A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish Language: [1884] 1112071474, 9781112071478 [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

00 oo

S 00 o o

OTTOMAN -TURKISH LANGUAGE J.

W. REDHOUSE

-

v_S3w~

'

AJ

r

TRUBNER'S COLLECTION or

SIMPLIFIED

GRAMMARS

OF THE PRINCIPAL

ASIATIC

AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BT

RELNHOLD ROST,

LL.D., PH.D.

IX.

OTTOMAN TUKKISH. BY

J.

W. REDHOUSE.

TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST,

LL.D., Pn.D.

V.

MODERN GREEK.

HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN,

AND ARABIC. BY THE

BY

E.

LATE

M. GELDAET, M.A. Price 2s. Qd.

E. H. PALMER, M.A.

Price

VI.

ROUMANIAN.

5s.

BY

R. TOECEANTJ.

II.

Price

5s.

HUNGARIAN. BY

VII. I.

SlNGEE.

Price

TIBETAN.

4s. 6d.

BY H.

A. JASCHKE.

Price

5s.

III.

VIII.

BASQUE. BY W. VAN EYS. Price

3s.

DANISH. BY

6d.

E. C. OTTE.

Price IV.

IX.

MALAGASY. BY

G.

OTTOMAN TURKISH.

W. PABKEE.

Price

3s. 6d.

BY

J.

W. REDHOUSE.

Price 10s. 6d.

5s.

Grammars of the following

are in preparation

:

Albanese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, Cymric and Gaelic, Dutch, Egyptian, Finnish, Hebrew, Kurdish, Malay, Pali, Polish, Russian, Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, Swedish, &c., &c., &c.

LONDON:

TRUBNER &

CO.,

LUDGATE HILL.

A

GRAMMAR

SIMPLIFIED

OP THE

OTTOMAN-TUEKISH LANGUAGE.

BY

J.

W. REDHOUSE,

HON. MBMBEB OB THB

LONDON

TRUBNEK &

M.K.A.S.,

BOYAL BOCIBTT OP

CO.,

LITEBATUBE

:

LUDGATE

1884. [All rights reserved.]

PULL.

SEEN BY PREi

DATE

JAN

2

LONDON BT.

:

GILBEET AND EIVINOTON, LIMITED, JOHN'S SQUARE, CLEEKENWELL EOAD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface

.

.

.

.

Note on Identity of Alphabets

ix xii

CHAPTER

I.

LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. SECTION

I.

Number, Order, Forms, and Names of Letters

...... Greek, and

Synopsis of Arabic,

Latin

4

Letters II.

1

Phonetic Values of Letters, Vowel-Points,

Orthographic

Signs,

Ottoman Euphony

Transliteration,

CHAPTER

.

.

.

.

15

II.

OTTOMAN ACCIDENCE. SECTION

I.

II.

III.

Nouns Substantive Nouns Adjective Numerals

IV. Pronouns

51

...... .

.

.

.

68 74 82

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

vi

PAGE

SECTION V. Demonstratives VI. Interrogatives ,,

.

.

VII. Relative Pronouns

.

...

VIII. Derivation of Verbs

(Table)

IX. Conjugation of Verbs Participles

X.

;

.90

Verbal Nouns

Numbers and Persons

XI. Complex Categories of Verbs

Tenses

;

Gerunds

;

.

XII. First Complex Category

94

.

Moods

;

92

.

.

;

.

99

.

115

.119

.

120

.

XIII. Second

125

.

129

XIV. Third

XV. Combined

(Turkish) Conjugation

XVI. Negative and XVII. Dubitative,

.

Impotential Conjugations

Potential,

and Facile Verbs

.

133

.

135

.

141

144

XVIII. Verb Substantive

XIX. Verbs of Presence and

Absence, Existence

....

and Non-Existence

XX. Compound ,,

XXI.

148

Verbs

Interrogative Verbs

;

Interrogation

XXII. Adverbial Expressions XXIII. Prepositions

XXIV.

Conjunctions

XXV.

Interjections

.... .... .

147

.

.

.

151

.

154

.150 .

.

156

.157

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER THE OTTOMAN

VU

III.

SYNTAX. PAGE

SECTION

I.

Conversational

brevity.

Precision

in

ERRATA. PAGE

PREFACE. THE Ottoman

Language,

A*.jjLJl2-c

osmanlija,

is

the most

highly polished branch of the great Turkish tongue, which is

spoken, with dialectic variations, across the whole breadth,

of

nearly,

the

impinging into also,

in

middle

region

Europe,

of

the continent

even, in the

Southern Russia,

up

to

of

Asia,

Ottoman provinces, and

the

frontiers

of the

old

kingdom of Poland.

The Ottoman language fundamentally Turkish. tinues

more and more

in its

is,

grammar and vocabulary,

It has, however, adopted,

and con-

to adopt, as required, a vast

of Arabic, Persian, and foreign words

number

(Greek, Armenian,

Slavonic, Hungarian, Italian, French, English, &c.),

together

with the use of a few of the grammatical rules of the Arabic

and Persian, which are given as Turkish rules

in the following

pages, their origin being in each case specified. x

The

J

c

great Turkish language, AS J turkje,

Ottoman, has been

classed,

by European writers as one of the

"

" agglutinative

languages

Ottoman and non-

;

not inflecting

its

words,

but

X "

PREFACE. "

which were once

in-

dependent words," to the root- words, and thus forming

all

as

glueing on,"

it

were, particles,

the grammatical and derivative desinences in use.

To my

mind, this term "agglutinative" and

its

definition,

are inapplicable to the Turkish language in general, and to

the Ottoman Turkish in

and most

particular.

truly, inflexional tongues

;

These

are, essentially

none of their inflexions

ever having been " independent words," but modifying particles only.

The

the Turkish languages, or

distinctive character of all

dialects,

is

that the root of a whole family,

of inflexions and derivations,

is

however numerous,

always recognizable at sight,

seldom suffering any modification whatever, and always standing at the head of the inflexions or derivations, however

complex in character these may of a root-word does take place,

it

When

be. is

a modification

always of the simplest

kind, always the softening of a hard or sharp consonant into

the corresponding more liquid letter, and always of the final

consonant only of the root.

becomes a

i,

soft Persian

which

is

a

t*J,

becomes a or the

L>

sometimes

c,

a sharp Arabic

e)

becomes a

Ottoman modification of

this

latter,

then pronounced like our most useful consonant

or, in case of a

nounced

jj

or

Thus, a c^

like

dominant

o or

our consonant w.

u vowel

in

the root,

is

y,

pro-

XI

PREFACE.

The Ottoman Turkish has more vowel-sounds

known number) than any other tongue these

may have

present treatise, though differentiation in the

The word

each of

is

it

make

Every one of these

all.

is

in the transliterations of the

mark

distinguished by a special

is

As

to me.

a short and a long modification, they

in twenty-two possible vowels

language

(eleven in

such impossible to attempt any

Arabic characters to which the Ottoman

wedded.

of every euphony regulate the pronunciation the Ottoman language perfectly, in all of Turkish

rules of

in

origin;

;

and as

far as

is

practicable,

in

what

is

radically

foreign.

Although a compound word the Turkish dialects, and the

is

a thing totally

unknown

to

of very rare occurrence in Arabic,

Ottoman language abounds with such, adopted from the

Aryan, compounding Persian. Persian grammarians and writers into a harmonious

further,

conflicting

learnt

how

to

mould

whole the incongruous Aryan Persian and

Semitic Arabic elements. step

first

and blended

Ottoman ingenuity has gone a in

one noble speech the three

elements of the Aryan,

Semitic and

Turanian

classes of vocables.

Fault

is

found by some with this intermixture of idioms

;

xii

PREFACE.

but an Englishman, of

all

the world, will

ciate a clever mosaic of diction

;

and a

know how real

to appre-

student of the

language will learn to admire many a true beauty, resulting from a masterly handling of the materials at his command,

by any

first-rate

Ottoman

literary celebrity,

whether prose-

writer or poet

NOTE.

The manuscript

before Christmas, 1882, in the

hands

of a

of the present sketch

and copies

few friends

of

Grammar was

my table of identic

completed

alphabets have been

for the last four or five years.

I

have just

had the pleasure and privilege of reading the admirable and exhaustive treatise on " The Alphabet," by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, and am rejoiced to find that he has come to the same conclusion as to the of the identity

three

probably at an earlier date than the time, perhaps twenty years ago, when the idea began to force itself on my mind. I still feel inclined' to hold however, by the inference that the Phenicians gave the alphabet to Italy, quite independently of the Greek action which later on doubtlessly ;

influenced the Italian culture.

LONDON, September, 1883.

J.W.R.

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE. CHAPTER

I.

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. SECTION

The Number, Order, Foi*ms, and Names of

I.

the

Letters.

THERE

are thirty-one distinct letters used

Some of

language.

^ or

is

V,

letter,

these have more than one value

also a combination of

two

letters into

which Arabian piety has agreed

la,

Thirty-two

ellf,

v

be,

^ dal, i zel,

^

tl,

k

zi,

c

j

the

v pe, o ri,

'ayn,

nAn, j w6v,

The

and

one character, to count as a

letters have, therefore, to

be named and enumerated, as follows

L

;

and which Persian and Turkish conformity has had no

option but to adopt.

I

Ottoman

them are sometimes consonants, sometimes vowels.

four of

There

the

in

5

foregoing

te,

&

j ze, j zhe, c gayn, _i

:

se,

^ jlm, ^ chlm, c ha,

^

sin,

fe,

j

^i shin,

qaf,

d

^

kaf,

J

s&d,

lam,

^khi,

^ .,

dad,

mlm,

he, V lam-ellf,