidl] adj med koji se odnosi na vrijeme prije rođenja I — clinic dispanzer (ambulanta) za trudnice antenna [aen'tena] n ticalo; AE antena antenuptial [aenti'nApšl, AE aen(t)i:'napšl] adj predbračni 1

2

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antics antepenultimate [aentipi'nAltimat, AE aen(t)i:pi'naltamat] adj treći od kraja anterior [aen'tiaria, AE -'tiriar] adj (to) prednji; prethodan anteroom ['aentiru(:)m, AE 'aen(t)i:-] n pred­ soblje anthelminthic [aenGafminGik] adj & n med (sredstvo) protiv glista anthem [aenGam] n crkvena pjesma I national ~ himna anther ['aenGa, AE -ar] n bot prašnik anthill [ senthil] n mravinjak anthology [aen'Balađži, AE -a:ladži:] n antolo­ gija Anthony ['aentani, AE -i;] n Antun I med St. ~ ' s fire vrbanac anthracite ['aenGrasait] n minr antracit (ugljen) anthrax ['aenGrseks] n crni čir; vet bedrenica (bolest goveđe slezene) anthropoid ['aenGrapaid] adj čovjekolik I n čovjekoliki majmun; polučovjek anhtropological [aenGrapa'ladžikl, AE -Ma:-] adj antropološki anthropologist [aenGra'paladžist, AE a:ladžast] n antropolog anthropology [aenGra'paladži, AE -a:ladži:] n antropologija anthropomorphous ['aenGrapa'ma:fas, AE -'ma:r-] adj čovjekolik anti- ['senti-; AE 'aen(t)i:-, 'aentai-] pref protu-, protiv, protivno; umjesto antiaircraft ['8enti'eakra:ft, AE -'earkrae:ft (v. anti-)] adj protuavionski antibiotic [aentibai'atik, AE -x.dik (v. anti-)] adj antibiotičan I n antibiotik antibody ['aentibadi, AE -ba:di: (v. anti-)] n med antitijelo antic ['aentik, AE -n(t)-] adj čudački, luckast, smiješan I n pl kreveljenje, lakrdije, ekscen­ trično ponašanje; »izvođenje«, »fore«, »štoso­ vi«, »faksne« antichrist ['aentikraist, AE -n(t)-] n antikrist anticipate [sn'tisipeit, AE -tisa-] vt preteći, predusresti, osujetiti; predvidjeti, pripraviti se na; predosjećati, unaprijed očekivati; biti preteča anticipation [aentisi'peišan, AE t ] " predviđa­ nje, slutnja, (radosno) očekivanje, uživanje unaprijed; predujam; preuranjenost; predos­ jećaj; pretjecanje I in — of u očekivanju anticipatory [aen'tisipeit(a)ri, AE sen'tisapata:ri:] adj koji očekuje (preduhitruje, pred­ viđa) anticlimax [aenti'klaimaeks, AE v. anti-] n antiklimaks; obratna reakcija, splasnuće, razoča­ ranje anticoagulant ['amtikau'ajgjulanu AE -kou'aegja- (v. anti-)] n med sredstvo protiv grušanja krvi antics n pl v. antic

antidepressant antidepressant ['aentidi'pressnt, AE v. anti-] n med antidepresivno sredstvo antidote ['aentidaut, AE -dout (v. anti-)] n pro­ tuotrov; fig lijek protiv antiemetic ['aentii'metik, AE -edik (v. anti-)] n med lijek protiv povraćanja antifebrile ['aenti'fi:brail, AE -feb- (v. anti-)] n med lijek protiv groznice antifouling [aenti'faulin, AE ( ] v. anti-)] adj antivegetativan (boja) antifreeze ['aentifrirz, AE 'aen(t)i:-] n mot antifriz (sredstvo protiv zamrzavanja vode u hladnjaku) antiknock ['aentinsk, AE -na:k (v. anti-)] n mot antidetonator (primjesa benzinu da se smanji »lupanje« u motoru) antilife [aenti'Iaif, AE v. anti-] adj protiv života; za kontracepciju antilogarithm [aenti'bgsriOm, AE -la:g- (v. an­ ti-)] n math antilogaritam antimacassar ['aentima'kaesa, AE -ssr (v. anti-)] n zaštitna (ukrasna) prevlaka uzglavlja (naslona za ruke) naslonjača antimony ['aentimani, AE 'aen(t)3mouni:] n chem antimon (kovina) antinomy [aen'tinsmi, AE -mi:] n antinomija, protuslovlje (između dva zakona); paradoks antipathetic [aentips'Oetik, AE -edik (v. anti-)] adj neprijateljski raspoložen prema antipathy [aen'tip30i, AE -0i:] n antipatija, od­ bojnost, mrskost antipersonnel [xntipa:sa'nel, AE -po:r(v. anti-)] adj mil za žive ciljeve (bomba); protupješački (mina) antiperspirant [aenti'p3:sph"3nt, AE -'p3:rsp3(v. anti-)] n sredstvo protiv znojenja antiphony [aen'tifsni, AE -ni:] n izmjenično pjevanje (odgovaranje) u zboru antipode ['aentipsud, AE 'aen(t)apoud; pl aen'tipadi:z] n antipod antiquarian [aenti'kwEarbn, AE aen(f)3-] adj antikvarski, starinski, arheološki I n sakup­ ljač ili proučavatelj starina antiquary ['aentikwsri, AE 'aen(t)3kweri:] n lju­ bitelj, proučavatelj i trgovac starinama antiquated ['aentikweitid, AE 'aen(t)3kweu/3d] adj zastario antique [aen'ti:k] adj starinski, antikni; antički I n starina, antikni predmet antiquity [aen'tikwsti, AE -adi:] n starina, drev­ na vremena; starost; antika, antički svijet; pl starine anti-Semite [aenti'si:mait, AE -'sem- (v. anti-)] rt antisemit anti-Semitic [aentise'mitik, AE -ss'midik (v. anti-)] adj antisemitski anti-Semitism [aenti'semitizm, AE -msđizm (v. anti-)] n antisemitizam antiseptic [aenti'septik, AE aen(t)s-] adj med

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anyhow antiseptičan; fm hladan, distanciran I n med antiseptično sredstvo antisocial ['aenti'saušl, AE -soušl (v. anti-)] adj asocijalan antithesis [aen'tiGisis, AE - 0 3 S 3 S ] n antiteza antithetic [aenti'0etik, AE -edik] adj antitetičan, suprotan antitrust ['aenti'trAst, AE -'trsst (v. anti-)] adj protutrustovni (protiv gospodarskog ili fi­ nancijskog monopola) antler ['aentb, AE -ar] n (jelenji) rog antlered ['aentbd, AE -3rd] adj razgranatih rogova (jelen) ant-lion ['aentlabn] n ent mravlji lav (esp li­ činka) antonym ['aentsnim] n antonim, riječ suprot­ nog značenja, protivni pojam ants n pl v. ant antsy ['aentsi, AE -i:] adj A coll uznemiren, nestrpljiv, koji se vrpolji; si spolno u z b u đ e n , jebežljiv (v. ants in one's pants) anus ['einss] n anal anus, čmar, šupak anvil ['aenvil, AE -si] n nakovanj; anal nakovanj (sitna kost u srednjem u h u ) I the matter is on the ~ o tome se upravo raspravlja, na tapetu je; to be between the hammer and the ~ biti između čekića i nakovnja (između dvije vatre) anxiety [aerjg'zaisti, AE -adi:] n tjeskoba; zabri­ nutost, nemir, uznemirenost anxious faerjkšss] adj zabrinut, uznemiren, tjeskoban; mučan; revan, gorljiv, željan I I am ~ to finish it želim (stalo mi je) da to svršim, rado bih to svršio; to be on the ~ seat biti na mukama anxiousness ['aenkšssnis, AE -nas] n zabrinu­ tost, tjeskobnost; jaka želja, revnost, pomnost, brižnost any ['eni, AE 'eni:] ind pron itko, išto, ikoji, ikakav, ijedan, bilo koji, koji mu drago, sva­ ki, uopće svaki I not ~ nijedan, nikakav; not ~ but nitko osim; I don't know ~ ne poz­ nam nijednoga; ~ book will do svaka (bilo koja) knjiga odgovara; ~ number/amount of sva sila, mnogo; at ~ time u svako doba; to be as skilled as ~ one biti vrlo vješt, biti među najvještijima; ~ one can tell you that svatko ti to može reći; call ~ one you like zovni koga te god volja any [ \ ] adv I not ~ longer ne dulje (više); not — more ne više; he is not ~ the worse for it to mu nije ništa naškodilo, od tog mu nije bilo ništa; not to go ~ further ne ići dalje; I can't go ~ higher ne mogu ići više (dalje uvis); — faster imalo/išta brže anybody ['enibodi, AE 'eni:ba:di:] ind pron itko, ikoji, svatko, koji mu drago, bilo tko anyhow ['enihau, AE 'eni:-] adj bilo kako, svakako; ipak; kojekako, svakojako, loše, slabo; bilo kako bilo, u svakom slučaju 1

2

anyone anyone ['eniwAn, AE 'eni:wan] ind pron iiko, ikoji, bilo koji, svatko, koji mu drago anyplace ['enipleis, AE 'eni:-] adv v. anywhere anything ['eniflirj, AE 'eni:-] ind pron & adv išta, bilo što, što mu drago I ~ but sve prije nego; not for ~ nizašto, nipošto; for ~ I know koliko ja znam; to be capable of ~ biti kadar sve učiniti; if ~ u najmanju ruku; možda čak; we ran like ~ bježali smo kao ludi (iz petnih žila); easy as ~ vrlo lako anyway ['eniwei, AE 'eni:-] adv bilo kako, ipak, svakako anywhere ['eniwea, AE eni:(h)wear] adv igdje, bilo gdje, bilo kako, svuda anywise ['eniwaiz, AE 'eni:-] adv ikako; uopće aorist ['farist, AE -ast] n gram aorist aorta [ei'a:ta, AE ei'a:nia] n anat aorta apace [a'peis] adv brzo, naglo, naočigled Apache [a'paeči, AE -i:] n Apaš (Indijanac); [a'pa.š] apaš, pariški razbojnik apanage n v. appanage apart [a'pa:t, AE -a:rt] adv na stranu, napose, za se, odjelito, odijeljeno, razdaleko, udaljen jedan od drugoga I joking ~ šalu na stranu; ~ from bez obzira na apartheid [a'pa:t(h)eit, AE a'pa:rt-] n hist rasi­ stički sistem u Južnoafričkoj uniji apartment [a'pa:tmant, AE a'pa:rt-] n AE stan; pl BE apartman I ~ building/house velika stambena zgrada; AE ~ hotel stambeni hotel (apartmani s kuhinjama i osnovnom podvorbom) apathetic [aepa'Getik, AE -dik] adj apatičan, bezvoljan, ravnodušan, bešćutan apathy ['aepaGi, AE -i:] n apatija, bezvoljnost, ravnodušnost, bešćutnost; med tupost, mr­ tvilo ape' [eip] n zoo čovjekoliki majmun (čimpanza, gorila, orangutan); svaki veliki bezrepi maj­ mun (npr. gibon); derog majmun; A si derog Crnac; A si snagator, »gorila«, tjelohranitelj I A si to go — izbezumiti se a p e [ I ] vt oponašati ape-man ['eipmaen] n primat, čovjek-majmun aperient [a'piariant, AE -'pir-] adj & n med (sredstvo) što otvara stolicu aperitif [a:peri'ti:f] n aperitiv aperture ['aepatjua; AE -arču(a)r, -čar, -u j)u(a)r] n otvor, rupa, rupica; photo otvor (zaslona), blenda apery ['eipari, AE -i:] n oponašanje apex ['eipeks] n vršak, vrhunac; geom vrh aphasia [ae'feizia, AE -ža] n afazija, gubitak sposobnosti govora aphid ['eifid, AE -ad] n ent biljna uš aphorism ['aefarizm] n aforizam, jezgrovita mi­ sao (rečenica) aphoristic [arfa'ristik] adj aforistički, jezgrovito izrečen aphrodisiac [aefra 'diziak] n med afrodizijak 2

48

apostrophize apiarian [eipi'earian] adj pčelarski apiarist ['eipiarist, AE -ast] n pčelar apiary ['eipiari, AE -eri:] n pčelinjak apiculture ['eipikAlča, AE -kalčar] n pčelarstvo apiece [a'pi.s] adv po osobi (glavi) pojedinač­ n o , svaki; po komadu apish f'eipiš] adj koji slijepo oponaša, maj­ munski apishness ['eipišnis, AE -nas] n majmunstvo, majmunsko ponašanje, slijepo oponašanje aplenty [a'plenti, AE -en(t)i:] adj & adv obilan; u izobilju, vrlo aplomb [ a ' p b m , AE -a:m] n okomit položaj;/ig samosvjesno ponašanje, siguran nastup, si­ gurnost apocalypse [a'pakalips, AE -'pa:k-] n apoka­ lipsa apocalyptic [apaka'liptik, AE } ] adj apokaliptičan apocrypha [a'pakrifo, AE -'pa:kra-] ;i pl apo­ krifne knjige Biblije apocryphal [a'pakrifal, AE f ] adj apokrifan, lažan apodictic [aepa'diktik] adj apodiktičan apogee ['aepadži:] n apogej (najveća udaljenost Mjeseca od Zemlje); fig kulminacija apologetic [apala'džetik, AE -a:la'dže ~ protiv!«) I to one's heart's ~ do mile volje, do sita content" [ f ] n zadovoljstvo; pl oni koji glasu­ ju s »da« u engl. Gornjem domu I — is above wealth više vrijedi zadovoljstvo nego bogat­ stvo content [ f ] vt zadovoljiti I to ~ oneself with zadovoljiti se s content ['kantent, AE 'ka:n-] n sadržaj; zapre mina; postotak, količina, primjesa contented [kan'tentid, AE -n(t)ad] adj zadovo­ ljan, udovoljen; dovoljan contentedly [kan'tentidli, AE -n(t)adli:] adv zadovoljno contention [kan'tenšan, AE -can] n prepiranje; svađa, rječkanje, natjecanje; prijeporna toč­ ka, tvrdnja contentious [kan'tenšas, AE -čas] adj svadljiv, pravdaški; prijeporan, sporan 1

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180

contingent

contentiousness [kan'tenšasnis, AE -časnas] n svadljivost; spornost conterminous [kan'ta:minas, AE -'ta:rmanas] adj (with, to) susjedan, pograničan, unutar zajedničkih granica I — United States SAD bez Aljaske i Havaja contest' ['kantest, AE 'ka:n-] n borba, takmi­ čenje, natjecanje; nagradni natječaj; rječ­ kanje contest" [kan'test, AE+ 'ka:ntest] vt & vi (u'ith, against) pobijati, poricati, osporavali; takmičiti se, natjecati se, boriti se (za); pol kandidirati I to ~ a seat in parliament kan­ didirati se za narodnog zastupnika contestable [kan'testabl] adj prijeporan contestant [kan'testant] n borac; suparnik, tak­ mac, natjecatelj; (protu(kandidat contestation [kantes'teišan, ,4/;' ka:n-] ti prepi­ ranje, pobijanje, osporavanje, tvrdnja contested [kan'testid; AE -ad, 'ka:ntestad] pp osporavan; pobijan I mil ~ bridge most oko kojeg se vode borbe (gdje se još pruža otpor, koji prelazi iz ruke u ruku); pol ~ seat zastupničko mjesto oko kojeg se vodi izborna borba, za koje postoji(e) protukandidat(i); pol ~ election izbori s više kandidata; well— race trka (natjecanje, izbori) s mnogo sudionika (kandidata) contester [kan'testa, AE -ar] n osporavatelj protukandidat; sp izazivač context fkantekst, AE 'ka:n-] n kontekst; suvislost, logička povezanost I in this — u vezi s time contextual [kan'iekstjual; AE -sčual, -ščual, ka:n-] adj kontekstualan contiguity [kanti'gjuati, AE ka:n(t)a'gjuadi:] n susjedstvo, doticaj contiguous [kan'tigjuas] adj susjedan, blizak, koji se dotiče continence ['kantinans, AE 'ka:n(t)anans] n suzdržljivost; spolna umjerenost, nevinost; med kontrola nad vršenjem nužde continent' ['kantinant, AE 'ka:n(t)anant] adj suzdržljiv, umjeren; spolno umjeren, nevin; med koji ima kontrolu nad vršenjen nužde continent [ f ] n kontinent I BE the C ~ Euro­ pa (bez Britanskog otočja); hist the Dark C ~ Afrika continental [kanti'nental, AE k a : n t a n e n d l ] adj kontinentalan; BE europski (za razl. od bri­ tanskog) I n kontinentalac; BE Europljanin (za razliku od Britanca) I C ~ army ( C ~ Con­ gress) ustanička vojska (skupština) u amer. ratu za nezavisnost (1775-81) contingency [kan'tindžansi, AE -si:] n slučaj, slučajnost; nepredviđena mogućnost, okol­ nost; pl nepredviđeni izdaci I the —cies of war ratna sreća contingent [ k a n i i n d ž a n t ] adj neizvjestan; eventualan; slučajan; nepredviđen; uvjeto2

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continual

van, ovisan o | n slučajnost; prilog; kontin­ gent continual [kan'tinjual] adj neprestan, nepreki­ dan, kontinuiran, stalan, continuance [kan'tinjuans] n nastavak, nastav­ ljanje; trajanje; neprekidnost; postojanost continuation [kantinju'eišan] n nastavljanje, kontinuiranje, nastavak; produženje I ~ school produžna škola continuator [kan'tinjueita, AE -dar] n nastav­ ljač continue [kan'tinju:] vt & vi nastaviti, produži­ li, ne prekidati; ustrajati; potrajati, ostati i dalje, nalaziti se još uvijek; opet se prihvati­ ti; zadržati I to be ~ d nastavlja se continued [kan'tinju:d] adj stalan, neprekidan, neprekinut, trajan continuing [kan'tinjuirj] adj koji se nastavlja, trajan, neprestan I — education produžno obrazovanje continuity [kanti'njuati, AH ka:n(f)a'n(j)u:adi:] n neprekidnost, stalnost, trajanje, kon­ tinuitet; knjiga snimanja, tekst radio ili TV (i reklamnog) programa (često s uputama za režiju); radnja i dijalog stripa I ~ girl skriptgerl continuous [kan'tinjuas] adj neprekidan, ne­ prestan, trajan, non-stop, koji je u toku; suvisao I — present tense trajni prezent (npr. / am working) continuum [kan'tinjuam] n kontinuum, cjelina contort [kan'ta:t, AH -a:rt] vt nakriviti, iskrivi­ ti; iznakaziti; svinuti; izoblićiti contortion [kan'taišan, AH -'ta:r-] n nakrivljivanje, kreveljenje; izvijanje, izvinutost; pl grčevi, previjanje u mukama; pl fig akroba­ cije contortionist [kan'ta:šanist, AH -'ta:ršanast] n »čovjek od gume«, »čovjek zmija« contour ['kantua, AH 'ka:ntuar] n obris, kon­ tura I ~ line izohipsa; — map reljefna karta; ~ ploughing konturno oranje contraband ['kantrabaend, AH 'ka:n-] adj kri­ jumčaren I vt krijumčariti contraband [ ] ] n krijumčarenje; krijumčare­ na roba contrabandist ['kantrabaendist, AE 'kaintrabaendast] n krijumčar contrabass ['kantrabeis, AE 'ka:ntra-] n kon­ trabas contraception [kantra'sepšan, AE f ] n kontra­ cepcija, sprečavanje začeća contraceptive [kantra'septiv, AE \ ] adj što sprečava začeće I n kontraceptivno sredstvo contract ['kantraekt, AE ka:n-] n ugovor, spo­ razum I by ~ prema ugovoru I A si there is a ~ out for him angažiran je profesionalni ubojica da ga likvidira contract [kan'traekt] vt stegnuti, stisnuti; skra­ titi; izciih) ugovoriti s nekim; angažirati ugo­ 1

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1

2

contrast

vorom I vi sklopiti ugovor, poduzeti (pogodi­ ti se za) posao; stisnuti se, smanjiti se I to ~ a disease razboljeti se, navući neku bolest; to ~ a habit steći naviku; to ~ a friendship with sprijateljiti se sa; to ~ a passion for strasno zavoljeti; to ~ debts zadužiti se; to — marriage sklopiti ženidbu; —ing parties ugovorne stranke contraction [kan'traekšan] n stezanje, skraćiva­ nje, sažimanje, kontrakcija, smanjivanje I — of a disease razboljevanje, oboljenje od contractor [kan'traekta, AE -ar] n potpisnik ugovora, preuzimatelj posla; poduzetnik {esp građevni); dobavljač, liferant contractual [kan'traektjual. AE -čual] ad] ugo­ vorni contradict [kantra'dikt, AE ka:ntra-] vt protu­ sloviti, pobijati, osporavati contradiction [kantra'dikšan, AE \ ] n protu­ slovlje, kontradikcija, poricanje, pobijanje, osporavanje contradictory [kantra'diktari, AE ka:ntra'diktari.] adj protuslovan, kontradiktoran, nedo­ sljedan; sklon protuslovljenju contradistinction [kantradis'tinkšan, AE ka:ntra-] n razlikovanje na temelju protivnih svoj­ stava I in ~ of za razliku od contrail ['kantreil, AE 'ka:n-] n v. condensa­ tion trail contraindication [kantraindi'keišn, AE ka:ntrainda-] /; med kontraindikacija contralto [kan'traeltau, AE -ou] n kontraalt contraption [kan'traepšan] n coll čudna naprava (sprava), nešto improvizirano contrapuntal [kantra'pAntl, , 1 / ; ' kaintra' p a n d l l ] adj kontrapunktni contrariety [kontra'raiati, AE -adi.] n opreč­ nost, suprotnost; opreka, protuslovlje contrariness [kan'trearinis, ,4/; -ri:nas] n oprečnost, suprotnost, obratnost, protiv­ nost; sklonost protuslovljenju; nepovoljnost (vjetra); tvrdoglavost, samovoljnost contrarious [kan'trearias] adj protivan, supro­ tan; nepovoljan contrariwise ['kantreariwaiz, kan'treari-; AE 'ka;n-] adj obratno, naprotiv; naopako, za inat contrary ['kantrari, AE 'ka:ntreri:] adj supro­ tan, obratan; protivan, nepovoljan (vjetar) I n nešto suprotno I ~ to nature neprirodan; on the — naprotiv; to go ~ postupiti obratno (protivno); to speak to the ~ govorili protiv; no evidence to the — nema dokaza o protiv­ nom; unless I hear to the ~ ako ne čujem (saznam) protivno; to interpret by contrari­ es tumačiti uzimajući protivne argumente; by contraries obratno od očekivanja; baš obratno contrary [ \ ] adj tvrdoglav, samovoljan contrast ['kantra:st, AE 'ka:ntra::st] n kon1

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182

contrast

trast, opreka, oprečnost I by ~ (in ~ to) u usporedbi s, za razliku od; naprotiv contrast* [kan'tra:st, AE -ae:st] vi kontrastirati, stajati u opreci, tvoriti opreku I vi staviti nasuprot kao opreku; usporediti contravene [kantra'vi.n, AH ka:n-] vt ( p r e k r ­ šiti, doći u sukob, ogriještiti se o; osporavati contravention [kantra'venšan, AE ka:ntra'venčan] n kršenje, sukobljavanje contretemps fkaitrata] n nezgoda, neprilika contribute [kan'tribju:t, AE+ -bjat] vi (to. to­ wards) pridonijeti; (to) pisati za, surađivati u I vi pomagati contribution [kantri'bju:šan, AE ka:ntra-] n doprinos, prilog; pridonošenje; namet, da­ nak, harač I to lay under — (ili to levy ~ on) udariti danak contributor [kan'tribjuta, AE -b(j)adar] rt prinosnik; suradnik (novina, časopisa) contributory [kan'tribjut(a)ri, AE -bjata:ri:] adj prinosni I ~ stream pritok contributory [ f ] n com osoba dužna sudjelo­ vati u isplati dugova u slučaju stečaja contrite [kan'trait, BE+ ' k a n t r a i i , . 4 £ + 'ka:n-] adj skrušen, pokajnički contrition [kan'trišan] n skrušenost, kajanje contrivance [kan'traivans] n naprava, izum, patent, trik; natezanje, nategnutost I by — domišljato contrive [kan'traiv] vt smisliti, domisliti se, udesiti, izmajstorirati, izvesti, nategnuti; uspjeti I to ~ to live probijati se (u životu) contrived [kan'traivd] adj nategnut, isforsiran contriver [kan'traiva, AE -ar] n domaćica, gaz­ darica control [kan'traul, AE -oul] n kontrola, nad­ zor; vodstvo, uprava, vlast; obuzdavanje, ograničavanje; pl komande I under ~ pod kontrolom, obuzdan, zatomljen, svladan; to keep under — držati na uzdi; to lose ~ of izgubiti vlast nad; to bring under — obuzda­ ti, zatomiti, svladati; the man in ~ čovjek br. 1; to get out from — oteti se nadzoru (kontroli), razulariti se; remote ~ daljinsko upravljanje, teledirigiranje control" [ I ] vt kontrolirati, voditi, upravljati, utjecati, vladati; obuzdavati, susprezati; suz­ bijati, regulirati controlled [kan'trauld, AE -ould] adj obuzdan; uzdržan, odmjeren; pod zakonskom kon­ trolom controller [kan'traula, AE -oular] n kontrolor; revizor; šef računovodstva; direktor controversial [kantra'va:šal; AE ka:ntra'va:ršal, -sisi] adj prijeporan, kontroverzan, polemički controversy ['kantrava:si, AE 'ka:mrava:rsi:, BE+ kan'travasi] kontroverzija, prepiranje; polemika controvert ['kantrava:t, -'va:t; AE 'ka:ntra1

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convention

va;rt, -'va:rt] vt & vi pobijati (se), osporava­ ti, opovrgavati controvertible [kantra'va:tibl, AE ka:ntraVa;rt/abl] adj prijeporan contumacious [kantju'meišas, AE ka:nt(j)a-] adj buntovan, tvrdoglav, tvrdokoran; jur koji se oglušuje contumacy ['kantjumasi; AE 'ka:nt(j)amasi:, kan't(j)u:-] rt buntovnost, tvrdokoran nepo­ sluh (otpor); jur ogluha pozivu suda contumelious [kantju'mi:lias; AE ka:nt(j)a-, ka:nča-] adj pogrdan, preziran, ponižavajući contumely ['kantjumili, AE ka:n't(j)u:mali:] n pogrda, prezirno ponašanje; poniženje contuse [kan'tju:z, AE -'t(j)u:z] vt udariti tako da ostane modrica, naboj contusion [kan'tju;žan, AE -'t(j)u:-] rt modri­ ca, naboj, nagnječenje conundrum [ka'nAiidram, AE -'nan-] rt (šalji­ va) zagonetka; teško pitanje conurbation [kanai'beišan, AE ka:na:r-] n sta­ panje (ulančavanje) gradova u neprekinuti pojas convalesce [kanva'les, AE ka:n-] vi oporavljati se, rekonvalescirati convalescence [kanva'lesns, AE f ] rt rekon­ valescent, osoba koja se oporavlja convalescent [kanva'lesnt, AE f ] adj & n koji se oporavlja I ~ home oporavilište convector [kan'vekta, AE -ar] n (i — heater) električna pećica s otvorom na vrhu convene [kan'vi:n] vi sastati se, skupiti se I vt sazvati (na zbor) convenience [kan'vi:nians] ri udobnost, zgodnost, praktičnost, korist: arch vozilo, prije­ vozno sredstvo I at your earliest ~ prvom prilikom; I am waiting his — čekam dok mu bude zgodno (dok bude imao vremena); suit your own — kako vam bude najzgodnije; to make a — of previše iskorištavati nečiju do­ brotu; marriage of ~ brak iz interesa; mo­ d e m —s komfor (oprema stana); BE public — javni zahod; — food (polu)gotova jela; US — store veća samoposluga (mali supermar­ ket, minimarket) otvorena gotovo nonstop convenient [kan'vi:niant] adj zgodan, pogo­ dan, podesan, priručan I if it is ~ to you ako vam je zgodno; with all ~ speed svom mo­ gućom brzinom convent ['kanvant, AE 'ka.n-] n (obično žen­ ski) samostan conventicle [kan'ventikl, AE -'ven(t)i-] n eccl hist tajni sastanak protestantskih ekstremista; protestantska bogomolja convention [kan'venšan, AE -can] n sastanak, skup, konferencija, AE kongres; A pol naci­ onalni kongres stranke koji izabire kandidate stranke za predsjednika i potpreds|ednika SAD; ugovor; običaj; konvencija

conventional [kon'venšonol, AE -'venč-] adj konvencionalan conventionality [konvenšo'nseloti, AE -ća'naladi:] n uobičajene forme, konvencionalnost conventioneer [konvenšo'nia, AE -nča'niar] n AE sudionik kongresa (v. convention) conventual [kan'ventjual, AE -čuol] adj samo­ stanski converge [kan'va:dž, AE -Va:r-] vt & vi kon­ vergirati, stjecati se u jednoj točki, stopiti se convergence [kan'voidžons, AE | ] » stjecanje u jednoj točki, konvergencija, stapanje I point of — stjecište; ~ of testimony pokla­ panje iskaza svjedoka conversant [kon'vo:sont, AE -'vo:r-] adj upućen conversation [konvo'seišan, AE ka:nvar-] n razgovor, konverzacija; arch ponašanje I criminal ~ (skraćeno crim. con.) nezakonit spolni odnošaj, preljub; — piece opći pred­ met razgovora, stimulativna tema, predmet koji privlači pažnju; ~ pit udubljen dio sobe (prostor za konverzaciju) conversational [kanva'seišanal, AE 1 ] adj raz­ govorljiv; konverzacioni converse fkan'va:s, AE -a:rs] vi razgovarati (se i converse ['konva:s, AE 'ka:nvars] n nešto obratno converse [ | ; AE + kan'va;rs] adj obratan conversely [kan'va:sli, AE -'vairsli:] adv obratno conversion [kan'va:šan, AE - va:r-] n razmje­ na (novca); obraćenje (vjersko, političko); prerada; adaptacija; math supstitucija, oslo­ bađanje od razlomaka u jednadžbi convert [kan'va:t, AE -'va:rt] vi pretvoriti; obratiti; preraditi; adaptirati convert ['kanva:t, AE 'ka:nva:rt] n obraćenik converter [kan'va:ta, AE -'va:rđar] n mach konverier, Bessemerova kruška; TV konverter convertible [kan'va:tabl, AE -'va:rda-] adj pretvoriv; com konvertibilan convertible [ f ] n automobil s krovom na spuštanje, kabriolet convex ['kanveks, AE 'ka;n-] adj konveksan, izbočen convexity [kan'veksiti] n izbočenost convey [kan'vei] vt vodili; prenositi; otpremiti, dopremiti, dovesti; značiti; izraziti; dati na znanje; jur prenijeti (posjed) I to ~ a meaning imati neko značenje, izražavati conveyance [kan'veians] n otpremanje, tran­ sport, slanje, prenošenje, odvoz, dovoz; vo­ zilo; jur prijenos vlasništva nad nekretninama (i isprava o tome) I means of ~ prijevozna sredstva conveyancer [kan'veiansa, AE -ar] njur biljež­ nik za prijenos nekretnina 1

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conveyor [kan'veia, AE -ar] n mach konvejer, prijenosnik, tekuća (prijenosna, beskrajna) vrpca convict ['konvikt. AE 'ka:n-] n kažnjenik, ro­ bijaš convict [kan'vikt] vt dokazati krivnju, osuditi conviction [kan'vikšan] n osuda; uvjerenje, uvjerenost; razuvjeravanje I to carry ~ bili uvjerljiv; open to — pristupačan uvjerava­ nju; from ~ iz uvjerenja, uvjereno convince [kan'vins] vt uvjerili convincing [kan'vinsin] adj uvjerljiv convivial [kan'vivial] adj društven, veseo conviviality [kanvivi'a-lati, AE -adi:] n vesela gozba; društvenost convocation [konvo'keišon, AE ka:n-] n sazivianje); zbor(ovanje); sinod convoke [kon'vouk, AE -ouk] vt sazvati convoluted ['konvolu:tid, AE 'ka;nvolu:ciod] adj zoo spiralan; fig zamršen convolution [konvo'lu:šon, AE ka:n-] n spira­ la, zavojnica, svijanje; mozgovna vijuga convolve [kon'volv, AE -a:lv] vt & vi smotati (se); uvijati (se), previjati se convolvulus [kon'volvjulos,,4/5 -\a;lvjo-] « boi slak, poponac convoy' ['konvoi, AE, 'ka:n-] n konvoj brodova; kolona vozila convoy [ \ ] vi pratiti brod (kolonu) radi zaštite convulse [kan'vAls, AE -als] vt natjerati u grče­ ve, izazvati konvulzije; grčiti se; fig potresti, uzdrmati I to be ~ d with laughter previjati se od smijeha convulsion [kan'vAlšan, AE -'val-] n grćenje, grčevi I to throw one into ~ s natjerati u gr­ čeve; fig natjerati na neobuzdan smijeh; poli­ tical ~ s političke trzavice (potresi) convulsive [kan'vAlsiv, AE f ] adj grčevit con(e)y ['kauni, AE 'koum] n AE kunić; kunićje krzno (esp bojadisano kao imitacija drugih krzna) c o o [ku:] n gukanje c o o [ f ] vi gukati 1

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co-oceur [kaua'ko;, AE kouo'ko:r] vi dogoditi se istovremeno, poklapati se vremenski co-ocurrence [kouo'kArons, AE kouo'koirons] n istovremeno događanje, vremensko pokla­ panje, istovremenost co-ocurrent [kouo'kAront, AE t -nt] adj isto­ vremen cook' [kuk] n kuhar, kuharica I too many ~ s spoil the broth puno babica, kilavo dijete cook [ J ] vt kuhati, pripravljati jelo, peći I vi kuhati se I coll to — up izmisliti, zamisliti; coll to — accounts krivotvoriti račune; these potatoes do not — well ovaj se krumpir teško kuha; A si to — the books »frizirati« knjigovodstvene dokumente; .4 si what's ~ing? što ima novo?, kako je?; mil si to ~ off eksplodirati u cijevi 2

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cookbook f'kukbuk] n AE kuharica (knjiga) cooked [kukt] adj kuhan, pripremljen; A si uništen, gotov, potučen do nogu cooker ['kuka, AE -ar] n kuhalo; BE štednjak I this apple is a ~ ova je jabuka dobra za kuhanje cookery ['kukari, AE -i.] n kuhanje, kuharska vještina cookery-book ['kukaribuk] n BE kuharica (knjiga) cookhouse ['kukhaus] w poljska kuhinja, ljetna kuhinja, kuhinja izvan kuće u vrućim predje­ lima; kuhinja na brodu cookie ['kuki, AE -i:]n AE čajni kolačić; A si kuhar, ženska, tip, osoba; A tab žensko spo­ lovilo I A si tough ~ neslomljiva (neuništiva) osoba; A si that's the way the ~ crumbles tako je to u životu; A si to shoot one's ~ s pobljuvati se cookie-jar ['kukidža:, AE -i;dža:r] n AE posu­ da (limenka) za čajne kolačiće I A si caught with one's hand in the ~ uhvaćen na djelu cookie-pusher ['kukipuša, AE -kpušar] n A si kilavac, ulizica (pred šefom), pripadnik di­ plomatske službe cooking-stove ['kukigstauv, AE -ouv] n i cooking-range ['kukirjreinđž] n štednjak cook-out ['kukaut] n piknik; jelo priređeno na pikniku cookshop ['kukšap, AE -ša:p] n javna kuhinja, jeftini restoran cooky v. cookie cooky' ['kuki, AE -i:] n coll kuharica (rjeđe kuhar) cool' [ku:l] adj hladan, studen; ravnodušan, nehajan; hladnokrvan, miran; trijezan, pro­ mišljen; drzak; A si moderan ali uzdržan, neangažiran, distanciran, iznad stvari, inte­ lektualan; A si sjajan, izvrstan I n hladnoća, svježina I a ~ million ravno (cijeli) milijun; ~ jazz intelektualan (uzdržan) stil džeza; to keep ~ ne ugrijati se (soba i si.) ne uzrujavati se, ne uzbuđivati se; A si — hand hladnokr­ van tip; A si to play it ~ ne uzbuđivati se, održavati distancu, biti iznad stvari 1

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c o o l [ J ] vi & vi ohladiti (se); osvježiti (se); A si pustiti da odleži I to ~ down/off/out smiriti (se); A si ~ it smiri se!, lakše! »ohladi«! c o o l [ I ] n prohlada, svježina; si mir, hladnokrvnost I si to blow/lose one's ~ uzrujati se, izgubiti živce coolant ['kuđant] n rashladno sredstvo cooler ['ku:la, AE -ar] n posuda za hlađenje (vina, maslaca i si.); coll zatvor, bajbok, »hla­ dovina«; US niskoalkoholni osvježujući voć­ ni napitak (npr. wine ~ : bijelo vino, voćni sok i soda s ledom) cool-headed ['ku:l'hedid, AE -ad] adj hladno­ krvan, trijezan 3

coolie i cooly ['ku:li, AE -i:] n kuli, kineski ili indijski nadničar cooling ['ku:lin] adj osvježavajući cooling-off ['ku:lirpf, AE -a:f] adj 1 — period vrijeme za smirivanje (da se strasti stišaju) coon [ku:n] n zoo rakun; A si crnac I A coll a gone — na rubu propasti, u grdnom škripcu; A coll a ~ ' s age vrlo dugo; A si ~ box v. ghetto blaster coolly ['ku:li, AE -i:] adj hladnokrvno coolness ['ku:lnis; AE -nas] n hladnoća; svježi­ na; hlađnokrvnost, ravnodušnost; smirenost; distanca; odbojnost, drskost coon-skin ['ku:nskin] n AE rakunovo krzno coop' [ku:p] n kokošinjac; derog potleušica, kokošinjac I coll to fly the — uhvatiti maglu c o o p [ J ] vt zatvoriti u kokošinjac (kunićnjak) I to — up sabiti u tijesan prostor;/ig zatvoriti, zarobiti co-op [kau'ap, AE kou'a:p] n coll zadruga; A coll zadružna stambena zgrada (u etažnoj svojini), stan u takvoj zgradi (svojini) cooper ['ku:pa, AE -ar] n bačvar, badnjar cooperage ['ku:paridž] n bačvarija co-operate [kau'apareit, AE kou'a:p-] vi sura­ đivati co-operation [kauapa'reišan, AE f ] n su­ radnja co-operative [kau'aparativ, AE kou'a:paradiv] adj koji surađuje, susretljiv, koji ne pravi probleme I n kooperativ, zadruga co-opt [kau'apt, AE kouV.pt] vt kooptirati co-optation [kauap'teišan, AE koua:p-] n ko­ optiranje co-ordinate' [kau'a:dinat, AE kou'a:rd(a)nat] adj koordiniran, usklađen I n koordinata; pl (odjevni) komplet, garnitura co-ordinate [kau'ardineit, AE kou'a:rda-] vt koordinirati, uskladiti co-ordinated [kau'a:dineitid, AE kou'a:rdaneirfad] adj koordiniran; okretan, s dobrim refleksima co-ordination [kaua:di'neišan, AE koua:rda-] n koordiniranje, usklađivanje co-ordinator [kau'a:dineita, AE kou'a:rdaneidar] n koordinator co-organizer [kau'a:ganaiza, AE kouV.rganaizar] n suorganizator coot [ku:t] n ornith liska; A si tip, bezveznjak cootie ['ku:ti, AE -di:] n mil si uš (na tijelu) co-own [kau'aun, AE kou'oun] vt biti su­ vlasnik co-owner [kau'auna, AE kou'ounar] n su­ vlasnik cop' [kap, AE ka:p] n vrhunac (brda), glavica; kukma; A coll policajac; si hvatanje, lovina P t T ] A ' dobiti, uhvatiti (kaznu, bolest i si.), ukrasti I to — it »odapeti«, poginuti; to — out (on) izvlačiti se (od); tab to — a feel v. feel up 2

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co-partner [kau'pa:tna, AE kou'pa:rtnar] n partner, ortak, kompanjon copartnership [kau'pa:tnašip, AE \ ] n ortaštvo (i u poslu) cope [kaup, AE koup] vt (with) (o)mjeriti se, nositi se; coll bili dorastao, izači na kraj, svladavati poteškoće (svakodnevne proble­ me) (v. coping) I I can't ~ ne mogu više, ne mogu izaći na kraj s tim (esp s dnevnim problemima), sve je to previše za mene copeck ['kaupek, AE 'kou-] n kopjejka copepod ['kaupipad, AE 'koupapa:d] n zoo glavonožac copier ['kapia, AE 'ka.piar] n aparat (automat) za fotokopiranje copilot ['kaupailat, AE 'kou-] n aero kopilot, drugi pilot coping ['kaupirj, AE 'kou-] n coll rješavanje problema (svakodnevnih briga) (v. cope) copious ['kaupias, AE 'kou-] adj obilan; opse­ žan, opširan; govorljiv; (pisac) plodan copiousness ['kaupiasnis, AE 'koupiasnas] n obilatost, obilje; plodnost (pisca) cop-out ['kapaut, AE 'ka:p-] n A si izvlačenje (od), netko tko se izvlači copper' ['kapa, AE 'ka:par] n bakar; BE ba­ kreni kotao; pl bakreno suđe, bakreni novac; coll peni, cent; si policajac I adj bakren, ba­ krene boje I ~ plate bakrena ploča; bakrorez; ~ sheathing bakrena oplata (broda); — sheet bakreni lim; — smith kotlar; — works talionica bakra c o p p e r [ I ] 17 pobakriti, obložiti bakrom copper-bottomed ['kapa'batamd, AE 'ka:par'ba:damd] adj obijen bakrenim limom (dno broda) copperhead ['kapahed, AE 'ka:par] n zoo vrst američke riđovke; A hist tajni simpatizer Ju­ ga (u Amer. građ. ratu) coppice ['kapis, AE 'ka:pas] n guštara, šikara copra ['kapra, AE 'ka:-] n kopra (sušena koko­ sova jezgra) co-prisoner [kau'prizana, AE kou'prizanar] /! suzatvorenik, drug iz zatvora (zarobljeni­ štva) co-producer [kaupra'dju:sa, AE koupra'd(j)u:sar] n film koproducent co-production [ k a u p r a ' d A k š n , AE koupra'dakšn] n film koprodukcija co-proprietor [kaupra'praiata, AE koupra'praiadar] n suvlasnik copse [kaps, AE ka:ps] n v. coppice Copt [kapt, AE ka:pt] n Kopt Coptic ['kaptik, AE 'ka:ptik] adj koptski n koptski jezik copter ['kapta, AE 'ka:ptar] n coll helikopter co-publish [kau'pAbliš, AE kou'pab-] vt zajed­ nički objaviti co-publisher [kau'pAbliša, AE kou'pablišar] n suizdavač

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copula ['kapjula, AE 'ka:pjala] n spona, kari­ ka; gram kopula, sveza copulate ['kapjuleit, AE 'ka:pja-] vt & vi sparivati; pariti se copulation [kapju'leišan, AE \ ] n spajanje: pa­ renje, kopulacija, obljuba copy' ['kapi, AE 'ka:pi:] n kopija, prijepis; uzorak za prepisivanje, oponašanje; slika i prilika (sličnost); primjerak; otisak rukopi­ sa; predložak; materijal (tekst) za novine; reklamni tekst I fair ~ prijepis u čisto, ćistopis; rough/foul — koncept, nešto što još nije prepisano u čisto; true ~ vjeran prijepis; to take a ~ prepisati; joum ~ boy redakcijski kurir; joum ~ desk redakcija teksta; joum ~ editor/reader urednik-redaktor teksta; joum ~ writer pisac ili redaktor reklamnog teksta c o p y [ t ] vt prepisati; (ropski) oponašali copy-book ['kapibuk, AE 'ka:pi:-] n bilježnica s predlošcima (za krasopis i si.), pisanka, knjiga predložaka I coll to blot one's ~ po­ kvariti (svoju, nečiju) reputaciju; ~ maxims otrcane izreke copycat ['kapikaet, AE | ] n imitator I vt imiti­ rati (oba coll) copyedit ['kapiedit, AE 'ka:pi:edat] vt joum redigirati tekst copyread ['kapiri:d, AE ka:pi:-] vt joum redi­ girati tekst copyist ['kapiist, AE 'ka:pi:ast] n prepisivač; imitator copyright ['kapirait, AE 'ka:pi:-] n autorsko pravo I vt zaštititi autorskim pravom coquet [kau'ket, AE kou-] vi koketirati, očiju­ kati, namigivati; titrati se coquetry ['kaukitri, AE 'koukatri:] n koketerija, očijukanje coquette [kau'ket, AE kou-] n koketa, namiguša coquettish [kau'ketiš, AE kou'kediš] adj koketan coracle ['karakl, AE 'ka:r-] n okrugao čamac od pruća opšiven kožom (Irska i Wales) coral ['karal, AE t ] n koralj I red ~ crveni koralj; ~ reef koraljni greben; ~ snake šare­ na (opasna) otrovnica s Juga SAD coralline ['karalain, AE f ] adj koraljno crven corbel ['ka:bal, AE 'ka:r-] n izbojak u zidu, konzola cord' [ka:d, AE ka:rd] n k o n o p , uže; fig veza; text rebro (u tkanju), kord tkanina (rebrasta); mjera za gorivo drvo u cjepanicama (oko 3 m ) ; el gajtan I spinal ~ hrptena moždina cord [ f ] vt vezati konopom; složiti cjepanice u kubike cordage ['ka:didž, AE 'ka:rd-] n naut konoplje snasti (jarbola i jedara) cordial' ['ka:dial, AE 'ka:rd-] adj srdačan, is­ kren, iz dna duše 2

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cordial [ | ] n napitak za jačanje; vrsta likera cordiality [ka.di'selaU, AE ka-.rdi'aelaciV.] n sr­ dačnost cordite ['ka:dait, AE ka:r-] n kordit (eks­ ploziv ) cordless ['ka:dlis, 'kairdlas] adj na baterije (bez kabela) cordon ['ka:dan. AE 'ka:r-] n vrpca reda (odli­ kovanja); počasna vrpca; mil lanac utvrda (straža); kordon (policijski i fig) corduroy ['ka:djurai, AE 'ka:rda-] n kord-samt, rebrasti samt I n pl hlače od kord-samta I US ~ road put od trupaca preko močvare cordwood ['ka:dwud, AE 'ka:rd-] n cjepanice core [ko:, AE ka:r] n jezgra, srž, srčika; uzo­ rak izvađen geološkim bušenjem I rotten to the — pokvaren do srži (skroz naskroz, kao mućak);/ij? hard ~ tvrdokorna (ili ekstremi­ stička) jezgra; najuži krug core [ t ] vt vaditi jezgru (jabuke i si.); vaditi košticu voća co-recipient [kauri'sipiant, AE kou-] n sudobitnik co-religionist [kauri'lidžanist, AE kouri'lidž(a)nast] n osoba iste vjere corer ['ka.ra, AE -ar] n sprav(ic)a (uređaj) za vađenje srca (koštica) iz voća co-respondent [kauri'spandant, AE kouri'spa:n-] n jur supreljubnik (supreljubnica) u brakorazv. parnici corgi ['ka.gi, AE 'ka.rgr.] n (i Welsh —) vrsta psa slična jazavćaru coriander [ka:ri'aende, AE -ar] bot & cul korijandar Corinthian [ka'rinOian] adj korintski I n Korinćanin I archil ~ column korintski stup cork [ka:k, AE ka:rk] n pluto; čep I vi (za)čepiti; obložiti čepom; pocrniti pougljenjenim čepom I ~ board ploča od prešanog pluta; — jacket pluteni prsluk za spašavanje; — oak hrast plutnjak corked ['ka:kt, AE ka:rkt] adj (vino) neugodna okusa po čepu, plutu; A si pijan corker ['ka:ka, AE 'ka;rkar] n coll netko/nešto sjajno (izvanredno) corking ['ka.kir), A E 'ka:r-] adj coll (i — good) sjajan, izvanredan corkscrew ['ka:kskru:, AE 'ka:rk-] n vadičep I adj spiralan I vt & vi izvijali (se), uvijati (se), kretati se spiralno corky ['ka.ki, AE 'ka.rki:] adj od pluta, nalik plutu; žilav; coll živahan, nemiran, pustopašan; (vino) neugodnog okusa po čepu, plutu cormorant ['ka:marant, AE 'ka:r-] n ornith kormoran corn' [ka.n, AE ka.rn] n zrnce; zrno žita; HE žito; AE kukuruz; kurje oko; A coll viski od kukuruza; si nešto jeftino, naivnosentimentalno itd. (v. corny), »limunada« I AE Indian ~ -

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cornucopia kukuruz; sweet — slatki kukuruz (u klipu) za kuhanje; fig to tread on smb's ~ s stati nekome na žulj SLOŽENICE

AE ~ fed v. corn-fed; ~ field AE polje kukuruza; BE polje žila; BE ~ flour škrobno brašno; ~ flower različak; AE — husk (~ shuck) komušina kukuruza; .4/;' — hu­ sking komušanje kukuruza (esp kao sijelo); BE ~ loft hambar, tavan za žito; ,4/:' ~ meal kukuruzno brašno; .4 rcg ~ pone kukuruzni k r u h , žganci; AE — silk brk na kukuruznom klipu; AE ~ stalk stabljike kukuruza; AE ~ starch škrobno brašno corn [ I ] vt usoliti (konzervirati) meso cornball ['ka;nba:l, AE "ka:rn-] n A coll pripro­ sta osoba I adj v. corny corncob ['kainkab, AE 'ka:rnka:b] n klip ku­ kuruza I ~ pipe lula od kukuruznog klipa (ili imitacija! 2

corn-crake ['ka:nkreik, AE 'ka:rn-] u ornith prdavac prepeličar, hariš cornea ['ka:nia, .4/: 'ka:r-] n rožnica (u oku) corned beef ['ka:nd (AE 'ka:rnd) bi:f] n kon­ zervirana (kompaktno usitnjena i usoljena) govedina cornel ['ka.nal, AE 'ka.r-] n bot drijen I ~ berry drenulja cornelian [ka:'ni:lian, AE \ ] n karneol (crven dragi kamen) corneous ['ka:nias, AE T ] adj rožnat corner' ['ka.na, AE 'ka.rnar] ?i ugao, kut; okrajak; okolina; škripac; jib korner I to turn the - skrenuti za ugao; med & fig prebroditi krizu; to drive into a ~ natjerati u škripac; (a)round the — iza ugla; fig u neposrednoj blizini (budućnosti); fig na cilju, izvan opas­ nosti; com to make a ~ in osigurati monopol u; jib ~ kick ispucavanje kornera; ~ stone kamen temeljac (i jig); ugaoni kamen corner [ 1) ] vt natjerati u škripac; vi mol ući u zavoj I com to ~ the market pokupovali robu na tržištu u spekulativne svrhe (da se povisi cijena) cornet ['ka:nit, AE ka:r'net] n mus mali rog, kornet; B hist konjički zastavnik; papirna vrećica (sa šiljastim d n o m ) ; BE tuljac za sladoled corn-fed ['ka:nfed, AE ka:rn-] adj hranjen (tovljen) kukuruzom; A si jedar (v. corny) cornice ['ka:nis, AE 'ka;rnas] n ukrasni zidni vijenac od štukature; karniša cornily ['ka:nili, AE 'kairnali:] adv jeftino, naivnosentimentalno itd. (v. corny) Cornish ['ka:niš, AE 'ka:r-] adj kornvalski, koji se odnosi na engl. pokrajinu Cornwall I n keltski jezik koji se do 1777. govorio u Cornwallu cornucopia [ka;nju'kaupia, AE ka:rnja'kou-] n rog izobilja; izobilje 2

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corny

corny ['ka:ni, AE 'ka:rni:] adj zrnat; obilan žitom; pun kurjih očiju; si jeftin, naivnosentimentalan, otrcan i forsirano duhovit (pro­ gram, govor i si.); (muzika) jeftino sentimen­ talan; sladunjav, limunadast corollary' [ka'ralari, AE 'ka:raleri:] n logičan zaključak; prirodna posljedica I adj logičan, prirodan; popratni coronach ['karanak] n Sc & Ir pogrebna tu­ žaljka coronary ['karanari, AE 'ka:raneri:] adj anal koronarni I n med srčani infarkt 1 anal ~ veins koronarne žile, koronarke coronation [kara'neišan, AE 'ka:r-] n krunidba coroner ['karana, 'ka:ranar] n mrtvozornik, istražitelj kod naprasne smrti I —'s inquest istraga mrtvozornika coronet ['karanit, AE ka:ra'net] n (mala) ple­ mićka kruna, dijadem corporal ['ka:paral, AE 'ka:r-] n mil hist ka­ plar; US mil desetnik, B mil vodnik I fig ~ ' s guard mala grupa; B mil staff ~ stožerni vodnik corporal [ f ] adj tjelesni corporate ['ka:p(a)rit, AE 'ka:rp(a)rat] adj udružen, konstituiran u pravno lice; kolekti­ van; koji se odnosi na poduzeća, kompanij­ ski; industrijski, gospodarski I ~ body prav­ no lice; općina; ~ town gradska općina 1

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Corporation [ka:pa'reišan, AE ka:r-] n korpo­ racija; gradska uprava (općina); ceh; AE kompanija, dioničko društvo; coll trbušina corporatism ['ka:paratizm, AE 'ka:r-] n pol korporativno uređenje društva corporative ['ka:p(a)rativ, AE 'ka:rparai n e z a d o ­ voljstvo discontinuance [ d i s k a n ' t i n j u a n s ] n p r e k i d , prestanak, o b u s t a v a discontinue [ d i s k a n ' t i n j u : , AE -n(j)u:] vt pre­ k i n u t i , obustaviti I vi doći kraju, prestati discontinuity [diskanti'nju:ati, AE -ka.nttta"n( jm:ac/i:] n p r e k i d , praznina, diskontinuitet discontinuous [ d i s k a n ' t i n j u a s ] adj p r e k i n u t , n e r e d o v i t , b e z k o n t i n u i t e t a , na prekide ( m a ­ hove;, nesuvisao diseophile ['diskaufail, AE - k o u - ] n diskofil discord' ['diska:d, .47; -a:rd] n n e s k l a d ; d i s o ­ nanca; n e s l o g a , neslaganje, razilaženje, g l o ž e n j e , trzavice, svađa discord [ } . AE+ -'ko:rd] vi ne slagati s e , razilazili s e ; mus nemati sklada, biti disharm o n i ć a n . disonirati discordance [ d i s ' k a : d a n s , AE -'ka:r-] n v. dis­ cord discordant [ d i s ' k a : d a n t , AE t ] adj n e s k l a d a n , s u p r o t a n , u protivnosti discotheque [ d i s k a t e k ] n v. disco 2

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discount 1

discount ['diskaunt] n odbitak, popust, odračunavanje, diskont, skonto; uzimanje u ob­ zir; iskup mjenice I at a ~ ispod nominale (prvobitne cijene); fig u slaboj potražnji, na maloj cijeni; — store robna kuća (trgovina) s nižim cijenama; AE ~ rate bankovni kamat­ njak, eskontna stopa discount ['diskaunt, dis'kaunt] vt & vi odbijati od cijene (vrijednosti); diskontirati; ne vjero­ vati, uzimati s rezervom discountenance [dis'kauntinans, AE -'kaun(t)an-] vt ne odobravati, ne pružiti podršku, biti protiv, negodovati; posramiti discourage [dis'kAridž, AE -'ka:r-] vt odgova­ rati, odvraćati, savjetovati protivno; nastojati osujetiti; destimulirati; suzbijati; činiti malodušnim discouragement [dis'kAridžmant, AE f ] n od­ vraćanje, plašenje, destimulacija, oduzima­ nje volje; malodušnost; poteškoća, zapreka discourse' ['diska:s, dis'k-; AE -a:rs] n preda­ vanje, propovijed, rasprava, (raz)govor, ra­ spredanje; ling diskurs I to hold a — držati govor, raspredati discourse [đis'ka:s, AE -a:rs] vt & vi predava­ ti, držati govor, raspredati, razgovarati, ra­ spravljati (o on) discourteous [dis'kartjas, AE -'ka:rdias] adv neuljudan discourtesy [dis'ka:tisi, AE -'ka:rdasi:] n neuljudnost discover [dis'kAva, AE -avar] vt otkriti, naići na, zateći; iznaći; razotkriti, odati, pokazati discoverer [dis'kAvara, AE -avarar] n otkrivač; izumitelj discovery [dis'kAvari, AE -avari:] n otkriće, izum discredit [dis'kredit, AE -at] n gubitak dobrog glasa (povjerenja), diskreditiranje, diskreditiranost, loš glas, ozloglašenost, blamaža, sramota I to bring into ~ diskreditirati, osra­ motiti, okrnjiti ugled; he is a ~ to his pa­ rents na sramotu je roditeljima discredit [ \ ] vt diskreditirati, naškoditi do­ brom glasu, ozloglasiti; uzdrmati vjeru u; biti na sramotu I to be ~ e d diskreditirati (osramotiti) se, izaći na loš glas discreditable [dis'kreditabl, AE -dadabl] adj nečastan, sramotan, na štetu dobru glasu discreet [dis'kri:t] adj diskretan, razborit, obzi­ ran, oprezan, šutljiv, promišljen discreetness [dis'kri:tnis, AE -nas] n v. discre­ tion discrepancy [dis'krepansi, AE -si:] n nesuglas­ je, protuslovlje, nesklad, razlika, nedosljed­ nost discrepant [dis'krepant] adj različan, protuslo­ van, nesuglasan discrete [dis'kri:t] adj odjelit, zaseban; (u meta­ fizici) apstraktan; log suprotan 2

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discretion [dis'krešan] n diskrecija; uviđavnost, takt; razboritost, promišljenost; naho­ đenje, sloboda odluke I to surrender at ~ predati se na milost i nemilost; ~ is the better part of valor više vrijedi pamet nego hrabrost; to act with ~ postupati s taktom; use your ~ (ili it is at your ~ ) postupi prema vlastitom nahođenju; I leave it to your ~ prepuštam to vašem nahođenju (odluci) discretionary [dis'krešan(a)ri, AE -neri:] adj diskrecijski, prema nahođenju, prepušten na volju I ~ powers neograničena punomoć (ovlast) discriminate [dis'krimineit, AE -ma-] vt & vi (from) razlikovati od (između); odijeliti; dis­ kriminirati, praviti razliku I to ~ against (ili in favor of) provoditi diskriminaciju protiv nekoga, biti pristran na nečiju štetu discriminating [dis'krimineitir), AE -maneidirj] adj koji razlikuje; oštar, osjetljiv, senzibilan, kritičan; pogodovan (carina) discrimination [diskrimi'neišan, AE -ma-] n lučenje, razlikovanje, sposobnost razliko­ vanja; diskriminacija, pristranost I without ~ bez razlike, svi odreda; to exercise ~ oštro prosuđivati; racial ~ rasna diskriminacija discriminative [dis'kriminativ, AE -maneidiv.] adj koji luči (pravi razliku); pogodovan (cari­ na i si.); diskriminatoran (against prema), koji daje jednomu prednosti na štetu drugoga discursive [dis'ka:siv, AE -a:rsiv] adj koji se udaljuje od predmeta (razgovora); nesuvisao; bez jedinstvene osnove; logično izveden (neintuitivan), analitički discursiveness [dis'ka:sivnis, AE -arrsivnas] n udaljavanje od predmeta; prevelika opšir­ nost; logičnost; analitičnost discus ['diskas] n sp disk discuss [dis'kAS, AE -'kas] vt raspravljati, pre­ tresati, diskutirati; coll s uživanjem pojesti (popiti) discussant [dis'kAsant, AE | ] n diskutant discussion [dis'kAŠan, AE -'kaš-] n raspravlja­ nje, raspredanje, diskusija I the matter un­ der ~ stvar o kojoj se raspravlja diseconomy [disi'kanami, AE -i:'ka:nami:] n neekonomičnost, neracionalnost disdain' [dis'dein] vt prezirati, smatrati ispod časti disdain [ t ] n prezir, omalovažavanje disdainful [dis'deinful, AE -fal] adj preziran, koji omalovažava disease [di'zi:z] n bolest (i fig) diseased [di'zi:zd] adj bolestan disembark [disim'ba:k, AE -am'ba:rk] vt & vi iskrcati (se) disembarkation [disemba:'keišan, AE -ba:r-] n iskrcavanje disembarrass [disim'baeras, AE disam-] vt iz2

disembarrassment

237

vući iz neprilike (neugodnog položaja); oslo­ bodili od, lišiti nečega disembarrassment [disim'baerasmant, AE f ] n oslobođenje (izvlačenje) iz neprilike (ne­ ugodnog položaja) disembodiment [disim'badimant, AE -am'ba:di;-] n oslobođenje (odvajanje) od tijela (tje­ lesnog, materijalnog), postajanje bestjeles­ nim, obestjelovljenje disembody [disim'bađi, Ah' f ] vt lišiti tijela (svega tjelesnog, materijalnog), učiniti bes­ tjelesnim disembogue [disim'baug, AE -am'boug] vi izli­ jevati se (rijeka), utjecati disembowel [disim'baual, AE disam-] n izvadi­ ti utrobu; jig rasporiti disembroil [disim'broil, AE } ] vt razmrsiti, ra­ spetljati disenchant [disin'ča:nt. Ah -ae:nt] vt razočara­ ti, raspršiti iluzije, otrijezniti disenchantment [disin'ča:ntmant, AE -'ča;:n-] n razočaranje, otrežnjenje disencumber [disin'kAmba, AE -'kambar] vt rasteretiti disendow [đisin'dau] vt lišiti zaklade disendowment [disin'daumant] n oduzeće za­ klade disenfranchise [disin'fraenčaiz] vt v. disfran­ chise disengage [disin'geidž] vt odvezati, otkvačiti, razdvojiti, odriješiti, ođmrsiti, osloboditi, ri­ ješiti obveze I vi odvojiti se, prekinuti kon­ takt, mil razdvojiti se od neprijatelja disengaged [disin'geidžd] adj nezauzet, neza­ poslen, slobodan, izvan kontakta, dezangažiran disengagement [disin'geidžmant] n oslobo­ đenje, sloboda, dokolica; neprisiljenost; dezangažiranje; mil razdvajanje snaga disentangle [disin'tserjgl] vt razmrsiti; oslobodi­ ti (se) disentanglement [disin'ta?r)glmant] n razmršenje, odrješenje, oslobođenje od, odvajanje, izvlačenje iz disestablish [đisis'taebliš, AE disas-] vt odvojiti crkvu od države: učiniti neslužbenim, uki­ nuti disestablishment [disis'taeblišmant, AE \ ] n odvajanje crkve od države disfavor' (HE -vour) [dis'teiva, AE -ar] n ne­ milost, nesklonost, nenaklonost, neomiljenost I to bring/fall into — baciti (pasti) u ne­ milost; to earn smb's ~ pasti u nečiju nemi­ lost disfavor (BE -vour) [ | ] vt zapostavljati, ne hiti sklon disfigure [dis'figa, AE -gjar] vt unakaziti, nagrditi disfigurement [dis'figamant, AE } ] n nagrđivanje, nagrda

disheartenment

disfranchise [dis'frsenćaiz] vt oduzeti pravo glasa disfranchisment [dis'fraenčizmant; AE -čaiz-, -čaz-] n oduzimanje prava glasa disfrock [dis'frak, AE -a:k] vt lišiti svećeničke časti, raspopiti disfunction n v. dysfunction disgorge [dis'ga:dž, AE -'ga:r-] vt & vi izrigati, izbljuvati; izbaciti; vratiti oteto; isprazniti; izlijevati se, utjecati disgrace [dis'greis] ti sramota, blamaža, nemi­ lost I to be a ~ to biti na sramotu; to bring ~ on nanijeti sramotu; in — u nemilosti; to fall into — pasti u nemilost disgrace [ f ] vt sramotiti, biti na sramotu; baciti u nemilost disgraceful [dis'greisful, AE -fal] adj sramotan disgruntle [dis'grAntl, AE -ran(t)l] vt izazvati nezadovoljstvo; ogorčiti disgruntled [dis'grAntld, .4/:' f ] adj nezadovo­ ljan; ogorčen disgmntlement [dis'grAntlmant, AE ] ] n ne­ zadovoljstvo; ogorčenje disguise [dis'gaiz] rt prerušenje; maska, pre­ tvaranje; izlika I in ~ pod krinkom, maski­ ran, prerušen; to throw off all — zbacili krinku (masku), otvoreno pokazati namjere disguise [ j ] vt prerušiti, maskirati; prikriti; promijeniti disgust' [dis'gASt, AE -ast] n odvratnost, zgra­ žanje; gnušanje; (jako) nezadovoljstvo I to my ~ na moje zgražanje (ogorčenje) disgust [ \ ] vt izazvati odvratnost (zgražanje, gnušanje, nezadovoljstvo) I to be ~ e d with/ /at/by zgražati se nad, biti ogorčen zbog disgusted [dis'gAStid, AE -astad] adi ogorčen, bijesan disgusting [đis'gAStin, AE - gas-] adj odvratan. koji izaziva zgražanje, gnjusan dish' [diš] n zdjela; (određeno) jelo; satelitska TV antena; A si privlačna žena I AE to do the ~ e s oprati suđe; A si just my — točno moj »broj« (po mojem ukusu) dish [ t ] vt donijeti jelo na stol, servirati; coll nadmudriti I fig to ~ up iskititi, garnirati; A call to ~ it out plaćati; galamiti, vrijeđati, istresti se na, mlatiti; dijeliti (savjete) dishabille [disa;'bi:l, AE disa-] n negliže disharmonic [disha:'manik, AE -a:r'ma:nik] adj neskladan disharmony [dis'haimani, AE -'ha:rmani:] n nesklad dish-cloth ['dišklaG, AE -a:9] n krpa za suđe dishearten [dis'ha:tn, AE -'ha:r-] vt učiniti malodušnim, potištiti disheartened [dis'ha:tnd, AE \ ] adj malođušan, potišten disheartenment [dis'ha:tnmant, AE f ] n izazi­ vanje malodušnosti (potištenosti); maloduš­ nost, potištenost 1

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dishevel

dishevel [di'ševl] vt raskuštrati, raščupati dishevelment [đi'ševlmant] n raskuštranost, raščupanost dishonest [dis'anist, AE -V.nast] adj nepošten, nečastan dishonesty [dis'anisti, AE -V.nasti:] n nepoštenje dishonor (BE -nour) [dis'ana, AE -V.nar] n sramota; com uskrata prihvata mjenice dishonor (BE -nour) [ f ] vt osramotiti, biti na sramotu, nauditi glasu (poštenju); com ne prihvatiti mjenicu (ček) dishonorable (BE -nour) [dis'anarabl, AE -V.nar-] adj sramotan, nepošten dish-rag ['dišraeg] n krpa za suđe I A si limp ~ krpa (derog o osobi), kilavac dish-washer ['diswasa; AE -wa:šar, -wa:šar] n perač suđa; stroj za pranje suda dish-water ['dišwa:ta; AE -waidar, -wa::rn] vt upozorili I —ed is forearmed upozoren je napola na­ oružan forewoman ['fa:wuman, AE 'fo:r-] n nadgled­ nica, predradnica foreword ['fa:wa:d, AE 'fa:rwa:rd] n pred­ govor forfeit ['fb:fit, AE 'fa:r-] n gubitak (proigrava­ nje) prava; izgubljeno pravo; fig plaća, kaz­ na, globa; jamčevina I to play at ~ s igrati se zaloga ("fama«) forfeit" [ J ] vt izgubiti (pravo, jamčevinu), pro­ igrati; zaplijeniti forfeit [ f ] adj izgubljen svojom krivnjom, propao, proigran forfeiture ['fb:fiča, AE 'fa:rfač(u)ar] n gubitak prava; proigravanje forfend [fo:'fend, AE fa:r-] vt odvratiti (zlo), sačuvati od zla I God —! ne daj bože!, Bože sačuvaj! forgather [fafgasda, AE fDir'gaedar] vi sastati se, naći se forgave [fa'geiv, AE far-] prei od to forgive forge [fo:dž, AE fa:rdž] n kovačnica; ognjište kovačnice; potkivaonica; talionica 1

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forge [ \ ] vt kovati; (on) prikovati; krivotvori­ ti; izmisliti forge [ f ] vi postepeno (mučno) napredovati, krčiti sebi put I to ~ ahead napredovati, valjati se naprijed; pretjecati forger ['fo:dža, AE 'fa:rdžar] n krivotvoritelj forgery ['fa.džari, AE 'fa:rdžari:] n krivotvo­ rina forget, forgot, forgotten (poet forgot) [fa'get, fa'gat, fa'gatn; AE far'get, -'ga:t, -'gattn] vt & vi zaboraviti, propustiti, zanemariti, ne obazirati se na I I ~ your name kako se vi ono zovete?; not to be forgotten nezabora­ van; to forgive and — potpuno oprostiti; to ~ all about a thing ničega se više ne sjećati; to ~ oneself zaboraviti se; A si ~ it! to možeš prekrižiti; nije važno; nema na čemu forgetful [fa'getful, AE far'getfal] adj zabo­ ravljiv I to be ~ of zaboravljati (ne misliti) na forgetfulness [fa'getfulnis, AE f -nas] n zabo­ ravljivost, zanemarenje; zaborav forget-me-not [fa'getminat, AE far'getmi:na:t] n bol potočnica forgettable [fa'getabl, AE far'gec/-] adj što se (lako) zaboravlja forging ['fo:džirj, AE 'fa:r-] n kovanje; krčenje puta; otkivak forgivable [fa'givabl, AE far-] adj oprostiv forgive, forgave, forgiven [fa'giv, fa'geiv, fa'givn; AE far-] vt oprostiti, ispričati forgiveness [fa'givnis, AE far'givnas] n opra­ štanje forgiving [fa'givin, AE far-] adj koji oprašta, milostiv; obziran forgivingness [fa'givinnis, AE far'givirjnas] n sklonost opraštanju forgo, forwent, forgone [fo:'gnu, fa:'went, fa:'gon; AE fa:r'go, -'ga:n] vt odricati se; proći i bez, namjerno propustili priliku forgot [fa'gat, AE far'ga.t] pret & poet pp od to forget forgotten [fa'gatn, AE far'ga:tn] pp od to forget zaboravljen fork [fa:k, AE fa:rk] n vilica; vile; rašlje drveta; raskrižje, odvojak; rukav(ac) I tuning ~ glazbena viljuška fork [ t i ' ' nabosti viljuškom; raditi vilama; chcss napasti istodobno dvije figure I A si to — out (over, up) platiti, »pljunuli« lovu; izručili; euph ~ you! = fuck you! fork [ f ] vi odvajati se, rašljati se; puštati grane forked [fa:ki, AE fb:rkt] adj rašljast, račvast, rascijepljen fork-lift f'fa:klift, AE 'fa:rk-] n mach viljuškar forlorn [fa'b:n, AE f a r ' b . r n ] adj izgubljen (očajan); pust, zapušten; poet jadan, bespo­ moćan form' [fo:m, AE fo:rm] n oblik, lik; vladanje, ponašanje; formular; formalnost (ukoče­ nost); školska klupa s pultom; B sch razred 3

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336

(po redu); sp forma (v. —sheet); običaj, pra­ vilo; kalup; hunt zečji brlog I set ~ ustaljen (propisan) postupak; in due ~ redovitim putem; a — of caution stanoviti (svojevrstan) oprez; good ~ korektnost; bad ~ nekorektnost; it is good ~ korektno je, to je u redu; it is bad — nekorektno je, nije u redu; to be in ~ biti u formi (sp &fig); to fill in a — ispuniti formular; a mere matter of ~ puka formalnost; for ~ ' s sake forme radi, samo naizgled; to take ~ zadobiti oblik; B sch lower fifth — (otpr.) prvi razred gimnazije (upper fifth — drugi razred, lower sixth ~ treći razred, upper sixth ~ četvrti razred); B sch — master razrednik; B sch ~ register razredni dnevnik, imenik; — letter tipizira­ no (esp poslovno) pismo form [ f ] vt & vi dati oblik (kalup), formirati (se), stvoriti (se), nastati, oblikovati (se), po­ javiti se; zaroditi se (misao); načiniti, udesiti; izmisliti, zasnovati; odgajati; sačinjavati; po­ strojiti, svrstati; steći (naviku); sklopiti (pri­ jateljstvo); stvoriti (pojam); osnovati; tvoriti; poprimiti oblik; rasporediti se; mil postrojili se (i ~ up) 2

formal ['formal, AE 'fa:r-] adj formalan; uko­ čen; koji jako pazi na formu; biran (izraz); prividan, samo za oko; nestvaran, nebitan; svečan, ceremonijalan; pedantan; redovit (školovanje) formalin ['formalin, AE 'fb:rmalan] n chem for­ malin formalism ['farmalizm, AE 'farr-] n formali­ zam; ukočenost, formalnost formalist ['formalist, AE 'fa:rmalast] n forma­ list formalistic [fa:ma'listik, AE farr-] adj formalističan formality [fo:'maelati, AE farr'maeladir) n for­ malnost; formalizam formalization [formalai'zeišn, AE forrmala'z-] n formaliziranje formalize ['farmalaiz, AE 'farrm-] vt formalizirati formally ['farmali, AE 'farrmalir] adj formalno, samo naoko, prividno format ['farmaet, AE 'fa:r-] n format; struktura formation [far'meišan, AE fa:r-] n stvaranje, formacija, formiranje; oblikovanje; stvara­ nje, nastajanje; oblik, tvorevina; geološka formacija; tvorba, oblikovanje I mil close — zbijen poredak, (formacija, raspored); mil open ~ razmaknut (raščlanjen) poredak, otvorena (raštrkana) formacija, raspored formative ['farmativ, AE 'forrmaaiv] adj koji daje oblik, oblikuje I n pl prefiksi i sufiksi I — period razdoblje formiranja former ['farma, AE 'forrmar] adj bivši, prijaš­ nji; prvi (od dvoga), prvospomenuti

forties

formerly ['formali, AE 'fo:rmarlir] adj prije, nekada form-fitting ['formfitirj, AE 'forrmfidirj] adj po tijelu formic ['farmik, AE 'fa:r-] adj I chem ~ acid mravlja kiselina Formica [far'maika, AE f ] n ultrapas formidable ['farmidabl, AE 'forrma-] adj koji ulijeva strah; opasan, velik, golem; moćan; nenadmašiv, neodoljiv; impresivan formless ['fo:mlis, AE 'fo:rmlas] adj bezobli­ čan, amorfan; nestrukturiran, bez strukture form-sheet ['formširt, AE 'farrm-] n tabelarni pregled rezultata trkaćih konja u prethodnim trkama (radi klađenja) formula ['formjulo, AE 'farrmja-] ti formula; recept (i iron); hrana za dojenčad (na bo­ čicu) formulate ['farmjuleit, AE f ] vi formulirati formulation [farmju'leišan, AE farrmja-] n for­ muliranje, formulacija fornicate ['famikeit, AE 'forma-] vi bludničiti, bludno živjeti, kurvati se fornication [fami'keišan, AE f ] n blud, kur­ vanje fornicator ['fornikeita, AE 'forrnakeiciar] n razbludnik forsake, forsook, forsaken [fa'seik, fa'suk, fa'seikn; AE far-] vt ostaviti, napustiti, osta­ viti na cjedilu, prekinuti s forsooth [fa'surG, AE far-] adv iron doista, bez sumnje forsythia [fa:'sai9ia, AE farr-] n bot forzicija forswear, forswore, forsworn [far'swea, far'swar, far'swam; AE farr'swear, -'swa:r, -'swarm] vt odreći se zakletvom I to ~ one­ self krivo se kleti fort [fart, AE farrt] n utvrda, tvrđava; US & Can hist utvrđena trgovačka postaja forte' ['fart(ei); AE forrt, 'fo:nfei] n jaka strana, forte forte ['fo:ti; AE 'farraei, -dr.) adj & adv mus forte; glasan, glasno forth [fo:6, AE fo:r0] adv I and s o ~ i tako dalje; back and ~ amo-tamo; from that time ~ otada, od tog vremena dalje forthcoming ['fo:0kAmirj, AE 'forrQka-] adj koji predstoji, predstojeći; pred izlaženjem (knji­ ga); coll uslužan, susretljiv I funds are — sredstva su osigurana (raspoloživa, predvi­ đaju se) forthgoing ['fo:9gauirj, AE 'fa:r9gouirj] adj koji izlazi forthright ['fa:9rait, AE 'fo:r6-] adj iskren, otvoren, pošten I adv o d m a h , smjesta forthrightness ['fo:9raitnis, AE 'fo:r9raitnas] n iskrenost, čestitost, otvorenost forthwith [fo:9'wi0, -'wid] adv coll o d m a h , smjesta forties pl od forty 2

337

fortieth

fortieth ['fb:tii0, AE 'fa:rrfi:a0] adj četrdeseti I n četrdesetina fortifiable ['fa:tifaiabl, AE 'fo.rda-] adj koji se može utvrditi fortification [fa:tifi'keišan, AE h:rda-] n utvrđ­ enje, tvrđava; pl obrambene utvrde, fortifi­ kacije fortified f'tbitifaid, AE 'tb:rda-] pp utvrđen, pojačan, okrijepljen itd. (v. fortify) I ~ wine desertno vino fortify ['fa:tifai, AE ] ] vi utvrditi, zaštititi utvr­ dama; pojačati, učvrstiti; ojačati, okrijepiti, obodriti; potkrijepiti (iskaz); učvrstili (vje­ ru); pojačati (raznim dodacima), dodati alko­ hola I vi podizati utvrde; utvrđivali se fortissimo [fo:'tisimau, AE fa:r'tisamou] adj & adv mus fortisimo fortitude ['fa:titju:d, AE 'fa:rdat(j)u:d] n mo­ ralna čvrstina, unutrašnja snaga fortnight ['fo:tnait] n BE četrnaest dana, dva tjedna I in a ~ za 14 dana fortnightly' ['fa:tnaitli] adj BE koji se zbiva svakih 14 dana; polumjesećan fortnightly [\]n polumjesečnik (časopis) fortress ['fa:tris, AE 'fa.rtras] n tvrđava fortuitous [fa:'tjuitas, AE fa:r't(j)u:ađas] adj slučajan, nehotičan, nenamjeran fortuitously [fr'tjuitasli, AE \ -li:] adv slu­ čajno fortuitousness [fa:'tjuitasnis, AE \ -nas] n slu­ čajnost fortunate ['fa:čnat, AE 'fa:rč(a)nat] adj sretan; povoljan, uspješan fortunately ['faxnaili, AE \ -li:] adv na sreću, srećom fortune' ['fo:čan, AE 'fb:r-] n sreća, sretan slučaj, sudbina, kob; budućnost; velik ime­ tak (bogatstvo) I ~ favors the bold junaku se sreća smiješi; to try one's ~ okušati sreću; the ~ of war ratna sreća; a gipsy told my ~ ciganka mi je gatala; good ~ sreća, dobra sreća (kob); ill/bad ~ zla sreća (kob), nesre­ ća; a small ~ čitavo bogatstvo; to make one's ~ steći imetak (položaj); to c o m e into a ~ naslijediti veliku baštinu; arch to marry a ~ bogato se oženiti fortune [ f ] vi arch & poet dogoditi se, slučiti se fortune-cookie ['fa:čankuki, AE 'fa.rčankuki:] n kolačić u kojem se skriva neka izreka, šaljiva poruka ili gata budućnost fortune-hunter ['fa:čanhAnta, AE 'fa.rčanhan(t)ar] n lovac miraza; pustolov fortune-hunting ['faxanluntin, AE f -n(t)in] n lov na mir.az fortuneless ['fb:čanlis, AE 'fb.rčanlas] adj siro­ mašan fortune-teller [Ta:čantela, AE 'fa:rčantelar] n gaialac, gatalica 2

-

foster-father

fortune-telling ['faxantelirj, AE 'fa:r-] n ga­ tanje forty ['tb:ti, AE 'fa:n/i:J adj četrdeset (za in the Ionics i si. v. eighty] forty-five [ f -faiv] n revolver kalibra .45 fortyish ['fb:tiiš, AE Ta:r

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Drawing by Ziegler; © 1984 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. Y o u will have t o g e t used t o t h e | v o c a l antics o f A m e r i c a n sports c r o w d s . T h e y d o n ' t n o r m a l l y c h a n t o b s c e n e verses in u n i s o n , as fans d o a t British f o o t b a l l m a t c h e s , b u t t h e y d o s c r e a m , shriek and g o in for f a l s e t t o w h o o p s . Y o u m a y s e e A m e r i c a n fans, particularly in f r o n t o f T V cameras, h o l d i n g their forefingers u p in t h e air. T h i s m e a n s '(Our t e a m is) number one', i.e. t h e b e s t .

the crowd

If y o u have paid f o r a d m i s s i o n t o a baseball g a m e and t h e g a m e is rained off, y o u r t i c k e t will b e c o m e valid as a 'rain c h e c k ' , giving y o u a d m i s s i o n t o a n o t h e r g a m e ( h e n c e t h e A m e r i c a n e x p r e s s i o n 'I'll t a k e a rain c h e c k o n that').

cancelled games

S p o r t s t e a m s are usually singular in A m e r i c a n English ( u n l e s s t h e y have a plural n a m e like ' T h e K i c k s ' ) . R e p o r t s o f British f o o t b a l l m a t c h e s say things like: 'Arsenal has w o n t h e c u p ' , 'West H a m is w i n n i n g ' , 'Liverpool, w h i c h is t h e c h a m p i o n . . . ' , ' E v e r t o n has s c o r e d its s e c o n d g o a l . ' P e o p l e aren't particularly c o n s i s t e n t , t h o u g h , since y o u ' l l o f t e n hear things like ' D e t r o i t is w i n n i n g , aren't t h e y ? ' T h e manager o f a t e a m is called t h e ' c o a c h ' (and m a y even b e addressed and referred t o as, e.g., 'Coach S m i t h ' ) , e x c e p t in baseball, w h e r e he is called t h e manager.

sports language

T h e referees, l i n e s m e n , u m p i r e s , e t c . are referred t o as 'officials'. Players are o f t e n called ' a t h l e t e s ' e v e n w h e n , as is t h e case w i t h t h e larger A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l players, t h e y l o o k most unathletic.

team members and officials

1280 Watching and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t some common terms

A m e r i c a n s play ' o n ' a t e a m , n o t 'in' o n e . A t t a c k and d e f e n c e are called, r e s p e c t i v e l y , ' O F F e n s e ' and ' D E f e n s e ' . A ' r o o k i e ' is a p l a y e r in his first year. If a g a m e is 'called', it is called off. If a g a m e is 'tied u p ' , this s i m p l y m e a n s t h a t t h e scores are level. 'In t h e c l u t c h ' m e a n s 'at a crucial p o i n t in t h e g a m e ' . T o ' s e c o n d g u e s s ' m e a n s t o have s e c o n d t h o u g h t s a b o u t s o m e t a c t i c e t c . after t h e e v e n t ; it can also m e a n to outguess someone. T h e 'MVP' is t h e ' m o s t valuable player', i.e. t h e man o f t h e m a t c h o r s o m e t h i n g similar. 'Co-ed' s p o r t s i m p l y m e a n s ' m i x e d ' ( m a l e and f e m a l e ) . ' T i m e o u t ' : A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l and b a s k e t b a l l b o t h p e r m i t a n u m b e r o f ' t i m e - o u t s ' during a m a t c h w h e n o n e o f t h e sides can e l e c t t o s t o p t h e g a m e for a short t i m e w h i l e t h e y discuss tactics or, in f o o t b a l l , save t i m e between plays (see below). 'A f o u l o n S m i t h ' m e a n s t h a t S m i t h has committed a f o u l , and t h a t a f o u l (i.e. p e n a l t y , e t c . ) has b e e n a w a r d e d against h i m . 'Overtime' means extra time. ' A s t r o t u r f is artificial grass.

'balls of fame'

Several s p o r t s have a 'hall o f f a m e ' . T h e s e are m u s e u m t y p e places d e v o t e d t o a particular sport, and e s p e c i a l l y g o o d players are ' e l e c t e d ' t o t h e 'hall o f f a m e ' , w h e r e e x h i b i t s are d e v o t e d t o t h e m .

fixtures and results

In f i x t u r e s and results t h e h o m e t e a m is o f t e n g i v e n s e c o n d , t h e a w a y t e a m first. T h u s ' L o s A n g e l e s v. S a n F r a n c i s c o ' m e a n s t h a t t h e m a t c h is t o be in San F r a n c i s c o and is o f t e n read as ' L o s A n g e l e s at San F r a n c i s c o ' . T h e a w a y t e a m is o f t e n said t o b e ' o n t h e road'. S p o r t s c o m m e n t a t o r s and writers d o n ' t like giving y o u t h e results clearly and s i m p l y b y saying, f o r e x a m p l e , 'Arsenal 2 , T o t t e n h a m 1'. Instead, t h e y search for vivid s y n o n y m s for 'beat', w h i c h m e a n s t h a t y o u , t h e listener or reader, have t o c o n c e n t r a t e hard t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t is g o i n g o n . Here are s o m e A m e r i c a n s o c c e r results f r o m t h e Chicago Sun-Times-. T h e A t l a n t a Chiefs b e a t t h e P o r t l a n d T i m b e r 2 - 1 , the Washington Diplomats beat the Philadelphia

1281 Watching and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t F u r y 2 — 1 , t h e C o s m o s t r i m m e d t h e N e w England T e a M e n 2 — 1 , t h e California Surf b l a n k e d t h e M i n n e s o t a Kicks 1—0, t h e R o c h e s t e r Lancers n i p p e d t h e San J o s e E a r t h q u a k e s 2 — 1 , and t h e San D i e g o S o c k e r s s h u t o u t t h e V a n c o u v e r Whitecaps 1—0. T h e letter F b y a result m e a n s 'final', i.e. final score. 'Zip' and 'zilch' m e a n s 'zero'. ' 2 — 1 ' , etc, is n o t read as ' 2 - 1 ' b u t as '2 t o 1'. 'San D i e g o is 4 - 0 ' is read as 'San D i e g o is f o u r and o h ' and m e a n s that San D i e g o have w o n four m a t c h e s and l o s t n o n e . 'Portland is 4 o f 6 ' or '4 for 6 ' m e a n s t h e y have w o n f o u r m a t c h e s o u t o f six.

A g o o d w a y o f g e t t i n g a feel f o r t h e nature o f sport in t h e U S A is t o l o o k at t h e p l a y i n g and reporting o f a g a m e familiar t o m o s t E u r o p e a n s , n a m e l y f o o t b a l l . T h i s is k n o w n as 'soccer' in t h e U S A t o distinguish it f r o m A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l and is increasingly being p l a y e d in s c h o o l s , in c o l l e g e s and p r o f e s s i o n a l l y . T h e professional g a m e is p l a y e d in t h e spring and s u m m e r .

soccer

M o s t i n d i g e n o u s A m e r i c a n s p o r t s require y o u t o be e x t r e m e l y tall, strong, heavy, or all three — w h i c h m e a n s t h a t m o s t p e o p l e are e x c l u d e d f r o m top-level play. (Players' heights and w e i g h t s are o f t e n listed w i t h their n a m e s in p r o g r a m m e s . ) T h e advantage o f f o o t b a l l , as A m e r i c a n s are n o w b e g i n n i n g t o realize, is t h a t all it requires is skill and fitness, and m a n y m o r e p e o p l e can t h e r e f o r e t a k e part. ( A n d it d o e s n ' t require l o t s o f expensive equipment either.) In Britain f o o t b a l l has a s o m e w h a t r o b u s t , proletarian k i n d o f image. In A m e r i c a , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d — e x c e p t a m o n g s t p e o p l e o f M e x i c a n o r r e c e n t i m m i g r a n t origins — f o o t b a l l is a rather intellectual, middle-class k i n d o f activity, and is e s p e c i a l l y p o p u l a r a m o n g s t w o m e n .

T V coverage o f s o c c e r is i n f r e q u e n t and varies f r o m bad t o atrocious. The cameramen do well with a g a m e that is unfamiliar t o m a n y o f t h e m , b u t t h e p r o d u c e r s and c o m m e n t a t o r s d o n o t . T h e i r w o r s t p r o b l e m is a failure t o r e c o g n i z e that f o o t b a l l is a g a m e o f c o n t i n u o u s a c t i o n — c o m m e r c i a l s are a c t u a l l y s h o w n and sideline i n t e r v i e w s c o n d u c t e d while play is in progress. This is infuriating.

TV coverage

1282 Watching and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t the pitch

M a n y f o o t b a l l m a t c h e s are p l a y e d o n astroturf p i t c h e s d e s i g n e d for A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l . O t h e r s are p l a y e d o n baseball p i t c h e s , w h i c h are n o t e n t i r e l y c o v e r e d b y grass. In b o t h cases t h e surface is n o t ideal and play suffers.

the rules

F o o t b a l l is p l a y e d all over t h e w o r l d a c c o r d i n g t o a f i x e d set o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y a g r e e d - u p o n rules — e x c e p t in t h e U S A . T h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n S o c c e r League ( N A S L ) , t o the dismay of the international football organization F I F A , w h i c h is currently t r y i n g t o g e t t h e N A S L t o m e n d its w a y s , have s e e n fit t o c h a n g e t h e rules s o m e w h a t . For instance, American soccer d o e s n o t permit draws ( U S : ties). A n y g a m e e n d i n g in a draw is c o n c l u d e d w i t h e x t r a t i m e and, if necessary, a ' s h o o t - o u t ' . T h i s is n o t the p e n a l t y - k i c k d e c i d e r familiar f r o m i n t e r n a t i o n a l k n o c k ­ o u t c o m p e t i t i o n s , b u t a peculiarly A m e r i c a n i n s t i t u t i o n : p l a y e r s run w i t h t h e ball t o w a r d s t h e g o a l .

interpreting press reports

A m e r i c a n s p o r t (like o t h e r a s p e c t s o f A m e r i c a n life, n o t a b l y w e a t h e r r e p o r t i n g ) is o b s e s s e d w i t h statistics. T h i s o b s e s s i o n has f o u n d its w a y i n t o t h e coverage o f f o o t b a l l . F o r e x a m p l e , g o a l k e e p e r s (nearly a l w a y s k n o w n as 'goalies') are ranked a c c o r d i n g t o t h e n u m b e r o f t h e i r ' s h u t - o u t s ' — g a m e s in w h i c h t h e y have n o t c o n c e d e d a g o a l — and a c c o r d i n g t o t h e average n u m b e r o f g o a l s t h a t t h e y have let in per m a t c h , w h i c h , o f course, ignores t h e f a c t t h a t it is t h e d e f e n c e as a w h o l e t h a t is r e s p o n s i b l e for these figures. A m e r i c a n s have also i n v e n t e d s o m e t h i n g called an 'assist'; a p l a y e r w h o passes t h e ball t o a n o t h e r , w h o t h e n s c o r e s , is c r e d i t e d w i t h an assist. In t h e ranking o f g o a l scorers, o n e p o i n t is a w a r d e d t o a p l a y e r for an assist, t w o for a goal. T h e f o l l o w i n g is a t y p i c a l p i e c e o f A m e r i c a n s o c c e r reporting. T h i s e x t r a c t is f r o m t h e San Francisco Chronicle. It gives y o u p l e n t y o f figures b u t very little else and is indicative o f this statistical w a y o f l o o k i n g at s p o r t :

BEST'S G O A L G I V E S Q U A K E S FIRST V I C T O R Y T h e San J o s e E a r t h q u a k e s w o n their first N o r t h A m e r i c a n S o c c e r League g a m e o f t h e y e a r last n i g h t at Spartan S t a d i u m , d e f e a t i n g t h e E d m o n t o n Drillers, 1 - 0 .

1283

Watching and Understanding Sport A c r o w d o f 1 0 , 7 6 3 l o o k e d o n as t h e Q u a k e s reaped the b e n e f i t s o f signing s o c c e r superstar G e o r g e Best. B e s t l o o k e d like t h e g a m e ' s g o a t w h e n h e missed a p e n a l t y kick in t h e 7 4 t h m i n u t e . B u t he m o r e than m a d e u p for it five m i n u t e s later, w h e n t h e r e c e n t l y - a c q u i r e d English [sic] star f e d S t e v e David and David scored t h e o n l y goal o f t h e g a m e w i t h 1 0 : 2 0 remaining. Q u a k e s g o a l i e M i k e H e w i t t had t o turn aside o n l y f o u r s h o t s , w h i l e S a n J o s e t o o k 1 9 s h o t s at b u s y E d m o n t o n g o a l i e Peritti Alaja. T h e rough c o n t e s t saw 7 2 f o u l s called and Mike C z u c z m a n o f San J o s e e j e c t e d w i t h five m i n u t e s left, b u t even p l a y i n g o n e m a n short, San J o s e dominated the offense. T h e E a r t h q u a k e s are n o w 1—6 t h i s s e a s o n , and e n t r e n c h e d in last place in t h e N A S L ' s A m e r i c a n C o n f e r e n c e West. E d m o n t o n is 3—4. San J o s e will h o s t H o u s t o n at Spartan S t a d i u m t o m o r r o w a f t e r n o o n . T h e Hurricane is 2—5 after losing t o L o s A n g e l e s , 3—2, last night. T h e f o l l o w i n g is t h e result o f a m a t c h b e t w e e n San J o s e E a r t h q u a k e s and H o u s t o n in San J o s e , as r e p o r t e d in t h e s a m e n e w s p a p e r :

Quakes, 3—0 Houston 0 0-0 San J o s e 1 2—3 First Half - 1. SJ, David 4 (Kraay, M a s e k o ) 8 : 3 0 . C a u t i o n s — C z u c z m a n , SJ, 3 0 : 2 6 . S e c o n d Half - 2 . SJ, David 5 ( M a s e k o 6 3 : 0 9 ) ; 3. SJ, David 6 ( B e s t ) 8 3 : 5 6 . C a u t i o n s - N o n e . S h o t s - H o u s t o n 1 6 - 8 - 2 4 , San J o s e 5 - 0 - 1 3 . Saves — By H a m m o n d ( H o u ) 3-2—5, B y H e w i t t ( S J ) 5 - 2 - 7 . Corners - H o u 4 - 5 - 9 , SJ 4 - 4 - 8 . F o u l s - H o u 7 - 6 - 1 3 , SJ 1 0 - 8 - 1 9 . Attendance - 13,118. It tells y o u t h a t San J o s e w o n 3—0, and t h a t t h e y scored o n c e in t h e first half, t w i c e in t h e s e c o n d . T h e first g o a l w a s scored for S a n J o s e by David (bringing his s e a s o n ' s total t o four) f r o m 'assists' b y Kraay and M a s e k o , after e i g h t and a half m i n u t e s . San J o s e ' s C r u c z m a n w a s c a u t i o n e d after thirty m i n u t e s and t w e n t y - s i x s e c o n d s

1284 Watching and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t . . . and so o n . Y o u can also see h o w m a n y s h o t s , saves, corners and f o u l s there w e r e per t e a m in e a c h half and overall. If y o u are starved o f British and o t h e r E u r o p e a n f o o t ­ ball results, y o u will be able t o find t h e m in some o f t h e big-city n e w s p a p e r s (for e x a m p l e , t h o s e o f L o s A n g e l e s , San F r a n c i s c o , Cleveland, N e w Y o r k ) o n S u n d a y s o r M o n d a y s . S h o r t - w a v e radios can pick u p t h e B B C World Service.

the regional and national organization of soccer

S o c c e r is organized along similar lines t o A m e r i c a n f o o t ball, w i t h t w o national ' c o n f e r e n c e s ' and three regional divisions o f a b o u t f o u r t e a m s in e a c h c o n f e r e n c e . T e a m s mostly, but by n o means exclusively, play teams from the s a m e division. A t t h e e n d o f t h e s e a s o n t h e w i n n e r s of t h e divisions c o m p e t e in t h e 'play-offs', a k i n d o f k n o c k - o u t c o m p e t i t i o n , t o see w h o w i n s overall. (It's a bit m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d than this, b u t y o u g e t t h e general picture.) T h e N A S L currently awards p o i n t s t o t e a m s n o t o n l y for a w i n ( t h e r e are n o d r a w s , o f c o u r s e ) b u t also for g o a l s scored.

professional indoor soccer

Professional i n d o o r s o c c e r is p l a y e d in t h e U S A in t h e winter. It is similar t o , b u t n o t t h e s a m e as, five-a-side f o o t b a l l . It is p l a y e d o n artificial turf o n ice h o c k e y rinks and r e b o u n d s o f f t h e b o a r d s are u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y . Balls a b o v e s h o u l d e r h e i g h t are a l l o w e d . T h e r e are six players a side o n t h e p i t c h at a n y o n e t i m e . T h i r t e e n o u t o f t h e s i x t e e n p l a y e r s t h a t e a c h t e a m is a l l o w e d in a squad m u s t be A m e r i c a n s . A s in ice h o c k e y , s o m e f o u l s are p e n a l i z e d b y sending players o f f for a s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d o f time. T h e c o m m i s s i o n e r o f t h e I n d o o r S o c c e r League is q u o t e d as saying o f the g a m e : We call it t h e A m e r i c a n i z a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d ' s m o s t popular g a m e . We c u t d o w n t h e m i d f i e l d a c t i o n and b r o u g h t t h e fans closer t o t h e g a m e . T h e r e ' s m o r e aggression, m o r e a c t i o n , m o r e scoring. A n average g a m e will p r o d u c e a l m o s t 1 0 0 s h o t s o n g o a l , and there are usually m o r e t h a n a d o z e n g o a l s s c o r e d in e a c h g a m e . R e a l l y — that's w h a t he said. E n o u g h said.

1285

Watching and Understanding Sport S o m e o n e o n c e d e s c r i b e d A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l as a cross b e t w e e n rugby a n d World War II. It certainly is brutal and v i o l e n t , and t h e players really n e e d all t h e p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g t h e y wear. B u t it is also a fascinating and e x c i t ­ ing g a m e o f skill and strategy, and if y o u e n j o y f o o t b a l l or rugby, y o u will p r o b a b l y like it — at least, if y o u w o r k a little, initially, at u n d e r s t a n d i n g w h a t is h a p p e n i n g .

American football

There is n o s p a c e here t o give a full a c c o u n t o f all t h e s u b t l e t i e s o f A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l . It is a very c o m p l i ­ cated game. This section merely provides a summary o f its main f e a t u r e s , s o t h a t y o u r first m a t c h will n o t b e t o o c o n f u s i n g . A n d t h e principles will p r o b a b l y n o t m e a n a great deal t o y o u u n t i l y o u have a c t u a l l y s e e n at least part o f a m a t c h in progress. Y o u r first e n c o u n t e r w i t h this g a m e , u n l e s s y o u are an i m p o r t a n t b u s i n e s s e x e c u t i v e , is q u i t e likely t o b e at a c o l l e g e g a m e or o n T V , since t h e professional t e a m s play o n l y s i x t e e n g a m e s a year, and m a n y are fully sold o u t . Basically, A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l is a r u g b y - t y p e g a m e ( a n d , i n d e e d , d e v e l o p e d o u t o f r u g b y ) , p l a y e d w i t h a rugbyshaped ball. But there are three basic differences. 1

Play is n o t c o n t i n u o u s . T h e g a m e is organized in a series o f 'plays', and e a c h t i m e a player is tackled t o t h e g r o u n d w i t h t h e ball or t h e ball g o e s o u t o f play, t h e 'play' is c o n c l u d e d .

2

O n e forward pass per play is p e r m i t t e d . T h i s is a s p e c t a c u l a r and e x c i t i n g part o f t h e g a m e . Players are a l l o w e d t o b l o c k , push over or s t o p o p p o s i n g players w h o are n o t in p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e ball. ( T h e r e are rules a b o u t this — y o u can't, for instance, use y o u r h a n d s t o d o it.)

3

T h e o b j e c t o f t h e g a m e , as in rugby, is t o score b y g e t t i n g i n t o t h e e n d - z o n e w i t h t h e ball for a t o u c h - d o w n ( s o called, a l t h o u g h it is n o t , in fact, necessary t o t o u c h t h e ball t o t h e g r o u n d ) . T h e pitch is 1 0 0 yards ( 9 1 . 4 4 m e t r e s ) l o n g , and has long lines d r a w n across it at 5-yard ( 4 . 5 7 m e t r e ) intervals, w i t h shorter lines b e t w e e n t h e m marking every yard. A t e a m is g i v e n u p t o four a t t e m p t s , called ' d o w n s ' , t o advance t h e ball a total o f at least 1 0 yards ( 9 . 1 4 m e t r e s ) . If it s u c c e e d s in d o i n g this, it g e t s four m o r e a t t e m p t s for a n o t h e r 1 0 yards, and so o n . If it fails, t h e o t h e r t e a m w i n s p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e ball at t h e

some preliminaries

1286 W a t c h i n g and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t point reached by the offense, usually h a p p e n ( s e e b e l o w ) .

though

this d o e s

not

T h e r e are e l e v e n m e n per side o n t h e field at a n y o n e t i m e , b u t p r o f e s s i o n a l c l u b s have c o m p l e t e l y separate o f f e n s i v e and d e f e n s i v e t e a m s , and e x t e n s i v e and c o n ­ t i n u o u s s u b s t i t u t i o n and r e s u b s t i t u t i o n are n o r m a l . G a m e s last o n e h o u r o n t h e c l o c k . T h i s t i m e is divided u p i n t o f o u r quarters, w i t h a break after t h e s e c o n d quarter. H o w e v e r , s i n c e t h e c l o c k runs o n l y w h e n play is a c t u a l l y in progress, a g a m e , i n c l u d i n g half-time, m a y last nearly t h r e e h o u r s ( a n d l o n g e r if o v e r t i m e is n e e d e d t o break a t i e ) . tactics and strategy

A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f e a c h play t h e o f f e n s e ( t h e t e a m w i t h t h e ball) g r o u p s in a ' h u d d l e ' , w h e r e t h e f o r t h c o m i n g play is a n n o u n c e d o r p l a n n e d . T h e n m o s t o f t h e players in e a c h t e a m l i n e u p , f a c i n g e a c h o t h e r , at t h e 'line o f s c r i m m a g e ' . T h e o f f e n s i v e 'center', w h o s t a n d s in t h e m i d d l e o f t h e line, 'snaps' t h e ball b a c k t h r o u g h his legs t o t h e 'quarter-back', w h o is s t a n d i n g b e h i n d h i m . T h e quarter-back t h e n ( u s u a l l y ) d r o p s b a c k a f e w yards. T h e d e f e n s i v e t e a m o f t e n tries t o break t h r o u g h t h e o f f e n s i v e l i n e t o g e t at t h e quarter-back and s t o p h i m g e t t i n g rid o f t h e ball. If t h e d e f e n s e s u c c e e d s , t h e m o v e is called a 'sack'. M o s t o f t e n t h e y d o n ' t , h o w e v e r , and t h e quarter­ b a c k m a k e s a p l a y in o n e o f three w a y s . 1

H e can give or pass t h e ball t o a 'running b a c k ' w h o has also b e e n s t a n d i n g b e h i n d t h e line, w h o will try t o run t h e ball u p t h e field, a v o i d i n g t a c k l e s b y t h e d e f e n s e . R u n n i n g in f r o n t o f t h e r u n n i n g b a c k will o f t e n b e players f r o m his o w n t e a m , w h o try t o b l o c k d e f e n s i v e players f r o m t a c k l i n g h i m . U s u a l l y t h e b a c k is t a c k l e d t o t h e g r o u n d , s o m e t i m e s w i t h ­ o u t having m a d e m u c h progress at all, or h e is p u s h e d i n t o t o u c h , at w h i c h p o i n t t h e play e n d s . T h e n e x t p l a y b e g i n s level w i t h t h e p o i n t at w h i c h t h e p r e v i o u s one ended.

2

H e can t h r o w a forward pass d o w n t h e field t o a pass receiver w h o , at t h e s n a p , has run d o w n t h e field t o a pre-arranged p o s i t i o n . If t h e receiver c a t c h e s t h e ball, t h e pass is ' c o m p l e t e ' , and h e is free t o run w i t h it u n t i l t a c k l e d . If h e d r o p s or m i s s e s t h e ball, t h e pass is ' i n c o m p l e t e ' , t h e p l a y is over and n o progress is m a d e . S o m e t i m e s t h e d e f e n s e s u c c e e d s

1287 Watching and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t

3

in c a t c h i n g t h e ball instead. T h i s is called an 'inter­ c e p t i o n ' , and t h e d e f e n s e n o w b e c o m e s t h e o f f e n s e , running back w i t h t h e ball u n t i l t a c k l e d . H e can run w i t h t h e ball himself.

S o m e t i m e s a p l a y e r will ' f u m b l e ' , a c c i d e n t a l l y d r o p ­ ping t h e ball and a l l o w i n g t h e o t h e r side t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f gaining p o s s e s s i o n . T h e r e are v e r y f e w 'lateral' p a s s e s o f t h e r u g b y t y p e b e c a u s e o f t h e risk o f i n t e r c e p t i o n s , and h a r d l y a n y u s e is m a d e o f t h e f e e t . A crucial part o f o f f e n s i v e s t r a t e g y is t o k e e p t h e d e f e n s e g u e s s i n g a b o u t w h a t t h e o f f e n s e is g o i n g t o d o . Players t h e r e f o r e s o m e t i m e s pretend t o have t h e ball, and this ruse, c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e w a y in w h i c h every­ b o d y s e e m s t o b e tackling e v e r y b o d y , m a k e s it v e r y c o n f u s i n g f o r b e g i n n e r s t o w o r k o u t w h a t e x a c t l y is happening. In f o o t b a l l t e r m i n o l o g y , ' s e c o n d and 3 ' m e a n s t h a t it is ' s e c o n d d o w n ' and 3 y a r d s are required ( t o m a k e t h e 1 0 y a r d s ) . If it is 'fourth and 1' ( ' f o u r t h d o w n ' w i t h 1 yard n e e d e d ) , t h e o f f e n s e m a y ' g o f o r it' — try t o g e t t h e e x t r a yard b y a n o r m a l p l a y , as d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . B u t o f t e n — and c e r t a i n l y if it's, say, ' f o u r t h and 8' — t h e o f f e n s e will n o t risk failing t o g e t t h e e x t r a y a r d a g e a n d t h e r e b y having t o give t h e ball t o t h e o t h e r side. If it is near t o t h e o p p o s i n g g o a l , t h e o f f e n s e t h e r e f o r e brings o n a specialist k i c k e r t o try a n d score a 'field goal'. A t t h e snap, t h e c e n t e r t h r o w s t h e ball back t o a p l a y e r w h o p l a c e s it o n t h e g r o u n d , s o t h a t t h e k i c k e r can try and k i c k it b e t w e e n t h e p o s t s , as in r u g b y . If t h e g o a l is t o o far a w a y for a field g o a l a t t e m p t , a specialist ' p u n t e r ' is b r o u g h t o n . H e c a t c h e s t h e ball f r o m t h e c e n t e r and d r o p - k i c k s it as far d o w n t h e field as h e can. T h e o p p o s i n g t e a m will c a t c h it and try and run it b a c k as far as p o s s i b l e b e f o r e b e i n g t a c k l e d . A f t e r a t o u c h - d o w n there is an a t t e m p t at a c o n v e r s i o n , as in rugby, w h i c h p r o c e e d s as f o r a field g o a l .

statistics

Y o u will e n c o u n t e r statistics as f o l l o w s : 1

2

for running b a c k s : y a r d s 'rushing' y a r d s t h e y have g a i n e d for t h e t e a m s e a s o n ) and t h e average n u m b e r o f g a i n e d per 'carry'; f o r quarter-backs: t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f

(i.e. h o w m a n y per g a m e or per y a r d s t h e y have passes t h a t have

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Watching and Understanding Sport

3

further information baseball

been completed, the number of yards gained by s u c c e s s f u l passes, and t h e n u m b e r o f y a r d s 'rushing'; for k i c k e r s : t h e average l e n g t h o f k i c k and t h e l o n g e s t kick.

A g o o d b o o k for t h e b e g i n n i n g s p e c t a t o r is Football Talk b y H o w a r d Liss ( N e w Y o r k : P o c k e t B o o k s ) . If y o u like cricket, y o u will p r o b a b l y like baseball, b u t baseball is a faster g a m e and e v e n n o n - c r i c k e t lovers m a y t a k e t o it. It is useful for t h e English, t h e A u s t r a l i a n s , and o t h e r truly civilized p e o p l e t o c o m p a r e t h e t w o g a m e s , s i n c e in s o m e r e s p e c t s t h e y are similar and are f o u n d e d o n similar principles, t h o u g h t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o f t e n differs. T h e b a t s m a n is k n o w n as t h e 'batter', f o r e x a m p l e ; an innings is called an 'inning'; b e i n g in or b a t t i n g is k n o w n as b e i n g 'at bat'; t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f b o w l e r is 'pitcher'; w i c k e t - k e e p e r c o r r e s p o n d s t o 'catcher'. If y o u d o w a n t t o w a t c h s o m e baseball, y o u will find t h i s q u i t e e a s y , since, like cricket, t h e g a m e is p l a y e d o n most days of the week. If y o u d o g o t o a g a m e , n o t e t h a t w h e n t h e ball g o e s i n t o t h e c r o w d , it is n o t t h r o w n back. T h e ball is n o t a sacred o b j e c t , as in c r i c k e t , and it is relatively c h e a p . Baseballs are m a d e in t h a t n o t very w e a l t h y c o u n t r y , Haiti.

how the game is played

Basically, baseball is t h e s a m e as r o u n d e r s , t h e o b j e c t b e i n g t o score b y r u n n i n g r o u n d t h r e e b a s e s and b a c k t o h o m e base, k n o w n in baseball as ' h o m e p l a t e ' . E a c h m a t c h h a s n i n e innings, t h e a w a y t e a m a l w a y s g o i n g in first in each inning. E a c h t e a m has t h r e e ' o u t s ' (cf. w i c k e t s ) per inning. T h e r e are n i n e p l a y e r s in a t e a m , and e a c h m a n b a t s in t u r n , n o r m a l l y b a t t i n g b e t w e e n three and five t i m e s per m a t c h . ( B a t t e r s w h o g e t ' o n base' — s e e b e l o w — are n o t o u t , w h i c h is w h y y o u can have m o r e t h a n three b a t t e r s per i n n i n g , ) In t h e A m e r i c a n L e a g u e , o n e o f t h e t w o baseball l e a g u e s , p i t c h e r s d o n o t have t o bat, and specialist batters called ' d e s i g n a t e d h i t t e r s ' bat for t h e m . In t h e N a t i o n a l L e a g u e p i t c h e r s d o h a v e t o bat. If t h e s c o r e after n i n e innings is a t i e , t h e n further i n n i n g s are p l a y e d u n t i l a result is a c h i e v e d . T h e p i t c h e r m u s t t h r o w t h e ball s o t h a t it passes o v e r h o m e plate ( k n o w n also as ' t h e p l a t e ' w h e n p i t c h i n g is b e i n g d i s c u s s e d ) . T h e ball m u s t also reach t h e b a t t e r at

1289

Watching and Understanding Sport a level b e t w e e n his s h o u l d e r and his k n e e . A n y pitch t h a t does not m e e t t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s is called a 'ball', and at a f o u r t h ball t h e b a t t e r g e t s a free 'walk' t o first base. A n y pitch t h a t does m e e t t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h a t t h e batter fails t o hit is called a 'strike'. T h e pitcher, o f course, is trying t o t h r o w strikes. (If t h e p i t c h e r hits t h e b a t t e r w i t h t h e ball, t h e b a t t e r g e t s a w a l k . ) A t a third strike t h e b a t t e r is o u t . H e is said t o have 'struck o u t ' , and t h e p i t c h e r has a 'strike-out'. C o m m e n t a t o r s say things like 'The c o u n t is t w o and o n e ' , m e a n i n g there have b e e n t w o balls and o n e strike o n a particular batter. ( T h e n u m b e r of balls is a l w a y s g i v e n b e f o r e t h e n u m b e r o f strikes.) A 'full c o u n t ' is three balls and t w o strikes. If t h e batter hits t h e ball, he m u s t run. If h e s u c c e e d s in g e t t i n g t o first base (or s e c o n d o r third b a s e ) , h e is said t o b e ' o n base'. If a batter hits t h e ball and g e t s o n base, he has a 'hit'. W h e n a hit g e t s h i m t o first base, he has g o t a 'single', t o s e c o n d base a ' d o u b l e ' , and t o third base a 'triple'. If t h e b a t t e r hits t h e ball over t h e f e n c e surrounding t h e field, it is a ' h o m e run' (or ' h o m e r ' ) , and he and a n y o n e else w h o is o n base a u t o m a t i c a l l y scores. ( T h e y d o have t o run around t o h o m e plate, t h o u g h . ) A 'foul line' is d r a w n o n t h e p i t c h o u t f r o m h o m e plate t h r o u g h t h e first and third bases. If t h e b a t t e r hits or snicks t h e ball b e h i n d this line, t h e ball is ' f o u l ' ( t h e o p p o s i t e of f o u l is 'fair'), and it c o u n t s as a strike, except t h a t it c a n n o t c o u n t as a third strike, i.e. t h e b a t t e r can­ n o t b e o u t o n a f o u l u n l e s s h e is caught. ( A m e r i c a n s d o n o t talk o f batters being 'caught' — t h e y p o i n t o u t , q u i t e l o g i c a l l y , that it is t h e ball t h a t is c a u g h t , ) In a d d i t i o n t o striking o u t , a b a t t e r can also b e o u t , as in cricket, b y being c a u g h t o r run o u t . T o achieve a run­ o u t , called a 'put-out', t h e fielder d o e s n o t a c t u a l l y have t o t o u c h t h e ball t o t h e 'bag' marking t h e base — it is e n o u g h for h i m t o be h o l d i n g t h e ball in his h a n d w h i l e t o u c h i n g t h e bag w i t h his f o o t . ( T h e batter, c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , t h r o w s his bat a w a y as he sets o u t t o run f r o m t h e plate and, t o b e safe, has t o get t o t h e bag, t o u c h i n g in w i t h his f o o t or hand, b e f o r e t h e fielder.) A l t e r n a t i v e l y , a fielder can run o u t a batter ( n o w k n o w n as a 'runner') b y 'tag­ ging' h i m . T h e fielder h o l d s t h e ball in his h a n d and t o u c h e s t h e batter w i t h it b e f o r e he reaches base. If a batter is c a u g h t o u t , runners o n base can't advance t o t h e n e x t base until after t h e c a t c h is t a k e n . If t h e y have started, t h e y have t o g o b a c k and start again.

1290

Watching and Understanding Sport O n l y o n e p i t c h e r p i t c h e s at a t i m e , b u t he c a n b e , and very o f t e n is, c h a n g e d d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e g a m e . O n c e a p i t c h e r has b e e n t a k e n off, h e c a n n o t return. Pitchers are crucial p l a y e r s in a n y m a t c h , and a n n o u n c e ­ m e n t s a l w a y s say w h o t h e 'starting' p i t c h e r is g o i n g t o be. Pitchers are said t o 'win', ' l o s e ' o r 'save' g a m e s , a n d pitchers are o f t e n listed as, f o r e x a m p l e , S m i t h ( 3 — 2 ) , i.e. he's w o n t h r e e g a m e s and l o s t t w o . T h e c a t c h e r d o e s n ' t l o o k as if h e is an i m p o r t a n t player. H e is. H e advises t h e p i t c h e r o n w h a t t y p e o f p i t c h e s t o t h r o w and is crucial in a c h i e v i n g r u n - o u t s a n d in s t o p p i n g ' s t o l e n b a s e s ' ( s e e b e l o w ) .

scoring and statistics

T h e r e are l o t s o f statistics in baseball. Y o u m a y f i n d t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p l a n a t i o n s helpful, particularly if y o u are t r y i n g t o u n d e r s t a n d n e w s p a p e r reports. Errors are c o u n t e d officially, s o t h a t b a t t e r s d o n ' t g e t credit for, and p i t c h e r s ' averages d o n ' t suffer f r o m , field­ ing errors. F o r e a c h inning d u r i n g a m a t c h , statistics are g i v e n f o r runs ( R ) , hits ( H ) a n d errors ( E ) . Batters' statistics are g i v e n as f o l l o w s :

for each game ab r

h rbi

at b a t s ( n u m b e r o f t i m e s b a t t e d ) runs ( n u m b e r o f t i m e s b a t t e r g o t r o u n d t o h o m e p l a t e , n o t necessarily o f his o w n b a t t i n g — t h i s o n l y h a p p e n s w i t h h o m e runs) hits (number o f times batter g o t o n base, n o t c o u n t i n g w a l k s a n d errors) runs b a t t e d in ( n u m b e r o f runs s c o r e d o f f b a t t e r ' s hits)

cumulatively ab h hr

at b a t s hits h o m e runs

ave

n u m b e r o f h i t s d i v i d e d b y n u m b e r o f at bats.

P i t c h e r s ' statistics are given as f o l l o w s :

for each game ip h r er

innings pitched hits scored off pitcher's pitching runs s c o r e d o f f p i t c h e r ' s p i t c h i n g e a r n e d runs (runs s c o r e d e x c l u d i n g t h o s e d u e t o errors)

bb

bases o n balls ( w a l k s c o n c e d e d )

1291 Watching and U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o r t so strike-outs cumulatively era earned run average (average n u m b e r o f earned runs c o n c e d e d per n i n e innings). In t h e league tables, or 'standings', t h e n u m b e r o f g a m e s t h a t e a c h t e a m has p l a y e d is n o t given. T h e figures t h a t are g i v e n are: W ( g a m e s w o n ) , L ( g a m e s l o s t ) , Pet ( p e r c e n t a g e o f g a m e s w o n ) and G B ( g a m e s b e h i n d — t h a t is, h o w m a n y f e w e r g a m e s t h e t e a m has w o n t h a n t h e leading t e a m ; in calculating this, a l l o w a n c e is m a d e for t h e n u m b e r o f g a m e s t h a t t h e t e a m has p l a y e d b y c o m ­ parison w i t h t h e leading t e a m ) . Even if y o u d o n ' t f o l l o w baseball, y o u will n e e d t o u n d e r s t a n d a n u m b e r o f baseball t e r m s that A m e r i c a n s u s e m e t a p h o r i c a l l y in their e v e r y d a y lives — like 'to strike out', m e a n i n g ' t o fail'. Here are s o m e o t h e r t e r m s t h a t may puzzle y o u : bull pen

bunt d o u b l e play fly o u t foul o u t line drive p i n c h hitter pop-up s t o l e n base switch-hitter

baseball

idiom

w h e r e t h e p i t c h e r s w a r m u p ; also refers t o ' r e l i e f p i t c h i n g (i.e. t h e list o f sub­ s t i t u t e pitchers) t a p rather t h a n hit t h e ball w h e n t w o players are g o t o u t at t h e s a m e play be c a u g h t o u t o f f a high hit be c a u g h t o u t b e h i n d t h e f o u l line hard, l o w hit substitute batter w e a k , high h i t runner a d v a n c e s t o t h e n e x t base e v e n t h o u g h there is n o hit b a t t e r w h o can bat b o t h right- and lefthanded.

Ice h o c k e y and basketball are q u i t e easy t o f o l l o w and t o u n d e r s t a n d w i t h o u t any c o a c h i n g , and y o u m a y have seen t h e m at h o m e o n T V . With b o t h g a m e s it is a relatively s i m p l e m a t t e r t o pick u p t h e rules and finer p o i n t s as y o u g o along. ( B e w a r n e d , t h o u g h , t h a t t h e rules o f c o l l e g e and professional basketball differ s o m e ­ what.)

ice h o c k e y and basketball

1292

B e i n g ill a n d K e e p i n g

Healthy

Dr A Turner writes in The Traveller's Health Guide ( L o n d o n : Lascelles): 'When a British s u b j e c t is t a k e n ill abroad . . . he realizes w h a t a w o n d e r f u l i n s t i t u t i o n t h e m u c h m a l i g n e d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h Service really is.' This is e s p e c i a l l y true w h e n t h e British s u b j e c t is in t h e U S A . T h e r e is n o N a t i o n a l Health Service in t h e U S A , w h e r e in general y o u pay for everything in t h e field o f h e a l t h and m e d i c i n e — and e x p e n s e s can be a s t o n i s h i n g l y high. T h e U S A is n o t , o f course, an e n t i r e l y u n c i v i l i z e d c o u n t r y , and free m e d i c a l care is p r o v i d e d f o r t h e elderly u p t o a p o i n t , and provision is also m a d e f o r t h e p o o r , t h o u g h t h e t r e a t m e n t t h e y g e t is n o t as g o o d as t h a t given t o p e o p l e w h o p a y . A n d y o u d o n ' t g e t free treat­ m e n t until y o u are p o o r — t h e y m a y charge y o u f o r t r e a t m e n t until y o u ' v e g o t n o m o n e y left and then treat y o u for free. O n e d o e s hear o f p e o p l e w h o c a n n o t afford t o have artificial l i m b s fitted and o f o t h e r s w h o have d i e d b e c a u s e t h e y did n o t have f u n d s for, s a y , a heart p a c e m a k e r . O n e h o p e s t h e s e stories are n o t true. insurance

Insurance cover t h a t will d o for visiting o t h e r foreign c o u n t r i e s will n o t be a d e q u a t e for t h e U S A . It is vital t o t a k e o u t g o o d insurance b e f o r e y o u leave and t o c o m e h o m e i m m e d i a t e l y , if p o s s i b l e , if y o u b e c o m e seriously ill. If y o u are s t a y i n g in A m e r i c a for s o m e c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e , y o u m a y be l u c k y e n o u g h t o find t h a t y o u r e m p l o y e r or c o l l e g e will t a k e o u t insurance cover for y o u . If y o u have t o t a k e o u t y o u r o w n cover, y o u will d i s c o v e r that m a n y A m e r i c a n p o l i c i e s will c o v e r y o u for only 80 per cent o f y o u r m e d i c a l e x p e n s e s — and 2 0 per c e n t of, say, 8 5 0 , 0 0 0 is a l o t o f m o n e y . M a n y A m e r i c a n s have b e e n b a n k r u p t e d b y l o n g o r s e r i o u s ill­ ness, and m a n y o t h e r s are f r i g h t e n e d o f b e i n g b a n k r u p t e d .

medical terminology

A m e r i c a n s are m u c h m o r e u p o n m e d i c a l t e r m i n o l o g y t h a n t h e British and t e n d t o talk a b o u t s u c h things as

1293

Being III and Keeping Healthy ' m y a p p e n d e c t o m y / t o n s i l l e c t o m y ' rather t h a n saying 'When I had m y a p p e n d i x / t o n s i l s o u t , . .' A m e r i c a n s o f t e n talk a b o u t b e i n g 'sick' rather t h a n 'ill', and t o say 'I feel s i c k ' can t h e r e f o r e be a m b i g u o u s . If t h e y w a n t t o m a k e it clear t h a t t h e y feel as if t h e y are g o i n g t o v o m i t , A m e r i c a n s say 'I feel n a u s e o u s ' . S o m e t e r m s are u s e d in t h e U S A t h a t m a y n o t b e familiar t o speakers o f British English: gas mucous (menstrual) cramps (intestinal) cramps

wind catarrh period pains s t o m a c h a c h e ( t h e British say 'stomach' when they mean 'intestines' — Americans don't)

strep t h r o a t

s o r e t h r o a t c a u s e d b y bacterial infection glandular fever rash o n o r a r o u n d t h e m a l e s e x organs

m o n o (nucleosis) j o c k itch

N o r m a l b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e is said in t h e U S A t o b e 98.6 °F. American pharmacies, drug stores (see also page 1252) and s u p e r m a r k e t s are filled w i t h m e d i c a t i o n s f o r every disease a n d c o n d i t i o n y o u can t h i n k o f and q u i t e a f e w t h a t y o u can't. T h e y are a h y p o c h o n d r i a c ' s delight. It is, h o w e v e r , difficult t o f i n d s o l u b l e aspirin, o t h e r than in A l k a Seltzer. T a b l e t s c o n t a i n i n g ' a c e t a m i n o p h e n ' c o r r e s p o n d t o British tablets containing paracetamol.

drug stores

If y o u w a n t t o s e e a d o c t o r , y o u will have t o p a y . D o c t o r s d o n o t n o r m a l l y m a k e h o u s e calls at all, and t h e y are v e r y l i k e l y t o b e unavailable o n S u n d a y s o r o n W e d n e s ­ d a y s ( w h e n t h e y are said t o p l a y g o l f ) . It is b e s t , t o o , n o t t o g e t ill at night, at w e e k e n d s o r during h o l i d a y s . If d o c t o r s prescribe drugs a n d m e d i c i n e ( U S : m e d i ­ c a t i o n ) for y o u , y o u will also have t o p a y t h e full price for t h e m at t h e c h e m i s t ' s ( U S : p h a r m a c i s t ) . T h e r e s e e m s t o b e a t e n d e n c y for d o c t o r s t o prescribe t r e a t m e n t , t e s t s and m e d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e p a t i e n t m a y n o t really n e e d and t h a t w o u l d p r o b a b l y n o t b e r e c o m m e n d e d in Britain. One can't help thinking that the more treatment the d o c t o r s prescribe, t h e m o r e m o n e y t h e y g e t , b u t t h e y are also said t o r e c o m m e n d a n y t r e a t m e n t t h a t m i g h t

consulting a doctor

1294

Being III and Keeping Healthy

From the Saturday

Review

c o n c e i v a b l y b e relevant b e c a u s e t h e y are w o r r i e d a b o u t b e i n g s u e d b y dissatisfied p a t i e n t s . If y o u n e e d t o f i n d a d o c t o r t o visit, y o u can o f t e n find clinics listed in t h e Y e l l o w Pages in t h e p h o n e b o o k . In t h e A m e r i c a n s y s t e m y o u d o n o t have t o g o t h r o u g h a general p r a c t i t i o n e r t o g e t a c c e s s t o a specialist. Y o u can g o straight t o a specialist if y o u w i s h . going into hospital

T h e real w o r r y is that, w h i l e in t h e U S A , y o u will b e in a bad car a c c i d e n t or will suffer a heart a t t a c k or s o m e t h i n g similar t h a t requires i m m e d i a t e ' h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n ' (as A m e r i c a n s s a y ) , w i t h n o p r o s p e c t o f a s p e e d y return h o m e . If y o u d o have t o g o i n t o h o s p i t a l , y o u can e x p e c t t o b e v e r y c o m f o r t a b l e and t o receive e x c e l l e n t t r e a t m e n t , b u t y o u will have t o p a y f o r e a c h d o c t o r w h o s e e s y o u , f o r e a c h a n a e t h e t i s t w h o treats y o u , for all y o u r f o o d , f o r all y o u r drugs and m e d i c i n e s , for a n y b l o o d y o u n e e d , f o r a n y a n a e s t h e t i c u s e d o n y o u , and f o r y o u r r o o m . Your room may well be more expensive than a hotel r o o m , and y o u can p a y e v e n m o r e if y o u w a n t a 'private' (single) o r 'semi-private' ( d o u b l e ) r o o m , a T V set o r a t e l e p h o n e . It is p o s s i b l e t o run u p a bill o f several t h o u s a n d s o f dollars in a f e w d a y s . ( T h i s is e q u a l l y true if y o u are n o t ill b u t s i m p l y having a b a b y . T h i s is a v e r y e x p e n s i v e b u s i n e s s and m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o insure y o u r s e l f against t o o . )

1295

Being III and Keeping Healthy If y o u n e e d t o call an a m b u l a n c e , y o u s h o u l d k n o w t h a t there is n o u n i f i e d n a t i o n a l s y s t e m f o r e m e r g e n c y calls, as there is in Britain. T h e b e s t t h i n g t o d o in an e m e r g ­ ency is to phone the operator (see page 1185).

calling a n ambulance

A s y o u m i g h t e x p e c t , a m b u l a n c e s in m a n y areas o f t h e U S A are run b y private c o m p a n i e s and, y e s , y o u have t o p a y f o r t h e m t o o — and t h e c o s t m i g h t b e any­ thing f r o m 8 1 0 t o 8 1 0 0 . A n d o n c e y o u have a c t u a l l y r e a c h e d t h e h o s p i t a l , b e prepared f o r t h e first q u e s t i o n t o b e n o t w h a t is w r o n g w i t h y o u b u t w h e t h e r y o u can p a y and w h o y o u are insured w i t h , e v e n if y o u are fairly o b v i o u s l y b l e e d i n g to death. A g o o d rule f o r travellers in t h e U S A w h o are w a t c h i n g their e x p e n s e s is: d o n ' t d i e . F u n e r a l s in A m e r i c a are e n o r m o u s l y e x p e n s i v e , a n d ' m o r t i c i a n s ' are s o m e o f t h e biggest rip-off artists o n t h e f a c e o f t h e earth. A m e r i c a n s have b e e n p e r s u a d e d t o g o in for e m b a l m i n g and for e l a b o r a t e m e t a l c a s k e t s rather t h a n s i m p l e c o f f i n s , and there s e e m s t o b e relatively l i t t l e c r e m a t i o n . F u n e r a l s are m o s t o f t e n c o n d u c t e d f r o m s c h m a l t z y , c a r p e t e d 'funeral h o m e s ' , w h i c h h a v e all sorts o f e l a b o r a t e lighting and t r i m m i n g s . It is n o t u n u s u a l for several t h o u s a n d dollars t o c h a n g e h a n d s .

dying Americanstyle

Y o u also h a v e t o buy y o u r grave site, a n d there is n o s u c h t h i n g as a funeral grant. M a n y p e o p l e t a k e o u t 'life' insurance, o r j o i n a 'burial s o c i e t y ' so t h a t their f a m i l i e s can afford t o p a y f o r t h e i r funeral. T h e r e is also a c u s t o m ( w h i c h s o m e m a y f i n d grue­ s o m e ) k n o w n as a 'visitation' o r a 'viewing'. T h e n i g h t b e f o r e t h e funeral, f a m i l y and friends g a t h e r in t h e 'funeral h o m e ' t o p a y their r e s p e c t s t o t h e d e c e a s e d ( a n d t o l o o k at t h e b o d y in t h e o p e n c a s k e t — and say h o w n i c e it l o o k s ) . O f t e n t h e c a s k e t w i l l remain o p e n until during t h e funeral service. D o n ' t g o t o t h e d e n t i s t in A m e r i c a u n l e s s y o u really have t o . Y o u will g e t e x c e l l e n t t r e a t m e n t , b u t y o u have t o p a y for t h i s t o o , and c o s t s can b e e x t r e m e l y high. T h e r e is a s u s p i c i o n in t h e c a s e o f dentists, t o o , t h a t t r e a t m e n t is prescribed w h e n it is n o t really n e c e s s a r y . T h e first-time visitor t o t h e U S A rapidly g a i n s t h e i m p r e s s i o n , for e x a m p l e , t h a t o n e A m e r i c a n t e e n a g e r in t w o is wearing b r a c e s o n his or her t e e t h .

dental treatment

1296

Language: Being

Understanding

and

Understood

F o r t h e English-speaking visitor t o t h e U S A language is o b v i o u s l y n o t t h e p r o b l e m t h a t it can be in m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . It can, h o w e v e r , c a u s e d i f f i c u l t i e s , w h i c h is w h y this b o o k has i n c l u d e d , w h e r e v e r a p p r o p r i a t e , s o m e help with terminology. (Conversations between A m e r i c a n s and visitors f r o m Britain, Australia or N e w Z e a l a n d can also b e a s o u r c e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e interest and a m u s e m e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e linguistic d i f f e r e n c e s . ) In this s e c t i o n a f e w p r o b l e m a t i c p o i n t s are d e a l t w i t h t h a t have n o t c o m e u p in t h e rest o f t h e b o o k .

everyday words with different meanings

M o s t British p e o p l e — and E u r o p e a n s w h o h a v e learned British English — p r o b a b l y k n o w t h a t A m e r i c a n s call trousers 'pants' and p a v e m e n t s 'sidewalks'. T h e r e are, h o w e v e r , q u i t e a f e w w o r d d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t m a n y visitors m a y n o t k n o w a b o u t and m a y cause c o n f u s i o n . Here are just s o m e of them. billion

In A m e r i c a n English t h i s m e a n s a t h o u s a n d million ( 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) , not a million million.

cheap

T o m a n y A m e r i c a n s this w o r d has s t r o n g o v e r t o n e s o f ' c h e a p and n a s t y ' ; if t h e y w a n t t o avoid t h i s i m p l i c a t i o n , t h e y say 'inexpensive'.

homely

In A m e r i c a n English this m e a n s ' n o t v e r y g o o d - l o o k i n g ' , 'plain'. ' H o m e y ' is used in t h e British sense o f ' h o m e l y ' . In A m e r i c a n usage this m a y m e a n 'in a m o m e n t ' . Y o u will hear p e o p l e saying, 'I'll d o it m o m e n t a r i l y ' .

momentarily

nervy pavement

T o A m e r i c a n s t h i s m e a n s 'full o f nerve' (i.e. c o u r a g e o u s a n d / o r c h e e k y ) . In A m e r i c a n English this m e a n s 'asphalt' or 'street covering'. T h u s ' o n t h e pave­ m e n t ' m e a n s ' o n t h e road'.

1297 L a n g u a g e : U n d e r s t a n d i n g and Being U n d e r s t o o d presently

quite

scrappy

T h i s can m e a n 'currently', 'right n o w ' , as w e l l as 'in a s h o r t w h i l e ' (as in British English). It is less usual in A m e r i c a n t h a n in British English f o r this w o r d t o m e a n ' n o t very'. F o r A m e r i c a n s , t o say s o m e t h i n g is ' q u i t e g o o d ' is n o t necessarily t o d a m n it w i t h f a i n t praise; o n t h e c o n t r a r y , it m e a n s t h a t it is 'rather g o o d ' . A 'scrappy' f o o t b a l l g a m e in t h e U S A is a g o o d g a m e . It m e a n s s o m e t h i n g like 'a g o o d scrap' (i.e. full o f fight a n d c o m ­ petition).

British w o r d s w h i c h m a n y A m e r i c a n s d o n o t u n d e r s t a n d i n c l u d e ' q u e u e ' ( t h e y say 'line'), 'fortnight', 'spanner' ( U S : w r e n c h ) , ' n o u g h t ' , and 'treacle' ( U S : m o l a s s e s ) . A n d r e m e m b e r t h a t A m e r i c a n s call t h e l e t t e r z 'zee'. A n u m b e r o f Y i d d i s h w o r d s are m u c h m o r e w i d e l y u s e d and u n d e r s t o o d in A m e r i c a t h a n in Britain. T h e s e i n c l u d e : schlemiel to schlep schlock

common Yiddish words

a clumsy fool t o carry w i t h d i f f i c u l t y , t o lug rubbish, inferior g o o d s , in bad t a s t e .

S l a n g is a d i f f i c u l t s u b j e c t t o w r i t e a b o u t b e c a u s e m u c h o f it c h a n g e s q u i t e rapidly, and b e s i d e s , A m e r i c a n slang t e n d s t o b e c o m e British slang after a w h i l e . It is, h o w e v e r , at t h e level o f slang and c o l l o q u i a l v o c a b u l a r y t h a t m o s t difficulties o c c u r b e t w e e n British and A m e r i c a n speakers. S o m e d i f f e r e n c e s are q u i t e easy t o c o p e w i t h . F o r i n s t a n c e , in t h e U S A at t h e m o m e n t 'gross' m e a n s 'in bad t a s t e , o f f e n s i v e , disgusting, n a s t y ' , and t o 'gross s o m e o n e o u t ' is t o d o or say s o m e t h i n g t h a t h e o r s h e f i n d s o f f e n s i v e o r repulsive. O t h e r t h i n g s are harder t o understand. Most Americans, for example, have n o t g o t t h e f a i n t e s t idea w h a t ' c h u f f e d ' m e a n s and are n o t familiar w i t h ' o f f m e a n i n g 'bad', 'sour' (as w i t h m i l k ) . A n d t h e r e are o t h e r , less o b v i o u s p r o b l e m s . ' C u t e ' in t h e U S A m e a n s w h a t it d o e s in Britain, b u t it c a n also m e a n ' g o o d - l o o k i n g ' , 'appealing' — so d o n ' t b e o f f e n d e d if s o m e o n e s a y s y o u are c u t e . In A m e r i c a g r o w n m e n can b e c u t e as w e l l as k i t t e n s . T o 'wash u p ' m e a n s t o w a s h y o u r s e l f ( w a s h i n g u p in t h e British English s e n s e is called ' d o i n g t h e d i s h e s ' ) . T o ' k n o c k s o m e o n e u p ' in A m e r i c a

slang

1298

Language: Understanding and Being Understood m e a n s t o m a k e s o m e o n e p r e g n a n t , s o b e careful h o w y o u u s e t h a t . A n d t o ' b o m b ' c a n m e a n t o b e a failure — t h e e x a c t o p p o s i t e of t o 'go l i k e a b o m b ' . 'Pissed' in A m e r i c a n u s a g e m e a n s t h e s a m e as 'pissed off' and d o e s n o t , in m o s t parts o f t h e c o u n t r y , m e a n 'drunk'. A n d 'fanny', t o an A m e r i c a n , m e a n s 'backside', m a l e or female. polite phrases

A m e r i c a n s d o n o t say 'please' a n d ' t h a n k y o u ' as o f t e n as British p e o p l e d o . T h e y d o , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , call people 'sir', 'ma'am' and 'miss' m o r e often (see page 1304). T h e y also say ' E x c u s e m e ' w h e n t h e y m e a n 'Sorry'.

swear words

S w e a r i n g in Britain and t h e U S A is r e a s o n a b l y similar, a l t h o u g h y o u m a y find s o m e o f t h e A m e r i c a n f o r m s interesting and c o l o u r f u l . A m e r i c a n swearing is p e r h a p s a little m o r e anal t h a n British, and ' S h i t ! ' s e e m s t o b e a m i l d e r e x p r e s s i o n t h a n it is t o t h e British. A m e r i c a n s d o n o t u s e ' b l o o d y * as a s w e a r w o r d , b u t s o m e o f t h e m k n o w t h a t British p e o p l e d o a n d like t o i m i t a t e it. T h e y o f t e n , h o w e v e r , fail t o a p p r e c i a t e h o w strong a s w e a r w o r d it is, s o d o n ' t b e o f f e n d e d if t h e y u s e it o n y o u .

forms of address

In t h e U S A y o u m a y e n c o u n t e r p e o p l e w i t h strange n a m e s l i k e Mrs F r e d e r i c k S m i t h . T h i s d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t A m e r i c a n w o m e n are called Frederick, m e r e l y t h a t in s o m e social circles it is c o n s i d e r e d t h e d o n e t h i n g f o r w o m e n t o a d o p t n o t o n l y their h u s b a n d ' s s u r n a m e b u t his first n a m e as w e l l . It is O K t o refer t o a w o m a n as 'Joan S m i t h ' b u t n o t as 'Mrs J o a n S m i t h ' — it has t o b e 'Mrs Frederick'. In o t h e r social circles this d o e s n o t apply.

thanks

When s o m e b o d y thanks t h e m for something, Americans a l m o s t a l w a y s reply ' Y o u ' r e w e l c o m e ' (or p e r h a p s 'Sure' o r s o m e t h i n g similar). T h e y m a y f i n d y o u i m p o l i t e if y o u d o n o t d o t h e s a m e .

dates

A m e r i c a n s o f t e n say, f o r e x a m p l e , 'May third' and n o t 'May t h e third'. In w r i t i n g d a t e s — and t h i s can c a u s e confusion — Americans write month/day/year. Thus Christmas D a y 1 9 8 0 is 1 2 / 2 5 / 8 0 and not 2 5 / 1 2 / 8 0 .

telling the time

In telling t h e t i m e a c o n f u s i n g A m e r i c a n u s a g e is 'It's t e n o f four.' T h i s m e a n s 'ten m i n u t e s to f o u r ' (i.e. 3 . 5 0 ) .

1299

Language: Understanding and Being Understood ( N o t e t h a t A m e r i c a n s t y p i c a l l y write t i m e s w i t h a c o l o n - 3:50.) A n A m e r i c a n e x p r e s s i n g 1 0 . 7 4 as ' t e n - p o i n t - s e v e n t y - f o u r ' is n o t s h o w i n g invincible ignorance. It's j u s t w h a t A m e r i c a n s say.

working with decimals

A m e r i c a n s find it harder t o u n d e r s t a n d British p e o p l e t h a n vice versa, p r e s u m a b l y b e c a u s e t h e y have less prac­ tice. T h e r e are f o u r t i m e s as m a n y o f t h e m ; t h e y are m u c h less e x p o s e d t o British a c c e n t s o n T V and in f i l m s ; and there are m a n y m o r e d i f f e r e n t British a c c e n t s t h a n A m e r i c a n a c c e n t s . If y o u s p e a k w i t h a B B C a c c e n t , y o u will p r o b a b l y b e all right, b u t a n y t h i n g else can c a u s e p r o b l e m s , e s p e c i a l l y if p e o p l e are n o t e x p e c t i n g a British a c c e n t t o b e g i n w i t h . ( O n e g e t s t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t wear­ ing a label s a y i n g 'I A M B R I T I S H ' ( o r D u t c h , o r w h a t e v e r ) w o u l d b e a g o o d i d e a . ) It is sensible t o give p e o p l e a c h a n c e t o g e t u s e d t o t h e w a y y o u talk b y s p e a k i n g a little m o r e s l o w l y t h a n usual at first.

making yourself understood

A m e r i c a n s are also t o t a l l y i n c a p a b l e o f d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n English, Australian, N e w Zealand and S o u t h African a c c e n t s . A n d t h e y are q u i t e l i k e l y t o t h i n k t h a t S c o t s are f r o m M e x i c o .

1300

Units of M e a s u r e m e n t a n d

units of measurement length weight

capacity

Sizes

12 In 3 ft

25.40 0.30 0.91 1.61

1 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 1 ton

16 oz =

28.35 grams 0.45 kilogram 1.02 tonne

US 1 plnt(pt)(16fl.oz) 1 quart (qt) (2 pt) 1 gallon (gal)

Imperial 0.83 pint 1.66 pints 0.83 gallon (6% pints)

SI 0.45 litre 0.91 litre 3.64 litres

1 1 1 1

Inch (in) foot (ft) = yard (yd) = mile

millimetres metres metres kilometres

A m e r i c a n g a l l o n s ( a n d h e n c e quarts a n d pints) are o n l y five-sixths t h e size o f Imperial g a l l o n s / q u a r t s / p i n t s . Imperial 1 pint (20fl.oz) 1 quart 1 gallon calculating fuel consumption

cookery measuring in cups and spoons

5/

0.57 litre 1.14 litres 4.55 litres

US 1.2 pints 2.4 pints 1.2 gallons

R e m e m b e r that each U S g a l l o n o f petrol y o u b u y will take y o u o n l y five-sixths as far as an Imperial g a l l o n — t h a t is t o say, y o u ' l l drive 2 0 m i l e s o n o n e U S g a l l o n w h e n y o u m i g h t e x p e c t t o drive 2 4 m i l e s o n o n e Imperial gallon, and 30 miles o n o n e U S gallon w h e n y o u w o u l d e x p e c t t o travel 3 6 m i l e s o n an Imperial gallon. C o n ­ versely, w h e n y o u r fuel gauge tells y o u t h a t y o u are d o i n g 2 0 m i l e s t o t h e U S g a l l o n , y o u are o n l y d o i n g 1 7 m i l e s t o t h e Imperial g a l l o n . In A m e r i c a n c o o k e r y b o o k s t h e c u p is t h e standard measure. A c u p c o n t a i n s half an A m e r i c a n pint. W h e n m e a s u r i n g liquids, therefore, y o u m a y u s e t h e f o l l o w i n g equivalents. US cup Vt cup % cup 1 cup VA

(2 fl. oz) (4fl.oz) approx' (6 fl. oz) (8fl.oz)

Imperial one-tenth pint one-fifth pint one-third pint two-fifths pint

SI 57 mlllllitres 0.11 litre 0.17 litre 0.23 litre

1301

Units of Measurement and Size US two-thirds cup VA cups 2 cups Vh cups

Imperial VA p l n t ( S f l . o z ) ttpint ( 1 0 f l . o z ) %plnt(15fl.oz) 1 plnt(20fl.oz)

5/

0.14 0.28 0.43 0.57

N o t e t h a t Imperial and U S fluid o u n c e s are not

litre litre litre litre

exactly

the same. With solid ingredients things are m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d . US 2 cups 3 cups 4 cups

butter/sugar/rlce Icing sugar flour

Imperial 1 lb 1 lb 1 lb

SI 0.4S kilogram 0.45 kilogram 0.45 kilogram

T h e following approximate relationships hold b e t w e e n spoon measurements. US 1 tablespoon 2 tablespoons 3 tablespoons 4 tablespoons 5 tablespoons

British

5/

1 tablespoon

20 millllitres/grams

2 tablespoons

4 0 mlllllltres/grams

60 mlllilitres/grams 3 tablespoons T e a s p o o n measures (5 millilitres/grams) are a p p r o x i ­ m a t e l y t h e s a m e as t h e y are in Britain.

N o o n e has y e t s e e n fit t o devise an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s y s t e m for sizing c l o t h e s . E v e n n a t i o n a l s y s t e m s vary e n o r m o u s l y , s o it's b e s t t o try things o n if t h e y c a t c h y o u r e y e . H o w ­ ever, here's a rough g u i d e , w h i c h m a y b e o f s o m e h e l p if y o u g o clothes shopping. (Under the 'other European' h e a d i n g b e l o w t h e sizes s p e c i f i e d are t h o s e f o r F r e n c h / G e r m a n / S c a n d i n a v i a n , S p a n i s h / P o r t u g u e s e and Italian c l o t h e s , in a s c e n d i n g order, b u t t h e s e are t o b e t r e a t e d c a u t i o u s l y , as sizing is b y n o m e a n s c o n s i s t e n t t h r o u g h ­ out Europe.) US 8 10

British 10 12

12 14 16 18

14 16 18 20

Other

European

36/38/40 38/40/42 40/42/44 42/44/46 44/46/48 46/48/50

women s clothes: approximate sizes

1302

Units of Measurement and Size s h o e sizes

women s shoes

F o r British visitors t o t h e U S A c a l c u l a t i n g s h o e sizes is relatively e a s y : y o u j u s t add 1V4 t o t h e British e q u i v a l e n t s . E u r o p e a n s h o e sizes, like t h o s e o f c l o t h e s , are n o t uni­ f o r m , b u t a rough g u i d e is p r o v i d e d b e l o w . US

5 514 6 614 7 714 8 834 9

men s shoes

British 3 334 4

m 5 sx 6 634 7 VA 8

10

BVt

US

British 6

VA 8 8>S 9 9V4 10 10% 11 1134 12 1234 13 14

634 7 Vh 8 834 9 9*4 10 1014 11 1134 12

Other European 35/36 36/37 37/38 38/39 39/40 40/41

Other European 39/40 40/41 41/42 42/43 43/44 44/45 45/46

1303

M e e t i n g American

People

T h e A m e r i c a n s are, o n average, m u c h m o r e f r i e n d l y and h o s p i t a b l e t h a n t h e British and o t h e r n o r t h e r n E u r o p e a n s , and m u c h less i n h i b i t e d . A m e r i c a n s are also i n c l i n e d , as o n e British writer has p u t it, t o b e 'ruthlessly gregarious' and love t o j o i n c l u b s , o r g a n i z a t i o n s and s o c i e t i e s . It is t h e r e f o r e very e a s y — and e n j o y a b l e — t o m e e t A m e r i c a n s . Y o u can readily find a c l u b t h a t suits y o u r interests if y o u w a n t t o , and y o u will in a n y case find t h a t p e o p l e in m a n y p l a c e s will s i m p l y start talking t o y o u — w h e t h e r y o u w a n t t h e m t o or n o t . Y o u will n o t i c e t h a t A m e r i c a n s g e t u n c o m f o r t a b l e a b o u t talking t o p e o p l e u n l e s s t h e y k n o w their n a m e s . A l m o s t every A m e r i c a n will t h e r e f o r e rapidly tell y o u his o r her n a m e — and y o u are s u p p o s e d t o reciprocate. T h e y will n o t rest, either, until t h e y learn b o t h y o u r first n a m e and y o u r s u r n a m e and k n o w h o w t o p r o n o u n c e

Drawing by Ross; © 1984 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.

1304 Meeting American People t h e m c o r r e c t l y . T h e y will a l s o w a n t t o k n o w w h e r e y o u are f r o m and w h a t y o u d o . M e n generally s h a k e h a n d s w h e n i n t r o d u c i n g t h e m ­ selves ( e v e n if s p a c e d o e s n o t really p e r m i t , as o n a p l a n e ) . S o m e w o m e n d o , and s o m e d o n ' t . M e n in t h e U S A are also m u c h m o r e l i k e l y t h a n t h o s e in Britain t o s h a k e h a n d s w i t h c l o s e f r i e n d s and f a m i l y as a g r e e t i n g or w h e n taking their leave. A m e r i c a n s are m o r e l i k e l y t h a n British p e o p l e o f t h e s a m e age and social s t a n d i n g t o u s e y o u r first n a m e . T h e y m a y ( w i t h s o m e regional variation) call y o u 'sir', ' m a ' a m ' o r 'miss'. T h e s e t e r m s are o f t e n q u i t e u s e f u l . F o r e x a m p l e , if y o u w a n t t o attract t h e a t t e n t i o n o f s o m e o n e y o u d o n o t k n o w in Britain, y o u h a v e t o call ' E x c u s e m e ! ' , ' H e y ! ' or else c o u g h l o u d l y . In A m e r i c a y o u can call 'Sir!' or ' M a ' a m ! ' i n s t e a d . If y o u are i n v i t e d t o s t a y in s o m e b o d y ' s h o u s e , it is q u i t e n o r m a l t o t a k e a p r e s e n t ( A m e r i c a n s say 'gift') with y o u . Y o u may choose a b o x of chocolates or some­ t h i n g similar, o r else a ' h o u s e gift', s o m e small and n o t necessarily u s e f u l t h i n g t h a t can g o in t h e h o u s e . A m e r i c a n s c o m e in m a n y varieties. T h e r e is far m o r e e t h n i c and social diversity in t h e U S A t h a n in m o s t E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s . T h i s m a k e s it hard t o g e n e r a l i z e s u c c e s s f u l l y a b o u t m e e t i n g A m e r i c a n p e o p l e , b u t it d o e s m a k e m e e t i n g A m e r i c a n s a varied a n d f a s c i n a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e . S e e i n g t h e U S A via f i l m s a n d T V d o e s n o t really prepare t h e visitor f o r t h i n g s like t h e e x t r e m e s o f p o v e r t y and w e a l t h , for t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e U S A is p e o p l e d b y n o n - A n g l o - S a x o n s , or f o r t h e e n o r m o u s range o f political v i e w s , religious beliefs, p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s a n d l i f e s t y l e s t h a t one. is l i k e l y t o e n c o u n t e r . N o r d o e s it prepare t h e f o r e i g n e r f o r h o w m u c h pleasure it is p o s s i b l e t o derive s i m p l y f r o m b e i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h A m e r i c a n s in A m e r i c a . If y o u have n e v e r b e e n t o t h e U S A before, this b o o k wishes y o u what Americans would d o u b t l e s s also w i s h y o u if t h e y k n e w y o u w e r e c o m i n g : Have a n i c e trip!

1305

Index

air (ravel 1206-8 sec also baggave allowance; tickets and

reservalions air-condilioning 117V in buses 1208-9 in cars 1192 in homes 117V, 1259 in motels 1179, 1218, 1219 in shops 1251 airports 1206-7 alcohol, laws relating lo 1211 see also drinks, alcoholic 1237-9 ambulance, how to call 1188, 1295 animals, dangerous 1182-3 bacon, American 1223-1, 1226, 1254 baggage allowance 1166, 1208 sec also luggage, checking in bands, marching 1278 banks, use of 1172-5 see also cheques; traveller's cheques bar food 1235-6 baseball 1277, 1279, 1288-1291 basketball 1277, 1279, 1291 bathrooms 1260-1 sec also toilets

beaches 1276 bears, likelihood of encountering 1182 beer 1237, 1239-1240 bread, buying 1235, 1254-5 breakfast, in restaurants 1218, 1220, 1223-4 brunch 1223 buses 1245 aiport 1168, 1207 long-distance 1208-9 car, driving automatic transmission 1192, 1194, 1202, 1204 long journeys 1202—4 road conditions 1180, 1183, 1190, 1193, 1204-5 rules lor 1194-9 in winter 1204-5 see also motorways; right side, driving on

car, hire of 1190-3 choice of model 1191-2 see also insurance, car

cellars 1181, 1262 censorship of TV 1267 central healing 1258-9 cheerleaders 1278 cheques, use of 1170, 1172-4, 1253-4 cinema 1275-6 clothing buying 1252-3 sizes 1252-3, 1301-2 suitable 1179-1180, 1205 cocktails 1224-5,1240-1 coffee 1229-1230 coins 1171-2, 1198 college and university 1270-1 sport 1270, 1277-8 see also fraternities and sororities cookers 1261-2 cookery, measurements for 1300-1 credit cards, use of 1170-1, 1174. 1217 for car hire 1190 loss of 1170 for petrol 1170 curfew 1247 curtains (US; drapes) 1258 customs form 1166, 1167 officer 1167-8 cycling 1213-1215 dairy produce, buying 1254 date, giving the 1298 decimals, expressing 1299 delicatessen food 1235-6 dental treatment, high costs of 1295 directions, finding, in towns and cities 1243-5 doctor, consulting 1293^1 'doggy bags' 1228 dollar notes (US: bills) 1169, 1171 double-glazing 1259 drinks alcoholic 1224-5, 1237-1241

1306 Index soli 1202, 1234-5. 1242 sec akt* alcohol, laws relating to; beer; cocktails, wines, Californian 'drive-ins' and 'Jrive-ups' banks 1173 fast-food bars 1232 mail boxes 1249 movies 1275-6 driving licence 11%, 1239 drug stores 1252. 1293 dying, high costs of 129S educational, system 1269-1271 electricity 1256-8 emergency telephone calls 1188, 1199, 1295 last food 1231-5 fish and chip shops 1232-3 Hag, devotion to 1270, 1272-3. 1278 flannel, face, provision of 1218. 1260 football, American 1277-8, 12X0, I2X5-X fraternities and sororities 1271 fruit and vegetables (US: produce), buving 1254 gambling coins 1172 laws on 1272 garage sales 1256 garbage see rubbish graduation 1270-1 guns, large numbers of 1246-7 health, high costs of 1292-5 see also insurance, health high schools 1269-1270 hitch-hiking 1210-13 holidays, national 1273—4 hospitality 1256, 1260, 1303-4 hospitals 1294 'hoi tubs' 1262-3 hotels 11XX, 1216, 1217, 1219 see also molds

humidifiers 11X0, 1259 hurricanes 1179 ice, frequent provision of 1203, 1219, 1234 ice cream 1234 ice kockey 1277, 1291 identification, proof of 1169, 1174-5, 1239, 1254 immigration 1165-6 form 1166-7 insects, control of 11X3, 1259, 1262 insurance car, third-party 1192 health 1166, 1292

Jacuzzi 1263 kitchens 1261-2 language and terminology 1296 clothing 1252 driving 1193 everyday 1296-9 food 1223-4, 1226, I22X, 1232, 1235-6 medical 1293 sport 1279-1280, 1290-1 Yiddish 1297 see also manners, polite; slang; swering lights and switches 1257 limousine 1207 locks external 125S internal 125X. 1260 luggage, checking in II6X, 120X, 1210 sec also baggage allowance lunch and dinner 1224-1230 mail see post box; post office manners, polite 1222-3, I29X, 1304 maps 1203 measurement, units of 1300-1 meal, buying 1254 menus 1226-8 milk, buying 1254 motels 1188, 1216-19, 1223 motorways (US: freeways) 1193, 1194, 1195, 1198, 1199-1200, 1205, 1213 muffins, English 1224, 1232 muslard, American 1228, 1255 New York City 1177 news coverage on radio 1268 on TV 1264, 1267 newspapers 1275 non-smokers, arrangements for 1208-9, 1211, 1221 'panhandles' 1177 parcel, posting 1249 parking 1197-9 passport 116*>-6, 1168 for identification 1174, 1239 patriotism 1273, 1278 see also flag, devotion to pelrol consumption 1201, 1300 petrol stations (US: gas stations) 1201-3 near motorways 1200 payment at 1169, 1171, 1173-4, 1201 pizza restaurants 1233-4 plants, poisonous 1183

1307 Index plugs, electric 1258 police 1190, 1196 and guns 1246 politics and TV advertising 1266 post boxes (US: mail boxesi 1248-9 post offices 1248-9, 1273 present (US: gift), giving of 1304 pronunciation food and drink 1234-, 1240-1 place-names 1177-8 Public Broadcasting Svstem (PBS) 1265, 1266, 1267 radio 1182, 1268, 1284 rain check 1279 religion 1274-5 evangelical Protestantism 1267-8, 1274 restrooms see toilets restaurants 1220-1235 ethnic 1230-1 sec also manners, polite right side driving on 1193-1, 1214 walking on 1245 road conditions 1180, 1183, 1190, 1204-5 road sing 1196-7 rubbish, disposing of 1262 sales tax 1222, 1251 sandwiches 1235-6 school buses 1196 screens, insect 1183, 1259 sex, laws concerning 1272 sharks, danger from 1183 shopping hours 125) shops 1251-5 shower (bathroom) 1261 shower (gift) 1276 sizes, clothing 1252-3, 1301-2 slang 1297-8 snakes 1182 soccer 1281—4 indoor 1284 speed limit 1194, 1199 sport 1277-1291 fixtures and results 1280-1 press coverage 1282-4, 1290 professional 1277-8, 1281, 1284 school and college 1270, 1277, 1278 sir ulso baseball; basketball; football, American; ice hockey; soccer; television stamps, buying 1248 supermarkets 1253

swearing 1267, 1298 swimming pools 1219, 1262 taps (US: faucets') 1260-1 taxis at air terminal 1168, 1207 do not like traveller's cheques 1169 lea (drink) 1229. 1234, 1261 telegrams 1250 telephone system 1184-9 codes 1185 emergencies 11X8, 1297 international calls 1187 local calls 1185 long-distance calls 1178, 1 185-6 phoning from hotels 1188 reversed-charge (US: colled) calls 11X6-7 'loll-free' numbers 1184, 11X8, 1217 tones 1184 television 1179, 1182, 1264-8 commercials 1266 programmes 1267 religious programmes 1267-8 and sport 1277, 1281 stations 1264-5 tickets and reservations air 1206 bus 1209 train 1210-11 lime, telling the 1298-9 lime zones 1176-7, 1264 timetables 1178 tips 1217, 1222 toilets, provision of 1245-6 on buses 1208 in motels 1218 at petrol stations 1201-2 tokens, figt 1252 tornadoes 1179, 1181, 1262 traffic lights 1194 trains 1209-11, 1245 trash see rubbish traveller's cheques (US: traveler's checks), dollar 1169-1170, 1171, 1172-3 violence, level of, and safety 1209, 1212, 1246-7, 1258 visa, tourist 1165-6 waiters, waitresses 1221-2, 1226 walking 1215 on the right 1245 Washington DC 1177 water

1308 Index drinking, provision of 1203, 1221, 1251, 1261 heating of 1260 weather 1 ] 79-1182 forecasts 1181-2 spring and autumn 1180-1

summer 1179-1180 winter 1180, 1204-5 wines, Californian 1225, 1241, 1255 zip codes 1248

Suggestions

T h i s page can be used t o send in y o u r suggestions for i m p r o v i n g t h e b o o k . W h a t vital m a t ­ ters have been overlooked? W h a t difficulties and pitfalls have b e e n n e g l e c t e d o r glossed over? W h a t else should t h e i n t e n d i n g visitor k n o w a b o u t t h e quirks of t h e A m e r i c a n way of life? Please write and tell us. If y o u r suggestions are a d o p t e d in t h e revised e d i t i o n , y o u will receive a free copy in r e c o g ­ nition of y o u r services in h e l p i n g o t h e r people c o p e with America.

Please send y o u r suggestions t o 108 C o w l e y R o a d , Oxford O X 4 1JF. Name Address

M y suggestions are

Peter

Trudgill

c/o

Basil

Blackwell

Publisher,

Coping with

England

To Peter, who is my reason for living in this beautiful and fascinating country, and to Mom, who has to cope with my being so far away

"This is Waterloo, Sir - I think you want Euston

Reproduced by permission of Private Eye

. ..

"

1311

Coping with England Jean

Hannah

Basil Blackwell

1312 Copyright © J e a n Hannah 1987 First published 1987 Basil Blackwell Ltd 108 Cowley Road, Oxford O X 4 1JF, UK Basil Blackwell Inc. 432 Park Avenue South, Suite 1503, N e w York, N Y 10016, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing tn Publication

Data

Hannah, Jean Coping with England. 1 . England - Description and travel 1 9 7 1 — Guide-books I. Title 914.2'04858 DA650 ISBN 0-631-13557-X ISBN 0-631-13726-2 Pbk Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication

Data

Hannah, Jean. Coping with England. Includes index. 1. Great Britain - Description and travel — 1971 2. Great Britain - Social life and customs - 20 century. 3. National characteristics, British. I. Title. DA632.H345 1987 941.085 86-13666 ISBN 0-631-13557-X ISBN 0-631-13726-2 Pbk

Typeset by O p u s , Oxford Printed in Great Britain by Billing and Sons Ltd, Worcester

1313

Contents

Acknowledgments

1314

Introduction

1315

Going there

1317

Where to stay

1330

Money and banking

1345

Keeping in touch

1351

The environment

1358

Getting around

1365

Driving

1382

Understanding the natives (and being understood)

1396

Eating out

1407

Pubs

1421

Shopping

1431

Entertainment

1449

Sport and recreation

1462

The media

1484

Institutions

1491

English characteristics and attitudes

1510

Conversion tables for weights & measures

1518

Appendix: Useful addresses Index

1519 1519

1314

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank those people who have taken the time to give me comments and advice on the typescript of this book. They include: Harriet Barry, Colin Biggs, Christel Butcher, Sue Chambers, John Davey, Alice Davison, Rosemary Hannah, Lauren Johnson, Kim Lewis, Maria Sifianou, Sue Thacker, Peter Trudgill, Keith Walters, and Ray Ward. Many other people, too numerous to cite here, have helped by raising or discussing specific points that have made their way into the contents. Finally, this book would never have been written without the constant encouragement, moral support, and patience of my husband, Peter Trudgill.

1315

Introduction

This is not a normal guidebook to England. It does not tell you where to go, what to see, or where to stay. Instead, it offers helpful information about what to expect, what to say, how to behave, and how to do things in various situations - in other words, how to cope with being in a foreign country. The amount of difficulty you will have in coping with England will depend to a large degree on where you come from and how long you stay. While this book is aimed at English-speaking visitors and has, admittedly, an American bias (which I can't help, since I am an American), I have also tried to discuss aspects of the English way of life that Europeans and other foreigners might find particularly strange. I've included information that should be relevant to a variety of visitors to these shores - short-term 'holiday-makers,' businesspeople, and those intend­ ing to stay for a longer period of time. Where I've used British terms, the U.S. equivalents appear afterwards in parentheses. As the title suggests, this book focuses on England, although some of my remarks hold for the rest of Britain as well. I have occasionally included informa­ tion specific to Scotland and Wales; but please do not take these fleeting comments as representing the only differences between the English and Celtic ways of doing things - even the English need a guidebook to the finer details of coping in these 'foreign' lands! Such advice will, I hope, find its way into other books in the 'Coping with . . .' series. A book of this nature cannot be entirely objective. I have drawn generalizations from my own observa­ tions, and the things that I may have found bemusing or amusing in England are not necessarily the same as those that other foreigners will notice. So if you find

1316

Introduction that there are details that I have left out, not discussed enough, or just gotten wrong, please fill out the Suggestions page at the end of the book and send it in. Although I have included some criticisms of England and the English, I hope that it will be clear to you (and to all my English friends) that I genuinely like this country and its inhabitants. I feel fortunate to live in such a beautiful, interesting, and cultured place. And my stay here has been made all the more enjoyable because of the truly nice English people my husband, in-laws, friends, and acquaintances who have laughed with me (and sometimes at me) as they have tried to help me understand and cope with living in England.

1317

Going there

England offers plenty of interesting things to do and When to go see whatever time of the year you decide to go there. If you are lucky enough to have some choice over when you travel, there are several factors that may influence your decision, depending upon what you want to see and do. Some places and types of entertainment are open or available only at certain times of the year. For example, during the winter many seaside hotels and historic homes are closed; and several of the top theater, opera, and ballet companies tour at various times. Or you may be worried about the infamous British weather affecting your plans (see Climate, p. 1318), or wish to avoid crowds of other tourists and get cheaper hotel rates during the off season. The main tourist season runs from Easter to mid- Tourist October, with the heaviest influx of visitors being season from June through August. Most English people take their holidays between the end of July and the end of August, so it is more difficult at those times to find accommodation as well as peace and quiet. If you are traveling during the height of the season, be sure to make advance bookings (reservations) for lodgings and buy tickets for special events in advance too, if possible. Legal holidays, when the banks and most shops are Holidays closed and the natives are on the loose, are: New Year's Day (January 1); also January 2 in Scotland Good Friday and Easter Monday (dates vary); only Good Friday in Scotland May Day (first Monday in May); not observed in Scotland

1318

Going there May Bank Holiday (public holiday) (last Monday in May) August Bank Holiday (last Monday in August in England and Wales; first Monday in August in Scotland) Christmas Day and Boxing Day (December 25 and 26) In addition, there are school half-term holidays, usually lasting a week, at the end of October, February, and May, as well as two- or three-week school breaks at Christmas and Easter. During these times, trains are filled with families going off to visit relatives, and the cities and popular spots are crowded with children. Climate

The English climate has a bad reputation, which is only partially deserved. Many foreigners think that the country (especially London) is perpetually shrouded in fog or coated with drizzle. This, of course, is not true. Many of the fog problems of the past were actually due to smog and have cleared up with pollution controls. And even though the natives usually carry umbrellas, this doesn't mean that it is always raining - just that it might rain. Although England is quite far north (London is at almost the same latitude as Calgary, Canada), it is warmed by the Gulf Stream and 'enjoys' a maritime climate. This means that the weather is mild, wet, and changeable. The English think that their weather is quite civilized: they don't suffer from extremes of temperature or from tornadoes, typhoons, prolonged droughts, or floods. What they do suffer from is dampness. Frequent but light rains keep the grass a lovely fresh green all year round, but in the winter and on cool days the high humidity can chill you to the bone. England also suffers from constant weather records - the wettest March, the sunniest Easter, the coldest August, etc. In fact, the only thing that can be said about the weather with any certainty is that it is highly changeable. Perhaps that is why the inhabitants are always commenting on it. Don't be fooled by a clear, sunny sky; clouds and rain can move in quickly. On

1319

Going there the other hand, what may look like a dull, overcast day can turn into a beautiful warm and sunny one. There are few cloudless days, but you can usually glimpse the sun at some point. And the changing cloud formations at least have the advantage of providing interesting backgrounds for photographs. Because of the fickleness of the climate, weather reports are devised to be evasive. Most forecasts are prefaced by 'probably,' 'possibly' or 'it looks as if it might,' so that you're never exactly sure what to expect. You have to be a master of subtleties to figure out the differences among some of the more common weather jargon, such as: 'partly sunny,' 'partly cloudy,' 'some sunshine,' 'intermittent sunshine,' 'sunny spells,' 'sunny intervals,' 'sunny periods,' 'sun breaking through from time to time,' 'partly cloudy,' 'cloudy patches,' and 'bright' (which doesn't exclude clouds or rain); or 'some rain,' 'rain at times,' 'outbreaks of rain,' 'showers,' 'showery weather with bright intervals,' and 'stormy weather.' Whatever the weather reports say, be prepared for just about anything; always take an umbrella with you, and a jacket or sweater too. Since the weather is so variable, it is dangerous to Seasons generalize about the seasons, but the following may be taken as a rough guide. Summer runs from June through early September. Temperatures are usually pleasantly warm during the day (in the south, the 70s F / 20s C), and there can be a lot of sunshine. The humidity tends to be lower than at other times of the year, meaning there are few very sticky days. But the nights can be cool occa­ sionally, and if you are unlucky you may even need to put the heating on. If there is a prolonged heat spell (that is, a few days over 80°F), it makes the headlines of the newspapers, people complain about it, and everyone suffers when indoors because few people have air conditioners or even fans. June and Septem­ ber tend to have drier and more stable weather than the other summer months. In the south, the sea is usually warm enough to swim in all summer long, but elsewhere it may not

Summer

1320

Going there warm up enough for most people's comfort until July. The Gulf Stream warms the entire west coast, though, so swimming can be enjoyed all the way up to the northwest coast of Scotland. Since Britain lies so far north in the world, it stays light quite late in the summer - until about 9:30 p.m. in the south and 10:30 p.m. in Scotland. It also gets light much earlier in the morning than you may expect - it isn't uncommon to be woken at 4:30 or 5 a.m. by birds singing merrily. Autumn

Winter

Autumn (not 'fall') lasts from late September to late November. Near the end of September, dampness sets in, especially in the north. The weather every­ where can be heavily overcast and drizzly for days on end, although there are also cool, dry, and sunny spells. Autumn is fog season for some areas, with the mist descending late at night and sometimes not lifting until late morning. Nights and mornings are usually quite cool. The autumnal colors are pretty rather than spec­ tacular, with most leaves turning various shades of yellow. In moorlands in early autumn, carpets of beautiful purple heather color the countryside. Late November through February can be a cold, damp, gray period, with January being particularly awful. However, bright sunny spells sometimes break the gloom of the short days (the sun sets near 4 p.m.). Night frosts are common away from the coast, but temperatures almost always climb above freezing during the day. Freezing fog is a special (and dreadful) weather condition that can descend at night and in the early morning hours, providing the dual problem of thick fog and icy road surfaces. Light hail or sleet is also fairly common. The south rarely gets more than a trace of snow, except in the hills, and any snow that does accumulate usually doesn't last long. As in many other places with mild climates, if more than a few inches of snow falls, daily life grinds to a halt. The English just don't know how to cope with snow, and hardly anyone owns a snow shovel. Many people don't even own a

132]

Going there winter hat or thick gloves, pretending cold weather doesn't exist by not preparing for it. In hilly and exposed areas of England, Scotland, and Wales, snow falls more often and stays longer, sometimes blocking roads. Spring runs from March through May. Early spring Spring can be quite wet, but the burst of flowers, the blossoming trees and shrubs, and the amazing variety of shades of green compensate for overcast days. May is often the time to see England at its best (especially the famous gardens). Temperatures are generally mild during the day, but overnight frosts can continue into May. Periods of warm weather come and go. The far southwest tends to be the warmest region of Regional England, although it is also often wetter than other differences areas. You may even be able to walk around in a short-sleeved shirt on the occasional winter day. The area has few frosts, and spring comes very early. The Midlands are colder during the winter than the coastal areas, while the north is usually colder and damper in general than other regions. East Anglia is the driest region, but it often suffers from cold winds off the North Sea. The Lake District is far wetter than most other regions, with approximately two hundred rainy days a year. (See pp. 1363—4 for the location of regions.) Most people, tourists and business travelers alike, will Red tape encounter little red tape in being admitted to Eng- Visas land. Citizens of countries in the EEC (European Economic Community, also called the EC and the Common Market) need only proof of nationality, while citizens of most other countries need only a valid passport. A recent change is that citizens of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Ghana, and Nigeria must get a visa before coming to Britain. Most tourists are automatically granted a six-month stay. If you want to stay in England for a longer period (to study or work, for example), you need a visa and have to show that you have enough money to support yourself during that time. Work permits for most

1322

Going there jobs are difficult to get: you need to have professional qualifications or a high degree of skill or experience and must prove that no one in Britain or the EC can fill the position. You do not need a work permit, however, if you can prove that one of your grandpa­ rents or parents was born in Britain. Note that a student visa or work permit does not give you the right to residency after your course or job is finished. Long-stay visa holders must register with the local police on arrival (except for some Commonwealth citizens). Immigration

Immigrating to England is an increasingly difficult matter. Because England is a small country with a large population, a strained welfare system, and growing unemployment, and because of an increase in the number of immigrants from different cultural backgrounds, there has been much pressure to reduce the number of people allowed to settle in the country. The present government has tightened immigration controls substantially and has taken away the right of automatic residency from most former colonial citizens. Women who have residency in Britain but who aren't British nationals cannot automatically bring foreign husbands into the country (although this is being challenged in the courts). An immigrant can become a naturalized citizen after five years of living in Britain if he or she can show sufficient knowledge of English (or even Welsh or Scottish Gaelic) and has stayed out of trouble with the law. The spouse of a British citizen can become naturalized after three years' residency.

Medical requirements

You do not need to show vaccination certificates in order to enter Britain unless you have come from an infected area (some parts of Asia, Africa, and South America, for instance). The only disease you are likely to pick up while in England is a cold. However, immigrants and long-staying visitors and students will be asked to have a tuberculosis vaccination (a shot, not just a test) if they haven't already had one.

Insurance

Most travelers take out general insurance policies that include medical coverage abroad. Something of this

1323

Going there sort should be adequate for your medical expenses while in England. The National Health Service (see pp. 1508-9) used to be free for everyone, including visitors, but now officially is free only for legal resi­ dents and visitors from countries that have reciprocal agreements with Britain (the U.S.A. isn't one of them). However, if you fall ill or have an accident, you will receive treatment, and may end up paying only for prescribed medication. You cannot bring your pet (or a wild animal) with Pets you to Britain unless the animal has first been subjected to a six-month quarantine period. Although this is hard on the beast and expensive for you, the reason is that Britain is one of the few places left that is free from rabies, and it would like to keep things that way. Fines are very heavy for trying to sneak animals into the country, and the poor creature will be sent back immediately or destroyed if discovered. Many people worry about the amount of goods they Duty-free are going to take back home with them but don't allowance realize that there are also restrictions on the amount and type of goods they can take into another country. Apart from obviously prohibited goods like drugs and weapons, you cannot bring into England certain plants and vegetables, meat, pornography, or articles made from rare animals (such as snow-leopard coats or elephant-foot umbrella stands). However, the restrictions affecting most tourists apply to alcohol, tobacco, and perfume. Duty-free allowances for these substances are complicated and change from time to time, so it is important to find out current restrictions before you leave home. Restrictions are spelled out (in several languages) at ports of entry, but by then it may be too late to hide that extra bottle of booze! The 1986 allowances for goods are as shown below. Note that you cannot mix allowances from the two columns for the same type of goods. The countries of the EC are Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, Greece, the Irish Republic, Italy, Luxem­ bourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom (but not the Channel Islands).

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Going there COLUMN 1 Goods obtained duty and tax free in the EC, or duty and tax tree on a ship or aircraft, or goods obtained outside the EC.

COLUMN 2 Goods obtained duty and tax paid in the EC.

Tobacco products

Tobacco products

200 cigarettes or lOOcigarillos or 50 cigars or 250 grams of tobacco

double if you live outside Europe

300 cigarettes or «— or —*150 cigari llos or 75 cigars or 400 grams of tobacco

Alcoholic drinks

Alcoholic drinks

2 liters of still table wine

«— or

1 liter over 22% vol. (e.g. spirits and strong Iiqtiers) or 2 liters not over 22% vol. (e.g., low-strength liqueurs or fortified wines or sparkling wines) or A further 2 liters of still table wine

5 liters of still table wine

1 Vi liters over 22% vol. (e.g., spirits and strong liqueurs) or 3 liters not over 22% vol. (e.g., low-strength liqueurs or fortified wines or sparkling wines) or A further 3 liters of still table wine

Persons under 17 are not entitled to tobacco and drinks allowances. Perfume

Perfume

50 grams (60 cc or 2 fl oz)

75 grams (90 cc or 3floz)

Toilet water

Toilet water

250cc(9floz)

375cc(13floz)

Other goods

Other goods

£28 worth, but no more than: • 50 liters of beer • 25 Mechanical lighters

£207 worth, but no more than: • 50 liters of beer • 25 Mechanical lighters

Getting there

Since Great Britain is an island, you have to either fly there or float there.

By air

Most tourists flying to England land at one of London's two main airports, Heathrow and Gatwick. The London area does have two other airports, Luton and Stansted (mainly used for charter flights), and there are international airports in many other parts of the country that take both scheduled and charter flights from the Americas and the Continent.

1325

Going there The amount of luggage you are allowed to bring with Luggage you on the plane varies according to whether or not you are on an intercontinental flight and whether it is a scheduled or charter flight. Transatlantic passengers are normally allowed two pieces of luggage of a certain size or weight. However, internal and Euro­ pean flights often limit passengers to one piece of luggage of a certain weight. It is best to ask your travel agent or the airline for such information when planning your trip, especially if you will be traveling to several countries. Otherwise, you may get stuck paying for excess baggage. Many airlines do not let you take garment bags on board as hand baggage. Heathrow is one of the busiest airports in the world, Heathrow and you won't need anyone to convince you of this Airport fact if you land there in the middle of the summer. At various times of the year, especially autumn and late winter, it is prone to being fogged in in the morning, so be prepared for delays then, or take a flight that arrives in the afternoon. The airport now has four terminals. Terminal 1 is used by British and Irish airlines for domestic and European flights; Terminal 2 is for European airlines; Terminal 3 takes intercontinental flights; and the new Terminal 4 handles British Airways long-haul flights, plus BA flights to Paris and KLM to Amsterdam. If you arrive at Terminal 3 or 4, you may have to walk Formalities for what seems miles before coming to the arrival hall (there are moving sidewalks part of the way). Once there, you must join one of the three queues (lines), depending on what passport you hold: British, EC, or other. In the summer there is also a line for North American flights. These queues can take well over 30 minutes to get through if you are unlucky enough to land at the same time as several jumbo jets. (Get used to queuing early on, as it is a feature of the English way of life.) Non-British husbands, wives, or chil­ dren of British passport holders can usually go through the British queue with that person if they ask

1326

Going there

"Waddya mean, you'll complain about me to the captain? I am the captain" © Barry Fantoni, reproduced by permission of The

Times

politely at the desk. Terminals 1 and 2 work in the same manner, but on a smaller scale. At the passport desk you have to show your passport and the landing card that you should have filled out on the plane. You'll be asked why you've come to the country (business, pleasure, etc.) and how long you intend to stay. It is sad to have to say that if you are not white, you may be asked additional questions or given a warning about overstaying your visit. In the baggage area, you can get a free luggage trolley (baggage cart) if you're quick. These have

1327

Going there brakes that are operated by pressing up on the bar under the handle. After collecting your luggage, you go through one of the two customs channels: red if you have something to declare or pay duty on, green if you don't. Be warned that the customs officials randomly check the luggage of people going through the green channel. After passing through customs, you walk through a large doorway to be confronted by the disappointed faces of crowds of people - all hoping that you were the person they were waiting for! In the main lobby there are various services available, Services including car hire (rental), accommodation booking, train and bus information, and money-changing facilities. There is also a book and souvenir shop and some food services that are fairly good. Telephones are equipped for international calls, and some even take credit cards (see pp. 1351—4). Terminals 1 , 2, and 3 are connected by walkways, and all four by a free yellow shuttle bus. You can get to Gatwick Airport from Heathrow by bus from Terminal 1 . When flying abroad from Heathrow, allow plenty of time for checking in during the summer or at Christmastime, as there can be huge queues at the counters. It can also take much longer nowadays to clear the security check, since tighter controls have been brought in. Also leave extra time if you plan to claim tax exemption at the customs desk for goods purchased in Britain (see pp. 1433-4).

Leaving

Heathrow Airport is about 17 miles (27 kilometers) Getting into west of London. There are several ways of getting London into London from the airport, depending on how much money you want to spend and how much luggage you have. The trip to central London takes 40 to 50 minutes. Taxis are an expensive choice, but also the most flexible. You can ask the driver to show you some of sights on the way in if you have the time. Heathrow is also connected to central London by

1328

Going there the Underground (see pp. 1374-6) on the Piccadilly line. The trains run every few minutes, from 5 a.m. to 11:45 p.m. on weekdays and 6:45 a.m. to 11 p.m. on Sundays. The trip is relatively inexpensive and is, of course, unaffected by traffic conditions. A disadvan­ tage is that you have to carry your luggage quite a way to reach the Underground (there are some moving sidewalks, and it is all under cover) and then must find space for your bags on the train. Several buses also serve Heathrow. Red doubledecker buses leave for Victoria and Paddington stations from each terminal about every 20 minutes, from 6:30 a.m. to 10:45 p.m. The trip is slower than on the Underground, but there is luggage space provided and you do get to see some of London on the way. Other buses leave from the Central Station at the airport and make several stops along the way. RailAir Link buses leave every 20 minutes from each terminal for the train stations in Reading (for trains going west), Woking (for trains going south), and Watford Junction (for trains going north) Long­ distance buses (called coaches; see p. 1372) also leave from the terminals and the Central Station, going to most parts of the country. Most of the services mentioned above are not as frequent on Sundays. Gatwick Airport

Gatwick Airport is about 30 miles (50 kilometers) south of London. The best ways to get into London from there are by one of the frequent trains to Victoria Station, taking about 30 minutes, or by express bus to Victoria, which leaves every half hour until 8 p.m. Trains and buses also leave from Gatwick for a variety of other destinations.

By sea

Those who can afford a cruise can arrive in England in style. For non-transatlantic journeys, there are many choices of ferry operator and port of entry. While almost all cross-Channel, North Sea, and Irish Sea ferries take cars, other facilities vary with the operator and length of journey. You can buy food and a limited range of duty-free goods, and use the money-changing facilities on these boats; on longer

1329

Going there journeys you can book sleeping accommodation (but do this ahead of time). Ferries that meet up with trains are not as luxurious as others, catering more to economy travelers like students. Note that on most ferries there are seldom lockers for foot passengers to store their luggage in. The hovercraft, which rides on a cushion of air, cuts the crossing time at least in half, but is not recommended for those prone to sea sickness. It operates only between Calais (in France) and Dover; Boulogne (in France) and Dover; and Boulogne and Ramsgate. The jetfoil, which rises up on what looks like stilts, is also this fast but does not take cars. It runs only between Ostend (in Belgium) and Dover. It is best to book for these in advance. Most ports are served by trains for further travel in Britain. In the summer, car passengers may have to suffer long, slow queues at the English customs office, where you can be made to feel anything but welcome. The port towns themselves tend to be old and steeped in history, and many are very pictures­ que. Remember that while the English Channel is narrow - France is only 20 miles from Dover, and you can see to the other side on a clear day - the sea can get quite rough, especially in the autumn and winter. There are now definite plans for a crossChannel tunnel, but it is still a very long way off. Besides, many English people are quite happy not to be connected to the Continent!

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Where to stay

Booking a room

When traveling at the height of the tourist season to popular spots, it is best to book (reserve) your accommodation ahead of time. If you don't, you will probably be able to find a place to stay, but it may not be near where you want to be or the type and price of lodging that you would prefer. Seaside and rural hotels may close for the winter, some as early as October. The British Tourist Authority (see the Appendix) will send information to you about various kinds of accommodation for a specified area, including inex­ pensive lodgings if you ask for them. You can, of course, rely on luck, guidebooks, and the hotel accommodation services at airports and large train stations for last-minute arrangements if you can't or don't want to plan ahead of time. Tourist Information Centres (signposted with a white i on a blue background), which can be found in most big cities and popular tourist locations, will book accommoda­ tion for you for that night or a day ahead for a small fee. However, they may not be open on Saturdays and certainly won't be on Sundays. If at the end of the day you find yourself without a place to lay your head, ask at the nearest pub - the locals are usually friendly and helpful. It is a good idea to state special preferences or needs concerning your room when making a booking. For example, there is often a quieter side of the building or one aspect with a nicer view. Some hotels have only a few rooms with private baths and toilets, and if you can't get one of those, you may want to be near to or far from the shared facilities. Some places will provide for special dietary needs if told in advance. Many rooms intended for two people have twin beds, which isn't terribly romantic, so request a

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Where to stay double room if you want a double bed. If you ask for an extra cot for a child, you will be given a baby's cot; you'd want a camp bed or folding bed for an older child or extra adult. If you have a reservation, you will be expected to arrive by 6 p.m. or to phone to say approximately when you will be arriving. When checking in, you do not need to hand over your passport as you do in many other countries. You should leave your room key at the reception desk whenever you go out. The standard and quality of accommodation in What to England vary enormously. It is perfectly all right, and expect can be a good idea, to ask to see a room before you Facilities take it. The AA (Automobile Association) and RAC (Royal Automobile Club) rate places of accommoda­ tion according to a system of stars that relates to the number of amenities (and not necessarily to the level of comfort and pleasantness of surroundings). Onestar premises are very basic but clean, and five-star locations are extremely nice and expensive. Don't expect to find a swimming pool unless you go to a top-notch establishment. Any place receiving an AA or RAC rating will display the stars on its sign; there are also books available that list rated premises (see Appendix for AA and RAC addresses). One- and two-star establishments usually don't have private bathrooms or toilets. Even in rooms that don't have these, you will almost always find a handbasin (sink) with hot and cold water. Shared facilities are generally clean, but you are expected to rinse out the bathtub after using it. Showers are not all that common in hotels, so you may have to ask for a hand hose for washing your hair. Always remember to bring a face flannel (wash cloth) with you when traveling in England, because you won't be provided with one in your room (except in American-style hotels). Using a washcloth that someone else has used before is seen as being just about as unthinkable as using another person's toothbrush! Fortunately, there is no such taboo about towels.

1332

Where to stay Most hotels and motels have dining facilities and are licensed (to serve alcohol). You will, of course, find excellent facilities and well-appointed surround­ ings in the expensive luxury and first-class hotels, most of which are found in London and in the major tourist centers. Other classes of accommodation, however, may not have central heating, private bathrooms, or televisions in every room (if they do, they will advertise these facts on their signs). Older buildings might lack elevators and well-maintained decor and furnishings. Being looked after Hotels

It is hard to generalize about hotels, since they range from huge resort establishments to small converted houses, from centuries-old buildings with open fire­ places to modern chains with discos. Those hotels that hold the most attraction for visitors are usually old properties that have been modernized but still retain their charm and atmosphere. Staying in a real Tudor building, hunting lodge, or manor house adds something special to a holiday. The larger, more expensive hotels usually have a formal, sophisticated air. Smaller hotels are often run by families on a more informal basis; in fact, in some you may actually feel obligated to chat with the pro­ prietors.

Guest houses

Guest houses are roughly the English equivalent of the European pensions. They tend to be relatively inexpensive, family-run, small hotels in converted houses. They may or may not provide meals other than breakfast and will probably not have a bar. Bathroom facilities more often than not are shared, although there may be a sink in the room. Beware in London and large cities, for some guest houses are in poor condition and are located in seedy areas, or may be used to house large numbers of homeless people.

B&Bs

Bed-and-breakfast (B&B) establishments are just that: inexpensive places to sleep, with breakfast included. But you are expected not to hang around during the day. B&Bs are usually just ordinary families' houses with a few spare rooms, located in

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Where to staynormal residential areas. While this gives you an excellent opportunity to meet local people, you can also feel like you are intruding into their private lives. You may have a wonderful - or an uncomfortable stay - do ask to see the room before you commit yourself. In the country, farmhouses often advertise B&B. There are relatively few motels yet, but they tend to Motels be bright and clean, even if they do lack character. In the olden days, travelers relied on inns along the Inns and pubs main stagecoach routes for food, drink, and lodging. Today, many of these inns still serve the same purpose. It is hard to pass up the combination of a pub, restaurant, and hotel located in a characterful building several centuries old. Inns have many charms, but they also have their drawbacks: floors may creak, bathrooms will often be shared, and there can be a lot of noise until the restaurant and pub close. Country pubs usually have several rooms above the main bar, which provides a chance for inexpensive accommodation as well as a watering hole near at hand. Rooms tend to be clean but small and basic, and bathroom and toilet facilities are almost always shared. Some pubs offer meals, but many serve only snacks. Room prices should be displayed in the lobby. Rates Price vary according to the number of facilities en suite and the number of people using the room. You may get a reduced rate for a child sharing the room, although this practice is not standard everywhere. The better hotels in London are some of the most expensive in Europe. There are nice London hotels that don't cost an arm and a leg, but those on the cheaper end of the scale can be somewhat shabby. It isn't a bad idea to leave your luggage somewhere safe (e.g., in a locker in one of the large train stations), go to the area of London you want to stay in, and walk around until you find a place that suits your needs and pocketbook. You may actually find it cheaper to

1334

Where to stay stay just outside of London and take a train in each day. VAT (value added tax), which is currently 15 percent, is added on to the bill for the room. If you've had good service (and a service charge hasn't been put on the bill), a 10 percent tip paid with the bill would be welcome. Larger hotels accept major credit cards, and many now take British traveler's cheques (checks). Foreign currency and foreign traveler's checks are usually taken only by large hotels in popular tourist spots. Porters expect a tip of 50 pence to £1, depending on how much luggage you've made them carry. Meals

Breakfast is included in the price of most rooms, although in London this doesn't always hold true. The more traditional establishments will also either provide tea-making facilities in each room or bring morning tea and a newspaper to your door before breakfast. The English breakfast is an awesome affair, consisting of juice, fruit, cold cereal or hot porridge, then either smoked fish or grilled bacon, sausage, eggs, mushrooms and tomatoes, all followed by toast and marmalade, with tea or coffee. Many places also offer a Continental breakfast (juice, a roll, and coffee or tea), sometimes with a boiled egg. (Some will bring Continental breakfast to your room if you prefer.) Meals are generally served between set (and some­ what restricted) times, so you can't expect to get up at 10:00 and have breakfast or to have your dinner at 5:30. Room service is usually available only at plush hotels. If you want to spend the day in the country­ side, many places will make you a 'packed lunch' if you ask the night before. Smaller and more rural hotels often expect you to eat dinner there, and you should tell the proprietor early in the day if you won't be dining in. Some of the best English cooking can be found at country hotels.

Looking after yourself Youth hostels

Despite the name, youth hostels are not just for the young. To use them, you need a current Youth Hostel membership card (you can get one in England; see the Appendix). The price per night is very low,

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Where to stay partly because everyone has to help with domestic chores. Some hostels are self-catering (you cook your own food); others provide cheap meals; most offer the choice. Accommodation is dormitory-style, with between four and twenty beds per room - and no mixing of sexes allowed. Blankets are provided, but not bed linen. You must bring either a sheet sleeping sack or an ordinary sleeping bag; some hostels rent sheet sacks. The longest you can stay at any particular hostel is three days; and you have to go out during the day between 10:00 and 5:00. There is usually a curfew at night (quite early) for the benefit of early-rising hikers. Some universities rent out rooms during vacation Universities periods. Meals may be provided, but often there are shared kitchen facilities for guests. Rooms are singleoccupancy only and tend to be adequate but very small. Bathroom facilities are shared, although there may be a handbasin in the room. University grounds are usually very pleasant. Canal and river boats provide a more unusual type of Boats self-catering accommodation. England has several thousand miles of inland waterways to explore, giving you a chance to enjoy scenery and wildlife that you just can't see from the roads. You can rent boats of various sizes with all facilities aboard, but it is wise to book a boat in advance (get a brochure from a travel agent). You don't have to be experienced to pilot a canal boat - it doesn't go very fast, and you will be given instructions on how to run the boat and negotiate any locks. You are allowed to moor only at designated spots. Mooring is at a premium near built-up areas and waterside pubs in the summer and spring holiday periods. Camping out in a tent is probably less popular in Camping and England than in many other countries, largely caravanning because of the unpredictable weather. However, England does have many designated campsites, some of which are in the national parks. There are guidebooks listing these sites and their amenities, and

1336

Where to stay Tourist Information Centres can also guide you to good camping areas. Tenting is mainly restricted to these campsites, but in the open countryside you may camp freely on uncultivated land, unless told other­ wise. If you ask nicely, farmers may allow you to camp in their meadows. Caravan (trailer) holidays are also available, for which you rent a fully equipped caravan on a particular site, often near the seaside. However, these sites can be crowded and many destroy the beauty of their locations. Some sites are quite luxurious, while others have few facilities. If you bring your own caravan at the height of the season, you should reserve a spot at a site well ahead of time. Again, there are several guidebooks that list locations. You are not allowed to park caravans overnight in lay-bys (park­ ing turnouts) next to the road. If you do see a group of caravans at the side of the road and don't see a camping sign, then the site is most likely inhabited by a group of Gypsies or similar itinerant people. Staying in a house

You can hire (rent out) fully furnished holiday properties, and several books, magazines, and news­ papers carry advertisements for such self-catering accommodations (check in newsagents, see p. 1437). These run the gamut from modern luxury London flats to seaside bungalows, isolated cottages, farm­ houses, Georgian mansions, and most everything in between, including converted railway stations, schoolhouses, and even windmills. Most have to be rented for at least a week. If there is a phone in the house, you probably won't have the use of it; you'll have to go out to find a public telephone (see p. 1351). If you are staying in an English house as a guest, a small gift of candy, liquor, or flowers for your hosts would be appropriate, although not necessarily expected. Don't use the phone without asking, as there is a charge even for local calls.

The English house

English houses encompass an enormous and interesting range of styles and ages. (The word home is not used for the physical building but is reserved for the abstract concept; also, a home is where you keep the

1337

Where to stay decrepit, the delirious, and the delinquent.) In general, English houses have a cozy rather than a spacious feel to them. Most housing is terraced (row house) or semi-detached (duplex), even, surprisingly, in country areas. Terraces range from luxurious and grand rows in wealthy parts of big cities to depressingly cramped workers' housing. Semi-detached houses are usually a good size, although they are sometimes bungalows (single-story dwellings). Detached houses (those standing on their own) are not as common, probably because of the lack of living space relative to the size of the population. In cities and towns of any size, you can find flats (self-contained apartments), maisonettes (flats extending over more than one floor), and bed-sits (one-room units with shared facilities). These may be in converted large houses or in newer blocks of flats (apartment complexes). Cities have experimented with tower blocks (high-rise apartment buildings), but the people forced to live in them found them fairly undesirable, and they aren't being built any­ more. The term cottage may conjure up the image of a small, white, thatched country dwelling, but in fact it refers to many different kinds of house, both small and large, old and new, rural and urban, detached and attached. Old cottages are lovely and quaint, but unless they've been modernized, they can also be damp, dark, and drafty. And if you're large or tall, beware: low ceilings, tiny rooms, and narrow hall­ ways may reduce your comfort considerably. Most houses, no matter what size, will have a 'garden,' so called even if it has room for only one plant or is just grass. Gardens are one of the delights of England. Even the tiniest of front gardens is usually colorful and surrounded by a fence, low wall, or hedge (to stake out one's territory), while back gardens may include a lawn, flower beds, shrubs and often vegetables, and typically have higher barricades around them (for privacy). Never make fun of English people's gardens - they are their pride and joy, often deservedly so. Many houses, especially the older terraced ones, do

1338

Where to stay

"Beautiful!

Such

understatement!"

Drawing by Saxon; © 1966 The N e w Yorker Magazine, Inc., is reproduced by kind permission

not have garages. The garages there are tend to be just large enough to squeeze in a small car. They are often detached from the house and may not have electricity. Heating

Whatever time of year you go to England, take along a sweater. Even if you don't need it outdoors, you may need it indoors. Many English houses were built before insulation was thought of, and many built afterward simply don't have it. A good number of house owners have now insulated their lofts (attics) and walls and have installed double glazing (double-paned windows; screens aren't necessary in most areas). Damp in houses is sometimes a problem, however. A typical older house has small rooms that are locally heated, although central heating is also com­ mon. Doors are an integral part of the heating system; only the room being used is heated and all doors leading from it are kept tightly shut. It is unforgivable to leave a door ajar or to go in and out of a heated room several times unnecessarily. Long, thin 'saus­ age' pillows are sometimes put in front of doors to

1339

Where to stay keep drafts from whistling through, and long, heavy curtains (drapes) are used to try to trap cold air coming from drafty windows. Of course, newer and modernized houses do not suffer from these prob­ lems. Some houses, both old and new, have no heating in the kitchen or the room with the toilet. Fireplaces are widely found in the main living room, although gas fires have replaced real ones in many houses. Electric 'fires,' which are space heaters with two or three heating bars, are common but not very efficient, as they heat only a very small space and are expensive to run. Those found in bathrooms are placed high up on the wall so that the ceiling is nicely warmed while you freeze in the tub! Oil-filled electric radiators are also expensive to run. A cheaper system is the electric storage heater, which stores heat during cheap electricity rate periods and releases it later. You must predict how much heat to store for any given day, however, and if you need more heat you must have a different type of heater on hand for backup. Central heating is the norm in new houses and many older ones - an oil, gas or solid fuel boiler is operated by a central thermostat (often in the hall) and time clock. Some heaters (and the entire electrical system in some houses) are operated by coin-fed meters, most of which use either 10 pence or 50 pence coins. The electric current in English houses is 220 or 240 Electricity volts. This is incompatible with North American and Japanese appliances, so don't bring any unless you also bring a voltage adaptor. The higher voltage makes it much easier to electrocute yourself, and to remedy this state of affairs, the power points (electric outlets) have on-off switches. For many tourists from North America, this causes two main problems: first, the switches work in reverse order (down for 'on', up for 'off'); and second, it is hard to remember to turn on nonlight switches. You can spend ages wondering why the heater isn't heating up, or, even worse, why the roast isn't roasting, before realizing that you haven't turned on the relevant switch. If you are used to having an electric outlet on most

1340

Where to stay walls, you will find English rooms very frustrating. Unless the house is new or has been rewired, there is often only one double socket per room (and none in the bathroom because of the danger of electrocution). This leads to the overloading of outlets, with multiple sockets plugged into other multiple sockets and yards of extension cord strung around the room. (See pp. 1438-9 or how to put on plugs.) Electric meters are often located inside houses in fairly inaccessible places (like under the stairs in a cupboard), although newer electric and gas meters are located outside. If the meter-reader can't get in when he calls, your bill may be estimated - you can get this corrected if you like. There are no water meters, as charges consist of a flat rate. Kitchens

Most English kitchens are not as elaborately equipped as, say, American or Scandinavian ones. Microwave ovens, dishwashers, trash compactors, heavy-duty garbage disposals, and small extravagances such as electric can openers are not found in the average English kitchen. If there is a garbage disposal, it may handle only soft items such as tea leaves and vegetable peelings. One standard - and wonderful - appliance is the electric kettle, which heats water up very quickly. Newer ones have a button on the handle that must be pressed in to activate them (after you remember to switch on the socket). The kettles with buttons turn themselves off when the water boils; the older ones just continue to boil until you unplug them or turn off the socket. Electric kettles do not whistle when they boil. Cookers (stoves) usually have a separate grill (broiler) above the oven, sometimes at eye level on gas cookers. Older gas cookers do not have a pilot light, making it necessary to use matches or a special sparking lighter to get them started; newer ones may have an ignitor button. Aga cookers (which are fairly rare) burn coke or solid fuel. Newer electric cookers have temperatures marked in centigrade, so a conversion chart may be necessary for those who have failed to learn the metric system

1341

Where to stay (see p. 1519). Many English recipes give amounts of dry ingredients by weight rather than by volume, so a set of kitchen scales is a standard item (usually marked off in both Imperial and metric amounts). Refrigerators are often small, some fitting under a counter, with very little freezer space, although larger ones are becoming more common. Kitchen sinks are often single-basin ones, so plastic basins are put in for washing up dishes. The English tend not to rinse their dishes. Sinks usually do not have mixer taps. Other items you might find in an English kitchen include a tea trolley, which is a double-decker tray on wheels, used for carting around all the tea goodies; tea cozies and egg cozies, which are like little quilted or knitted hats that fit over teapots and boiled eggs to keep them warm; and toast racks. Since English houses usually don't have a basement or utility room, clothes washers and dryers are often located in the kitchen under a counter. Many people still have semi-automatic washers, which have to be filled through a hose attached to the kitchen taps (faucets) and drained into the sink. Tumble dryers are not as common as spin dryers. Most people seem content with hanging clothes outside to dry or draping them all over the house. Hanging them outside can be a very optimistic gesture, as you can't depend on the weather staying the same. However, the sunshine is free, while large appliances can be expensive.

Laundry

If you ask for the bathroom in England (or in any Bathrooms European country), you will probably be shown the room with the bath tub in it; there will not necessarily be a toilet in the same room. Americans find it difficult to bring themselves to ask for the 'toilet,' but that is what it is called. (Other polite terms include 'lavatory' and 'loo'.) There will be a washbasin or handbasin in the bathroom, but not always in the room with the toilet. If you enjoy taking showers, you may be dis­ appointed in an English house. Plumbing was put into the older houses before showers became fashion-

1342

Where to stay able. Even in newer houses, hot water pressure may be too low to allow you to rig up a shower hose from the taps (faucets). Cups or short spray attachments have to be used instead for washing your hair, which can result in your getting a sore back from bending over the sink or tub. Beware of letting the spray head fall into a full tub or sink, for this can cause back-siphoning, which can pollute the water supply. Newer shower systems that run off the cold water supply and instantly heat the water are very much on the increase. The English are very clever at finding places to squeeze in new shower cubicles - bedroom corners and even stairway landings get used. On the other hand, if you enjoy taking baths, you have come to the right place. Bathtubs are luxuriously deep and long, allowing you to spoil yourself with a leisurely soak. Beware that hot water supplies can be quickly used up. Bathroom scales are marked off in, believe it or not, stones. There are 14 pounds (6.35 kilograms) to one stone, with each pound marked on the scale. So if you weigh 8 1/2 stone, the equivalent is 119 pounds (54 kilograms); 14 stone translates into 196 pounds (89 kilograms). Don't look for a box of tissues in any room other than the bathroom: handkerchiefs are still the norm. Bedding

Bedding often consists of a duvet (pronounced 'doovay'), a thick eiderdown or fiber quilt encased in a sheeting cover that can be removed for laundering. In warm weather these get rather hot, but you can shake the filling down to the bottom of a feather duvet to make a lighter cover. Sheets and blankets and thin quilts (called eiderdowns) are still usual, particu­ larly among older people. Electric blankets are fairly common. Most are under blankets that are used to warm up the bed and must be turned off before you get in. Where no such luxury exists, the faithful hot water bottle is still used for warming a small part of the bed. Bed socks also sell well.

Storage

Storage space is a real problem in the traditional English house. There is usually no basement. Built-in

1343

Where to stay closets are rare. And the loft (attic) may be difficult to get at. The alternative to having expensive fitted bedroom closets installed is to buy a large, free­ standing wardrobe, which leaves little room to move around in a small bedroom. Instead of coat closets in the hallway, many people use a coat stand or a row of hooks on the wall. Many houses have a closet under the stairs, where brooms, ironing-boards and hoovers (vacuum cleaners) are stored. Another type of closet that you will probably find is an airing cupboard. This is a sort of linen closet that also contains the hot water heater. Warm air from the heater circulates through the slatted shelves to keep towels and sheets dry and fresh. Some airing cup­ boards are fitted with rails so that they can be used to dry clothes too. Curtains often do not have a pull-cord for opening Drapes and shutting them; instead, you just grasp the material and pull it along. One advantage of this system is that you can have just one curtain drawn, which isn't possible with a pulley system. Changing light bulbs can be a confusing business. Lights Most English light bulbs do not unscrew - be sure to remember this, or you may end up with a handful of broken glass. They have what is called a bayonet fitting. Two metal pins stick out on opposite sides of the bulb where the screw threads on American light bulbs would be. These fit into slots in the lamp base or overhead fixture. To remove a bulb, press the bulb itself in and turn it slightly to the left. To insert a bulb, press the pins into the slots and turn the bulb slightly to the right. The bulb should lock into place. This will all become clear when you see a bayonet fitting face to face. Overhead lights are often suspended from the ceiling rather than attached to it. It is not uncommon to see a lampshade or paper lantern, rather than a fancy light fixture, dangling from the cord. The English do not have garbage cans - they have

Garbage

dustbins, which are emptied, of course, by the

pickup

1344

Where to stay

© Grayjolliffe 1986. Reproduced from 'Brit-think Ameri-think' by Jane Walmsley by permission of Harrap Ltd.

dustmen, who come once a week. In many areas the dustmen leave a large bin-liner for each house when they collect the rubbish. Plastic bags for small indoor waste containers are also called bin-liners. Repairs and If anything goes wrong in a house you're responsible emergencies for, e.g. with the plumbing, the central heating, the gas or the electricity, consult the Yellow Pages (see p.

1353) for the names and telephone numbers of local plumbers, builders or the gas or electricity boards. You will also find painters, decorators, doubleglazers etc., in this directory.

1345

Money and banking

The amount of money you bring with you will depend, of course, on your length of stay and style of living. Visitors from many countries, however, may find everyday items in London to be more expensive than they are at home. It is a good idea wherever you travel to have at least a Changing small amount of the local currency with you when money you arrive in case you immediately need to use a telephone, take a taxi, etc. You can probably get British currency from your bank at home if you ask at least a week in advance of your trip. If not, international airports and ferry ports have foreign exchange facilities but may have a less favorable exchange rate than a bank. Once in England, you will get the best rate of exchange at a bank. It is best to go to larger bank branches when changing foreign currency, as some of the smaller branches do not offer this service. (Do not go to a building society, which is for savings and loans only.) Banking hours are 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Monday through Friday (excluding holidays). Some large branches of banks are open on Saturday mornings, but in general, banks are not open on the weekends. You can buy and sell foreign currency at most Thomas Cook travel agencies and at the many bureaux de change in London and other major tourist areas. Many bureaux de change are open late in the evenings and on weekends, but they don't tend to give such good rates as banks do. Some main post offices in tourist areas also function as bureaux de change (look for a sign saying so). Some larger hotels and restaurants in tourist areas will accept major foreign currencies, but do not assume this will be so.

1346

Traveler's cheques (checks)

Money and banking These are by far the safest way to carry money, for they can be replaced if lost or stolen. However, they are not as convenient to use in England as they are in North America, for they cannot be used to buy things directly but must first be exchanged at a bank for cash. Traveler's checks in pounds sterling are more readily accepted by hotels and shops. Another advantage of pound sterling checks is that they can be exchanged for cash at any bank window, while those in foreign currency have to be handled at the foreign exchange window, which inevitably has a longer line at peak holiday times. When cashing traveler's checks, you will be asked to show some form of identification - your passport will do nicely.

Foreign bank checks

Probably no one in England, except your friends, will accept a check drawn on a foreign bank account. Visitors from many European countries can use Eurocheques in England much as they would use normal bank checks. However, you must already have the special Eurocheques and Eurocheque card (obtained via your own bank before you leave). You make the check out in pounds sterling, and that amount is deducted from your bank account at home at the current exchange rate. Visitors with post office Giro accounts from Denmark, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway can cash Postcheques at main post offices and branches displaying the Postcheque sign.

Credit cards

Most major credit cards are honored in restaurants and stores in England; look for signs in the window. Many petrol (gas) stations also accept credit cards, but note that petrol companies do not issue or accept special oil company credit cards as they do in the U.S. and Canada. Access (MasterCard) and Visa credit cards can be used to obtain money from British banks, up to a daily limit of £50. If you have an American Express card, you will be able to write a check in dollars or change a traveler's check for up to £50 at any American Express office. Your signature on a credit card slip will be checked

1347

Money and banking

Reproduced by permission of Private

Eye

against that on the back of the card, so don't lend your card to another family member - it won't work. Credit card transactions will be billed to you at home at the current rate of exchange. Britain has had a decimal currency system since 1971, British when it abandoned (somewhat reluctantly) the puz- currency zling old system of shillings, florins, half crowns, and guineas (there were 20 shillings or 240 old pence to the pound). Now the pound sterling (written £) consists of 100 new pence (written p). British coins tend to be quite heavy (or substantial, as the British prefer to think of them). Most foreigners end up with a lot of loose change and thus have heavy handbags or drooping trousers, so try your best to spend the coins. All coins have a picture of the sovereign on the front (the Queen nowadays). The current coins are: lp copper, small 2p copper, larger for its value 5p silver, smaller than the 2p (older coins say one shilling)

lOp silver, larger, very heavy (older coins say two shillings)

1348

Money and banking 20p silver, small, light, 7-sided (easily confused with a 5p) 50p silver, large, very heavy, 7-sided £1 gold, just smaller than the 5p, very thick (The |p coin, copper and very small, is no longer legal tender, so don't bother bringing any with you.) The notes vary in size and color, which makes it very easy to identify the denominations quickly. However, the larger ones don't fit very well into slim wallets. The notes that you are most likely to see are: £5 £10 £20 £50

blue brown purple yellowish-brown

(The green £ note is no longer being printed and is not legal tender anymore.) Scottish and Northern Ireland banks, and the Channel Islands, are allowed to issue their own coins and notes, which differ in design from bank to bank. Some English people may refuse to accept them; however, a bank is obliged to change them. The term quid is slang for a pound. Pence is often abbreviated to p in speech as well as writing. An amount such as £5.50 is spoken as 'five pounds fifty (pence),' not 'five and a half pounds.' Sometimes shop assistants (clerks) say amounts just over £1 in pence e.g., £1.08 as 'a hundred and eight pence'. Bob refers to the old shilling (10 bob equals 50 new pence). If you hear someone refer to an amount like 'four and six,' they are reverting to the old nondecimal system (that is, four shillings and sixpence, or 22| new pence). Bank accounts

The following information is for those who are staying in England long enough to make it worth­ while getting a bank account. There are only about half a dozen major banking companies in England. The Post Office also has a regular banking service, called Girobank (see p. 1350). Some banks will ask you for the names of two people

1349

Money and banking in England as references in order for you to open an account. There are two types of bank account: current (checking) and deposit (savings). A current account is usually a noninterest account. It Current is most useful after you have been given a bank- accounts guaranteed check card, which can take as long as three to six months after opening your account. (It takes that long for some people to prove they are reliable.) Armed with this card and your check book, you can write checks anywhere a personal check is accepted (which is most places: restaurants, shops, petrol (gas) stations, post offices, etc.) and can withdraw up to £50 a day from any bank in the country. There may be a charge for cashing a check at a bank other than your own; also, you have to present your check book so that the bank clerk (teller) can mark off the date in the back to prevent you from cheating on the daily limit. Without a check card, your checks will probably not be accepted for goods or services. You can, of course, cash checks at your own bank branch without the card, but other banks may telephone your bank first and charge you for the call. You can deposit money into your account from any bank in the country at no charge (even without a bank card) by filling out a bank Giro slip. Checks are either open or crossed (with two vertical lines running through the blank horizontal ones). Crossed checks are safer as they must be deposited into the payee's account and thus can't be cashed if lost or stolen. You can endorse a check anywhere you like on the back. Remember that when writing the date in numerals, you put the day before the month; thus June 10, 1986, would be 10/6/86. Your current account balance statement will come once every three months, or more often if you ask, but canceled checks will not be returned to you. You can ask at the bank for your balance at any time. If you overdraw your account, you will eventually receive a polite letter from the bank calling this fact to your attention and suggesting that you might wish to

1350

Money and banking do something about it. The bank will pay on overdrawn checks (unless they are for unreasonable amounts) and will deduct the interest on this instant loan from your account. It's very civilized. Giro accounts

Post Office Giro accounts work like regular bank accounts, with a few different restrictions on check cashing. Having your account with the Post Office has certain advantages: post offices are open longer than banks, including Saturday mornings, and they are located even in small, remote villages.

Money machines

Many banks now have automatic money-dispensing machines at their main branches, which work via a special bank card and a secret number (you can easily apply for a card if you have an account). Most cardholders find these machines very handy, although queues are quite long on evenings and weekends, and the machines often seem to break down or run out of money just when you need to use one! Many such machines also give balance statements, transfer money from one account to another, and provide other services.

1351

Keeping in touch

The Post Office used to be in charge of both the Telephones postal service and the telephone service, which is why post boxes and call boxes (telephone booths) were both painted the same deep red color. However, this marriage of the communication services was broken up in 1981 and the private British Telecom (BT) company now runs the phone service. In trying to gradually upgrade equipment, BT is replacing those much-loved and traditional sturdy call boxes with what it hopes will be vandal-proof ones. These new metal contraptions have no doors, which makes it no great pleasure to phone someone on a cold, windy day from a noisy street. Many people would prefer BT to turn their attention more quickly to improving the quality of the telephone connections. Often lines seem to be plagued by crackling noises, fading signals, or voices in the background; the connection may improve if you dial the number again. International calls can deteriorate to the point where you can barely hear the other person, although sometimes they are much clearer than local calls. The various official telephone sounds are:

Tones

dial tone: a continuous hum number ringing: a repeated double burr number engaged (busy): a repeated single tone number unobtainable (out of order; nonexistent): a continuous note An 'engaged' tone can sometimes mean that the exchange you are contacting, rather than the number, is engaged - so try again. About 20 percent of British households are still not Public 'on the phone.' Because of this, call boxes are scattered phones

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Keeping in touch throughout residential, shopping, and country areas. They can also be found outside most post offices and in pubs. They tend to be in working order, but those that do break down or get vandalized are not repaired very quickly. If a call box has a '999 calls only' sign on it, that means you can call only the emergency services (free of charge) from that telephone. The minimum charge for other calls is lOp at present. Coinoperated

The older-style dial pay phones (in red call-boxes) are steadily being replaced by new push-button versions. The older ones only take lOp coins. To use one, lift the receiver and dial the number you want (but don't dial too quickly). If someone answers, you will hear a series of rapid pips. Push your coin into the slot, and the pips will stop. When your time is up, the pips will start again; just feed in more coins to continue the call. The new pay phones allow you to use a wider range of coins, which means you don't have to carry around a sack of lOp pieces to make a long-distance or international call. Some of these take 2p, lOp, and 50p coins only, while others take any British coin except the lp. To use one, put your money in before dialing. While you talk, a digital display tells you how much money you have left so that you can insert more before your time runs out. Any coin that hasn't been used at the end of your call will be returned (but not change from a partially used coin). Not all pay phones will accept incoming calls, so check to see if there is a sign to that effect before asking someone to ring you back.

Credit cards

Pay phones that don't require any coins at all are also being phased in. At airports and large train stations you can find some that take major credit cards; these tend to be more expensive per minute than normal pay phones.

Phonecard

A new invention of British Telecom is the Phonecard. These come in a specified number of lOp units (20, 40, 100, or 200) and can be bought at post offices and from many newsagents (see p. 1437). As you talk, the

1353

Keeping in touch digital display on the phone tells you how many units you have left on the card. Phonecards can be used only in call boxes that carry a green Phonecard sign. These are on the increase, and usually are found where there are several pay phones together (e.g., at airports, train stations, and major shopping areas). One problem with all pay phones is that you have to Rates estimate how much money to insert. There is no indication of what the rate per minute is, and rates vary with the time of day and distance of the call in any case. At present, lOp buys about 5 minutes of a local call. The cheapest rates for domestic calls are between 6 p.m. and 8 a.m. on weekdays, and all weekend long. The most expensive time to make a call is between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. The cheapest interna­ tional rate is between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m., and all weekend. There are two main telephone directories - one listing Phone private numbers (and also British Rail, schools, some numbers shops, banks, doctors' surgeries etc.,) in alphabetical order; and the Yellow Pages containing a list of local businesses in alphabetical order of type of business. British telephone numbers consist of a town exchange name and/or area code in parentheses, followed by the local number, e.g., Norwich (0603) 12334. The number of digits included in the codes and numbers varies, usually from three to six numerals each. When dialing a number with the same exchange as the phone you are using (that is, in the same town or immediate area), simply dial the local number. To make a long-distance call, first dial the area code, which always begins with 0. However, if the number you want to ring is neither within the same exchange nor long distance but falls within the 'local dialing area,' then you should use the local dialing code. This consists of one to six numerals and gets you onto a cheaper network than the long-distance one. A dialing code book is issued for each locality (and is included in the front of newer phone books), giving both local and long-distance codes. Call boxes should display local and major national codes, but these are

1354

Keeping in touch sometimes missing or defaced (if so, call directory enquiries for help - see 'operator services' below). To illustrate the system, let's say you want to ring the following number: Goring-on-Thames 1234. If phoning from Goring, you dial only 1234. If phoning from within the local dialing area, you dial 92-1234. If phoning long distance, you dial 0491-1234. International calls

Most international calls can be dialed direct, including from pay phones. To dial a foreign number, first dial the international code 010, then the country code (found in the dialing code book), then the number. To dial England from another country, dial that country's international code, then 44 (Britain's code), then the area code minus the initial 0, then the local number.

Operator services

To find out a particular phone number from the operator (telephone books are sometimes missing from call boxes), dial 192 for directory enquiries, free of charge. You can make transferred-charge (collect), person-to-person, or credit-card calls by dialing 100 for the operator. A handy service if you are using someone else's phone is ADC - advice of duration and charge: ask for this before you make your call and the operator will come on the line at the end of the call and tell you how much the call cost. You can also ask the operator for an alarm (wake-up) call.

Emergencies

For emergencies, dial 999 and state which emergency service you need - police, fire department, or ambulance.

Telegrams

International telegrams can be sent by dialing 100 and asking for that service. The Telemessage service, for domestic telegrams, is also reached by dialing 100. You can no longer send a telegram within the U.K. and have it delivered the same day; it will be delivered the next working day, including Saturday, by normal post. For special occasions such as weddings, births, birthdays, etc., the telemessage can be put into a special greeting card.

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Keeping in touch There are a variety of recorded information services Information that can be useful or fun to listen to (but they are not services free). These include the Speaking Clock (time), weather reports for specific areas, road and rail travel information, sports results, gardening information, recipes, and others, all of which are listed in the phone book. You can even have a bedtime story read over the phone! One very useful service is What's on in London (and What's on in Edinburgh, in the summer only), given in English, French, and German. Since the English are often thought of as polite and Answering quaint, you might expect them to use an interesting the phone greeting when answering the phone. Instead, they simply recite their telephone number, without even saying 'Hello.' If you do answer the phone with a greeting, the caller will often ask 'is that . . . " and recite the number. This strange habit seems to indicate a mistrust (not altogether misplaced perhaps) of the reliability of the telephone service. Telephone numbers are read out one digit at a time, except for repeated numerals: 22333 would be 'dou­ ble two, treble three'; 45555 would be 'four, double five, double five.' And 0 is 'oh,' not 'zero.' Remember that if you answer the phone and hear rapid pips, it doesn't mean that the phone is broken but that someone is trying to phone from a call box. Be patient and wait for the person to put the money in. Home phone installation charges are very high, and it Bills can take a long time for the phone company to get around to putting the phone in. You are charged a monthly phone rental cost unless you buy your own phone. You are charged for every call made - there is no flat monthly rate for local calls. Phone bills, like other utility bills, come once every three months. Long­ distance calls are not itemized on the bill. If you share a phone, you all need to record your calls in order to allocate the bill between you.

1356

Mail

Keeping in touch The British postal service delivers mail twice a day Monday through Friday in urban areas, at least once per weekday everywhere else, and once on Saturdays. A first-class letter should reach its destination in England the next day if posted early; second-class mail takes two or three days to get to most areas of the country. For urgent deliveries, services such as Red Star and Datapost are available - you can get information on these at a post office.

Post offices

Post offices are open from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. on Saturday. The post office at Trafalgar Square in London operates from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Saturday and 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sundays and holidays (except Christmas). Small sub-post offices may close early one day a week (see Shopping, p. 118). Stamp machines are located outside many post offices and sell stamps at the cover price. (Note that no other shops sell stamps, though sometimes card shops will sell you one to go with a card - they can't make a profit on them.) A large town or city will have a main post office that offers a full range of services. Besides selling stamps and sending parcels, these handle such things as passport and car tax applications, television license payments, pension and child-support payments, and Girobank services. Post offices don't usually sell such items as padded envelopes, tape, or string, nor do they provide wet sponges for moistening stamps and envelope flaps. Small sub-post offices are far more common and offer a restricted range of services. They are usually located in shops such as newsagents, stationers, confectioners, grocers, and tobacconists. While you are in England, you may want to make use of the free post restante service and have letters sent to you at the Head Post Office of whatever town you are in. In larger cities you must find out what the office's postal district is. To collect your mail, just ask at the desk.

Post boxes

The English post their letters in post boxes (also called letter boxes); mail is not left for the postman at

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Keeping in touch houses. The most common sorts of post box are pillar boxes, which are easy to recognize - they are large red cylindrical containers that look like overgrown fire hydrants. Other post boxes are built flush into walls to camouflage them from the public - though they are always red. Collection times are listed on each box and numbered. When the postmen collect the post, they put up the number for the next collection time - a useful system if you arrive at the box just at a collection time and don't know whether you're in time to catch that post. When addressing a letter to someone in England, it is Addressing a very important to include the terms Street, Avenue, letter Road, etc., since there are often several places with similar names in a town. For example, in London there are Cannon Close, Cannon Hill, Cannon Lane, Cannon Place, Cannon Road, Cannon Row, Cannon Street, and, believe it or not, Cannon Street Road. A house may go by a name (like The Rectory or Rose Cottage) and not have a street number. Small towns and villages may also have a post town in the address, which comes under the town name and should be put in capital letters. (Post towns are given in local telephone directories.) You should include the county name in the address, although large cities and towns do not need one, and you should always include the postcode. Postcodes consist of a combination of five to seven letters and digits divided into two groups; the second group always has one digit followed by two letters. The codes indicate the town, sector, and even the individual postman's beat, which means that there can be hundreds of postcodes for some towns. Codes for London begin with letters that indicate which geog­ raphical section of the city the address is located in (e.g., SW means southwest, EC means east central). Main post offices and reference libraries have post­ code directories available.

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The environment

Landscape

The English countryside is hard to beat for sheer compact diversity and loveliness. One of the great pleasures of traveling around England lies in watching one kind of landscape melt into a different kind within a very short distance. Much of the southern and midland countryside has a cozy, tamed feel to it. Most of the land is in use, with attractively irregular fields that are edged by hedgerows, trees, or stacked-stone walls which divide the rolling land. Parts of the north and far southwest where the land is hillier, the soil poorer, and the population less dense provide more rugged areas where you can commune with nature in near solitude. The entire country seems green year-round.

Uplands

For those who like mountain scenery, there are a few low mountain ranges in the north of England. The highest peak is Scafell Pike in the Lake District at 978 meters (3210 feet). The tree line in England lies at only 610 meters (2000 feet), so the taller mountains are bare and rugged. A ridge of hills called the Pennines, also known as the 'backbone of England,' runs from the Scottish border down to the center of England. Many other areas of the country have high, rolling hills. In parts of the north, hills are called fells, and fell walking is a popular pastime. The south includes many low, rounded, grass-covered chalk ridges known as downs. The valleys that lie between the mountains and the hills are called dales in some northern areas and coombes in the southwest. Moors can be found in various parts of the country. These are high, treeless, wind-swept areas covered with very low shrubs and heather. They can be delightful romantic and colorful spots in the summer

1359

The environment and autumn, but are bleak, cold, and uncomfortable in the winter. Heathland is sandy, low, open land covered with heather (which comes out in purple blooms in the autumn) and gorse (a prickly evergreen shrub with yellow flowers). Large forests and small woodlands (very small ones Forests are called copses) are scattered about the country, but only a very low percentage of the land is now forested. The term plantation refers to an area planted with trees, usually conifers, and not to a cotton farm manned by slaves. Low-lying areas such as peat bogs, marshland, and fens still exist but are receding due to the draining of the land by farmers. Those that are left are wonderful for birdwatching. The Fens in East Anglia and the Somerset Levels are known for being incredibly flat even by English standards.

Lowlands

Besides the mighty Thames (pronounced 'temz'), Water other major rivers, canals, and hundreds of smaller rivers and streams (in some places called becks) cut through the countryside. Small lakes dot parts of the north. The lengthy coastline includes an incredible variety of features: chalk cliffs and rocky ridges plunging down to the sea; beaches and coves of sand, pebble, or shale; and estuaries teeming with birds. England contains seven national parks, all of which Parks are free to visit. England also boasts forest parks, areas of outstanding natural beauty, and numerous small countryside parks and nature reserves. All of these have been established to help preserve what is left of the dwindling countryside. Considering that England has a population of over 48 million in an area of less than one-quarter the size of France, there is a surprising amount of open space left. This may be due to the fact the most cities and towns are very compact. Many villages are centered on a village green. In larger urban centers, parks and gardens of various sizes give the residents something enjoyable to look

1360

The environment at. They often include benches, formal gardens, and perhaps a bandstand, but may not supply playground equipment. The major parks in London, which are very large, are a real joy to visit after a busy day on the noisy streets. Surrounding major urban areas are green belts, areas of countryside which, thankfully, have been set aside so that no building development can blight the scenery. These have kept urban sprawl in check to some degree and help city dwellers feel that they aren't too far from the country. Cities and towns

Large English cities are very different from their U.S. counterparts. Many have tall buildings, but except in London, you won't see many skyscrapers. Cities tend to have well-defined centers that are lively and bustling and still residential, as is the case in many European countries, although there is now some movement of shops to outlying malls. The larger cities tend to be industrial and can't really be considered beautiful, but many smaller ones are very pleasant. Some cities have an untidy look to them nowadays, partly because of cut-backs in street cleaning and partly because most trash-baskets don't have lids on them, so the wind blows the paper out. But a majority are also attractive and of considerable historical interest. One striking feature of English cities and towns is the cramped look of their rows and rows of nearly identical terraced houses with their legions of chim­ ney pots. To tell one house from another in these anonymous rows, the residents paint their window frames and doors in distinctive and often rather loud (some might say tasteless) colors, which may not be in harmony with neighboring houses. Very few houses are made of wood. Timber is a limited resource in England, and materials such as brick, sandstone, granite, flint, and stone are more easily available, depending on what is most prevalent in the particular area; it can be fascinating to see the changes in materials as you drive from one area to another. Sometimes one material is used for most of the house and a different color or type of material used around

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The environment the windows and edges for decoration. Decorative plasterwork called pargetting appears on some houses in the southeast. Since there is little garden space in many cities and towns, marginal areas are often set aside for garden allotments, which can be rented from the local council. These patchworks of small plots and sheds liven up what would otherwise be derelict areas near train tracks and roadsides. Villages can be very small indeed, consisting some- Villages times of only a church, pub, general store-cum-post office, and a few old houses. Thriving village com­ munities provide visitors with glimpses of English life and values that won't easily be found elsewhere. Lack of public transportation into larger towns, not enough housing for younger people, and few jobs are leading some rural villages down the road to extinc­ tion, although in the prosperous south-east most villages have expanded enormously over the last forty years. One distinction that you must get straight right from Regions and the start is that the terms England and Britain do not their features refer to the same entity. Many tourists insult the Scots and Welsh by talking about England when they really mean Britain. Britain (or Great Britain - a reference to size, not status) is made up of England, Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Scotland was united with England in 1603. It has some degree of local autonomy, but in many respects has less than the German states, for instance. Wales has been politi­ cally dominated by England since 1535. It has very little say in its governmental affairs, yet retains a strong cultural identity. The term United Kingdom (U.K.) refers to Britain and Northern Ireland. All four countries of the U.K. are represented in the British Parliament. The British Isles include all the islands in the area: Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man (a Crown dependency lying between northern England and Ireland), and the Channel Islands (also a Crown dependency, lying very near to France).

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The environment England and Wales are divided into counties of various sizes, while Scotland is divided into regions. However, these administrative divisions don't always coincide with the larger or more natural regions that people commonly refer to. The following regional terms are often used in the media and in general; many of the boundaries are impressionistic rather than clear-cut.

NORTH SEA

England's counties and major towns

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The environment Those counties that border on London. These tend to Home be wealthy, suburban, and fashionably rural areas. Counties Natural features in this area include the Chiltern hills to the northwest, the North Downs to the southeast, lovely heathlands in Surrey, woodland and orchards in Kent, and, of course, the river Thames. London, the eastern Home Counties, and East and Southeast West Sussex. This area takes in the South Downs and some lovely and popular beaches on the south coast. Either the southern half of England or the south- South central coast. Besides the overpopular coastal areas and the Isle of Wight (which has rolling countryside typical of southern England), the south includes the New Forest, which is 900 years old. Mainly the peninsula comprising Cornwall, Devon, Southwest and Somerset. This is largely a rural area with a varied and spectacular coast (including surfing spots), open moorland (Dartmoor and Exmoor), and ranges of low hills (the Mendips and Quantocks). The Southwest plus those areas to the west of West Country Winchester and north almost to Birmingham. Again, this is a rural, agricultural area. Its natural features include Salisbury Plain, the beautiful Cotswold hills, the many lovely hills and valleys along the Welsh border, and the Forest of Dean. The thumb of land sticking into the North Sea to the East Anglia northeast of London. It includes Norfolk, Suffolk, and some of Cambridgeshire and Essex. This area is thought to be very flat by English standards, espe­ cially the Fens. It has a variety of coastal scenery and a network of inland waterways known as the Broads. Extends from Oxford up to Cheshire and Lincoln­ M idlands shire and divides into the East and West Midlands. It is the industrial heartland of England. (The heavily industrial part north of Birmingham goes by the unappealing name of the Black Country.) The area is quite beautiful in places, however, with rolling hills,

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The environment woodland (including Sherwood Forest), and many rivers. Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare's birth­ place, is also in the Midlands. Peak District

A lovely area of open hills (without actual peaks, despite the name), rivers, and valleys, lying between Sheffield and Manchester.

The North

From Liverpool and Sheffield northward. Many parts are industrial, but outside the cities you can readily find moorland, dales (Yorkshire's are famous), wood­ lands, and varied coasts with nice beaches.

Lake District

In Cumbria, in the northwest of England. This is a popular holiday area consisting of low mountains, valleys, beautiful lakes, and lovely beaches.

Northeast

Mainly Durham and Northumberland. This area boasts moorland, thick forests, and beautiful coasts, as well as industry and mines. The remains of Hadrian's Wall run across the region, looking like a natural ridge in places. A range of hills called the Cheviots straddles the borders of Northumberland and Scotland.

River regions

A few major rivers lend their names to the areas lining their banks. Merseyside is the region around the river Mersey, including Liverpool; Teesside is on the east coast, around Middlesbrough; Httmberside, also on the east coast, is around Hull; and Tyneside centers on Newcastle, in the far northeast.

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Getting around

The whole of Great Britain is roughly the same size as the U.S. state of Utah, or Honshu (Japan's largest island), or the Australian province of Victoria. Its relatively small size makes it ideal for the traveler. By North American or Australian standards, nothing is very far away. The distance from John o'Groats (a place, not a person, in the far northeast of Scotland) to the appropriately named Land's End (at the southwest tip of England) is only about 850 miles (1368 kilometers) by road. Even at the widest part of the country, you are seldom more than 75 miles (120 kilometers) from the sea. From London it is easy to take day trips by car, bus, or train to many interesting places, such as Bath, Stonehenge, the Isle of Wight, Canterbury, Oxford, Cambridge, Stratford-upon-Avon, and Norwich. By fast train (see 'By train' below) you can even make day trips to Cardiff, York, Manchester, Lincoln, and Chester. Coach companies in provincial towns also run day-trips to shopping centers and places of interest throughout the country, and for the intrepid there are 'mystery tours' - generally excursions to the nearest seaside town. Most urban areas of England are fairly easy to get to and around in without having to rely on a car. However, you will have to be prepared to bend your schedule to that of public transportation. Of course, if you really want to get away from everyone, you'll have to use private transportation. Many major cities and towns in Britain are served by domestic airlines. This is convenient if you are short on time, but flying within the country is expensive. There are also air services to the larger off-shore islands, such as the Channel Islands, the Isles of

By air

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Getting around Scilly, the Isle of Man, the Outer Hebrides, and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. British Airways, until recently state-owned, but now a privatized airline, bases its domestic flights to and from London at Terminal 1 of Heathrow Airport. A particularly useful service that BA offers is the no-reservation shuttle. The shuttle flights go directly to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Manchester, and Belfast, leaving every hour or two on weekdays. British Caledonian Airways also offers some shuttle services. Other domestic airlines base their London flights at Gatwick Airport and offer flights to a variety of regional airports. By train

Train travel is popular in Britain, as it is in most of Europe. Going by train can be an enjoyable way to see a good deal of the countryside as well as being time-saving and relaxing. The British Rail network is extensive, with frequent services on major routes. Trains usually run on time, although equipment failure, sudden local strikes or staff shortages occa­ sionally disrupt services. Trains generally aren't as frequent on Sundays and holidays, and they can be much slower at those times, since that is when track maintenance is carried out. There are no trains on Christmas or Boxing Day (December 25 and 26). The Intercity 125 trains, so called because they have a maximum speed of 125 mph, are mainly used on routes from London to the west and north. Other main-line trains are diesel-powered or electric and also travel at a fast pace. Branch-line train trips should be considered opportunities to enjoy the scenery at a leisurely pace.

Fares

The fare structure may be subject to some change, but basically there are two sorts of ticket: standard (you can go on any train; return tickets are valid for three months), and the cheaper Saver (you can only use off-peak trains to and from London; return tickets are valid for one month). Foreign visitors can buy a British Rail Card, which, like the Eurail pass, entitles you to unlimited travel for a specified number of weeks, but these must be bought (from your travel

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Getting around agent) before coming to Britain. Other bargains include regional rail passes, half-price student dis­ counts (when a valid student card is shown), family rail cards, and cheaper fares for children (free for those under five, although they have to sit on someone's lap if necessary; half-price for those under sixteen). It pays to ask if there are any special cheap fares, as new ones are introduced from time to time. First-class fares are roughly one and a half times second-class fares, and singles (one-way fares) cost much more than half of the return (round-trip) fare. You can buy train tickets from many travel agents, such as Thomas Cook, as well as at train stations. Credit cards are accepted for payment at train stations. You can also buy a ticket on the train, but you'll have to pay the more expensive standard fare. Ticket collectors may ask to see your ticket more than once on a trip if there are many stops, so keep it on hand. You may also have to show your ticket before entering or when leaving the station platform. At such stations, if you want to see someone off at the train window, you have to buy a platform ticket for a few pence. Other stations are called 'open stations'.

Tickets

Trains can be very crowded in the summer, on Reservations holiday weekends, and during peak commuter hours. If you are unlucky at such times, you may end up standing on the train. If traveling then, it is a very good idea to get to the station early (you may have to wait in ticket queues a long time, especially in London), or to reserve a seat (up to two hours ahead of time) for a small fee so that you won't have to stand. You cannot reserve a seat over the telephone, which is just as well since British Rail is notorious for taking ages to answer its phones (it has a call-stacking system; if you wait patiently you will be answered!) You should reserve a seat on any long-distance train in the summer, especially on those going to Scotland or the southwest of England; in fact, reservations are required at certain times on these trains. Fridays, Saturday mornings, and Sundays are the most diffi­ cult days for getting seats.

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Getting around If you want a sleeping berth on an overnight train, you must reserve one. With a second-class ticket you get a bed in a two-berth cabin, and with a first-class ticket, a single-berth cabin. Sleeping accommodation is generally comfortable. The cabins include a wash­ basin, hot and cold water, towels, and soap; you are even brought tea or coffee in the morning. Some cheaper night trains to Scotland do not have berths but do have adjustable seats and a video lounge. Stations

London has more than a dozen train stations that serve particular routes: Waterloo and Victoria sta­ tions for the south and southeast; Paddington Station for the west of England and south Wales; Euston and St. Pancras stations for the Midlands, the northwest, and north Wales; King's Cross Station for the northeast; and Liverpool Street Station for the east. If you don't know or can't remember which station you need and don't have access to a train schedule, ask a taxi driver. All the stations are connected by the Underground system (see pp. 1374-6), so it isn't hard to go from one to another if you don't have too much luggage. If you do need to cross London to change stations, your British Rail ticket will be valid on the Underground. Some small stations in rural Scotland and Wales are 'request stops,' which means that you have to wave the train down in order to get on and tell the guard (conductor) where you want to get off. Most English train stations are fairly old and a bit rundown, but British Rail is trying to spruce them up. They can be very cold, damp, and drafty in the winter. Toilets are generally clean, but not always free of charge (you need the right coins to open the doors). Women's toilets are often found through the ladies' waiting room. The larger stations have stalls that sell newspapers, magazines, postcards, some books, cigarettes, candy, snack food, and flowers; the largest ones may also have shops that sell gifts, travel goods, and liquor, as well as a barber, a restaurant, a bar, a tourist information desk, and a bureau de change. Luggage trolleys may be available on the platforms.

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Getting around Train timetables (schedules) are posted clearly on large boards at main-line stations. Note that they use the twenty-four-hour clock, so that, for example 1:55 p.m. is 13.55, 8:05 p.m. is 20.05, and midnight is 24.00. You can also phone British Rail for scheduling information; in some cases you can get tape-recorded timetables for popular routes. Announcements over the loudspeakers may be difficult to understand, and the guards (conductors) are not necessarily much easier to understand if you aren't acquainted with the local accent (see the chapter on 'Understanding the Natives (and Being Understood)'). Larger stations carry impending departures and arrivals on monitors or display boards. An intriguing sight at many stations is that of boys and men wandering the platforms with small note­ books, scribbling away as the trains go by. They are not sketching the trains, or even counting them; they are writing down the serial number of each train's engine. This thrilling hobby is known as train spotting. In the days of steam engines, when each looked different, this probably was an interesting pastime. Now, however, it is difficult to see the attraction. Perhaps this is best put down to English eccentricity. Newer trains have automatic doors between the Train cars carriages (cars), and extra luggage racks at the ends of each car as well as overhead and between the backs of seats. Not-so-new cars use sliding doors with very stiff springs, and provide space for luggage only between and above seats. Seats are usually arranged in groups of four around a small table. Toilets are located at the ends of every car; water is operated by a foot pedal and is for washing only, not for drinking. There may be a trash bin by the toilet, but usually the rubbish just piles up on the tables until a porter clears it away near the end of the trip. Old carriages, which are used mainly on the small branch lines, have nice woodwork and are often divided into compartments without tables that seat eight. Others have odd seating configurations, such as room for two and a half people on one seat and one

1370

Getting around and a half on the other side of the aisle! There are smoking and nonsmoking sections on the trains (look for red and white stickers on the windows that indicate the no-smoking areas). However, some trains have only a partial barrier between the sections, which is annoyingly ineffective against smoke. Newer long-distance trains have entire cars designated as smoking or nonsmoking, a much better system. First-class carriages are roomier than the others and often have the advantage of being closer to the dining car. They are also usually much emptier. Handles for the train doors are located only on the outside of the train. When you want to get off the train, you have to push the window down, lean out, and hope that your arm is long enough to reach the handle. Food

Food services of various sorts are available on many routes - the type of service will be indicated on the train schedule (restaurant car, or buffet car with hot snacks, or cold snack bar). However, be prepared for catering services to be unexpectedly canceled, which is often announced only after the train has pulled out of the station! Food services are almost nonexistent on Sunday trains. British Rail food has improved lately. The res­ taurant meals are on the expensive side, but you do get good waiter service, a linen tablecloth, and real silverware. Besides adding a touch of elegance to a train journey, eating in the dining car allows you to travel in a first-class compartment with a second-class ticket (at least while you dine). At lunch and dinner, there is a choice of main dishes, and some of the vegetables are fresh, as are the salads. Afternoon tea includes a plentiful amount of tea and goodies. Breakfasts are the full-blown affairs (see p. 1334). You can buy alcoholic drinks on the train as well as tea, coffee, hot chocolate, and some soft drinks. If you are not used to drinking on a train, remember to lift your cup or glass off the table when pouring something into it, so a sudden jolt doesn't direct it to your lap.

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Getting around Buffet cars have limited offerings, usually just sandwiches, potato crisps (potato chips), and various cakes, tarts, and sweets. Those that serve hot snacks offer toasted sandwiches, hamburgers, and the like. Not all buffet cars have seats and tables. On some routes, a trolley with drinks and snacks is wheeled through the train. British Rail operates a Motorail service on certain Automobiles routes, which permits you to put your car on the train (often overnight) and saves you the strain of driving. These routes include: London to Penzance (in the far southwest); London to Carlisle (in the northwest); London to various places in Scotland; Bristol (in the southwest) to Edinburgh; and Crewe (in the west) to Inverness. You must book in advance. If you want to have a rental car waiting for you at your destination, you can book one through the Rail Drive (Godfrey Davis) service at major train stations. Bicycles can be taken on many trains, but are not Bicycles allowed on trains going into or out of London during peak commuter hours. They are usually carried free of charge on weekends, but there may be a substantial charge on intercity trains during the week. Bicycles are kept in the guard's van (the carriage where the guard and the mail ride, normally near the end of the train). Don't be surprised if a person sitting near you on the Pets train has a dog on his or her lap or underfoot - small, well-behaved pets are allowed in the passenger compartments (but not in the dining or sleeping cars). Dogs have to pay one-half the second-class fare. Train enthusiasts will be delighted by the number of Steam trains old steam trains still in operation on special lines. Most of these are privately owned and operated, and are usually located in very scenic areas around the country. Some are run only in the summer. Intercity express buses are known as coaches. Both By bus the state-run National Express and private coach Long-distance

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Getting around buses companies compete for business, offering relatively inexpensive fares (often half the price of train fares) and fairly frequent services. National Express sells bus passes that operate much like rail passes. Express-coach journeys can be very fast (in fact some companies have schedules that seem to force the drivers to break the speed limits). Newer coaches may be air-conditioned, but there are still a lot that don't have toilets on board. On the longer, popular routes you may be treated to some food and drink, sit in reclining seats, and even be able to watch videos; some of these coaches are double-decker ones, allowing you a wonderful view of the scenery. Smoking sections are usually provided at the rear of the coaches. The main station in London for express coaches is Victoria Coach Station, which is about one-third of a mile from Victoria Underground station. Bus

tours

Many private coach companies offer 'package tours' to major cities and other tourist attractions; the price may include one or two nights' accommodation in a guest house or hotel. Such tours can be very good value for money. Find out before you book if the coach has toilets and air-conditioning.

Rural buses

Rural bus service is infrequent and getting worse. Some villages have only one bus per week into the nearest town of any size, which causes difficulties for the inhabitants and tourists alike. In some remote areas, people use the Mail Bus, a postal van seating a small number of people which stops everywhere along the mail route. This may be slow traveling, but it does give you a chance to talk with local people.

Urban buses

Most visitors to England are very keen to ride on the top of a double-decker bus. In London, you can just hop on one of the special sightseeing buses that go around to the major tourist attractions. In other places, you may have to satisfy your urge on a normal bus. And that means you have to know which bus goes where at what time. It is not always easy to get a bus schedule for a

1373

Getting around particular area: comprehensive schedules aren't pro­ vided on each bus, and you may have to go to the town's central station to get one. In London, major Underground stations have bus schedules at the ticket booths. Some bus stops post the schedule for that particular route, but there may not be a map of the route. One important part of taking a bus is queuing up at the bus stop. (It has been said that England is the only place where you can see one person forming a queue.) It is particularly bad manners to 'jump the queue' or even just to lounge around in a disorderly fashion at the stop. You must also make sure that you queue up in the correct direction from the bus stop sign (it usually says 'queue this side' if this isn't obvious). There may be more than one bus using the same stop, so make sure you join the right queue and look for the bus number on the front of the bus. Some bus stops are labeled 'request stop,' which means that the bus will stop only if you signal it by sticking out your hand. At a multi-bus stop, you should step back or shake your head 'no' if the bus coming isn't the one you want. London buses are notorious for 'hunting in packs': you wait a long time for the bus, then three will show up at once. Try not to get too frustrated by this - use the opportunity to strike up a conversation with a fellow-sufferer. Avoid taking a bus at peak commuter times and before and after school (schoolchildren use the public buses). Saturday afternoons are also bad times for finding a seat. Fares vary widely from place to place and are usually based on the distance traveled rather than a flat rate. Have plenty of coins with you, as large notes aren't appreciated. In some places (notably Birming­ ham) you must have the exact fare, although there is no way of knowing what it will be. If you don't want to worry about having enough change for each bus, you can buy a bus pass. London Transport sells cheap passes for unlimited travel on both the buses and the Underground that are valid for a specified period even for just one day. Other places sell discount bus

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Getting around passes, but these are often for a minimum of one month. On most buses, you tell the driver your destination (e.g., 'one for Piccadilly Circus'), pay the appropriate fare, and take a receipt from the ticket machine. Keep your receipt until you get off the bus, as ticket inspectors sometimes come around. Other buses have conductors who collect the fare from you after you are seated. If you aren't sure when to get off the bus, ask the driver or conductor to announce your stop. Otherwise, press the button or ceiling strip to ring the bell in good time for the bus to halt at your stop. Usually you get on the bus at the front and off at the door in the middle, although older buses have an open back stairway where you can get on or off (people sometimes make daring leaps from these while the bus is moving!). Make sure you sit down or grab on to a rail as soon as you can, because the driver may start up as soon as all passengers are on, whether or not they are seated. The upper deck of the bus is the only place where smoking is permitted. The upper deck also gives you the best view, as well as the most exciting ride. It can be quite bumpy and even a little scary sitting at the front on the top - it looks as if you are going to squash the car in front of the bus or get entangled in the trees. If you do sit on the top deck, make sure you are downstairs by the time the bus stops at your destination so that you don't keep everyone waiting. Most buses provide a small storage space near the front where you can put large items such as luggage, folding push chairs (baby strollers), shopping bags, etc. London and some other large urban areas run express suburban commuter buses. These can be a quick and inexpensive way to get out of the conges­ tion of the city and into outlying country areas. The Underground

The London Underground system - commonly called the Tube - is an extensive network of under­ ground trains serving inner London and its suburbs. (Note that if you ask for the 'subway,' you will be directed to a pedestrian tunnel under a road, not to

1375

Getting around the Tube.) Trains are frequent on most of the ten lines, with service starting at about 5:30 a.m. and ending around midnight. Sunday service isn't as frequent as during the week and doesn't begin until 7:30 a.m. The Underground is easier (and safer) to use than you might first think. Large color-coded maps of the network are prominently displayed at all stations, and people are usually helpful if you can't figure out how to get where you want to go. Electronic travel planners are available at a few stations: you just push the button for your destination and the route appears on a screen. Free maps of the system are available from the inquiry offices at the stations and appear in most guidebooks and on London street maps. Considering that the London Underground was the first of its kind, it is in very good shape. The stations have seen better days, but many are now being renovated. However, they tend to be drafty and cold in the winter and hot and sticky in the summer. Most have a small kiosk (stand) that sells newspapers, candy, and cigarettes, and larger ones may have several rows of shops leading to the platforms. There are few public toilets at stations. Fares depend on the distance traveled, with chil­ dren going for half price. You can transfer from one Underground line to another with the same ticket. Tickets can be bought either at a counter or from coin-operated machines that list the destinations for that fare. You may need to show your ticket before heading for the platform; at some stations there are automatic turnstiles into which you insert your ticket to get through (don't forget to retrieve it on the top of the turnstile!). Keep you ticket until the end of your journey because you must hand it over when you leave. Remember that you can buy a London Transport combined pass that allows you unlimited travel on the Tube and the buses for a specified period. You will need to know both the name of the line and the direction the train you want is headed (e.g., Central Line eastbound or westbound); there are maps and signs that will direct you to the proper

Getting around platform. When the train arrives, check on the front or on the indicator board, if there is one, to make sure the final destination is that of the train you want some lines divide, and some trains do not go all the way to the end of the line. When changing lines, look carefully on the platform for signs for the line and direction that you want; you may have to use stairs or escalators to get to another platform. Most Tube trains have fully automatic doors. On a few, however, you have to push a large button to open the door. The train cars are fairly clean and comfortable when not crowded (that is, not during peak commuter hours or on Saturday afternoons). Maps of the train's particular route are displayed above the doors and windows of the car so that you'll know when your stop is coming up. Non-smokers will be delighted to know that there is no smoking on the trains or on the platforms. London isn't the only English city with an under­ ground system. Liverpool has one, and Tyneside has a light rapid transit system. By taxi

Except in London, taxis don't usually cruise the streets looking for business. You can hail a taxi that has its 'For Hire' sign lit, but in most cases outside London you will have to locate a taxi rank or phone for a taxi. Taxi ranks are often situated at train stations and near busy tourist spots, including highclass hotels, but don't tend to be near shopping areas. When waiting at a taxi rank, you are expected to form an orderly queue. London taxis are distinctive large, squarish, black cars. The driver is separated from the passengers by a clear panel, and only the luggage is allowed to ride in the front with the driver. Outside of London, most taxis are just ordinary cars with a taxi sign on the roof. Fares should be listed inside the taxi, and there should be a meter in view - if not, don't get in. Drivers expect a 10 percent tip on top of the fare. Almost all drivers will help you with you luggage. London taxi drivers tend to be friendly and can cope with the most horrendous traffic. They have an amazing knowledge of where every street in London

1377

Getting around is. This is because they have to pass a very difficult test on getting around the city, which takes two years to train for (known as 'doing the knowledge'). Some taxis can be hired for short or long sight­ seeing tours, an expensive way of seeing the sights, but more relaxing and personal. Britain has over 2000 miles of navigable canals and By water rivers. You can travel through much of the country at a leisurely pace by hiring a boat (see p. 1335); it is a very good way to view the scenery and wildlife that can't be seen from the road. You can also take short sightseeing tours by boat on various rivers (such as the Thames) and lakes. Some sightseeing boats can be taken just for one-way travel - a sort of water-taxi service. Regular year-round ferry service to all the major Ferries islands off Britain is available. Some ferries, however, do not take cars. At the height of the season, you should make a booking at a travel agent for the longer ferry journeys. The bicycle is a common form of transportation in By bicycle England. People of all ages and walks of life ride bicycles to work, to the shops, and generally just to get around. In spite of the volume of bicycle use, however, there is woefully inadequate provision for cyclists, particularly in the cites. Few separate bicycle paths exist in urban areas, although bicycles are allowed to use some bus lanes. And narrow streets congested with traffic can make city cycling less than pleasurable. There never seem to be enough bicycle racks at popular locations. Cycling in the countryside, on the other hand, can be an enjoyable and inexpensive way to see the delights of rural England. The going isn't too difficult, although the low rolling hills may be more demanding than they look. In any case, you don't have to set out on a long bicycle ride to get somewhere, as villages tend to be only a short distance apart. But do be careful when riding on narrow, twisty country lanes bordered by hedges

1378

Getting around because it is not easy for cars or lorries (trucks) to see you on the road. Bicycle rental shops can be found in London and in most tourist and university areas. You have a choice of number of gears on the bike you rent, and can usually rent either by the day or by the week. By foot

Ramblers (walkers and hikers) will find England a marvelous place to get around in on foot. An extensive network of public footpaths runs through­ out the country. Most of these dirt paths represent old rights-of-way: some are Iron Age or Roman paths, some are old cattle-droving ways, others are well-known long-distance scenic paths, while others simply connect villages or farms or skirt rivers and hills. Paths are well marked and can be found on detailed Ordnance Survey maps (see below, pp. 1380-1). One of the fringe benefits of country walks is that you can usually end up at a country pub (also marked on the maps). Farmers who have public footpaths running along or through their property are obliged by law to keep the paths open and to keep stiles over fences in good repair. However, they sometimes put a bull in the field to discourage ramblers. Walkers should always stick to the paths and not venture into fields or meadows. Walking is also one of the best ways to explore the interesting nooks and crannies of the cities and towns. On foot it is possible to discover architectural delights, interesting little shops, and peaceful corners that you could easily miss from a car or bus. Some cities, towns, and universities offer free guided walking tours - ask at the Tourist Office. Americans will find the lack of street violence - or even fear of it - refreshing. In town centres and suburban areas it is perfectly normal for women to walk around alone in the evening. Of course, there are some areas where you are less secure; if possible avoid lonely underpasses late at night if you're alone.

Crossing When crossing a street, remember that traffic will be streets coming first from your right. At some crossing places

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Getting around on divided streets there will be a message on the road to 'Look Right' or 'Look Left.' You will encounter two types of pedestrian cros­ sing in England: the 'zebra' crossing and the 'pelican' crossing. The first is a black-and-white-striped path across the road, with flashing yellow globes stuck on poles at either side. Cars must stop for you when you are on a zebra crossing (but don't just leap out - give drivers a chance to see you). In London, drivers try to ignore pedestrians who are perched at the edge of a crossing hoping that the cars will stop. The pelican crossing is safer to use because it is controlled by a traffic light. You simply push the button next to the crossing and wait for the green man to light up on the sign; this is accompanied by a bleeping sound for blind people. When the green man starts flashing, that means the light is about to change back to red. If you look at a map of almost any English city or City layouts town, you can easily see that it grew with a will of its own. Twisting lanes and bending roads stop and start and come together at strange angles. It is difficult to take a walk around the block in most cities, as there is really no such entity. You can easily get turned around in the wrong direction in most urban areas if you don't have a map with you. Even English people carry maps of London when they enter that maze. Street names seem to change by whim - you merely have to go up a hill, around a slight bend, or across an intersection to find that the name has become something else. Street names themselves can keep you amused as you wander around: Carbuncle Passage, Lower Goat Lane, Rampant Horse Street, and Zinzan Street are all real names. It is important to note whether the street name ends in Road, Avenue, etc., since the main name may appear more than once in a city. Street name signs are generally plentiful, although main road names aren't signposted at every minor intersection. Signs are sometimes difficult to spot; many are placed on the sides of buildings, about one story above the ground, but others may be on low walls or on posts just a few feet off the ground. House

1380

Getting around numbers tend to run with odd numbers on one side of the street and evens on the other, but sometimes they progress up one side of the road and down the other. London

London, the largest city in Europe, is a conglomerate of different neighborhoods, boroughs, and villages, all of which have their own personalities. Traditional guidebooks will tell you which areas are fashionable, which are good for shopping or eating, etc. Many people are confused by the term the City, which does not refer to London as a whole but rather to the banking and commercial area of London. Take a good map with you when you venture into London because you will definitely need it. (An excellent map book that details all the streets of London is London A-2, pronounced 'ay to zed,' which is available in bookshops, newsagents and many other shops.) If you do get lost, the locals are usually happy to give you directions if you ask politely. However, they may know only their patch of London, and in the summer it can be difficult to find a Londoner anyway. Policemen are always good for giving directions and are quite used to being asked for them.

Maps

Whether you are exploring England by car, bicycle, or foot, a good set of maps is indispensable. Few journeys are straightforward - there is always a choice of ways to get from one place to another, depending on what kind of roads or countryside appeal to you. There are many good series of maps, but the Ordnance Survey maps, obtainable at many bookstores and tourist shops, are probably the easiest to follow and include a good range of information. If you are just interested in driving to major cities and towns on the main roads, then the Ordnance Survey Routeplanner map, which shows all of Bri­ tain, will be adequate. The Route Master series is best for touring by car. It consists of nine maps that show almost all roads, major places of interest, and height contours. If you want to explore a particular area in detail, then the Landranger series of 204 area maps is a must. These maps show all roads (no matter how

1381

Getting around small), service areas, parking places, footpaths, topog­ raphical features (height contours, marshes, forests, etc), scenic viewpoints, ancient monuments and sites, pubs, churches, public toilets, telephone boxes, youth hostels, farms, buildings, and much more. You really can't get lost if you have one of these maps, unless you're just one of those people who can't read maps. For walkers and climbers, there are even more detailed Ordnance maps that show rights of way, field boundaries, and very detailed topographic fea­ tures such as loose rock, rough grassland, etc. You can also buy special tourist maps for the National Park areas and for Greater London, which include information about places of interest, camping sites, viewpoints, parking, etc. Special archaeological and historical maps are also available.

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Driving

Everyone knows that the British (and most of their former colonists) drive on the wrong side of the road. Don't let that put you off driving in England, though - it isn't that difficult to get used to driving on the left. But don't assume that the only difference about driving in England lies in keeping to the 'other' side of the road. There are several other important ways in which the English rules of the road differ from those in other countries (see below). Conditions

The English are not as polite behind the wheel as you might expect. Many become aggressive, nipping in and out of traffic in their little cars, often without signaling their intentions. On two-lane roads, drivers of slower vehicles sometimes stubbornly refuse to pull off to let other traffic go by. Some don't turn on their headlights until absolutely necessary. But they seldom use their car horns in anger. In general, road conditions are fairly good yearround. In the winter, however, there may be snow on the hills or in deep country lanes, icy roads after dark, and fog in low-lying areas. When roads get slippery, they are often 'gritted.' If there is a lot of snow, minor roads can be blocked for hours or days, as there isn't an adequate amount of snow-removal equipment around. Driving in England at other times can be far from relaxing. There are few straight roads, and many main routes include sections with only two lanes, which makes for very slow going if you get stuck behind a lorry (truck) or farm vehicle. Traffic is dense in urban areas at peak times (8 to 9:30 a.m., 12:30 to 2 p.m., and 4:30 to 6:30 p.m.) and on weekends. But if you get into the quieter parts of the countryside, you may seldom meet another vehicle.

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Driving You must be seventeen to drive a car in England and Licenses sixteen to drive a moped. Visitors can drive for up to twelve months on a valid license from another country. Foreign residents are supposed either to take a driving test after three months or get a provisional license. It is not easy to pass a British driving test, which involves about 20 minutes of driving and maneuvering. People who haven't passed the test must display a red L plate (for 'learner') on the car so that other road users will know to beware and be patient. You should also beware of old men wearing caps while they drive - they almost always drive too slowly. Cars are generally on the smaller end of the scale - Sorts of cars Cadillacs look like tanks next to most British and European cars. Most have four-cylinder engines, and the engine size is given in liters. Terms for car types include: saloon: coupe: estate: dormobile: hatchback:

4-door, sedan 2-door station wagon van with sleeping accommodation saloon with single large rear door for luggage

Some peculiar-looking vehicles can be found on English roads. One odd type is the three-wheeled car (only one wheel at the front), some of which are adapted for disabled drivers. These can go at normal speeds, even if they look a bit unstable. Another strange vehicle is the very slow, electrically powered milk 'float,' a van with open sides and crates of milk bottles stacked dangerously inside. Yet another is the 'half-timbered' old Mini estate car, which actually has wooden beams supporting the back. You can tell how old a car is by the number plate, which is permanently attached to the car. A single letter at one end of the plate indicates the year that the car was registered. For example, the letter A at the front stands for 1983-84, while A at the end is for

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Driving 1963; X at the end is for 1981-82, and M at the end is for 1974. The letters I, O, Q, U, and Z aren't used. The English aren't too keen on bumper stickers, although these are on the increase. The current rage is to put a plastic strip across the top of the front window with the owners' first names on it (e.g., 'Mike and Kathy,' with the man's name always on the driver's side of the car). Cars Bringing yours

If you are bringing your own car to England, be sure to also have your car registration papers, your driver's license, and at least third-party insurance. You must display a nationality sticker on the back of the car. Don't forget to adjust your headlights so that the beam angles to the left. And remember, the larger your car or camper is, the more difficult it will be to drive along the narrow country lanes and to park on congested city streets.

Rentals

There are many car hire (rental) firms in England. You can arrange fly-drive or rail-drive package trips, which ensure that a car will be waiting for you when you arrive in the country. If you plan on renting a car during the peak holiday times, make reservations well in advance. The cost of insurance will usually be included; make sure you are covered. The majority of rental cars have manual transmis­ sions. If you are anxious about driving on the right-hand side of the car (and thus shifting the gears with your left hand), then you will probably be more comfortable and safer renting an automatic. Most automatics have the gears on the floor, not on the steering column, so don't panic and think you've been given a manual shift.

Expenses

Cars are expensive to run in England. The purchase price can be up to twice what it is in America and is often up to 30 percent more than the European equivalent. The yearly road tax (the car licensing system) is also costly - about £100 a year now. (When you pay the tax (at a post office), for either six or twelve months, you get a paper disc to put in the car window.) After a car is three years old, you must pay

1385

Driving to have a comprehensive MOT (Ministry of Trans­ port) test done at a garage every year to ensure that the car is in safe working order. And petrol (gas) is very expensive, in spite of North Sea oil. Perhaps all this explains why only about half of all British households own a car. The first thing you should do before driving in Driving England is to study a copy of The Highway Code, preliminaries which outlines the rules of the road and shows signs and road markings. This can be bought very cheaply (for about 35p) at many book stores. You can also get copies from the British Tourist Authority and the various Automobile Associations. It is very irres­ ponsible to drive in any foreign country without knowing the rules of the road; don't assume you'll be able to figure them out as you go. Seat belts must be worn by people in the front of the car, and you can be fined for not doing so. Motorcyclists and scooter drivers must wear an approved type of safety helmet. Do not drive if you have been drinking. Penalties can be stiff, and if you are not in full control of your vehicle you can be prosecuted whether or not your blood alcohol level is above the legal limit. Also, your reactions are likely to be the wrong ones in an emergency. It isn't that difficult to remember to drive on the Driving on left-hand side of the road; after all, everyone will be the left doing it. The times you are most likely to forget are when turning a corner or when emerging from a car park (parking lot), and in complicated urban driving. If you are driving a British car, you may actually have more trouble driving on the 'wrong' side of the car. First, you have to remember which side of the car to get into. Then the various controls are likely to be on the opposite sides of the wheel from what you're used to: you may find yourself turning on the windscreen (windshield) wipers instead of the turn signal. The foot pedals are in the same order, however, You may also catch yourself looking into the wrong mirror when backing up or having

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Driving difficulty estimating the distance from the kerb (curb). If you have brought over a car designed to be driven on the right-hand side of the road, you may have a little trouble seeing when trying to pass a car or when entering a roundabout (see below), or in judging distances when turning right. It helps to have someone else in the car with you to tell you when the way is clear. Speed limits

Speed limits are not posted on main intercity roads. All you will see is a round white sign with a black diagonal slash through it, which means that the national speed limit applies. This means 70 mph (113 kmh) on motorways and dual carriageways (divided highways), and 60 mph (97 kmh) on other main roads. Cars towing caravans (trailers) are limited to 50 mph (80 kmh) on these roads. The speed limit in built-up areas with street lights is 30 mph (48 kmh); this is usually posted only as you enter cities and towns. Other speed limits will be posted on round signs. A particularly quaint one says 'DEAD SLOW (which you should interpret as meaning about 5 mph). Speeding is a national vice - very few people obey the signs, which is odd for such a law-abiding nation.

Roundabouts

A roundabout is a traffic circle in the middle of an intersection. Its purpose is to keep traffic flowing without resorting to stop signs or traffic lights. However, it works effectively only when there is an even flow of traffic from all directions; in some places the traffic planners have had to admit defeat and install traffic lights too. Some roundabouts are huge 'gyratory' systems, having smaller roundabouts within them; others are just circles painted on the road (mini-roundabouts), which some people drive over in defiance. Many normal-sized roundabouts are very nicely landscaped. Roundabouts may look confusing at first, but they operate on a very basic principle: you drive in a clockwise direction, yielding to traffic coming from the right that is already in the roundabout. Before

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Driving entering the roundabout, signal left or right as you would at a normal intersection (if you are going off in either of those directions). Once on the roundabout, signal left before you go off so that people waiting to get on will know if you are continuing on around or not. vehicles going straight ahead (two possible routes)

A roundabout, showing how to turn right and left and go straight ahead Roundabouts with only one lane of traffic are simple to manage. If there are more lanes, however, you must get into the correct one for the direction you'll be going off. Lanes are sometimes marked with arrows on the road surface to help you with this. If you want to take the first road to the left, stay in the left lane. To go straight ahead, use either of the left two lanes (the outside lane is recommended on two-lane roundabouts). If you are taking the road off to the right, use the right lane and continue around in that lane, changing to a left lane (making sure there's no one coming up behind you) before exiting.

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Driving On very large roundabouts, the lanes may be marked with road numbers or place names so that you don't have to think too hard. One good thing about roundabouts is that if you miss your exit, you can go around again - making sure you are in the appropriate lane, of course. Some roundabouts may have more than four roads coming off them or there may be more lanes going around than going off. In some places there are two small roundabouts in a row: treat them separately and yield to traffic already in the second one when you get to it. Try to move quickly onto and around roundabouts if you don't want to annoy other drivers. Traffic lights

English traffic lights are similar to those in most other countries, though they are always on posts, never hung on wires above the road. One difference is that the red and amber (yellow) lights are both on at the same time just before the light turns green, which gives you advance warning of the change. When only the yellow light is on, the signal will next turn red. Some intersections with traffic lights have a 'filter' sign for left turns, meaning that you can turn left on a red light when safe. Otherwise, turning left on a red light is not permitted.

Intersections

When two cars coming from opposite directions are both turning right at a junction (intersection), they are supposed to pass behind each other unless the layout of the junction makes that difficult. Watch to see what other cars are doing. Yellow crisscrossed lines in an intersection mean that you must keep that area clear. That is, don't enter the area unless you're sure you can get out of it by the time the traffic signal changes, and don't stop on the lines in a queue of traffic. There are two types of pedestrian crossing: the zebra crossing (a striped crosswalk) and the pelican crossing (with pedestrian-controlled lights) (see p. 1379). Cars must stop for people who are on these crossings and should wait until the people have gotten across completely. Drivers may continue through a pelican

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Driving crossing if the light is flashing yellow and no one is still on the crossing. You are not allowed to overtake another car just before a crossing, nor can you stop on a pedestrian crossing. You must also give way to people who are crossing the road when you are turning a corner. A solid white line across the road at an intersection is Road a stop line, while a broken white line means that you markings must give way (yield) to traffic on the other road. An inverted triangle on the road also indicates that you must give way ahead. The normal lane marking is a single broken white line, meaning you can pass when it's safe to. Long lines with short gaps indicate a hazard ahead (like a bend in the road, an intersection, etc.), and you should not pass another car then unless you're very sure the way is clear. On a two-lane road, a solid white line on your side of the middle means that you are not allowed to pass. Bus lanes are labeled as such on the road surface and are separated from other lanes by a very thick white line. Note that bus lanes operate both with and against the flow of traffic. You are allowed to drive in bus lanes outside of the posted bus hours. Most traffic signs are clear in meaning and rely on Signs pictures rather than words (most are used interna­ tionally). In general, circular signs with a red border indicate some restriction and triangular signs give a warning of some kind. Give way means 'yield,' and way out means 'exit.' (See p. 1390.) It is often not easy to park on the street in inner Parking London during the day, and parking in other cities isn't much better. There are car parks (parking lots), of course, but these may not be close to where you want to be. Some car parks use a 'pay and display' system, whereby you have to guess how many hours you'll be parked and hope you have the correct change to put into the machine. You then receive a sticker to put on the inside of your windshield. 'No parking' areas are marked in a variety of ways.

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2)

Driving

National speed limit applies

Outlined in red:

Maximum speed

Give way to traffic on maior road

No entry for vehicular traffic

Cross roads

No right turn

No left turn

No U turns

No motor No motor vehicles No cycling vehicles except solo motorcycles, scooters, or mopeds

Roundabout

Staggered junction

Traffic merges from left

No pedestrians

Slippery road

A A A A

Two-way traffic straight ahead

I DANGER I "

Road narrows on Dual carnageway right (left if ends symbol reversed)

Tram crossing without barrier or gate ahead

No overtaking

Road works

Loose chippmgs

Location of train crossing without barrier or gate

One-way traffic

Turn left Turn left ahead (right if symbol (right if symbol reversed) reversed)

Vehicles may pass Mini-roundabout either side (roundabout circulation — to reach give way to vehicles same destination from the immediate right)

Give priority to vehicles from opposite direction

Change to opposite carnageway (may be reversed)

On blue background:

Ahead only

No stopping (clearway)

Keep left (right if symbol reversed)

Route to be used by pedal cyclists only

Some common road signs

Right-hand lane closed (symbols may be varied)

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Driving The clearway sign, a blue circle with a red X through it, means that you can't park or stop along that section of the road. Yellow lines along the side of the road indicate a parking restriction. Double yellow lines mean no parking at all, except during posted hours, if any. A single yellow line means no parking during working hours (usually 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday through Saturday). Broken yellow lines mean no parking during posted times; look for the signs explaining the restriction. You also must not park on the white zigzag lines leading to a pedestrian crossing. At night you should park facing the direction of the traffic. Avoid parking directly opposite another parked car on a narrow road. If you have to park with your wheels on the sidewalk on a narrow road, make sure there is ample room for pedestrians. Also make sure that you haven't parked on a street that is reserved for residential permit holders only (this will be signposted). If you park illegally in some areas of London, you may not only get a ticket, but also find a nasty wheel clamp attached to your car, which prevents you from moving the car. You must then report to the police station indicated and pay a large fine before your car will be set free. Owing to the lack of residential garages and parking City driving lots near local shops, cars are often parked along one or both sides of the streets, narrowing them to one lane. If the obstacle is on your side of the street, you should give way to oncoming cars. If there are obstacles on both sides, the car nearest to a place to pull over normally does so and signals to the other car to proceed by flashing its headlights. If you are thinking about driving in London, think again. Traffic is heavy; street layouts are confusing; London drivers tend to be impolite; and the main north and south circular routes are very congested, especially where three lanes go into two with no warning. Public transportation is far more relaxing. In many other cities, the one-way systems in the central areas make it difficult to get to where you want to go.

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Driving Roads Motorways are limited-access, multilane roads. They Motorways are marked in blue on almost all maps and the motorway number is preceded by the letter M. They cannot be used by student drivers, cyclists, moped riders, people on horses, or hitchhikers. The far right lane should be used only for overtaking. Trucks and cars pulling trailers are not allowed to use the right-hand lane on a three-lane motorway. You cannot overtake a car from a slower lane, that is, from the left - you must always overtake on the right-hand side of the vehicle you're passing. If it is blocking your way, move behind the car and wait for it to move into a slower lane; you can flash your lights at it, but do not blow your car horn. The hard shoulders are to be used only for emergencies, not for picnics or taking photographs. There are emergency phones placed at one-mile intervals all along the motorways, and posted arrows indicate the direction of the closest one, so if you break down, you rarely have far to walk to get help. Motorway lanes are marked with airs' eyes, which reflect oncoming headlights in the dark. White cats' eyes indicate the lane markings; yellow ones run along the right-hand edge of the highway; red ones on the left-hand edge separate the lane from the shoulder; and green cats' eyes mark the entrance to a slip road (ramp). Older and some newer motorways are notorious for constantly being under repair. The Ml (the main north-south motorway) never seems to be free of roadworks; even the newly built M25 around Lon­ don is undergoing repairs. In roadwork areas, a 'ramp' sign indicates a bump in the road. Road surfaces in general are not as good as many Northern European roads, but they are better than many in the U.S. Service areas can be found along most motorways, although not along the Ml 1 and M25 yet. These areas provide fuel, fairly good food (self-service restaurants and snack bars), clean toilets (including toilets for the disabled and areas for changing diapers), and a small shop or two. Signs on the motorways tell you how far it is to the next one.

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Driving 'A' roads are primary routes that range from divided 'A' roads highways to slower two-lane roads. They are usually marked in red on maps. Along such roads you can find chain restaurants such as Happy Eater or Little Chef, which provide fast, reasonable food in clean but standardized surroundings; petrol (gas) stations; fre­ quent lay-bys (places to pull off the road, but often without facilities or even wastebins); but not many toilets, and few of them clean. Small trailers used as tea and food stalls are sometimes parked in lay-bys, serving a small selection of hot and cold snacks. On country roads you may also find roadside stalls selling farm produce such as free range eggs, honey, soft fruit and flowers. Parking places are signposted with a P. It is fairly common along 'A' roads to see hitchhikers who are holding up car license plates. Such people are employed to drive new cars with temporary plates to car dealers and are paid to take the train home. They hitch in order to save the train fare. 'B' roads are secondary country routes with only one 'B' roads and lane of traffic in each direction. They are marked in lesser roads yellow on most maps. 'Other' roads (in white on maps) are narrow and sometimes only single-lane. On smaller roads in the depths of the countryside you can encounter such interesting obstacles as shallow unbridged fords, unguarded railway crossings, and animals being herded along the road. You must watch out for people riding horses and bicycles. Single-track roads with frequent passing places are common in very rural areas. When two cars meet, whichever is the nearest to a passing place must pull into it, even if that means backing up (but don't make a bus or truck back up). It is important, obviously, never to park in a passing place. Many minor roads are resurfaced with gravel, so if you come across new surfacing, drive slowly and stay far behind the next vehicle. Routing signs give distances only in miles, in spite of Route signs Britain being in the EC. A route number or place

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Driving name given in parentheses on a sign means that the road you are on will lead to a turnoff for that destination. Blue routing signs are used for motor­ ways, green for primary routes, and white for others. Gas stations

Petrol (car fuel) is graded by a star rating indicating the amount of octane it contains. The ratings are: 2 stars (**) = 90 percent octane 3 stars (*"*) = 94 to 96 percent octane 4 stars (**) = 97 to 99 percent octane Most European countries use a two-grade octane system, so if you have brought a car from the Continent, you will need to know which octane level the car needs. As yet, there are very few stations that carry unleaded fuel. Diesel fuel is widely available, and goes by the name of 'derv.' Petrol stations are fairly abundant except in rural areas. It can, however, be difficult to locate one that is open on a Sunday. Most are modern, self-service affairs. Depending on the station, the petrol pumps either each have a specified octane level or else allow you to choose the right octane level by pressing a button. Full operating instructions are displayed on the pumps. Some stations still sell petrol by the imperial gallon, but many have gone over to liters (see p. 1519). To pay, you have to go into the station, where you can often also buy candy, soft drinks, snack food, toys, maps, etc. Don't always expect to find toilets, however. Where they are provided they tend to be basic, cold, and not always clean or well-provided with paper. There will usually be a bucket of water and a brush and paper towels available for cleaning your wind­ shield, but automatic car washes are not that com­ mon. Stations should and normally do provide an air line for filling up tires.

Garages

If you need repair work done on your car or even just a tyre (tire) mended, you must go to a garage (some of which also sell petrol). Many specialize in certain makes of car. If you only know the American terms

1395

Driving for car parts, the following may be helpful in communicating with English mechanics: U.S.

British

U.S.

British

hood trunk bumper muffler

bonnet boot fender silencer

a flat wheel rim side-view mirror windshield

a puncture wheel wing mirror windscreen

There are companies that will replace broken windscreens immediately for you wherever you are on the road. The two main automobile clubs - the Automobile Association (AA) and the Royal Auto­ mobile Club (RAC) - provide breakdown services for drivers who hold membership in an auto club in another country. Otherwise, you have to phone a garage if you have trouble on the road. Accidents must be reported to the police if someone Accidents is injured. Call 9 9 9 from any telephone for police and ambulance. If you have any kind of accident involv­ ing someone else, get their name and address and their vehicle's registration number before leaving the scene. If anyone else saw the incident, try and get their names and addresses too, just in case any legal action is taken. Notify your insurance company as soon as possible.

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Understanding the natives (and being understood) Many first-time visitors to England who arrive secure in the knowledge that they know the English language discover after a few minutes that they can't understand very much of what the natives are saying. The problem is that neither many years of learning English as a foreign language nor a lifetime of speaking American or Australian English can prepare you for the surprising number of ways in which English is actually spoken by the people in the country where it originated. Tourists who claim that they 'just love the British accent' don't realize just how many different accents there really are! For such a small country, England has, over the centuries, developed a very wide range of both regional and social accents and dialects. The natives seem to cope quite well with this diversity. However, most foreigners have been exposed to only one form of British English. This variety, often referred to as 'Oxford English' or 'the Queen's English,' is the form usually taught to Europeans and most often heard on radio and TV. It is actually very much of a minority accent, spoken mainly by the aspiring middle classes and by the upper classes. If you plan to speak to ordinary English people - porters, taxi and bus drivers, shopkeepers, publicans (bartenders), and the like - you will have to cope with other accents. But don't be dismayed - you'll soon get the hang of them. The trouble is that as soon as you move somewhere else, sometimes even as little as 15 miles away, you may have to get used to a new one. Take consolation in the fact that in most areas of the country, the really difficult varieties are confined to older and more rural inhabitants, who you probably won't come into contact with. Visitors who don't know any English will be at a

1397

Understanding the natives real disadvantage, because there is very little provi­ sion for people who don't understand and speak at least some English, though many educated English people do know a smattering of French, and perhaps some German. Generally, if you speak in a foreign language, you will be answered in loud, slow, but not unfriendly English. Almost any English person can pinpoint the area of Accents the country that other natives come from as soon as they open their mouths. Differences between accents can be vast; no native would ever mistake, say, a Londoner for a Yorkshireman. Some features common to most British accents cause difficulties for foreigners. In most accents, r is not pronounced unless it comes before a vowel, so part sounds like 'paht' and car like 'cah.' Even more confusing is the habit of inserting an r between vowels where it does not belong: English people say 'the idear of it,' 'Americar and Canada,' and 'drawring.' Words like tune and duke can also cause difficulty, because in most places they end up sounding like 'chune' and 'juke.' Schedule is often pronounced with an initial 'sh.' However, North Americans are always impressed by the 'careful' way that many English people pronounce their t's, as in 'Brittish' (not the North American English version, 'Briddish'). The following is an attempt to give you some idea of the kinds of differences you can expect to find between accents (though, of course, generalization can't cover all eventualities). The Queen's English (posh English) is the variety The Queen's spoken by most national TV and radio announcers, English by those educated at Public Schools (private schools; sec pp. 1503-4), by the upper and uppermiddle classes, and of course by the Royal Family. Linguists label this variety RP, which stands for 'received pronunciation'; that is, 'received' in the best circles. Despite exposure to this type of accent, many North A m e r i c a n s have trouble understanding it. One

1398

Understanding the natives of the biggest difficulties involves the vowel sound in words like top, off, and wrong. Such words are pronounced with rounded lips, so the vowel sounds like something between 'oh' and 'aw.' Another problem is the a in words like half, dance, and tomato, which is pronounced as that in father.

There is also an affectation - or a widespread speech impediment - found in certain upper-crust circles which involves pronouncing r rather like w (thus, 'bwing me my bwandy, Bwian'). Cockney

Tourists who visit London will probably be con­ fronted with the intriguing sounds of the Cockney accent. It can also be heard on TV, in films, and in the theater, spoken by lower-class east Londoners. Cock­ ney is often looked down upon because of its social connotations. The accent can be quite difficult to understand at first. Pronunciations that seem to throw the uniniti­ ated involve both vowels and consonants. The drop­ ping of the h at the beginning of words gives forms like 'im' for him and 'ear' for here. Th gets pronounced like/or v, as in 'bofe' for both, 'fing' for thing, and 'fewa' for feather. Sometimes / sounds

almost like w, as in 'miwk' for milk and 'feow' for feel. At the end and in the middle of words, t often comes out as a glottal stop (like the sound at the beginning of 'uh- uh), so that bitter sounds like 'bi'ah' and cat like 'ca'.' Many vowels and vowel combinations are pronounced differently, too: play y

can sound more like ply, a boat like about, and by like boy.

West Country

A distinct series of accents can be found in areas to the south and west of London. Speakers of these varieties actually do pronounce the r in words like part and car. In Bristol, the largest city in the west of England, an / gets added to words ending in a: older Bristolians visit 'Canadal' and 'Americal'; they eat 'pizzal' and 'vanillaP ice cream, and drink tea out of 'chinal' cups; and then there were the three Bristol sisters called Evil, Idle, and Normal!

1399

Understanding the natives The eastern part of England, to the north of London Eastern and including the cities of Cambridge and Norwich, is notable for pronunciations such as 'who' for Hugh and 'voo' for view. It is in this part of the country where you may hear 'boo'iful moosic' In Norfolk, words like boat, soap, and go sound suspiciously like boot, soup, and goo.

The accents of the Midlands and the North of Northern England are distinguished from those of the South by two main characteristics. One is the vowel in words such as up, butter, and flood, which is pronounced like that in put, could, and took. That is, buck is

pronounced the same as book, and the pairs put and but, good and blood, pull and hull are rhymes. The

other characteristic is that, in these areas, words such as dance and path have the same vowel sound as in cat. (Northerners tend to look down on the posh, effete-sounding southerners who say 'dahnce' and 'pahth.') In the Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool areas, the g is actually pronounced in words like singer and thing. And in the accent of Liverpool

(called Scouse), t often sounds like ts. Yorkshire accents are notable for pronunciations such as 'mek' and 'tek' for make and take, and for the

omission or reduction of the, as in the stock phrase 'There's trooble at'mill.' In the Northeast, around Newcastle, where the natives are for some strange reason known as Geordies, the accent can be espe­ cially confusing for foreigners (and even for southern English people). The vowels are the main problem, with pronunciations like 'oowa' for a long o (giving 'boowat' for boat) and 'eeya' for a long a (as in 'feeyat' {ox fate).

Welsh English has a distinctive intonation pattern, Welsh English which the English describe as being 'lilting' or 'singsong' in nature. Consonants in the middle of words seem to be drawn out in pronunciation, as in 'cit-ty' or 'mon-ney.' The Welsh English r sounds different from the English r, and is more of a flap. The vowels are pretty much the same as in southern

1400

Understanding the natives English varieties, except that the a in dance, path, etc., is like that in cat. The Welsh are fond of ending sentences with the tag isn't it (as in 'You're going to the show tonight, isn't it?'). Scottish English

The vast majority of Scottish people pronounce the r in words like part and car but, as in Welsh English, this is a flapped r. Almost all Scottish vowels are a bit different from English ones. For example, caught is pronounced like cot, Pam like palm, and pull like pool. However, fern, bird, and hurt represent three

different vowel sounds. Scots use a distinctive con­ sonant in Scottish words like loch (lake) and Sasanach (Englishman): the ch is pronounced like a breathy h. In addition, they pronounce wh at the beginning of a word as 'hw.' Devotees of Robert Burns's poetry will be familiar with Lowland Scots dialect pronunciations such as 'hoose' for house, 'doon' for down, 'hame' for home,

'dee' for die, and 'day' for do. Lowland Scots differs from other varieties of English in a large number of other features of pronunciation, grammar, and voca­ bulary, making it almost impenetrable to outsiders. Stress

The placement of stress in British English sometimes differs from that in North American English and is often the source of misunderstandings and general amusement. Words of French origin usually have very un-French stress in British English, with the emphasis falling on the beginning of the word: BALlet,

BATon,

GARage,

DEBris,

St. BERN ard.

Words ending in -ary and -ory often have later stress and/or have an abbreviated ending in English accents: laBORatry,

anCILLary,

SECretry,

STRAWbry.

Compound words tend to have the emphasis on the second word: weekEND, iceCREAM,

Vocabulary

hotDOG.

People who know North American English will find that English people use unfamiliar words for some familiar items. There are, in fact, so many of them that special dictionaries have been published to cope with the problem. To give you some idea of the range of differences, here are just a few examples (others are mentioned throughout the book):

1401

Understanding the natives British

North American

Alasatian (dog) biro candyfloss cling film cutlery draughts drawing pin fortnight full stop ground floor hairslide inverted commas jumble sale kitchen roll Lilo nappy nought plimsolls row (rhymes with now) rucksack sellotape torch

German shepherd (dog) ballpoint pen cotton candy Saran Wrap silverware checkers thumbtack two weeks period first floor barrette quotation marks garage/rummage sale paper towels air mattress diaper zero, nothing sneakers argument backpack Scotch tape flashlight

More confusing, perhaps, are the many British English words that look the same as North American English words but either mean something completely different or have a different primary meaning (secon­ dary meanings are given after semicolons below): British meaning

North American meaning

sink a thousand million baking-powder roll dental devices for straightening teeth convoy substandard; inexpensive stupid; mute Chinese spring roll formal attire plain or ugly

basin

bowl

a billion biscuit

a million million cookie or cracker

braces

suspenders

caravan cheap dumb

trailer inexpensive mute

egg rolls

bread bun with egg in it

fancy dress costume homely homey

1402

Understanding the natives jelly clear fruit jam Jell-O jumper pullover, sweater dress worn over blouse just about only just not quite knickers women's underpants knickerbockers knock up awaken by knocking make pregnant on door mad crazy;angry angry; crazy mind be careful of (as in do what someone tells you 'mind your head') muffler thick neck scarf silencer for car exhaust system nervy nervous bold pancake crepe thicker fried-batter mixture pants underpants trousers pavement sidewalk roadway pudding general dessert custardlike dessert quite moderately; very very rubber eraser condom sherbert fruity powdered candy fruity ice dessert (British sorbet) smart surgery

tights vest

well groomed doctor's/lawyer's/ politician's office; an operation panty hose undershirt

clever; well groomed an operation dancer's or skater's legware waistcoat

Some Britons are also fond of using archaic forms like amongst and whilst.

In most parts of the country, older and more rural people still use dialect words and sentence structures that may be obscure to people elsewhere. Most natives are aware of these, however, and tend not to use them around foreigners. Rhyming slang

Londoners, especially those on the fringe of the law, use a peculiar sort of sublanguage known as rhyming slang. This has found its way into general usage in the rest of the country and even as far away as Australia, and can be heard on TV shows depicting criminals or working-class Londoners. The way it works is that one word is represented by a phrase of two or more

1403

Understanding the natives words that somehow go together and in which the last word of the phrase rhymes with the intended word. Thus, butcher's hook stands for look in

rhyming slang. Very frequently the phrase is reduced to its first element, so that butcher's comes to represent look, as in 'Ave a butcher's at this, guv. A

few of the better-known rhyming slang terms are: rhyming slang

'normal' word

loaf (loaf of bread) dicky bird trouble and strife whistle (whistle and flute) apples (apples and pears) Brahmsed (Brahms and Liszt) tod (Tod Sloan)

head word wife suit stairs pissed (drunk) alone (as in 'to be on your tod')

Most spelling differences between British and North Spelling American English are either well known, like colour vs. color and theatre vs. theater, or else cause no

difficulties in understanding, such as travelling vs. traveling, realise vs. realize, licence vs. license, enquire

vs. inquire, tyre vs. tire. There are a few, however,

that can cause some confusion. For example, crimin­ als are sent to gaol, not jail; farmers use ploughs, not

plows; and houses with poorly sealed windows get draughts, not drafts.

After staying a while in England, you may find that Using you are able to tell roughly which part of the country language someone comes from. You can also readily identify someone's social background and status simply from the way that person speaks. The biggest giveaway is accent - the more regional a person sounds, the lower his or her social status is likely to be. There are also some words and phrases that are stereotypically associated with social class. There is some truth in the idea ihat the upper classes have a penchant for overstatement, for example, and tend to describe things (very loudly) as being terribly interesting, awfully nice, frightfully boring, smashing,

and 7o//y wonderful. Such people are still careful to

1404

Understanding the natives use one instead of you for general reference (one must be firm about not letting one's standards slip, mustn't one?), and to avoid 'common' terms like toilet and serviette, preferring the posher versions lavatory and table napkin.

The English strike many foreigners as being extremely polite (at least until they try to get served in a shop), an impression caused mostly by the enor­ mous frequency with which the British say please and thank you. In fact, they say thank you so often that some abbreviate it to ta. They say please when handing their fare to the bus driver, although he or she rarely says thank you back. At shops, customers say please when handing their purchase to the clerk, to which the clerk says thank you, followed by the customer saying thank you when receiving the goods, and the clerk saying thank you again. The English say sorry even if you stand on their feet or bump into them. They say excuse me if they want you to move out of their way. You will have to be prepared, according to your age and sex, to have strangers call you things like dear, love, duck, flower, and hen (up north) if they

feel well disposed toward you. Londoners call men of higher social standing guv (for governor). If they are not well disposed toward you, then you may be called a variety of other terms, including wally, which isn't obscene, or pillock, prat, or wanker, which are, or be told to piss off (go away).

The English insult people nonverbally with a two-fin­ ger gesture that resembles the V-for-Victory sign with the palm turned inward, given with a slight upward motion of the arm. (This is very rude, and is on par with the American one-finger gesture or the southern European one-arm gesture.) So if you want to indicate two of something, make sure you don't perform this gesture by mistake. Words to avoid that are rude in England include fanny (many Americans get into trouble using this - it refers to the female genitalia, not the backside) and bloody, which is a quite strong swearword. The English are less keen on euphemisms than many other peoples and can seem quite insensitive or

1405

Understanding the natives blunt in their use of words. The inheritance tax is called the death duty; people over sixty-five are old-age pensioners; people who are hard of hearing

wear deaf-aids; and certain types of handicapped people are called spastics. There are institutions called the Hospice for the Terminally 111 and the Hospital for Sick Children (why else would they be there?). On the other hand, the English don't like to talk about the workings of their intestines, and quite often complain about stomachaches that have nothing to do with their stomachs. When telling time, the English custom is to say, for Times and example, 'ten to six' and 'ten past six.' English people dates are confused by Americans who say 'ten of six'; they can't figure out whether this means ten minutes before or after the hour. On the other hand, the English sometimes say 'half six' for 6:30 and succeed in confusing those Europeans for whom half six means 5:30. Dates are normally written with the day first, then the month and year: 7th November, 1986. The order is the same when the date is just in numerals: 7/11/86 (which is different from the North American prac­ tice). A phrase like Tuesday week means 'a week from Tuesday,' and a fortnight Monday means 'two weeks

from Monday.' Almost all tourists fall flat on their faces when trying Place names to pronounce English place names. It is bad enough that London is called 'Lundn' and the river Thames is the 'Temz,' but there's also: 'Dahby' for Derby 'Lester' for Leicester 'Sawlsbry' for Salisbury 'Wooster' for Worcester (whose 'oo' is pronounced like that in book, not fool)

In general, -shire in county names is pronounced as 'sheer' or '-shuh'; -cester is reduced to '-ster'; -ham is '-urn'; -burgh and -borough are '-bruh' or '-burruh';

-wich is '-idge', and -wick is often '-ick.' Some pronunciations, however, are completely unpredict-

1406

Understanding the natives able. Quite often in place names of three or more syllables, one syllable is dropped altogether (as in Happisburgh becoming 'Haysbruh'). The word Saint in place names (and personal names) is unstressed and sounds something like 'Snt.' Probably the best thing to do when asking for a potentially unpronounceable place is to just point to it on a map or write it down. Village names can be interesting, perplexing, and highly amusing. Sometimes villages grouped close together share one element of a name and are distinguished from each other by some descriptive (and often olden) term: Burnham Overy, Burnham Deepdale, Burnham Norton, and Burnham Thorpe Much and Little Hadham Over, Middle, and Nether Wallop Sidford, Sidmouth, and Sidbury (all on the river Sid) Toller Fratrum, Toller Porcorum, and Toller Whelm Thus a sign that says 'The Willbrahams' is intended to lead you to a group of villages sharing that name, not to someone's house. Other names, such as Cley-next-the-Sea, Owmbyby-Spital, and Widecombe-in-the-Moor, are geog­ raphically quite precise but are a real mouthful. And some are just plain funny. How would you like to live in Blubberhouses, Foul Mill, Great Snoring, Mop End, Piddle, or Ugley?! It may be helpful to know that someone who comes from Liverpool is a Liverpudlian, and a person from Manchester is a Mancunian.

1407

Eating out

The Hungarian humorist George Mikes, long resi- English dent in England, once wrote that 'on the Continent cuisine people have good food; in England people have good table manners.' Indeed, very many foreigners labor under the impression that it is not possible to find good English food in restaurants and thus end up going to those serving French or Italian or other international food. Stereotypical English cuisine includes overdone meat drowned in thick gravy, vegetables that have been boiled to death, stodgy (heavy) desserts, and greasy fried fish with soggy fried potatoes. All of this is, of course, untrue. The quality of English cooking is variable, but it has improved in recent years, both in the range of foods available and in the preparation of them. Good traditional English cooking tends to be simple, relying on fresh seasonal produce with hints of herbs and seasonings. Main courses are often served with a dab of a piquant condiment or sauce (mustard, horseradish, red currant jelly, etc.) rather than being smothered in a fancy rich sauce. There has been a resurgent interest in traditional regional dishes. Some that are more widely found include Lancashire hot-pot (a sort of lamb stew); beef cooked in cider; homemade Cornish pasties (pastry filled with minced meat, onion, and potatoes); black pudding (sausage made from oatmeal, herbs, and blood, which tastes better than it sounds); herrings in ale; and various savory pies. Each region seems to have its own special and tempting varieties of steamed puddings, fruit pies, and cakes. Secure in the knowledge that it is possible to find Where to good English food, you must then take the time to find it

1408

Eating out locate a place serving it at a reasonable price. Frankly, not many restaurants do. Expensive restaurants serve Continental cuisine for the most part. Books such as The Good Food Guide are very helpful for locating

more up-market places serving English cuisine, while Just a Bite (Egon Ronay) and The Good Pub Guide

include less expensive venues. Some of the best food can be found at simple country inns, especially at lunchtime on Sundays. Probably it is best to avoid restaurant chains - the food will be okay but on the unimaginative side and with few fresh vegetables. Restaurants post a copy of the menu outside so that you can see what is offered at what price. They may also post signs on the window that boast 'A taste of England' (or Devon or Yorkshire, etc.), which indicate that traditional recipes are used; or they may state that their food is homemade. Eating hours

English eating hours may seem very restrictive to many tourists. Breakfast is usually served from 8 to 9:30 a.m.; lunch is from 12 a.m. to 2 or 2:30 p.m. (office workers usually take their break from 1 to 2 p.m., so avoid that hour if possible); afternoon tea goes from about 3:30 to 4:30 p.m.; and dinner runs from about 6:30 to 10 p.m., with 8:00 being a fashionable time to start. If you are hungry at 5:30 p.m. or want to have a very late meal after a show, that's just too bad - you'll probably have to settle for fish and chips or Chinese take-away (carry-out/takeout). And even the fast-food shops normally aren't open all day long, although they do stay open late at night to catch the crowds after the pubs shut. There are few twenty-four hour cafes, and most cater to truck drivers (that is, they serve fried food and chips with everything). There are some 'family restaurant' chains along main travelers' routes (in particular, Little Chef and Happy Eater), which are open from 7 or 7:30 a.m. to 10 p.m. On Sundays, many restaurants (including fish-andchip shops) are closed all day, while others may be open only for traditional Sunday lunch. You can usually find Indian or Chinese restaurants open on Sundays, and some pubs may offer hot food in the evenings.

1409

Eating out The adage about children being seen and not heard Eating with has a stricter interpretation in English restaurants - children they don't think children should even be seen! You aren't allowed to take children under fourteen into a pub for a meal unless there is a separate family room, which may be a shock to may Europeans. Children are, of course, allowed in restaurants, but it isn't customary to take them out to eat, except perhaps for Sunday lunch or on a special occasion. Few eating establishments make any effort to accommodate children with special menus, smaller portions, high chairs, or the like - children are more tolerated than welcomed. The only places where you may be made to feel genuinely welcome if you have children with you (with the exception of hotels, which expect them) are fast-food restaurants and places run by people from more family-oriented cultures (Chinese, Greek, Indian). The English attitude is changing, but it has a long way to go in this respect before it catches up with other parts of the world. You would be well advised to book (reserve) a table at Reservations a restaurant on a Friday or Saturday night or for Sunday lunch. If you are in a large city, however, you'll probably find somewhere to eat without a reservation if you just wander around. Once in a restaurant, you should usually wait to be seated. (At your hotel's restaurant you may be assigned a table for all your meals and can just seat yourself upon entering.) At some restaurants and pubs with restaurants, you may be asked to wait in the lounge area and have a drink while looking at the menu, and won't be taken to your table until your meal is ready. In an inexpensive restaurant you may occasionally be asked to share a large table if the place gets too crowded, and it is considered impolite to refuse to do so. Unfortunately, restaurants rarely have a nosmoking section. Common sense should tell you the standard of dress Dress to adopt for a particular restaurant - you don't wear scruffy jeans into the Savoy, but you can wear them

1410

96

Eating out to a roadside cafe. Older Britons tend to dress up when going out to eat, especially on a Sunday: men wear ties and women wear nice dresses. Some snooty and expensive restaurants demand that men wear a tie but may lend you one if you come without it. Mostly, just about anything goes, as long as you are fully clothed and shod (wearing shoes). Table settings

Tables are set with an impressive array of silverware. Start with the outer pieces and work your way in, always using two utensils (except when eating soup). Different types of knives and forks are used for fish and for meat dishes, so you may be brought a new set of cutlery after you place your order. However, you will rarely be given a steak knife (and that isn't because the meat is so tender that you don't need one). The cutlery for dessert, a spoon and a fork, is placed above the plate. Coffee spoons are brought with the coffee. Tables are usually set with salt (in the shaker with only one hole), white pepper (fresh black pepper in a grinder is not found in many restaurants), and English mustard (which is very hot) to accompany meat. There may also be a bottle of malt vinegar on the table in restaurants that serve chips (fried pota­ toes).

Service

Don't expect waiters and waitresses to be chatty or very friendly. They might be, but that kind of behavior isn't expected. They are usually efficient rather than fawning.

Eating style

Americans always comment on the strange way that the English eat. Actually, it is the Americans who have a peculiar way of eating - the rest of the Western world eats like the English. The fork is held in the left hand, with the tines curving downward, and the knife is held in the right. Neither is set down between bites. The knife is used both to cut food and to guide it to the fork. The fork is not used for cutting or scooping up food in polite circles (although it can be so used, held in the right hand, to eat food which doesn't need cutting). Don't feel that you have to try eating this

1411

Eating out way, but if you don't you'll probably find that everyone else will have finished eating before you have. Most restaurants are licensed to serve alcohol. Those Drinks that aren't often allow you to bring your own wine, but this isn't done at licensed premises. The most common before-dinner drinks seem to be sherry, gin and tonic, lager (beer), and wine. Fancy cocktails are not normally requested, but may be available. You aren't usually brought a glass of water at the table unless you specifically ask for it, and it most likely won't come with ice. In fact, few drinks are graced with ice, even in the summer, unless you ask. Many people have wine or lager with their meal, if they have anything to drink. Most wines are from the Continent, although California wines are creeping onto the menus. You won't find English wines served in restaurants - there are some wines made in England, a few of which have won international prizes, but they just aren't offered in restaurants. Prices of wines in most eating establishments are enormously inflated. Of course, you don't have to have something alcoholic to drink. Milk, mineral water, juice or

"The wine should be chilled, Benson. Stand it by the door for a few minutes." Reproduced by permission of Punch

1412

Eating out squash (artificially fruit-flavored drinks), and perhaps some other soft drinks may also be available. Milk shakes, if you can find them, are made just with milk and flavoring, not with ice cream. Iced tea is unheard of, and coffee is not usually drunk with the meal but is taken after dessert. Menus

In the more traditional restaurants, menus are divided into a la carte (from which you chose individual items for each course - more expensive) and table d'hote (a narrower choice of set meals, for a set price).

Appetizers

The range of starters varies from place to place, of course, but you will almost always find 'prawn cocktail' on the menu. This consists of shrimps (or small prawns) drowned in a mayonnaise-based sauce. Fruit and fruit juice, pate, soup, and smoked fish are also common. Bread rolls may be brought around to the table, but they usually aren't warm. Salads are not that com­ mon, nor very interesting (although they are impro­ ving, and salad bars are on the increase). The choice of salad dressings is not extensive, with French dressing (oil and vinegar with herbs) being the most common. Salad cream, similar to runny mayonnaise, is also popular.

Main course One of the most typical of English dishes is roast beef meats and Yorkshire pudding (a very light batter mixture baked in the oven), served with horseradish and gravy. Your roast generally comes medium to well done. Roast lamb is also popular, and is accompanied by a mint and vinegar sauce. Roast pork comes with applesauce. Gammon, a thick cut off the thigh of the pig, like ham, is often served with pineapple rings. For those who like a variety of meats, there often is a mixed grill, consisting of sausage, bacon, liver, kidney, and a lamb chop - a cholesterol lover's dream. If you are used to American or Australian beef, English steaks may be disappointing, since they can be tough, tasteless, and expensive (though Scottish beef is considered to be good). Prices should tell you

1413

Eating out the relative quality of steaks: a fillet steak (pro­ nounced 'FILLit'), which is the same as a fillet mignon, is the highest quality, with sirloin and rump steaks also being good quality. Meat is cut differently in England than in various other countries, so the names of cuts may not be familiar, or familiar names may refer to slightly different cuts. (You won't find T-bone, porterhouse, rib eye, and Delmonico steaks, or other 'exotic' cuts.) It is possible to get good, tender, tasty steaks in England, but it seems to be a matter of coincidence rather than consistency in any one area. More down-to-earth but interesting meat dishes, such as meat pies, are popular and usually flavorful and quite affordable. Steak and kidney (or steak and mushroom for the squeamish), chicken and mushroom, and ham and turkey pies are all standard. Game pies, made from pheasant, rabbit, or venison, can be found in season (autumn and winter) and are highly recommended. Shepherd's pie is a hearty dish made of minced (ground) lamb or beef, with onion and maybe carrot, and topped with mashed potato. Poultry, like red meat, is usually roasted. For some Poultry strange reason, the English don't think of poultry as meat and insist on serving small sausages and/or bacon with it, as well as covering it with dark gravy. Accompaniments for poultry include bread or saus­ age stuffing and bread sauce (a thick white creamy mixture with cloves in it). Roast duck is of variable quality in restaurants; roast pheasant can be found in season, often with very tasty and interesting accom­ paniments. Fresh fish ought to be available in a good number of Fish areas, but many restaurants still serve frozen fish. Grilled Dover sole and lemon sole are specialties (it's sacrilegious to have them fried), and whole trout gril­ led or pan-fried with almonds is also popular. If you can afford fresh salmon, it's of excellent quality. Salmon often comes poached or wrapped in pastry. Most other types of fish are served fried, but you may be able to persuade the chef to grill it for you if you prefer.

1414

Eating out Fish pie is a good, homey dish, usually consisting of white fish chunks, onion, and mushrooms in a white sauce, topped with mashed potatoes. Fresh eel pie and jellied eel can also be found in a few places. Shellfish (usually prawns and crab) generally appear on menus as starters rather than as main dishes. Scampi is the exception, but it is almost always deep-fried. If you do find main-course shellfish dishes, you may have to get over the shock of their price, and they may not be made with fresh shellfish, either. Vegetarian food

Vegetarians may have difficulty finding an interesting variety of offerings at many English restaurants. Omelettes, quiches, and salads with cheese or egg may often be your only choices, with the occasional bland pizza thrown in. You will, however, be able to find good vegetable dishes at the many Indian and Chinese restaurants. London and some university towns have a smattering of real vegetarian restaurants, which are increasing in popularity.

Vegetables Main-course salads are popular for light dinners and in the heat of the summer (if there is one). These consist of some type of cold meat, smoked fish, or cheese along with a green salad and perhaps other kinds of salads or pickled vegetables. Americans should note that, for instance, chicken salad means chicken with salad, not the U.S. version in which the chicken is cut up and combined with mayonnaise. If you like potatoes, you will be happy with typical English fare. With many meals, particularly roasts, you get two or more kinds of potato: roast, baked (but not with sour cream), sauted, mashed, or chips (thick, soft french fries). The natives sprinkle chips with malt vinegar, but it is possible to get ketchup or mayonnaise to put on them if you ask. Many cheaper restaurants serve frozen vegetables instead of fresh. In general, fresh vegetables tend to be plain boiled ones, but they are sometimes served with garlic butter or cheese sauce. It is common for a selection of vegetables to be served in more tradi­ tional restaurants.

1415

Eating out Dessert portions can be quite substantial, so remem- Desserts ber to leave room for some. In posher restaurants a sweets trolley stacked with a wide choice of goodies is wheeled before you to break down your willpower. Dessert offerings usually include such delicious things as gateaux (layer cakes with cream filling), fruit tarts or flans (a pastry or cake base with fruit and a thin layer of glaze on top), fruit salad, one flavor of ice cream or sorbet, and some sort of trifle. This last popular dish is made with various types of desserts in layers: sponge cake soaked in sherry under custard or Jell-O with added fruit, topped with whipped cream and nuts. Other traditional English desserts are syllabub (lemon, cream, sugar, and sherry or wine whipped together), fruit fool (stewed fruit blended with cream), and heavy, cakelike steamed puddings such as plum pudding, jam roly-poly, bread and butter pudding, and spotted dick (with currants in it). Steamed puddings are served with hot, runny, yellow vanilla-based custard poured over them. Waiters often have to be restrained from pouring cream over your dessert, even over cake and fruit salad. Ice cream and whipped cream toppings are not as common. Cheese and biscuits (crackers) are served instead of or Cheese after dessert. In some places you are allowed to help yourself to whatever cheese you want, while in others you will be served a portion. The cheeses are usually French or English. Native cheeses such as Cheddar, Gloucester, and Red Leicester are firm and mild; Stilton is a stronger blue cheese. Apples and other fruit are sometimes served with the cheese. After the sweets course at upmarket restaurants you Savories can also opt for some kind of savory dish, usually something on toast, such as kidneys, sardines, scram­ bled egg, or Welsh rarebit (cheese sauce). After all that food, you may order coffee or tea. The Coffee coffee is quite strong by American standards but weak by European. Most English people put milk in

Eating out their coffee - this is known as 'white' coffee. Waiters will ask if you want your coffee 'black or white' rather than 'with or without milk'. Brown sugar is served with coffee, and white sugar with tea. Most licensed restaurants will offer a selection of liqueurs after coffee. Paying

When you want to pay, ask for the bill, not the check. VAT (Value Added Tax), currently 15 percent, will automatically be added to the total. You can include a 10 percent tip if no service charge has already been added and if the service warrants it. Tips are not expected at breakfast or for quick snack meals. Most restaurants now accept at least some of the major credit cards.

International cuisine

In addition to the many restaurants serving Continental food - and, in London, serving Greek, Hungarian, Japanese, Middle Eastern, and just about any other kind of food you can think of - England abounds in Chinese and Indian restaurants. Many of these have a take-away (take-out) service as well as normal restaurant service. Chinese food is a good value for the money. Most is Cantonese, since the majority of Chinese people in England come from Hong Kong. Other regional varieties can be found, though, especially in London. If you want to eat with chopsticks and from rice bowls, you often have to ask for them. English Chinese restaurants do not serve fortune cookies after the meal. Indian restaurants are also good, inexpensive places to eat. Don't be put off trying them if you don't know anything about Indian food: the menus usually describe each dish, specify the degree of spiciness, and include mild dishes. They also often offer 'English' food such as steak and chips, burger and chips, or egg and chips for the unadventurous. Restaurants with American-sounding names and decor usually bear no resemblance to their American counterparts. They may serve cocktails, hamburgers, and steaks, but the food tastes very little like American food.

1417

Eating out Along with Chinese take-away, the indigenous Fast food national fast food is fish and chips, and it is not to be Fish and chips missed. Fish-and-chip shops vary in quality, but the fish is usually good if the shop is attached to a wet fish shop (one selling fresh fish). The fish is coated in batter and deep-fried in very hot oil so that it is crisp on the outside but succulent inside. Fish and chips is served wrapped in white paper. You are supposed to unwrap it, put salt and a generous amount of malt vinegar on it, and eat it with your fingers. Sometimes effete little wooden or plastic forks are available for those who prefer using a utensil. A board in the shop will tell you what kinds of fish are available: the most common are cod, plaice, haddock, and skate. To order one piece of, say, cod, and a portion of chips, you simply ask for 'cod and chips.' To get two portions wrapped separately, ask for 'cod and chips twice'. You can also just order chips on their own by asking for a specified number of pence worth (there will usually be prices on the board). Fish cakes, meat pies, sausage rolls, spring rolls (Chinese egg rolls), chicken pieces, pickled onions, and hot mushy peas can also be bought at many fish-and-chip shops. The American hamburger chains McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's have been springing up around English cities, providing successful competition to the English chain Wimpy. The English are still getting used to fast-food restaurants and haven't yet figured out that they are expected to clear their tables when finished. The Anglicized American chains often make you pay for a packet of ketchup, and you usually must ask for other condiments.

Hamburgers

Other U.S. fast-food restaurant chains that have Other invaded the country include Kentucky Fried Chicken (which is vastly inferior to the American version) and Pizza Hut. While London has some good pizza parlors, many serve quite bland pizzas, so Pizza Hut seems good by comparison.

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Eating out For a quick snack, a pub or bakery can be just the place to go. These often sell sandwiches, filled crusty rolls, sausage rolls, and sometimes hot and cold individual meat pies. Beware, however, that if you are very hungry, English sandwiches are less generously filled than American ones. Many department stores have cafeterias where you can get snacks or even full-cooked meals. Near beaches and tourist sites, you can often find tea stalls that sell sandwiches, burgers, and so on, and ice cream vans (see also 'pub food,' p. 1428-9). Cafes

There are two sorts of cafes: transport cafes, or 'caffs,' which cater to truckers and other working people and serve things like egg and chips, sausage and chips, meat pie and chips, steak and chips, etc. and chips, with baked beans or peas thrown in for good measure; and cafes, or tea shops, with lace curtains, tablecloths, and cut flowers, which serve morning coffee and afternoon tea to middle-class ladies and tourists, among others. You will not find many Parisian or Mediterraneantype cafes with outdoor tables and tolerant waiters who let you sit and sip one coffee for hours while reading a book. English weather, the narrow side­ walks, and the crowded interiors militate against this.

Wine bars

Wine bars are the current trend in cities and towns. Besides offering wine they often have nice light snacks, such as salads, quiche, or soup, and hearty sandwiches, and are usually good value for your money. They tend to be inhabited by trendy young business people.

Tea

Everyone knows that England is a nation of tea drinkers. A majority of the inhabitants probably start the day with a 'cuppa' and take a tea break sometime around 4 p.m. Tea is also offered in times of crisis, when there is no whiskey at hand. Hot tea can be surprisingly refreshing, even on a warm day. Most English people put milk (not cream) into their tea (although not into exotic or herbal teas); but don't feel that you have to follow this custom. However,

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Eating out milk will automatically be put into your cup unless you ask for your tea 'black.' You also must specify if you want your tea weak, because it tends to come fairly strong. You will be offered a choice of teas only in smarter places. When you order a pot of tea, you'll usually be brought two pots: one with the tea brewing in it (often just a tea bag, with no strings for easy removal) and the other with hot water to replenish the teapot. If the teapot does have loose tea in it, a strainer will also be provided. A small jug of cold milk is also included. There is huge controversy in England over whether you should pour the milk into the cup before or after the tea, but in the end it makes no difference. Should you want a slice of lemon for your tea, you are more likely nowadays to be able to get one, although some English people may still regard this as heresy. Afternoon tea, especially in a tea shop, is not just a cup of tea - there are also various goodies to be consumed. One standard item is the scone (pro­ nounced either 'skone' or 'skon'), a soft, raised flour-and-egg mixture that sometimes contains cur­ rants or sultanas (white raisins). (It resembles an American baking-powder biscuit.) Scones are often served warm and are eaten with butter and jam. Fruitcake, sponge cake, buns (sweet rolls), and crumpets (flattish yeast bread with holes, served toasted - like American so-called English muffins) are also served with tea. In fancy tea shops, thin delicate sandwiches made out of cucumber soaked in vinegar, or egg and garden cress, are the thing to have. 'Cream tea' is not tea with cream in it. It is a repast which includes a highly calorific and delightful kind of thick, spreadable cream that you put on your scone along with the butter and jam and have with your tea. Although this cream goes by the unappetizing name of 'clotted cream,' few people can resist its tempta­ tion. Cream teas are popular in rural and tourist areas, and are a particular speciality of the southwest. Some hotels and restaurants serve high tea. This is not High tea to be confused with afternoon tea at 4 p.m. High tea

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Eating out is served around 5 to 5:30 p.m. and is really a light dinner. The main course may be a salad with cold meat, a light grilled dish, or poached fish. After that, the tea goodies roll out. High tea is the grand version of the meal known simply as tea, which many working-class people eat in the early evening if they have a large dinner at lunchtime (which they call dinnertime). If you find this confusing, that's because it is. If someone asks you around for tea, try to figure out from the time you are supposed to be there which kind of tea it is - a cup of tea or a light dinner.

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Pubs

The pub (public house) is the focal point of social life for many English people. It is not just a place to drink, but a place where they can easily bump into friends, make new acquaintances, find out what's been going on in the area, and put the world right. Pubs are a good place to go if you are having difficulty meeting the natives, for there is something about the atmosphere of a pub that makes the typical English reserve melt away (although it may be up to you to open the conversation). Neighborhood pubs abound, reflecting the social makeup of the area, while pubs in town and city centers may each attract a different sort of patron (you can usually tell as soon as you walk in whether or not it is your sort of crowd). Drinkers tend to have a favorite 'local' that they go to; established 'regulars' may even keep their own special beer mug at the pub. Pubs vary enormously, from rough, smoky water­ ing holes to cheerful and welcoming country inns to trendy bars selling exotic cocktails. Most are very open in design, with no secluded corners or booths; at crowded times (lunch and after 10 p.m.) you can easily find yourself sharing a table or padded bench with strangers. Many pubs display interesting items on the walls, on railings, or suspended from the ceiling - horse brasses, bottles, and old tools are among the more popular items. Lighting tends to be subdued, making it a shock to the system when you go out into the cold light of day after a relaxing lunchtime drink. Toilets are usually small and cold. There are normally two halves to a pub: the public bar, and the lounge or saloon. The bar side is seen as being suited to working-class males; the beer is a penny or two cheaper, the furnishings more basic, and the smoke thicker. Games (see 'entertainment,'

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Pubs pp. 1429-30) are often located on this side of the pub. The lounge is better furnished and more elaborately decorated than the bar. This is the side that 'ladies' are supposed to stay on. Some pubs will also have a few tables and chairs outside for warm-weather use. Particularly in the north of England, women have traditionally not been encouraged to go into pubs on their own. This attitude is changing, however. It is perfectly safe for women to go into pubs alone, but they may get 'chatted up' (flirted with). Hours

Pubs keep very restrictive business hours. These were set by law during World War I to keep the population more sober and healthier, but today they seem to frustrate natives and visitors alike and force people to drink too much too quickly. Most English pubs are open from 11 a.m. to 2:30 p.m., and then from 6 p.m. to 11 p.m., Monday through Saturday. On Sundays, they are open from 12 noon to 2:30 p.m. and from 7 p.m. to 10:30 p.m. Local opening times may vary by a half hour or so, but all pubs are supposed to close by 11 p.m. This ensures that the publican (landlord), who often lives above the pub, can clean up and recover before the next day's work. On Christmas Eve, Boxing Day, New Year's Eve, and other special occasions, pubs can extend their closing hour to 12:30 or 1 a.m. to allow their customers time to celebrate to the fullest. You'll know when closing time is near because the landlord will ring a bell, toot a horn, or make some other loud noise and announce: 'Last orders, please.' That is your cue to rush to the bar to buy your final drink. At closing time, the bell (etc.) will sound again and the landlord will yell, 'Time, gentlemen, please' (sometimes ladies get a mention as well). This will be followed shortly by 'Drink up now, please.' Legally, you have ten minutes after closing time to finish whatever your are drinking, but some landlords start stacking tables, turning out lights, unplugging the jukebox, and opening doors to encourage customers to leave. Others wait patiently until the last drinkers crawl out. The afternoon closing times mean that you cannot

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Pubs gei: a beer at a pub in England in the middle of a hot summer's day. You can buy it in many grocery stores or at an off-license (liquor store), but on Sundays only during licensing hours. If you aren't near a shop, or if you just want to sit down and be served, your only alternatives are to go to a cricket match or take a short t