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TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF

SIMPLIFIED

GRAMMARS

07 THE PBIKCIFAL

ASIATIC

AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BT

EEINHOLD ROST,

LL.D., Ph.D.

IX.

OTTOMAN TUEKISH. BT

J.

W. EEDHOUSE.

TRDBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST,

UL.D., Ph.D.

V.

MODERN GREEK,

HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN,

AND ARABIC. Bt the

By

M. Geldabt, M.A.

E.

Price

iate

E. H. Palmeb, M.A.

Price

2s. 6c?.

VI.

ROUMANIAN.

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E. Toeceantt.

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IX.

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Q.

OTTOMAN TURKISH.

W. Paekeb.

Price

By

5s.

.T.

W. Redhouse.

Price 10s. 6d,

—

Grammars of the following are in preparation : Albanese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bohemian, Bulg'arian, Burmese Chinese, Cymric and Gaelic, Duteh, Egyptian, Finnish, Hebrew! Kurdish, Malay, Pah, Polish, Russian, Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese ' Singhalese, Swedish, &c., &c., &c. London;

TRUBNER &

CO.,

Ludgate Hill.

:

,

GEAMMAR

SIMPLIFIED

OTTOMAN-TUEKISH LANGUAGE.

J.

W. ?,BDHOUSE,

M.E.A.S.,

HON. UBMBEB OF THB BOTAL BOCIZTT 07

LZT£BATVBE

LONDON

TEUBNEE &

CO.,

LUDGATE

1884. [_AU rights reserved.}

KILL.

:

RNEl

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY .

LONDOK GILBEBT AND EIVIBSTOIT, LOTITID, ST.

JOHH'B BQUAKE, OLEEKEHWELI, EOAD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. FAOn

Preface

ix

Note on Identity of Alphabets

xii

CHAPTEE

I.

Letters and Oethogeapht. Section

I.

Number, Order, Forms, and Names of Letters

.

Letters

„

II.

...... ......

Synopsis of Arabic,

Greek,

and

1

Latin

4

Phonetic Values of Letters, Vowel-Points,

Orthographic

Signs,

Ottoman Euphony

CHAPTEE

.

Transliteration, .

.

.

15

II.

Ottoman Accidence. Section

I.

„

II.

„

III.

Nouns Substantive

51

Nouns Adjective

C8

Numerals

74

IV. Pronouns

...

...

82

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Section V. Demonstratives „

„ „

.

.

VI. Interrogatives

VIII. Derivation of Verbs

.

.

.

.

.

(Table) „

IX. Conjugation of Verbs Participles

;

X.

„

XI. Complex Categories of Verbs

XII. First Complex Category

„

XIII. Second

„

XIV. Third

,j

,,

XV. Combined

»

d

„

„

XVI. Negative and

„

XVIII. Verb Substantive

Potential,

„ ,,

Tenses

Gerunds

;

.

... ...

and Facile Verbs

.

XIX. Verbs of Presence and Absence, Existence and Nou-Existence

,,

;

Impotential Conjugations

XVII. Dubitative,

,,

.

(Turltish) Conjugation

,,

,,

•

Numbers and Persons

„

„

.

Moods

Verbal Nouns

;

•

.... .

.

VII. Relative Pronouns

.

XX. Compound XXI.

Verbs

Interrogative Verbs

;

.... Interrogation

XXII. Adverbial Expressions XXIir. Prepositions

„

XXIV.

Conjunctions

,,

XXV.

Interjections

.....

....

.

...

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER The Ottoman Section

I.

Conversational

III.

Syntax.

brevity.

— Precision

in

ERRATA. PAtfK

10,

PREFACE. The Ottoman

Language, A>jJLjUii 6smanliji,

is

the most

highly polished branch of the great Turkish tongue, which is

spoken, with dialectic variations, across the whole breadth,

nearly,

of the

middle

region

of

the continent

of Asia,

impinging into Europe, even, in the Ottoman provinces, and also,

in

Southern Russia, up to the frontiers of the old

kingdom of Poland.

The Ottoman language fundamentally Turkish. tinues

more and more

is,

in its

grammar and vocabulary,

It has, however, adopted,

and con-

to adopt, as required, a vast

of Arabic, Persian, and foreign words

number

(Greek, Armenian,

Slavonic, Hungarian, Italian, French, English, &c.),

together

with the use of a few of the grammatical rules of the Arabic

and Persian, which are given as Turkish rules

in the following

pages, their origin being in each case specified.

The

great Turkish language, i^ J tdrkj4, Ottoman and non-

Ottoman, has been classed by European writers as one of the " agglutinative " languages

;

not inflecting

its

words, but

X

PREFACE.

" glueing on,"

as

it

were, particles, " which were once in-

dependent words," to the root-words, and thus forming

all

the grammatical and derivative desinences in use.

To my

mind, this term "agglutinative," and

are inapplicable to the

Turkish language in general, and to

the Ottoman Turkish in

and most

definition,

its

particular.

truly, inflexional

tongues

;

These

are, essentially

none of their inflexions

ever having been " independent words," but modifying particles only.

The

the Turkish languages, or

distinctive character of all

dialects, is that the root

of a whole family, however numerous,

of inflexions- and derivations,

is

always recognizable at sight,

seldom suifering any modification whatever, and always standing at the head of the inflexions or derivations,

complex in character these may be. of a root-word does take place,

it

is

When

however

a modification

always of the simplest

kind, always the softening of a hard or sharp consonant into

the corresponding more liquid letter, and always of the final

consonant only of the root.

becomes a

i,

soft Persian

which

is

,j

d,

becomes a or the

c,

or

a sharp Arabic

W sometimes 12)

Ottoman modification of

becomes a this

latter,

then pronounced like our most useful consonant y,

or, in case

nounced

a

Thus, a cj

of a dominant o or u vowel in the root,

like

our consonant w.

is

pro-

PREFACE.

The Ottoman Turkish

XI

has more vowel-sounds (eleven in

number) than any other tongue known

may have

these

distinguished by a special

mark is

differentiation in the

The word

rules of

;

it

make is

in the transliterations of the

impossible to attempt any such

Arabic characters

to

which the Ottoman

wedded.

in the

oi'igin

each of

Every one of these

all.

present treatise, though

is

As

me.

a short and a long modification, they

twenty-two possible vowels in

language

to

euphony regulate the pronunciation of every

Ottoman language

and as

far as

is

perfectly, in all of

;

practicable, in

what

is

Turkish radically

foreign.

Although a compound word

is

a thing totally

unknown

to

the Turkish dialects, and of very rare occurrence in Arabic, the

Ottoman language abounds with

such, adopted from the

Aryan, compounding Persian. Persian grammarians and writers into a harmonious

further,

conflicting

learnt

how

to

mould

whole the iacongrnous Aryan Persian and

Semitic Arabic elements. step

first

and blended

Ottoman ingenuity has gone a in

one noble speech the three

elements of the Aryan,

Semitic and Turanian

classes of vocables.

Fault

is

found by some with this intermixture of idioms

;

XU

PEEFACE.

but an Englishman, of

all

the world, will

ciate a clever mosaic of diction

language will learn to admire

;

know how

to appre-

and a real student of the

many

a true beauty, resulting

from a masterly handling of the materials at his command,

by any

first-rate

Ottoman

literary celebrity,

whether prose-

writer or poet.

Note.

—The manuscript

before Christmas, 1882,

hands

in the

of a

;

my table of

Grammar

"was

completed

identic alphabets

have been

privilege of reading the admirable

on " The Alphabet," by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, and

iind that

three

of

few friends for the last four or fiye years.

had the pleasure and treatise

present sketch

of the

and copies

he has come

to the

same conclusion as

I have just

and exhaustive

am

rejoiced to

to the identity of the

probably at an earlier date than the time, perhaps twenty years ago,

when the

idea began to force itself on

my

mind.

I

stiU feel inclined,

however, to hold by the inference that the Phenicians gave the alphabet to Italy, quite independently of the

Greek action -which

later on doubtlessly

influenced the Italian culture.

London, September, 1883.

J.

W. E.

—

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH OEAMMAE. CHAPTER

I.

The Letters and Ohthogeaphy. Section

The Number, Order, Forms, and Names of

I.

the

Letters.

Theee

are thirty-one distinct letters used

Some of

language.

i)

is

or V,

these have more than one value

also a combination of

two

letters into

which Arabian piety has agreed

1^,

Thirty-two

option but to adopt.

Mlf,

i_j

hh,

J dil, i z4l,

^J

U

zi,

ndn,

The the

one character, to count as a

letters have, therefore, to

be named and enumerated, as follows

1> ti,

and

and which Persian and Turkish conformity has had no

letter,

1

;

them are sometimes consonants, sometimes vowels.

four of

There

the Ottoman

in

.

c

J

t4, ii> s^, _.

p4,

r!,

J zh, j zh^, c giyn, i_s

'iyn,

w6v,

o

i_j

t

foregoing

^J.>

f^,

jlm,

sin,

j

:

ij,

qif,

_

chim,

shin, ija is)

kif,

_

hi,

sM,

^

kh!,

^ji did,

J \im, ^ mlm,

hh, V lim-4lif, ij yh.

is

the ordinary arrangement of the letters of

Ottoman alphabet,

as learnt

and repeated by children

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

Z

excepting that they are not at

know, either of the three Persian

J

which are not contained

zh^,

taught to mention, or to

first

letters,

in the

sounds and values being unknown

an Arab.

by,

and

a

called the Mif-b^,

is

p4,

_

chlm, and

Arabic alphabet, their

and unpronounceable i_a!\

,

the alphabet

i.e.,

mighj be conveniently styled the alphabet by forms;

it

letters of the

or

It

to,

i_j

same form being brought together in

it,

more

less.

There

is

another very different order necessary to be learnt

of the twenty-nine Arabic

and j,s!|

arranged in eight conventional words, as follows

is

ebjM,

jjto

hevwaz, ^i^ hAtti, ^^Jb k^l^mdn, ^jaioM

o-i;3 qirdshdt,

The

It is called ^bj^d, jjil,

letters.

letters

sH

iULi

sdkh^z,

s^'fis,

dizigili.

of the Arabic alphabet, as arranged in

^bj^d series, have each a numerical value.

order represent the nine units, for the tens, also in order,

:

1 to

9

The

first

this

nine in

the second nine stand

;

10 to 90

;

the third nine count as

the hundreds, serially, 100 to 900

;

the twenty-eighth in the

series,

c

,

stands for 1000;

enumerated, has no value of of the values of

its

and the its

last,

V, though always

own, but counts as the sum

two components, J

30,

1

1;

i.

e.,

as 31.

This system appears to have been in use in very early times indeed.

Hebrew

The

order of the letters in

alphabet, as far as this goes

end of the sixth word qdrSshdt,

;

that

li-i^, with

it is,

is

that of the

as far as the

which the Hebrew

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHr.

The

alphabet terminates.

now

(omitting

all

of the two

letters

of the

consideration

O last

factitious

words )l)

are

Semitic inventions of a comparatively modern date, and are

by means of

modifications,

represented in the

from oj,

^

c from c

is

Hebrew

from _,

i

that

^

a,

the

that invests this

European antiquarian fact

alphabet.

from

This may be called

.

A circumstance the

dots, of letters,

undotted or dotted,

Thus,

from

jjo,

modified

U from W, and

numeral alphabet,

4bjM arrangement with a

interest of the very highest order,

proves, beyond the remotest

it

is

is

shadow of a

doubt, the unity of origin of the Semitic (usually taken to

be Phenician, but I imagine

it

to be

much more

ancient than

Moses, or even Abraham), the Greek, and the Latin alphabets.

Not only can

the

now

divergent forms of each separate letter

in the series be traced through successive modifications

back

to one ancient Phenician character, but the order of the

whole

series

from

I

to

o

is

absolutely

identical

in

the

Arabic (Hebrew, Phenician), Greek, and Latin alphabets, as

the following synopsis shows.

An

additional proof

is

furnished by the identity of the numeral values of the letters in the

Arabic and Greek alphabets,

known

to the Latins,

—a

who must have had

method

totally un-

a method of their

own, probably Etruscan, before they received their alphabet direct from the Phenicians, quite independently of the Greeks,

and quite as

early.

OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAK. Lratic

'

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

The

_, r,

must

Gr,

modern Egyptian,

have been a hard

originally

Hebrew, and in Greek,

as in

5

it

nounced, though the rest of Arabia has softened

sound of our English

hardened

The

it,

_;

apparently, into a

remark

serious

first

or soft

made by both

the change

is

K

g.

it

In

so pro-

is

into the

and though the Latins

g,

value.

coming

called for on our

to

the Greeks and the Latins of the

Semitic soft aspirate consonant

t

vowel E.

into their

It

would almost seem as though the old Phenicians used that letter as

a

final

and Turks

vowel, exactly as

A

at present.

is

done by the Persians

more remarkable divergency,

in-

explicable to me, but parallel to the foregoing conversion, is

the

change made by the Greeks of the Semitic hard

aspirate consonant

_

into their long vowel H,

t;,

whereas the

Latins preserved the letter as a consonant and as their sole aspirate,

under the same written form as that used by the

Greeks, H, of the

h,

and which was

in reality the

Phenician fonn

letter.

The next remark

is

as to the Latin F,

which the Greeks

long ago discarded from their alphabet, after having in the instance adopted

first

it

in

to represent the

numeral

they continued

to

its

After discarding

6.

use

it

corrupted, cursive form,

s-,

Phenician form T, and used

as to

a

name of

modification of

sound, from a

)

its

as a letter,

numeral, though with

which they

give the Phenician

it

Bav, j\j «^

waw, or

j;

still,

vav. to

an

it

to

a

this day,

The /, is

Latin of no

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE.

6

The Arabs

importance.

letter or

having no v

of to-day,

sound in their language, write the name of Her Majesty the

Queen-Empress, Fihtoriya.

As

the

Greek phonetic value of Z exactly corresponds

the Semitic power of j

their

,

and the form of the Latin one

is

is

G

being merely a modification,

tempted to imagine that originally the Latin power

of this letter was soft it

numeral

where a

soft

g

g,

our

_;,

perhaps even our

The Greeks made the Semitic W

a long vowel,

i,

(_j

it

into their

its

it

We now

into the

vowel

consonantal use also as an it

is

Three western

Semitic

j, y,

are

though

;

but the

to represent

now used

for the

one

^^.

The next

four letters require no

^ of the eastern Arabs S.

i,

;

a consonant in that

use a y to express that value

letters,

But the

i.

initial

Germans have adopted the Latin modification j it.

and also

y,

followed, as a matter of course, that both

they forgot, or never realized, that position.

the Latins,

;

letter.

being both a consonant, like our

Greeks and Latins should make Latins preserved

words

found in other dialects.

is

having no such sound, discarded the Semitic

Certain

z.

dialects of Italian a z is used in

some

that in

The

to

value being identical,

The Hebrew

alphabet,

is

is

letter

comment

but the Semitic

;

not a good parallel for the Greek

D,

that

holds

the equivalent of the Arabic

Arabs of Morocco transpose the

^j-

its

^jo,

place

in

the

and the western

and ^o in their j^\

THE LETTEES AND ORTHOGRAPHY. making the

alphabet,

word

fifth

7

the letter

^jaiiu>,

being

^Ji

the exact equivalent of the Hebi'ew U in place and in power.

The the

(jo

is

two sounds are

was formed, the Semitic ^y,

and the

S

The

it

is

seen in the

is

an attempt to

name Xerxes, of

The Latins dropped

which the old Persian was Khsharsha. whichever

from one another.

when the Greek alphabet

The Greek

I'epresent our value sh, as

this letter,

really was.

conversion of Semitic consonantal c into Greek and

Latin vowel o

is

This

not unnatural.

letter

unpronounceable by any other than a Semitic. of convulsion in the throat

and as the two

;

converted into vowels, so was this guttural.

much

serving likewise as soft guttural, of

a,

is

the Arabians use as

Even

^

It is a kind

aspirates

write and pronounce is

it

as a

This was so

the hard parallel

in

1 ,

which

._s

It ;

is

the

and an

o

a. ,

is

read in Hebrew, as in

when they have

which they cannot pronounce,

h,

or as f.

The next

dropped in both Greek and Latin.

have been used

were

also a guttural consonant,

the Arabians,

to express a foreign letter, p,

^jfl,

absolutely

is

a long vowel on occasions.

which the c

Greek and Latin, p.

to

is

well be looked upon as a hard

What

or

c

the more to be expected, as the Semitic letter

became Greek and Latin

may

but

^Ja,

held the place afterwards taken

^Ji

i_y,.

than the

very remote

still

I should be inclined to suggest that

by the

S

a better representative of

letter, ^ja

It appears never

Greek, even as a numeral;

differing in

OTTOMAN TUEKISH GEAMMAK.

8

When

that respect from the Tletter,

it

this latter

was dropped as a

was retained, modified, as a numeral.

omitted letter yo became the numeral

representing

^

adjxiri,

But the

SOO instead of 90.

From

this omission of the ^j)

Greek numerals, a

slip

from

its

proper place in the

of the whole subsequent series became

necessary, so that each letter, from

j

,

9, Q, onwards, had a

higher numeral value by one degree in the Semitic than representative had in

Greek

has the value of 90 only for

100 only

;

This

&c.

up further on by

Although the

3)

;

j

;

j

standing for 100, while

represents 200, while

slip is

very remarkable

On

only 900.

additionals,

v, (p,

u, v, x,

Latin Z.

relation to each other as

slip

up

modern authors,

filled

x, are evidently the originals in is

Greek

series,

^

Greek

form of the

possibly the original of the

letter is usually attributed,

to the

repre-

1000, while

the other hand, however, the three

li

and

goes on exactly

to c, representing

and the Semitic

This

stands

was

same order observed in those of the original

and with the same

Latin

it

9

900.

sentatives of sound, their numerical value

is

;

P

six " additional " letters of the Semitic

Greek alphabets have no

in the

its

^,

which

it

by ancient and certainly agrees

with in shape, though not in sound.

The forms of the Arabic and

Persian Ottoman letters given

above are those of the isolated characters.

They

are liable

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOOEAPHT. various modifications,

to

9

according to their being

initials,

medials, or finals, in a combination of written letters.

In the

first

place, they

divided into two classes

may,

be conveniently

in this respect,

those which join on to the following

:

letters in writing a combination, jJuJ

i-Jj^

and those which do not so

,

Sc,

letters join

them

»—*-J»

M

(J*"*

,

It

,

liJ,

v«E,

J=, Ic,

oj, J]j,

U,

J,

i_*9, lij

,

jj, -V.

V*'

k_*=fi

iti,

J) j^>

on

in writing to the character that

(other than to the eight enumerated above)

^, Jj

*^> J^)

are figured thus

'

(_*>

,

jt jjj, j and

'>,

i_j^,

vwSsliyy^,

&c.

forms are as follows

,

ij>j

,

i,

1,

-i,

i_>l, (_>j,

(_a.

^,

(jto,

^i

c>>.

,

(J=*>

j^, ji^

,

,

,

ijitt, ki

^'

Jii

vi*«u

finals their

^ ^ ,

,

k;

,

g,

-^s medials ^jss_,

,

\jf,

^-o

,

,

iJ,

they

Uf,

having been fovmd impracticable to mark in type the varying

Ottoman tone-values of the Arabian and Persian long vowels, the student must learn to supply the numbers 1 and 2 over the long- vowel marks. For this purpose, he must apply the rules for the short vowels, according as they follow, or are followed by, a consonant of the soft or hard class.

By

practice, the correct habit will be thus acquired

;

the case of the short

vowels teaching the tone, which will then be instinctively used

vowel

is

long.

when

the

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAB.

10

oo^

JjT,

00^

oo^

^

iLjo.

,

,

oo^

o ^

o

J^

,

M:^

o^x

°;'

^

O

O^

O^,^

O0-.

o o *

--oj---

00--

o-

v*^j J^*

.Ja, JJj, !^, .^^j *:i/tH5

ljIj,

P y^_

are, as

Those which do not join

.

O

medials, thus written:

oo^

oo^

oo^

o

Longer combinations varj^ ad mfimtum, as follows cJlj^, rW-^'' ^->^J cjA^J laU^Swt-ob

,

ijUlijlj

,

J^^'

i^i^,

J*W^'

^o

os^

:

,

Aii*,j5jU «yl^f^»

&c.

Besides the simple names of the letters hitherto mentioned,

most of the characters have other, more complicated appellations.

The

is

1

Arabic word

when

it

is

when a

usually called h^mz^, 5)»a, ;

and

m^mdiidj,

^lift

consonant,

sj^j^j. i_ill,

a long vowel, initial or medial.

m

an

prolonged

\,

It can never be

a long final vowel in an Arabic word, being then always followed by another consonant 'hhmzh &c.

It

is

It

final.

Arabic or

;

is

then more commonly written

but by no means always words, the

indifferently

it

1

is

or final.

so.

It

is

When

When

short or long.

A.

^,

Kz>3\

o _^ _

afjt, p. i_)l ab.

When

generally a consonant, and

when

classical

in

is

called

always long in Persian initial in

a Persian word,

initial,

mMd,

a short

may

I,

In Persian and Turkish,

a long

guished, as in Arabic, by the sign o

^^

always a vowel, but

Mif and h^mzj.

when medial

may be

as, sli sha'i, i\y, jJza'A,

called ^lifi m^qsur^, i.^Ju, wJI, shortened

foreign

words,

;

Xi>

it

distin-

is

(') over

initial, it is, in

take the sound

'i

or

it,

as

:

Arabic, 'h,

of

'1,

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. or of

When

'A.

a short

Persian,

initial in

may have any one

of the three values i or

of the powers of

in

The isolated

is

1

i_j

as the

;

qWsh^t),

named

also

o

the

ti,

is

The

li..

Id

jl;

named

is

Us,

mAv4hhl,d^), the

(bii'l

loUi*

cj

iidi*

qiyyj),

form with

it,

while

;

0/ (the word) Ja*.

termed ijUss cullL dotted.

The

ij

The

tl> is

might be

sU

named

is

]a

Again, the ,_j,

whereas the

;

(mfisnati tihtaniyy^),

then iden-

The

and

simple

the expression.

Arabian ^, the

L^ all

then

double-

inferiorly

called j^'l sC (ba't 4bjM), the

sG (ba'i

name of

the letter from

f^v-

is

tj

It

is,

,_.

0/

j.s:l

however,

the

_.,

i_j

being called t^ja

Ijimlyy^), the Persian

«» jIm,

;

but

distin-

guished from the Persian ij by being designated i^.;^

farisiyy^),

o

also called JiJ eU (sa'l sikhiz), the cb 0/ JsJ.

I do not recollect

'iribiyy^), the

md-

(tsT'l

by being called i^y oUL> (mfisnati

double-dotted

superiorly/

(sa'l

c>^

called

distinguished, as a medial or initial, from the

tical in

jlS

musnat),

further distinguished

is

L=*ifi

(ta'l

i\j

designated

by being

of (the word)

Jia. slL (ta'i h-itti), iAe is

o

sj^-j*

o, and the c^

sMlis^), the triply-dotted L>,

details

distinguished from the other letters of the same

the double-dotted

from the

The

4.

i,

Turkish words are given further on.

form by being called

single-dotted

a vowel, and

is

it

k,

11

slj

(ba'i

fG

(ba'i

i_>.

sufficiently distinguishes

other Arabic characters.

no other designation in purely Arabic works.

It has, therefore,

It

is,

however,

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.

12

distinguished from the Persian -.by their being styled respec-

or

^

L:,^

tively

(jimllr^blyy^), and C^j^

(jiml 'ij^miyye).

h.^fp- **a.

X^

i^' sU

(ha'i

S=-

_, and

neglected (undotted)

m^hm^l^)

mAj^m^)

(khii'l

by the

are distinguished from one another

The _ and ^ terms

(jimi farisiyy^),

^^

^ respectively.

distinguished (dotted)

si* (ha'i bi-nAqtl,) dotless

In Persian they are often called iklL;

_, and^ljiiiisU. (kha'i niiqti-dir) dot-possessing (dotted) ^.

These two

Persian adjectives go

of Arabic and

pairs

through the alphabet, in the cases where a dot

between two

distinction

m&hm^l4)

(dali

Jb

qarashit)^ |j„

;

^

J-

j^a, ^U

ili"

;

•'"'

(za'i

lyji

When we come

U |.V

(lam),

With

i

from ^.

^

uJ

is

as, iU_4j> Jlj

So also the

h^vv^z) j

;

&c.;

^il5

;

J

;

(qaf),

j

aL^

^^^ (mim),

names of the

letters are

Ji

j.

;

^^y (nun),

a distinction again comes

We,

in,

;

&c.

^^ sll

is

necessary for

(ha'i

^

;

_jlj

k^f),

(vwaw),

d

;

j.

to differentiate the letter

therefore, say j^a jta (ha'i

then termed

(ra'i

(sini m'&h-

,_iir (kyaf, vulgarly

;

sf,

as,

lyto.

(shini mii'j^mj),

to i_J, the written

i^^

;

;''

oJ

so distinct of themselves, that no addition (fa),

;

i.

(dili ^bjM), ji5 JIj (zali sikhiz), j Out

DiM^),

mAjfemi)

4«s?" Jli (zali

;

same form

the sole

by the words of the " numeral alphabet

distinctions IssJ

j

letters of the

is

all

hiitti)

;

h4w4z),

and

^j

is

5

;

as the

termed, as

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGEAPHT.

ouL

mentioned above, aJUss

mfisnatl tihtaniyy^);

(ya'i

sIj

13

being also called ^a. ^_ (ya'i hitti).

The Persian

_

and

,_3

are distinguished as a

above

and in

;

and i-*^

styy^),

manner the j

like sl^

(zi'i

There remains now different sorts of

Arabian

d

its

;

'djimlyy^).

among

to distinguish,

vulg.

that of our

is

distinguished by the

kyafi

farlsi,

name of

Arabian

original

This

Tc.

writing, in one or the other of

is

it

letter

was

was next and

then,

is

4-u,U l_s^ (kyafl farislyy^,

k^fi farisi), and a-^s?

This variety

vulg. k^fi 'ij^mi).

consonants, the

(kyafl 'dr^biyy^, vulg. kjfl '^r^bi), the

i_io

value

The

:

used by the Persians for their hard g; still,

(za'i fiiii-

used in Ottoman Turkish, and to point

et)

named ij,c

is

described _

called a-ojU eU

is

out their several names, as follows

d

is '

-

^d

(kyafi 'ij^miyy^,

sometimes distinguished, in

two

The

different methods.

Persians themselves mark the difference by doubling the

upper dash of the initial,

medial, and final

Arabian

original

e),

;

when

thus

:

i«5^Ji,^,Xj

,

S^

isolated or final, has

;

—

isolated,

whereas the

no dash

at all;

oJo

o J"

as, e)j)l, (sUil

j^,

letter in all its written variations

;

and a single dash, when

initial or

medial

;

thus:

dS^, also shaped .J.^a, &:l£=u.

When for the

these

two values of the one

letter

(iil

passed into use

Ottoman language, a new mode of distinguishing the

Persian from the Arabian variety was introduced.

It con-

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAli.

14

sisted of placing three dots over the

Arabian form of the d,

together with a single dash in non-final positions O' '

^?M>

thus

;

:

Ji,

lai,

o ,

eLi

thus marking the Persian hard

;

g value of

the

letter.

But in

this letter, so differentiated in

Persian writing, received

Ottoman Turkish a third value, that of our consonantal

y,

as a softened variety of its Persian value of

hard

Ottoman value never occurs elsewhere than

at the end, or

in the

middle of a word

^^y^_ (yiyirmf), it

may

When an

as

;

eUJ/ol (lyrdnm^k).

begin or end a syllable

this letter follows a

vowel,

e

di;

:

it

glides

:

(b^y),

(biydnm^k),

di»:5C

In the middle of a word

b^-yin-m^k, iy-rdn-m^k.

u vowel, and

into

g.

This

is

itself

followed by

w

the value of our

;

as

aSIu,

(s4w4), &c.

In Turkish, the d, another value

ij»^T is

(anmiq),

liever

end a

the fourth

still,

called surd

sake,

initial.

retaining

^

f^j)

,

d^

being then for distinction's

;

(sighir niin)

(sinin), °j_)k=>}

When

syllable, as it

^U>

same form, received

the

ends

medial,

many

it

as in dl (^n),

;

(qiniir).

may

words.

and may

begin,

The

This value also

three dots over

the d, mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are used by

some

to designate this

times a single dot dots to

is

Turkish value of surd

^j

;

and at other

used for that purpose, leaving the three

mark the Persian value of the

letter.

These varyinc

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

d

values of the

constitute a serious difficulty in learning to

read Ottoman Turkish.

A

Surd ^

is

here transliterated

fl.

similar variation in the phonetic value of the Arabic

c

letter

is

Originally

iIJU

be observed

to

it is,

(gallb),

vs^ords it ftill

15

in an

Ottoman

in

Turkish

words.

Ottoman mouth, a simple hard g ; iijLLL

iJiX\ {iglhh),

much

has a softened value, very

more softened, even

as

:

In Turkish

(migliib).

like that of our gh, but

to the point of practically disappearo

ing from the pronunciation

as

:

cLIj (d^gh, almost diw),

(dighm, almost daiS), ilL (dighi,

elilL

JjjilL (d^'din),

d4'!),

or w vowel, the c

an

;

sjilL (d4'di), &c. ,

in

(dighi,

di'd),

J.%

When

preceded by

Turkish words,

followed by a

if

vowel, glides into the value of our w, even as our

own gh o

does in the word throughout (pronounced thruwout); as:

(d6w4n), fj\ij^ (s6w4n), ,jic^ (q6w4sh)

or

; ci

appears in pronunciation, as before

;

thus

:

it

^

I

^^Icjlj

nearly

dis-

^ jo j

j^jJjl

(AldAwAm,

J Jo J

or oldu'um), ^JJ^l (61diwi, or 61dd'A).

Section IL

The Phonetic Values of

the Letters

and Vowel-

Points, the Uses of the other Orthographic Signs, our System

of Transliteration, and the Doctrine of Ottoman Euphony. "We.

into

must divide the thirty-one Ottoman

vowels and consonants.

that every letter

is

But

it

letters (omitting V)

must

first

be premised

sometimes a consonant, while only four of

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

16

.

All the

others, twenty-seven in form, are always consonants.

It will

them

These are

are sometimes vowels.

]

j

,

,

a

,

ij

be more convenient to treat of the four vowel letters

first,

together with the vowel-points, which are not letters, but

simply marks. Usually, the vowel-points, three only in number, are not

written

they are supposed to be known.

;

But, in children's

books, in Qur'ans, in books of devotion, &c., they are written

and sometimes

in other

The vowe] -points mark of which towards the 2, h&hxh,

is

books and papers

are

named

:

also.

a short diagonal from the right

placed over any consonant

left,

jj^jl (over), the

1, fistfin,

downwards

as: wj,

;

o,

-.,

&c.;

(no meaning), a similar diagonal, marked under

ijJi.

J 3 3

any consonant;

as: _, ^,

&c.;

j, i,

3,

^t^ri, j^^jl (no mean-

ing), a small j-shaped mark, placed over J

J

J' j'

J

any consonant;

U**'

'

These vowel-points mark,

originally, the three

Arabic short

vowels, to which the additional Ottoman vowel-sounds,

have been added.

The Astdn has

the value of i or

ing to the consonant, &c., accompanying

value of to its

as:

3

-»

i

or

1 ;

and the 4t4r4 that of

it

6, A,

h,

i, i,

k

accord-

the hhth has the

;

-&,

A, also

according

accompaniment.

The

short vowel-sound indicated

marks always

by each of these three

follows, in pronunciation, the

sonant to which

it is

appended

;

so that

sound of the con-

we have the

following

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. Ottoman v_>

syllabary, No. 1

bd

bA, bd, bA,

When

it

is

i> hi, hi, hi, bd, hh

:

17

^

;

bi, bS

;

and so on through the alphabet.

;

required to

make

the vowel long, one of the o

three Arabic

letters

of prolongation,

x->

mWd,

i-J^ (hirfi

J- >—'j>» hurufi m^dd), has to be added to the consonant,

marked with tion,

true long vowels, are

panies

fistfin,

accompanies as follows

We

:

I,

^

_j,

U ba, ba

;

^

bl, hi

;

1

;

always accom-

and

,

always

bo, bu, bu,

jt_

bii

;

2,

&c.

thus see that there are eleven Ottoman short vowels,

Our system

of transliterating them

It is the simple

represent 6st&n,

i

d,

of which

"We now have Ottoman syllabary No.

dtfird.

made apparent.

use

;

still

prolonga-

letters of

always accompanies h&hrh

ij

and eight long.

Ardrfi.

The

short vowel-point.

its

pi.

As

method of using a

to represent hahvh,

and

o or

m

is

also

or e to

to represent

these vowel-points shade off in phonetic value,

k, i, k, k,

or h for dstdn

for dtdrfi.

;

i

or

i

for hi^rh

;

and

h,

or

ii,

we fi,

After long consideration, we have for some

years past adopted this system, as the simplest, and, on the

whole, the most rational.

The

values of these Ottoman vowels are those of the vowels

in the following

words,

They

eleven words.

excepting the French

unknown

in ordinary English,

of some of our counties.

tu,

are all familiar English

the vowel of which

though

These words

it

is

exists in the dialects

are: far, war, a-('bove),

C

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

18 pan, pen

;

pin, girl

so

;

put,

;

We

tu, cur.

the vowels

mark

of these eleven guide-words to the Ottoman pronunciation, in the order in which they stand girl, sA, piit, tfi, ciir

we

;

and

fir,

:

w4r, ibove, p^n, p^u, pin,

Ottoman long vowels

for the eight

That

use: far, war, pin, girl, so, put, tu, cur.

Ottoman vowel-sounds

in all, long

and

nineteen

is,

The

short.

student

has but to remember the series of ten English words and one

French, to become possessed of the key pronunciation.

But he must

learn never to

slouchy method, this unswervingnpss

He

;

but, with a

must

pi-actice

pdshdw), h&hi,

\A>

little

Ottoman vowel

swerve from the

To an Englishman, with

values of those guide-vowels.

point

to the

patience at

the most diiRcult

is

first, it

is

to be achieved.

himself in pronouncing pishi, liG (not bdybi), din,

^^i

our

(not d^n), ein,

(not

^^

(not sen), b^n, j^ (which he will at once pronounce right), Is-(tSmAk), csULl, qill,

j-lV^,

fir-(ll,miq),

Jj9 (not qiil), yfiz,

jji_

q61,

J_j_5

(not qii),

(not yAz or yiiz), and gyiz, j^^=

(not gyiiz or gyAz, though these are also words or syllables).

The English student care, in respect

the

of Turkish has to exert his utmost

of the Ottoman vowels, to break himself of

home method of pronouncing

vowel when long,

in

two very

vowels i-emain always pure

;

a short vowel, and the same

different ways.

The Ottoman

they never change in phonetic

value with a change in phonetic quantity ; thus, a

is

always k

— THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. made i

long

Ac,

long,

always

is

I

;

in the

The student

long, o

i

will

always 6 long, u

is

same word and

19

always

is

its derivatives.

have noticed above the Arabic sign of

quiescence of a consonant.

It is

named jezm,

*j>.

and

is

never

placed over a vowel, long or short.

The

fourth

sonant,

is

Ottoman vowel

the soft aspirate

letter,

h, is also

but has a special history of

its

when a

which,

o,

con-

derived from the Arabic,

own.

This letter

is

never

used as a vowel in Arabic in any other position than that of a final to a noun, substantive or adjective, usually of

feminine

gender,

sometimes

singular,

irregular (broken, technically) plural.

iLk. khiiifS, t:^ s&nn^,

t;...^

and

thef

an

sometimes

Such are the words

h^sdn^, juIL t^yyibS, &c.

In Arabic, these pronunciations (as modified

in

Ottoman

Turkish, as to the vowels, and as to the consonants) are those of the words reading.

when they

They

close a sentence or clause in classical

are also the pronunciations of the words in

modern conversational Arabic. But, originally, and to this day, in classical Arabic, those

and

all

such words end not in a vowel at

in a consonant, in

a letter

reasons, is never figured,

of a letter

t

They

all

end

which, for certain grammatical

o, but always appears

in the shape

surmounted by the two dots of the o, thus

Our specimen words are i-u sfinu^t,

t ;

all.

i-....-^

hk&hiht,

i.

therefore, originally, iiJi khdliftt,

i- Js

t4yylb4t.

There are other

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAR.

20

vowels and consonants to be added to the termination of these

mark

in classical Arabic, to

Thus

iLli.,

when

definite,

the case-endings or declinations.

may be marked

iaJi khdlifttd for

the nominative, ilii kh^liPJtl for the genitive, iLli khdlif^td for the accusative.

When

In

ilii khilif^tin, ilji. khilif^dn.

iiJi. kh^lif^tdn,

becomes

indefinite, it

all these cases,

written in vowel-pointed books,

still

These

and the word becomes simply khilifA throughout.

marks are

indefinite case-ending

(iki dtfiiA), double dtfirfi,

and ^ji^J

s^l

called in

^^\

may

now

arose.

be either

uuliJ kjt^bt^,

Kz...:

silent,

Thus:

three short vowels.

all

we have

\

k^t^bti.

In

Arabic,

classical

e...

-

>

When

^

tinguished by a servile

I

-"

kk^b^t,

final con-

-

n

such words are is

k^t^b^t, as before, for the first

becomes nasr, as does

is

hb-i,

or vocal with any one of the

three of the remaining words.

fully

jjy'j\ ,Jo'

(iki ^s4r4), double

a sentence or clause, the final consonant that

Turkish

i5-5ol (Ikl Astfin) double ^stfln.

A consideration sonants

final

dropped from

in a sentence or clause, the case-endings are

the pronunciation, though

when

So

—j^

final in

silent

;

so

but k^t^bt for

j^ ^^

and ^^, though being added

made ;

V^t^hti^

,

^^

,

j^

final,

(always dis-

ndsrdn)

pronounced, or only loses the sound of the

,

remains

final n,

and

read ndsrA.

When

the final

drdpped from the

i.

pi

of

iiJi. khdllft,

and similar words, was

uuuuciation, the letter

might have been

THE LETTERS AND OnTHOGRAPHT. dropped in writing also; for as well. as

It could, however,

Europe has done

sary,

then,

would read khilift jast

^J-la.

and would, be read i.JjL

making

in

21

into Caliph.

it

It

khilif,

was neces-

method which should prevent the

to devise a

suppression of the vowel belonging to the last consonant of

such words, and yet not be liable to be pronounced as a

with the case-endings.

This convenient method was


) and 5jU Persian and Turkish

letter

a)I

,

the

in Persian

silat (usually written

V%o

,

in

,

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

26

The vowel •word

in^dd sign j or

sometimes placed, in Arabic, over a long

when they

(_j,

as in

;

is

»^^

sii'ii,

Ijw.

are followed

by a hhmzh

This peculiarity

ji>L

same

in the

not used

is

in Persian or Turkish.

when

sometimes placed over a long vowel medial

I,

by a reduplicated consonant

in

also

It is

this letter is followed

the same word; as: siU madd^;

it is

not used in Persian or

Turkish.

Such of the foregoing Arabic usages as have been adopted in Persian for

employed

in

words of Persian or of Arabic

Ottoman Turkish

for the

origin, are also

same words

;

though

they are sometimes omitted in ordinary writing.

We now utterly

an

come

to a purely

unknown

initial

vowel

1

in

mMd

Ottoman use of the

Arabic and Persian.

Thus

:

sign,

Whenever

of an Ottoman word of Turkish or foreign

(European or Indian) origin has the short sound of k or the

m^dd

initial

sign

sounds

is d,

placed over 4,

^

;

iLTdda (Turkish); but

as

:

cUu

it,

^j~4mel,

J..I

J;l ibil

and

^1

;

^dmm, becomes

nqbal, becomes JL51 iqbal

These

'Ibil, Jj| -

;

becomes

£

4miir,

^\

becomes

radicals,

^fkyar ,j*l

JlJl

;

4miir

&c.

;

The modes and

and short.

servile,

all

doctrine of making them into long vowels have already been

In Persian, Turkish, and foreign words, an

described. 1

always a vowel, and

is

the

word were of Arabic

When

made long

origin, as has

same way as

in the

final,

if

been said before.

a h^mzi, radical or servile, in an Arabic word,

medial or play.

is

initial

is

a rather numerous body of rules come into

Sometimes the

letter

I

,

then always called h^mzj,

Written, together with the h^rnz^ sign over

and sometimes the h^mzi sign above

is

it,

1

^\.

(as in

is

r^'s),

figured, as a letter OJ f^ ^^

now, without the y^t^sfi'Mun.

I

,

in the

body of the word

;

as in jjjI'Ujj

In the former of these two cases, the h^mz^

is o

usually a

final,

quiescent consonant in

its

syllable

;

as,

\z^\j

a

rb-i'ht,

initial

(^U

ra^'-m^n, &c.

consonant of

its

In the latter case, the himz^

medial or

final syllable,

is

the

movent with

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

32 &stAn

;

be both

as in

that

;

jfiz-'J-n,

is, a'

quiescent hjmz^

\i\j>.

while another, a movent h^mzj,

In

is

written, with a

the t^shdid sign

again

;

phrases

what

also

terminate one syllable,

may begin

is

h^mz4 sign over

the next syllable.

it

and above

;

1

this,

superadded, with an istfin sign over

it

This step never occurs in Turkish

as in Jlij tjffi'-4l. ;

may

may

it

with any other consonant so occurring, one

this case, as

alone

But

j^za4n, &c.

1^

but the explanation

is

needed, so as to

make

clear

follows.

This reduplicated medial hJmzJ, movent with sometimes followed by a long vowel

1 .

In

fisttln,

is

this case, instead

•3

of writing, for instance,

o t^ _ (j-'l, ri'-'as,

the two letters

1

are com-

bined into one, with the signs nijdd and himz^, and without the

fistfln

tion is of

vowel

thus, ^jJ, ri'-^as, as before.

;

This combina-

very rare occurrence, happening only in derivative

words, of which the root

is triliteral,

with h4mz4 for second

radical.

But a movent

may be

initial

followed by a long vowel

It is then figured-

m^dd

h^mz^ of a

signs

;

as,

by a

JU

1 ,

signs,

word,

without being reduplicated.

single written

1

with the h4mz4 and

mi'al, &c.

These combiualions, when used and t^shdid

syllable, medial in a

Turkish, drop the hhaxzi

in

but preserve the

vowel tlat precedes such m^dd sign

is

midd

sign.

The istAn

hardened from

i into &,

THE LETTERS AND OETHOQRAPHT. on account of the following

33

even with a preceding

a,

soft con-

sonant.

when such medial

But,

4s^rA, it is

the form of as,

without

^^,

If

r^ns.

u-J)

or final

no longer written

with h4mz4 sign over

it

is litArfi, it is

as,

;

examples the vowels are long

some perchance used

Of

course,

the

;

u-jj

with

in Turkish, in

hhmzk

or quiescent,

dt^rfi, the

;

then takes

written as a j letter,

In these two

rd>us.

>

it;

but there are words in Arabic

which they are

Thus, ^J_,

Moreover, when such medial

^shh, the h4mz4

1

movent with

it

short.

long vowel letters do not then follow the

modified, disguised

movent

is itself

form of

and with a himzi sign over

dots,

vowel

its

h^mzi

in the

is

is

or

ra'ls, (j^Jjl Jb'As.

preceded by a consonant movent with

figured as a letter ^^

h4mz4

h4mz4, whether

final

is

;

and when movent

written as a letter j

surmounted by a h^mz^ sign

;

thus,

;

,j.,i bl>s^,

in either case bii'oi.

-jjj

Such disguised medial h^mz^ may be followed by a long vowel

letter; as, jl!s f&'ad, J^J~.o m^s'iil,

h4mz4 be changed vowel

1

,

it

into a ij figure,

becomes changed

Arabic, into a consonant

^J

;

^^

r^ns.

If the

and be followed by a long

in Turkish,

and sometimes

in

as in i^^jj riyasJt (for o/^Ij;

ri'asSt).

There

is

derivatives,

and has

a striking peculiarity in certain Turkish Ottoman

which causes great embarrassment

filled

to students,

continental Turkish dictionaries and

grammars

D

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

34

with totally misguiding examples and rules of pronunciation, with regard to the interchangeable vowel-letters

The

peculiarity arose, I imagine,

was

provincial,

all

and

made

writers

earliest

in

its

various

use, in all

provinces.

such derivative

words, of the vowel-letter j (when they used any at

They, therefore, wrote qirib,

»_jj^J

^j.

Ottoman Turkish

and was governed by the pronunciation of

Asia Minor, variously modified

Thus the

when

_j

qArib

i-jjjy

g^lAb,

vjjli

These derivatives became,

^jxS

gidAb,

.-jja-ls

all).

qdchAb,

and jlib bishlA, jU\ ^Ufi; &c.

;

in course of time, in

in Constantinople, modified in pronunciation into

qichib, qirib, qiirib, bishlf, ^lU, &c.

Europe, and

gMb,

gldib,

The orthography, how-

ever, has remained sacred, excepting in the case of provincials,

who sometimes

write, as they pronounce,

vH[^

{^k

,

^jjy

,

I

(J^'

&C.

>

i_»jf, i_«jJ-^, v_>-s.li,

This subject will be further

developed in the paragraphs on Euphony.

Proceed we now

The

letter

^

,

to the phonetic values of the consonants.

equally used in Ottoman words of Arabic,

Persian, Turkish, and foreign origin, has the value of our b generally,

Thus tG_,

irib,

:

Si

whether bfed,

^

rlbat, k)^ r4bt, -.l

f

and quiescent t

J

durduii, sj^i ddrde,

;

as,

gldip,

(_ji^j

t5fS„^ gWiji

The Arabic

li) is

our th in think; so that

was not

taj, tij, JJl At^l,

as our

s

(sharp, never z) t:>jG is

The Arabic

-,

in

lL/

;

J

git,

^iJ

ci-ol

gidAr,

Its original value is that of

J ,^

ayi-thiilug, for 0710? 6eo\6yo^,

;

eriiTKoiro^.

unknown

;

iyi-sAlug

But

the letter is

is

in

Turkish

pronounced

therefore the Turkish

pronounced sabit,^!

In some Arabic-speaking countries as, lijiU tl,lat^,

c ;

&c.

;

cjI^jIjI

this value is

name of Ephesus,

durdflnjtl,

*i|j dArdflm, &c.

ddrdfi,

it

JoJoj

OJ J

as bad as our bishop for

and Persian

;

—U

found in Arabic words only, and in a very

o

^

:

o,a ddrt, ^e^^j^

t

few borrowed from the Greek.

a

pid^r,

.jj

:

and the Turkish

Asp,

O OJ

4jj1/

&c.

tIjOU

In Turkish grammar

6t.

ojjI

It,

jSj\ idAr, i_jjjj| idip, ^ysijjil idiji

it,

g^'ip>

sometimes changed into movent i in derivatives, when

OJO-»

(£)i|J

vj"

>_>,

t in all positions

At, cjI it, e:*)!

originally final

IS

this the case

all positions

are usually written with

our

is

qirip.

•

•

gidlpi

L_)LLi kitap,

J

The Persian word

,_»)1 ip.

i_jjL t6p,

to hear,

Especially

^^xSi

as,

;

o

The Arabic

it is

^^

Persian letter lj

apir,

word

it is

* J J

i_>j)j9jl

common

Thus

35

AsAr, lilja.! ihdiis,

this letter has

become

&c.

Turkish

is

our

soft g,

which we represent

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

36

by a j Thus,

^j^

jins,

hard g

like our

Sometimes

origin.

In some Arabic-

agh^j.

pronounced

it is

m^sgid, tss^ s^gd^, &c.

as,

;

s^"^

takes the sharp sound

it

q.v.

The Persian _ has

We

in crutch.

literations,

the value of our ch in church, of our tch

never use the latter orthography in our transom o ^

— always

e);j^ churek, litlarr^

-MX

(jjU*! ^jnas,

speaking countries

of^,

whatever their

positions of all words,

in all

the former

v^jjy>.

;

c

^\

chAruk, Ij.j^ chirbi,

In Turkish derivation, this

chich^k.

or foreign (not Persian, and

there

are

sometimes becomes Arabic _, but not as a

The Arabic _ has horse, hurl, her

not

;

^

dchm^q, ^U. chim,

as, ,j*s.l

do. chik,

ich,

in

letter,

Turkish

no Arabic) words, rule.

the harshly aspirated sound of our h in

sound, as heard in head, him, half,

its soft

o ^ ^

&c. O

r!)

.r

It

is

chiefly used O

J

O J

Hi'

cjwa- hiis^yn, _!:» f^tt^h,

some adopt

h,

Arabic words

in

_^

to distinguish

The Arabic ^ has no

it

from

5,

q.v.

as,

German

represent

Aspirate

it

it

sider

it

as

especially

its

a variety of

when

it

hidiv, not kldiv),

is

by ^

;

always.

It is the

ch in loch, ich, &c.

generally transliterated kh, as in the present treatise.

the student has learnt

hisin,

^J...s^

equivalent in our language.

counterpart of the Scotch and is

We

jirh.

;

It

Until

true pronunciation, he should conh,

and never pronounce

initial.

Thus

jjji.

it

as a k,

khidiv (pronounce

JlSS>j\j^ khiiduvindghyar (pron. hAda...),

; ;

.

THE LETTERS AND OETHOGEAPHT. o

,

o

J

J-. shrikh, jyXiS ikhlamur.

In Turkisli words, this

often used, provincially, for

nounced J.

iqshdm

^j

,

our d in

i is

place of cj, and

The Arabic

jxS

JUj

sometimes probiqS,lim),

as our soft th in

^

be to repeat

;

is

oil^

thus,

words

in original

a

is

Different Ai'ab communities pronounce as a d, or as a

tlds,

The Turk

z.

our r in every position, in r4>f4t,

Firstly,

peculiar letter.

^b bar,

all

it

must never be corrupted cdr

other consonant q!r,

;

^

;

classes of

There are two

ird. it

is

necessary for the this, to

Mm,

must always be pronounced (never

secondly, the value of the vowel before

Jj

reads,

:>J.

dropped or slurred over, as we pronounce

°j^^ plr,

;

It is found in

z.

English student to bear in mind with respect to

CMr,

also

plL, pl^ dagh.

important remarks, however, which

;

in the

sometimes takes the

it

]o

that,

zikr {yidg. ztklr), Jji-U mi'khiiz, ^jj bJzr.

The Arabic j

for, f4r

^lill

of Ottoman words, and

an Ottoman mouth,

in

i,

gld^r

Arabic words alone.

words:

it

used instead of

is

gltm^k,

lit ikhz,

(for

of Turkish words only,

derivation

it

itself

all classes

requires no comment, unless

^-S

is

letter is

Ikhshim)

The Arabic

as,

and

Thus, JUs bikhillm

(for

37

o

-

(as

it

•part,

in the

pi't)

same

when we pronounce

;

and

syllable

fot, p^t

Ac), but always kept pure, as with any

thus, jjl qir,

qir

;

&c.

j^ qir, jy,

sfir,

^/ gyir, &c.

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.

38

The Arabic jh zad, ^^j

our z in every word and every position

is

\

zir,

zir,

jjj

ziir,

nezd, jl

j)_j

;

az, az,

ez, jl

O J

Jjl

dz

;

&c.

The Persian J it is

of the value of our

literated zh

;

mdzhir, &c.

The Arabic 0^

o

qivs,

is

and

treasure, -pleasure,

;

trans-

is

s^^^ p4zhmftrd6, ^jjULil

eta-

of very rare occurrence.

is

^j^.

It

s in

zhazh,

as, J;lj

It

in all words. (jjji

only found in Persian and French words

is

a soft

s,

always followed by a

must never be pronounced as

z

vowel

soft

thus, Cl asa,

;

*

jjM

suz,

The Arabic

^J,

silz.

our

is

sh,

always

as,

;

iU. shad, ^^^1 ish,

jJ:^ n^shr.

The Arabic

^jo,

in Turkish, is a

hard

used in Turkish,

s,

o

,

and foreign words uss, (j»,al

dsmaq,

The Arabic only.

also, to

,j».aj.o

It is generally

sometimes as a hard d

&c.

Its

siismlq,

,j

,.>;»

;

thus,

qismdq. Never read

J

^1 it z.

very peculiar, being used in Arabic words

^jo is

^yls qad!,^,X_»Jl

designate a hard vowel

^yU

pronounced as a hard ;

thus,

J>\j razi.

z in

Us q^za,

qaz!-'l-'isk4r (vulg.^jX.--^

Arabic sound

is

inimitable to a

Turkish, but yiliJi

^yU

^nqaz

;

q4z'-'^>kk),

European without

long practice.

The Arabic

L, besides

always as a hard

t,

is

being an element of Arabic words,

used in Turkish and foreign words,

sometimes with that value, sometimes as a very hard

d,

wheu

THE LETTERS AND OETHOGEAPHT.

^

Thus,

initial.

tAlu.^kj qAtr,

ki. khl,tt;

39

jL'U,

ili

tltli,

d^gh, j^W tuz, j^llk tiqimiq, jiIl,jlL divrinmaq.

The Arabic b

used in Arabic words only, as a very hard

is

Thus, pii zallm,

z.

zAlm, JiJ;

°°A,

zifr,

Jli

zMkv, iLl hizz,

m^hzuz.

kjlis:'

The Arabic c

a general rule, used in Arabic words

as

is,

It is a strong guttural convulsion in

only.

an Arab

throat,

softened in Turkish to a hiatus, and often disappearing entirely.

"We represent

by a Greek

it

Wn, ijyL mel

,^1»

word 4)^

un,

The Arabic c %ard

g,

is,

however, with

originally,

is,

a peculiar Arabian kind of

with a sound vergeiug on that of the French r grasseye,

pronunciation

medial or

it

final in

itghll,ml,q,

The

;

Arabic

initial

it,

into a

w

;

as,

when

tiwuq,

>_s

our

so,

sound after or before an

igfal, c.Xo sddg, ^jai.

Jjcll=

is

or nearly

disappearing,

often

;

plW dagh, iji^j\ 61dAwi,

s6wiq

when

in Turkish

g^ydi, &c.; and either that

5jj\c.

Thus, JUcI

hard vowel.

But

Arabic words only, or like our softened gh

Turkish words

changing, like

imitate.

either a simple hard g,

is

ijjlac giflet,

i_J\i gallb,

(^f-yo

derivatives,

its

this letter, of course corruptly.

which English dandies sometimes

in

^^,ac '^sr,

The Turkish

xkS qit', cjkio mlqtii'.

'Iribd (for iAA)

always written with

Thus,

spiritus asper.

aLjjcV

/

migfur

and

dt-ftrA

;

j^ojlcl

J^j^ sAwan, J^Jo dowan, lawuta

in all

;

&c.

words and

all

positions.

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

40 There

no reason whatever to write the senseless, false

is

Latin-French ph instead of f, as in caliph, a corruption of

Thus,

khl,lif4, iLli.

The Arabic j is

is

^J

ikvz,

our q in

all

lii)

words and

erroneous and regrettable to represent

done.

The words

rectly

rendered,

ancestor,

and

j,\

the

leaving

Tc

all

by

it

s6f.

Tc,

as

represent

initial in

c*),

in all

is

cor-

legitimate

its

a word

words and

mouth, the sound of

a,

positions, is our k.

all

or syllable before a long

also before a short AtfirA vowel,

y

it

or j vowel,

1

borrows, in an Ottoman

after itself before the

vowel

^kyul, \^ij^=

Thus,

i_ji6 kyiizlb, J_j.^=l

J,^=

klram, ^}^^='J v^kil. ;

but

in

Its

kydp^k

;

but not

;

BO before the short AstAn, the short 4s4r^, or the long

addition

It

generally

oij waqt, are thus

^q, to

positions.

e).

The Arabic

When

qiirJan,

J^jj

uJ^

lafz,

i

vowel.

ijx^

kMl,

name, in Arabic, requires no

Persian and Turkish

it

has to be distin-

guished from the Persian letter of the same form, but widely different phonetic value.

'4r^biyy4.

It

is

In Arabic and Persian Ottoman words

unchangeable by grammatical words,

when

final,

it

becoming movent, and even as a y Thus,

(2L-)I

then termed a-j^ i_io kyafi

;

inflexion

undergoes is

;

but

it

in

remains

Turkish

phonetic degradation on

pronounced as a Persian d, and

or sometimes as a

w

after

lp4k, i»)^^l Ipiyin, iC_)l Ip4y4,

an dt4r4 vowel.

^$^\

Ip^yl

;

dy^l

THE LETTERS AND OETHOGEAPHT. s-ai-dk,

eli=j)^

sAmyfiii,

i^J_^

sUAjh,

41

,^/j- s^Wyfi;

i^l^J

itmjk, iyv_C_»ijl itm^yin.

Tho Persian ^J^J3 i_jK'

kyaft

'ijim kifl), is

d, called i~^-^jlJ

is

farisT,

Turkish words or

A^ait is

s^g&, 1^.*, s^gi

;

J^

Turkish books

it is

The Ottoman

unknown

iiiU

never

is

s4g,

Arabic original

its

in Arabic, fiual

i!dl.^=>l

in

sigin,

In ordinary writing and print

g41.

with a double dash

it

is

and

Thus,

syllables.

undistinguished from

mark

It

g.

Persian words,

in

kyafl farlslyy^, and

or ^j^J^ ujiTkyafi 'Ijimi (vulg. Jii (.^

the Persian hard

unchangeable

^J^

gyfi.1,

Ji

:

marked with three

d, ignored by

but the Persians

;

S-^

In some

s4g.

dots: JS, csi^.

previous writers, eastern

all

and western, consequently nameless, but which we venture to

term

AJL»ij:

v__so

kyafl '6smaniyy4, the Ottoman

found in Turkish words only, as a medial or a as an initial to a word, though

a non-initial syllable. all cases,

though

radical, as in

it

it is

used as an

final,

t»),

is

never

initial letter in

Its phonetic value is that of our y in

has no mark to distinguish

dJ b^y, JSj

diyil,

u-t^.

yijirmi

',

it.

or

It is it

both

gram-

is

matical, declensional, servile, representing a softened Arabic radical or servile d,

become movent,

i!^^kydp4yin, tiL^J^ kydp^y^, sflrm^k, eiCjjj-.

(y(.5L_«|j_-a

sdvdlyin,

sArm^yin

^5oj^

;

as in

^^^

eJjj.^ kyilpik, kyiip^yl

;

rilj^

djj.- s^vdik, A_Jij_.u sivdlyim,

sivdlyl.

Most European

writers

—

,

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

42

represent this value by g'Ay but the practice

insufficiently

is

considered, and altogether misleading.

The Ottoman nasal d, o ^

name of surd

distinguished by the

^yj^L» sighir

niin, is

a second special Turkish phonetic value

of the letter d, or nasal letter, which

Spanish nasal

we

transliterate

In ordinary writing and

mark by which a student may recognize

has no

times three dots distinguish

marked

it

with one

dot,

initial to

sometimes begins a syllable

miq), ij;j^=3

j.^^ it

is

a medial,

as, ij^'X^=>\

t^firi (vulg. t^r!)

IMz, ij^ye sAnr^

it

JSy-^s gy^n^lj

;

When

{vulg. s6rl,).

When

(SJJS

medially

final it is

elided in pronunciation. °

derived from

porated with

dlL

gilifi (gl,lin),

dots, e)

This value

sometimes ends,

dnlimiq

usually sounded as a simple n; as,

sinlii (s^nin),

is

;

but some-

;

with him the three

As

a word.

print, it

and one recent writer has

it,

(as

cs)

it

serve to point out the Persian letter or sound).

never

with the

our English ng

It has the phonetic value of

n.

nasal, as in sing, thing, &c.

is

n,

o

j^"^

final to

cdb \>hn

diii (din),

inni-

{vulg.

dteiz,

a word,

(ben),

^yo s6n

(sL-.

(s6n).

usually softened in like manner, or

j-M^I

In

and

its

derivates (itself

'

ell

it

an), the following in

J

is

exceptionally incor-

pronunciation, as though

by a kind of

inversion of the Arabic rule of conversion for the

J of

definite article Jl before certain letters called solar (for

the

which

see next paragraph on letter J).

The Arabic J

is

our letter

I

in all

words and

all

positions

;

THE LETTERS AND OETHOGRAPHT. as,

|,j|j)

luzuro, lyJI alin,

mentioned above,

is,

JU

with

exception of the capital

ddl.

its

The Turkish word

derivatives, a

version of the J of the definite article Jl

,

^3*il.S=!,

modern Ottoman

and the Arabic rule

;

43

for the con-

in pronunciation,

when

followed by a noun or pronoun beginning with a solar

letter,

^^-^

h^rfl sh^msT, into that solar letter redupli-

'—»;='

cated by a t^shdid,

The

compounds.

a classical exception, peculiar to Arabic

is

solar letters are fourteen in

the half of the alphabet) \J>,

1=) 1=)

l^\ ,j.»viJl

J>

4z-zAha,

.Jjl ^n-nur.

J of

the written

over the J junction

;

,

(_,-,

,j^\

kJl^i

4t-tali",

In the pronoun

and

is

letters *

^

and

^^

(ji

,

^y,

4s-sem4n,

^1

p^Uz-zAlm,

(_5

JJl

,

and

its

The

the article disappears also.

the letter

(exactly

4z-zlkr, ,

Thus we have

cJ-

^s-sAmn,

;

number

is

^s-s4fa,

°^p\\ l\-

derivatives,

sign " placed

named

vwisl, J.o}

of that word, specially modified.

are our

m

and n respectively,

words and positions: JU mal, J^l ^m^l,

in

^ h^nlai,Ji\j nazir,

O O J

(j>. hAzn.

The Arabic vowel.

When

letter

.

is

sometimes a consonant, sometimes a

a consonant,

it

has the phonetic value of our

v,

of our w, or of these two combined, the v beginning, and the

w

ending the sound of the

letter.

Thus, Jj yir, tjl^ j^wab,

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

44 (_a-»j

vwlsf,

But when

differences.

Arabic word,

The

vwaq!'.

a.s\j

the consonant j

w

lettered words, as a reduplicated

qiwwaf

is

reduplicated in

has always the v value; as, Jjl

it

Ottoman corruption even then

qivvil.

decide these

alone can

ear

(or >_sljs

qlwlf)

may sound

an.

I,vv41, JljS it,

in hard 2^

o

— qlwwal.

The word ^1^

an Ottoman corruption of Arabic

is

k_sUi. khaflaf.

When it

the letter

a vowel in an Arabic or Persian word,

is

.

always has the value of

li

;

excepting a few Persian words,

OOJ_

become Ottoman vernaculars, in which it takes the sound of 6. o J OJJ OJOThus, ^jJ 1-S.ziim, |j_j:.»j mimniin .ji shiir; is^-^ji dost (dust), ;

o

J

ij,ji.

In Turkish and foreign words

khAsh (khiish).

generally, if not always, short,

of

6,

or of

li,

which there

A, A,

is

it

and may have either the value no means of distinguishing,

is

save that of accompanying hard or

sqfi consonants.

With

a

hard consonant, in a Turkish or foreign word, the vowel-letter .

it

must have the sound of either 6 or

(often omitted)

when

be considered long,

q4miq, either

(_w,_}S

fi

With

qArmdq.

or d,

or

ii

u

as,

;

becomes o or

it

a soft consonant, eito^jj

the accompanying consonant or o

guidance

is

lost

;

derivatives there

as, is,

biizliiliiq,

ri«i9)

thus, ^J^^

must be read

y4zm4k, J\j-" o

biz, biiz, b-&z,

If

suzlu.

all

J

jj^

si\z,

In

suz.

however, frequently a servile vowel or u

consonant, hard or

it

;

consonants be neutral,

J

\ji

ii

i, unless

soft,

that helps.

bflzmik, eU;

,->

Thus,

sfizmik

;

^

J J

J

ij\jj>

bizin,

J

(jljJjjJ

but j «-j sdz has no

THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. such helping derivative.

classes

As

must decide

individual ear

—Turkish and

must be preceded by

to the long

and short value, each

for itself in

words of these two

Vowel j

foreign. 1

45

an

to represent

is

never

initial

it

;

sound

initial litdrd

;

olmiq, nAJj] ulmek, &c.

as, ^jjjl

The Arabic

letter

The Arabic

letter ^J, like the j, is either a

s

has already been fully discussed.

consonant or a

vowel.

When whether

a consonant, it

be

initial,

it

has the value of our consonant

medial, or

sonantally final in

we

use a

2/

an Arabic word.

we

as a consonant,

transliterate

simple or reduplicated.

final,

when

Especially must this be understood

As

the letter

Therefore,

y.

as the final of a transliterated Arabic word,

be read and sounded

con-

is

a consonant, and only

by a

it

y,

as such, never as an

i

vowel

;

when

it

must

an obser-

vation that continental scholars do not generally understand, unless they

y^d^k,

may

jlj y^z, jjj

yfiz,

tijj

^

m^y,

^

sh^y, J\j r^7,

b^yn,

h^yy,

first,

as

When or

i

we have

the

sound be

|_5

is

nothing like a vowel,

initial in

it

bAyiin

^jj,^y_

^^

This

r^my, ^jj v^shy, ^ij. m^shy. at

Thus we have:

be Germans.

is

;

_ji

^^_j

qiyyum,

yir,

p^y,

e)jj

^

v^ly, "^^ °J>_^

a difficulty to a student

it

in English.

is

never

initial.

If a vowel

t

any Ottoman word (Arabic, Persian,

Turkish, or foreign), the ^,

if written, is

always preceded by

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

46 an

as,

;

1

When

JIV^j irllmiq.

Idi,

^sS^

long in Arabic and Persian words

medial,

j^\ itmr,

as,

;

In Turkish and foreign words, medial vowel not always short

in an Arabic word, razi,

^cU

vlrm^k,

aa, i^j.j

;

j^

ijj\^ jarl, ijj..^ sari,

dii'i,

is

^J

lyj-)

"When

^ii

as,

;

qaz!,

But there

&c.

always bin.

generally, if

qirmdq.

also always short

it is

it is

of Arabic words ending in reduplicated consonantal

final

^\j

are hosts (_j,

which,

and Turkish, are used as Arabic words, generally

in Persiau

adjectives, terminating in a long

i5__^ sh^hrT,

ijj:^ s^nJvi,

nature

reduplicated

apparent;

as,

i^ji_

of

or

1

i

W|U

_j^c 'iribi,

;

^jj y^vmi,

as,

Aa

farisi,

qlt'i,

"When these become feminine, the

&c.

iil 4f&qi, jjiia- hifzi,

vowel

their

consonantal

final

(_j

becomes

y^vmlyy^, a^Ws qdt'iyyJ, &o.

There are many Persian derivative words, adjectives or

end

long vowel

in

not used

others

(besides

substantives really

The

^J.

in

Turkish), which

adjectives are precisely

similar to the Arabic adjectives just described, as modified in

Persian and Turkish jtU, '

shahi, 'royal;' ijjj-^ khiisr^vT, 'imperial;' i^}');^ shirazT,

of Shiraz

;'

;'

The

&c.

as, ij^y^ shahi,

tions

Thus,

but they have no feminine.

;

^ o J

^

'

substantives indicate abstract qualities;

royalty

;'

v^ziri,

i^jj

'

vezirial ofiice or func-

&c.

Turkish and foreign short vowel sini, ^^.a!^j1

;

as,

final

^jjfkidi,

6diyi,

^^jj

(_j,

i_j^l

t^r^j

i,

radical or servile, ivl,

&c.

&c.

;

^jj\

M,

is

always a

^a-^^C

bJb^-

,

THE LETTERS AND OKTHOGRAPHT.

The vowels

and

I

sometimes intercbangeable in

are

t

47

Turkish words and derivations, and are sometimes omitted, without any inflexible rule being assignable.

Thus,

itm^m^k, are

The

(£ju.A*il

is

:

"

,

CiU*3l

,

all

Never introduce a vowel

word without removing a

admissible.

letter into a

Arabic and Persian words variation.

Turkish or foreign

fixed,

is

;

by the omission a

The orthography of

and admits of no such

Persian words admit, however, of abbreviation by

the omission of a vowel

shah,

as, sli

;

padishah), iijU padsheb

(yulg.

if

created as to pronunciation."

is

true rule

possible doubt as to pronunciation

never leave out a vowel in such word,

doubt

(»Ul*;4l

shahlnsbah, sUj^i shehlnshah,

;

sh^h

iJu

»Li.;ftLi

;

5U..jIj

padsbah

shahlnsbah,

a^j.^^ sh^hinsh^h

In many Turkish words the vowels j and

(_j

;

AiiaUi

&c.

are used for

one another by different writers, at different times, in different places

;

even at one place and time

different times, or in the selfsame

a license or an inadvertency. advisable.

j^ghWv;

Thus we have:

M

jj\ irA, ijj\

;

;

even by one writer at

document

;

but this last as

Consistency in this matter

jLib, bdshlii,

&c.;

words

^\j

is

bdshli, ^jls giliir,

differently written, but

the selfsame in reality.

The Ottoman

alphabet

is

divided into three classes of con-

sonants, hard, soft, and neutral.

number

:

^ ^ ,

are only six

:

,

1

^ ,

,

o

^Ji

,

j

,

,

Ij,

(j->

The hard

^, c, p, j. ,

is) ,

»

.

letters are nine in

The

soft letters

The remaining

letters.

—

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

48

eixteen in the whole, are neutral

J

''Jjt«'cJ'j'(^"

u*"''

>

As word

the orthography of every Arabic and Persian fixed and unchangeable,

is

foreign

Ottoman words, and

tions of all

and

i_j,i_),tl),».,^,J,-2,j>

:

Ottoman

it

is

Ottoman

only in Turkish and

and conjuga-

in the declensions

hard

words, that the rules relating to

This

soft letters are carried out.

the

is

and chief

first

part of the beautiful system of Ottoman euphony.

If any one of the hard or soft consonants

Turkish Ottoman word, word, of

letters of the

the other radical and servile

all

derivations,

its

used in a

is

and of

declension

its

or conjugation, must be of the same class, or of the neuters.

Thus we have: j^^U q^zmiq,

^.^y

g^zdiyi

;

jIjU qlrliq,

The Ottoman vowels hard vowels are

:

vowels also eight are

\, a, i.

i, a,

:

i^\^j>

gyUzluk

i,

4, h,

T,

i, 6, li, li

i, i, i&,

fja,y}i

qlzdighi,

&c.

eight in

the

The

neutrals.

class of consonant.

4n^, lib pish^,

j^

s4n,

j^j9 qimdq, ^y.J^ qiirmiq, in a

The

The

The

all.

^J,

soft

neutral vowels

These vowels always accompany their own

accompany any

letter, its

;

u, &, u.

or

When

;

;

are also of these three classes.

of consonants,

Ll

g^zm^k

iiil^p

class

vowels can

neutral

Thus wo have

:

\A>

bibd,

b^n, ;Jj,J qirmiq, CiUj^ glrm^k,

i^Uijji

gy&zitm^k,

iiili*,_^

Turkish Ottoman word a vowel

is

gydrraik.

the dominant

consonant or consonants being neutrals, the declen-

;

THE LETTERS AND OKTHOGEAPHT. sioD, conjugation,

and derivation from that word follow the

which the dominant vowel belongs

class to

49

thus, ijj\ iltm^q,

;

O^^O

OO,

O^OJ O' ^o J aghirliq, |jj>V^l irUmaq, j^^jl iimml,q, j^l^cjl 6ghrAml,q

fjijS-\

eUdJI elemek, (sUijl Inm^k,

When

ydzm^k, eLyl lirmjk.

iiiU^j;

an Arabic or Persian word

from, in Ottoman Turkish, decides whether the

declined or derived

is

dominant

letter or

vowel

declension or derivation shall be

made

its

last

O J Of

with hard or soft

and vowels

letters

Of

eJi Jo*-

jllojj^ m^rbutlAq

asanliq

jj*l

;

o o

thus, L.)^ m^rbiit,

;

O

f

frf

o o

ff

^mir, ciU^I ^mirlik; ^\J[ asan, jliL,!

&c.

;

When

the sole dominant vowel of a Turkish Ottoman word,

or the last dominant letter or vowel of a Turkish, Arabic,

Ottoman word,

Persian, or foreign or soft,

all

is

of the o or m

class,

hard

possible consonants, and all vowels in the declension,

conjugation, or derivation therefrom, not only conform to the class of

such dominant, but furthermore,

consecutive servile

all

vowels in the derivatives that would otherwise be

become

litfirfl,

of the class of the dominant

A when the dominant

A or i, and

is

o

dominant o

Aldii

;

is

&

or

^

;

Jo J

Jo}

Jo

Jo J

J

sflr-Qkd-arQlmek O fOJ J OJ

sArishdurmek,

J,-^

isi.jUj^ gjtlrfishm^k,

o^oJOJ

,jjjj1

o^o-JV-J

J

n^jSij,^ 0--OJJ

JJ

i^js£s>jjj^

di«,ji|_}_-.

become

become A when the 030

oJo JO J

Jo J

O^OJOJJ 'OJ

is,

thus, \:^j\ 6lgAn, (jL-iljl AlgiinlAq,

o^oJJo

o

that

lyUJjL titgiin, jL-i^jL. tAtgilnMq, i^jJjls ttitdii

sflr-dkd-drm^k,

m^k,

;

h&hvi,

;

;

eUi,_)-. sfirfish-

J

(£JiJ^j^j_», sArfishddr^lm^k

o-cjjqJ (»l«,jui|^^=. gydrfishd&rmJk, i»U,jJi,^ J

;

OTTOMAN TDKKISH GRAMMAR.

50

gydrdshdfirAlm^k.

come

in

But

if,

such words, an

ia

flstfia

vowel

by the ordinary course of derivation or conjugation,

and be followed by a syllable or syllables with an ish'i vowel, the influence of the radical dominant dtfirA

by such intervention mdqliq,

lyiji*^^;

gyArAshm^kllk,

;

as, ^}*^jji

bAziishmighin ^jSij:*jj>

;

is

destroyed

bizushmaq, ^^SJ^jji bozusheU^i^y gy tlrfishm^k, eJKl»ij[/

gydi-dshmiyla.

51

(

)

CHAPTER

IL

The Ottoman Accidence or Ettmologt. Section

There special

ebl as

no gender.

is

name,

(in^k),

as,

named

;

a cow,

jailS (qdnjiq),

^_i

a

jl^

bitch,

(dishl); as,

(qisrAq),

the female

^"^.J

is

but

mentioned

is

matron, accordingly;

as,

as^

^J:^^a.^

(qiz),

a mare,

named,

Jj^ (dlshl irslin),

If the female be a girl or woman, she

&c.

dishl,

If the female of an animal has not a

jjlL (tAwAq), a hen,

with us, a sAe...,

a lioness

The Noun Substantive.

I.

is

never

maiden, or ^jji (qiri),

(qiz khizm^tji),

orjJ^s?*Ja.

(khizm^tji qiz), a servant maid, a maidservant; ^^=^1 tjji (q^ri Sshji), or (^ (kh'aj^gyan).

as,

;

If the singular ends in

of these

is

is

in reality

now used

two

letters (^

as a consonant."]

Other Persian substantives form the plural by adding the syllable horses.

U

hil

;

as, I4JU

(nan-ha), loaves, breads,

l^--!

(Jsb-ha),

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. Arabic plurals, of the regular forms

and of the various irregular forms

for

men and women,

for these

and other things,

and also the Arabic duals, are used formed by adding

which becomes

in

followed by

fist-dn

J

^^^^

itfirfi

;

as,

iliJ (qitb),

ijjju-.*

is

formed

ol

(at)

;

the plural feminine

in all cases

(musllmiin),

This

(in) in the oblique case, also

used as a nominative in Turkish

a Muslim,

latter is

followed by ^j (un) to the singular.

followed by

is

(qiitb^yn), the two poles.

becomes ^s4r4 followed by ^^

fistfin

The

regular plural masculine nominative for men

by adding

dual

(an) in the nominative,

(^yn) in the oblique case.

^^_

jjLks (qiitban),

The

The

Turkish.

frequently used in Turkish as a nominative pole,

55

^^;«1.,..«

;

is

with

thus, Jl-^ (m^slim),

oUL-* (mAs-

(m-&slimm),

Itmat), Muslims.

The

irregular Arabic plurals

commonly used

are of rather numerous forms, and there are foi'ms used occasionally.

in

Turkish

many more

plural

These irregular plural Arabic forms

are not obtained by adding a letter or letters, vowel or consonant, to the end of the singular, but

or vowels of the word, and

vowel, as the case letters

of

may

the singular.

a fair insight into I have to say,

first

this

of

all,

by adding

by varying the vowel

To

consonant or

letters,

be, before, between,

or after,

the

enable the student to obtain

very intricate but beautiful system, that a paradigm has been adopted

by Arabian grammarians, according

to

which

all

such modi-

OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAE.

56 fications

may be

They have taken

effected.

(fi'^ld) as the representative

the triliteral Jxs

of any and every triliteral root-

word, and they have modified this root into every shape that can, under

any

any circumstances, be taken by any derivative of

when

made on the vowels

not

effected

by adding

and

a

servile letter,

the midst

in

are

alone of the triliteral,

servile letters, or

there, before, after,

All those modifications,

the language.

triliteral root in

of,

here and

the three radical

consonants, with appropriate mutations, in each case, of the

vowels, long or short, in the

new word.

Thus,

to

speak only

of Arabic nouns, substantive or adjective, used in Turkish, have, in the

first place,

(for they

have

all

to learn the

we

forms of their singulars

and then the forms of the

definite forms),

plurals special to each of these singulars.

To

facilitate

and systematize

knowledge, the Arabian

this

grammarians have divided the whole language of

biliteral,

quadriliteral, quinqueliteral, &c., roots,

triliteral,

which they term,

respectively,

^Ui-

i_jcU^ (rdba'i),

^JLJ

(sftna'i),

(fihadi),

root

;

to

it

may perhaps be

form by very the

far the

quadriliterals

(sAlasT),

found.

Of

next.

(_j.iU.I

for uniliteral

these, the triliterals

most important and numerous

coming

These

I do not re-

have seen or heard the expression

which would be the analogous name

but

^j^

(khiimasi), j_5-lx- (sAdafi), &c.

are the Turkish pronunciations of the terms.

member ever

into sections

These

are

class,

represented,

ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOGT.

by the

respectively,

jS

and

i£-ni-k)

Every

supposititious paradigmatic words

triliteral root is theoretically

capable of giving rise

bab!), the chapter of the triliteral

babi), the chapter

of (the verbal noun)

(mAfailkhM); 4:,^^C^Q 6,

^f'^iJi (t^fS-iil— );

(iftial

1 1,

—

)

^b jUl

9,

;

(IflvvSl

—

The use

(bab, pi.

unknown

of words

—

12, ^y^b

)

;

from the

1 1,

•'

O

J UmI

O ,

y-

^d Jxs

^l J^i; (t^fll

2,

J-jjIj

^b

3,

;

JclL

jli;'(tM"dl— );

5,j_^b

;

i1j\j^>\

8,

t^l>'j%°}

10, ^^^b JuLlil (tstlf al

JUJl^ (if 1

—

last

in Turkish, if not quite so o

;

1,

:

^^^^3\^] (bftal—);

^\i jf;^l (Ifinlal

14,

);

7,

(if'alb&bl)

(if Hal

^C jiJ^ (if ilal —);

9 and

LiC

These chapters are respectively termed

^bvab).

J-Li

(Wmi).

to fifteen chapters of derivation, called

(fi'lld,

57

al

—

); 15, ^_j)b

)

;

13,

);

^>; Jljjl

jLJl (iflnU— ).

four chapters ;

—

is

next to

and the use of chapters

o

^]%'ts\

,

is

confined

to the

expression of

colours, the second expressing an intensity of degree.

All the

other nine chapters of derivation are constantly met with in

Turkish, as nouns, substantive and adjective.

even a verb

is

All but the

first

used

;

Occasionally,

but as a kind of invocatory interjection.

of these names (which

out of the six varieties of

its

verb)

is

is

the form of three

the form of one of the

verbal nouns, or of the sole verbal noun, connected with the

verb of the chapter

;

and each chapter has two adjectives

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE.

58 deriving from

it,

the active and passive participles of

of the chapter.

The

furthermore, several other

from

its

or

first,

verb other than

verb

chapter possesses,

triJiteral,

forms of nouns deriving

special its

tlie

verbal nouns (which are a kind

of infinitive, or noun of action or being, corresponding with

our English substantive form in -ing,

as,

walking, singing, cutting,

Of these,

suffering, lasting, &c., as acts or states).

merely those frequently met with in Turkish

;

I give here

and

must be

it

understood, that in this simple triliteral chapter, the various

forms of verbal nouns are never verb

;

all

found deriving from one

but certain foi-ms belong to one or more kinds of

again, are of

two

These hinds of verbs,

to other kinds.

literal verbs, others

sorts

tri-

there are verbs transitive or active,

;

and there are verbs intransitive or neuter

;

and certain verbal

nouns are more used than others with each of these two kinds. Again, there are the six conjugations of this simple chapter

;

and each conjugation has

forms of verbal noun.

its

preferential

The Turkish Qamus

on this subject more than other works, and can be obtained from in the " vol.

i.,

Grammar

it,

in addition to

triliteral

form or

dictionary dilates

much

information

what should be studied

of the Arabic Language," by Dr. Wm. Wright,

p. 109, par. 196,

where 36 forms of " nomina

verhi

"

are given for this triliteral chapter alone, and several others

De

may be found

in

1831, vol.

p. 283,

i.,

Sacy's "

Grammaire Arabe," 2nd

par. 628.

edition,

Those that are principally

;

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. used in Turkish are the following: 3,

J^

6,

A^ (tmi)

(fl'l)

with an 10,

4, jLi

;

8,

;

JU

11,

^

;

JjJ

(ffl

ul)

21, l;£i

(fi'il^);

(fi'lan)

;

servile ^

initial

(m^fil); 26,

3^ (m^fil);

,

23,

i^L

27,

J^

1

intercalated: 29,

original substantives

forms here given

;

JUJ

(tif'al)';

nomen

feminine,

aJLcLi 33,

in frequent cases

of this chapter

(fa'll^)

Jjiti*

38, J-x3 (fill)

;

the

^

(mMWh);

Many

disputed whether

it is

The

;

is

:

jJ

active par-

31, Jcli (fa'il)

and the passive

participle,

;

32,

nomen

^ J o^

(m^f ul); 34, feminine,

derivative adjectives are as: 35, °J^ (fi'l); 36,

;

25, jiL.

:

30, JUiJ (tlfal).

o Jo ^

patientis, is:

(fi'15n)

:

and adjectives are of one or other of the

and

agentis,

19, '^J^

;

o, with long

servile

such words are substantives or verbal nouns. ticiple,

;

and the special

;

(m^f^l^); 28,

initial

;

JUi

15, Jjii (fi'ul)

with their feminines

with the two special forms in

vowel

12,

:

{iiu\h)

special feminine form: 24, i:>Jlx9 (f3.'aliy^t)

forms in

(fi'al)

the same, with final servile ^1 added ;

;

some of the same,

Jp

18,

;

(fi'li)

Jl^

9,

:

and their feminines

22, J,£j (fi'lan)

;

1

and their feminines:

;

tlLj

the same forms,

;

long vowel

(fiial);

J-^ (fni)

17,

;

(fAuU); 20, .

(

jighiz)

;

CiUs^jT (kyflr^jlk), a

J»j»}»- (chAjiijAq), a is

little

little child.

sometimes modified into that

thus,

J^^j! (^vj^ylz) a

little

house.

ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. O

67

A O

jJt^j-^

a

(qizj^ghiz),

little girl.

As

is

seen, the former

vowel of the — in the diminutive has now become an as the hshrk has been passed on to the e) or

Turkish

d

j

,

kshh

Astfin,

modified into

Euphony requires

{y value) or c (soft gh value).

These diminutives are used as terms of endearment

it.

also,

exactly as in German, and as our nursery vocabulary says,

daddy, mammy, granny, aunty, doggy, horsey, &c.

;

Turkish, the method

all classes,

is

of universal application, by

only, in

not by children only.

The Persian diminutive always ends U

(pa), to-U

(pach^), or in

d

in

^

(oh^)

as,

;

preceded by an Ast&n vowel

as,

;

j-ii (k^niz), dj;jLr'(k4niz^k).

The Arabic

diminutive also makes

its first

vowel

dttirA,

and

the next vowel Astln, followed by a quiescent consonantal

ij,

whatever may be the vowels or quiescences of the original

word

;

as,

ij-*

(h^sin),

o

;

of the same

,j»i«** (h^m-jins),

;

ardently

o ^

;

of a substantive followed by

ij>ju^, (p4ri-v4sh), fairy-like;

followed by

(i. e.,

(h4m-sh4hri), of the same town or country, a

fellow-countryman like;

jvImj

(i. e.,

(j4m-j4nab),

Asaph

(asdf-tMbir),

(_a-al

^

ijUi

as,

;

(ring),

^.U

of

(fam), or ^ji (gyun),

colour; as, isiij)^ {skhz-rin^), green-coloured ;

(ji.

(vJsh),

a substantive all

|,U j-j

signifying

(zAmirrSd-

fam), emerald-coloured; ^^^^s:!i{ghD.&tm-gJwa), wheat-coloured (i. e.,

dark-complexioned, brown)

^yfCkyar, gyar), JTCg^r),

^J^I

(shirm-kyar), sweet-mannered

;

of a substantive followed

(ban), or

;

J^ ^iy\

^b

(dar)

;

as,

by

°Jt ^,jJi.

(^f^rid-gjiT), creative

;

ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOGT. creator)

(i. e.,

;

^j

by

keeper; or followed (istin), all O

pen-case

;

names of -

C

goldworker, goldsmith

(z^r-g^r),

(bag-ban), garden-keeper

(i.e.,

71 j^jLcL

;

gardener) •,j\ij^ (mAbr-dar), seal-

^U

J\i (dan), ^1^ (zar),

special places

J^\

(qilJm-dan), a

as, ijljjia

;

(sar), or

J

JyA^sa

(gyAl-zar),

a flower-garden, a flowery mead

^Ljjji (kyub-sar), mountainous

district

Arabia; or a substantive repeated;

;

j;jLx«.j^

as,

elUels.

('Irdbistan),

(chak-cbak),

imitative of the sound of repeated blows with axe of sword

the same, or two different substantives, with

them a-pa),

;

as, (^U.M».

from head

\i\3jM (s6r-ta-pa),

from heginning

or with U or

same sense; j^j^

and day (which

end ; or with is

placed between

1

J\.

o

in place of the

(s^r-t^-s^r),

from end

all night

and

to end,

gradatim

;

;

as,

or with some (ji jJ^

p^y-d^r-

tj>»iJ^ij>»-r-^.l l!t^ (bin ikiyAz

illi

diqAz

fiJnJsi).

The Turkish

ordinal numbers are formed by adding an ksirk

to the last quiescent consonant of the cardinal, simple or

^ o

pound, followed by the termination first,

^fj^i\

^^^.

^jS=^ ^\

But, in the numbers that end in vowel before the same termination

j^jJ

(aitinji) sixth,

;

as,

^^_^ "

final into

as,

j_j^

(blrinjl)

^j^ oj'ji^- '^^

,

(^,

•

this is suppressed

,yfy-l (ikinjl) second, ^^^^^

(yMinjl) seventh, ^^^yjCj, (yiylrminji) °

°«

its

;

(AtAzAnjii) thirtieth, ^j^jy. (yuz^njA) hundredth,

(btninji) thousandth,

twentieth,

com-

o

(^Hinji) fiftieth.

j before

The

cardinal

°

*

Oji changes JO J O

the ordinal termination; as,

(6n-d-drd4njA) fourteenth.

J

o

J

,_^->;.> ^y'

OTTOMAN TUEKISH GKAMMAK.

to

The Arabic and Persian

may be

and

found in the lexicons, &c.

The Turkish

distributive

by making

dinals

ordinals are frequently used,

numbers are formed from the

fistdn,

and then adding a quiescent

(bWr),

^^

to the

.

car-

movent with

their last quiescent consonant

word

;

as,

jj>

(bJsh^r), ^Jjjjl (6tAz4r); jjy_ (y&z^r), J\-j (bluer).

Their sense

which has no such

expressed in English,

is

numerals, by the words

and apiece

each

examples will thus be rendered

;

the

foregoing

one each, Jive apiece, thirty

:

o o J

each,

a hundred each, a thousand each.

becomes

When is

The

cardinal cj,j

(ddrd^r) four apiece.

.j,i

the cardinal ends with a vowel, the syllable^ (sh^r)

suflSxed to form the distributive

;

as,

jLS^\ (Ikish^r) two

apiece, ^,^L-;J1 (iltish^r) six each, yi^_x.i (y^dlsh^r) seven apiece,

ji~^^_ (ylylrmlsher) twenty

each, ^^Lul (MUsh^r) fifty each.

In the case of more than one hundred or thousand, that designates their

cardinal

tributive suffix

duj

ji.i

(bJsh^r

numbers the

as, j_ji

;

jiS4

blfi) five

number

it is

the

that receives the dis-

(Ikish^r jdz) two hundred each,

thousand apiece.

distributive suffixes are

added

And

in

to the

compound

numbers of

thousands, of hundreds, and of final units or tens, to indicate o -

one distribution hh-kv) five

;

thus,

jj

aj^

o I

^j.J^_ jy_

- '

jZi (b^sh^r ydz yiylrml

hundred and twenty-one each,ji^\ji-j,_°^jji^ ° j5C

(s^klz^r bin, y Wisher yfiz, qlrq Iklshir), 8,742 apiece (yfiz illish^-).

^50 each.

;

yJi]

]y_

;

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY.

79

The Turkish fractional numbers are very simple. The number of the denominator in the locative, and followed by the number of the numerator (parts), one;

the form

ia

as,

^\

f, the half;

i.e.

;

y

sjiXl (lkid4 bir) in two

(b4shd4

sjJlj

iki) in five,

or i.e.

Sometimes one of the synonyms

\, two-fifths.

*j^

(j^z'), |.~> (q5sm),

(Mssd) part,

4.aa.

numeral of the fraction

(^C^

as,

;

is

^^1

sjjC

two; _

(pay),

^^\j

added after each

(iki

paydd, bir pay)

in two parts, one part.

The Arabic

numbers are

fractional

up

also used

to ten.

o o

Excepting the word of the form J«9 ooJ

a fourth,

,j.>»»

a

(nisf)

t_i.ni

^

seventh,

ushur) a

vulg.

;

thus, cJij (sAls, vulg. s^lAs)

used

khims)

;

(khAms) a

^x^

fifth,

(s^mn) an

a

tenth,

as, tu^ _jl

two-fifths,

—J

.C

Ul

|«;Q

««J

^

ooJ

a ninth,

dual of eJLj

is

jiLs. ('lishr,

used,

,jl^

I

j

the others a Turkish numerator

(b^sh

tfis')

jj»*i.

i/^.^

(iti

five-ninths, &c.

Turkish adjectives and one Turkish

special

(jf^li

One

of the adjectives, ^Ij (yirim),

(yiri), signify the half (of

one sole

(yirim 4lmi) half an apple, a half apple

elJlJI (^Iminin yArisi), the half of an (or of the) apple. O I

The

all

aj, (rAb*)

(sids) a sixth, ium (s&b')

(flch rAb') three quarters,

and the substantive, as,

The

tithe.

but for

;

all

on J

it-J (tAs*)

eighth^

substantive to express half.

;

third,

ooJ

There are two

thing

a

o o J

(sAlsan) two-thirds is

they are O OJ

00-*

a

half, the half,

o oJ

O OJ

>

other adjective, Jj»j} (bdchiiq),

is

used after some whole

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

80

;

as,

O J

J

o

Ul Jy>j3

j>

^Ot,

number, never alone

(ikl apple and a half, li^cL ^y^y ^J^\

and a

h\mk) an

(blr bdchiiq

sa at) two hours

biicMq

half.

When

consisting of an integer

number

a complex fractional

and a fraction other than one-half has to be expressed, the Turkish or Arabic fractions are used, the conjunction J or the preposition fraction

being introduced between the integer and the

iLl

a_)

as,

;

y

,

or lUj j, j ^5ol

ibl

^P^

t^o and oneo

fourth.

When

in the

genitive

5j)-X_-i

^a^^

The

the Turkish fraction

also introduced before the fraction

is

is^y

ilil

iji)

and

five,

numerals are

indefinite

used, the numeral j>

is

:

ja>

(h^r) every

every one, each

iji« (bi'zi) some some, a

few ;

a few, a &c.

;

\\

little ;

j'^^\

no, none

;

j>_

(4ks4r) the most part

;

—Is^

many;

(az) few; ^jj-^ (ch6q)

bir)

(hlch blr), no

j ^_j>

;

j^ (h^r

o

o

—a (hlch)

;

as,

of one.

three-eighths

o

;

j\

(bir

j->,

;

q^ch)

(bir iz)

Jij»^ (blr ch6q) a great many, a great quantity

Of these, jt,

is

always an adjective the rest are adjectives ;

and substantives.

There

is

a small series of Turkish numerals of a peculiar

nature, from

J^-jJ o J

triple,

a

trine, jjj^j

and perhaps on

(iklz), twin, twins,

J

through o

(ddrddz) fourfold,

to ^Jjl (iniiz) ten-fold.

Vhj-j'

('ichfiz)

(b^shlz)

_;?i'e-/oZd,

^

toj^

Adjectives are formed

;

ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. from these

in j!

as,

;

jtj^\

J o *

(branches, &c.) &c.)

9,

possessed of twins, oj twin

(Ikizli),

J

^j^j\

with three (lambs, branches,

(fichfizlfi)

Ac.

;

The 9

;

81

written digits are:

With

0.

.

i

1,

r 3,

2,

r

compound numbers

these,

English, from left to right;

as,

o 5,

i 4,

ro 25,

1

6, v 7, « 8,

i

are written as in 1

160, rt.i 3409,

.

vA-.r-ii 78003046, &c. In dates, the thousand, and generally the hundreds, of the year of the Hijra are omitted, as also the dots of the letters thus,

*_._».

stands

for

in the year (of the Hijra) za, s^ni

{%hnh bin iklyiz dAqs^n Ulti)

-

>

1296

4.L

;

n

Ij

^j

97) on the 2\st Zl-'l-Qada, '97 (a.h.). O

1

The °y^;

signs for the months, in dates, are

r,,

for 'Sii\

^j

_, for^iVl i^JUaJ, for Jl^-i;

^,

;

1-s,

;

J, for

ioY

j!h\

i_^j

;

:>,

as,

5,c (giirrA),

i..^

c t>'

/

'

u°

^

lI

'

Not

these shortened numeral dates.

date

is

written out in full words

j,j-> A^-.tii u;?^'"-

cij'

lii^-^/^

'^

*^'

;

as,

*, for

U,

;

for is.^

while the thirtieth *""

:

;

;

j, for

(_j i

is

first

;

;

day

is

;

being omitted in

however, when the

(jLiJo JjJXjI

lS"*-^*

jjLic^

named i^ (sMkh)

"^"'^

so,

for

The day

.

and the

;

J

ut'-

.^ ^,

for ]/i\ ,^JlU.

for (j^^i

^J-,

;

for 5j,jt_5jl ,^j

^j

always precedes the sign of the month

termed

yiylrmi bir

(fi

'''*"'

J>''°

di-j j-r-J^'

(ishbii bill

iklyAz d6qs^n dAqiiz sAn^'l hljriyy^si mah-i m&hirriminin in

G

:

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

82

b^shlnjt p^DJsh^nblh gyAtiA) This day of Thursday, the 15th of the

month of Muharrem, of

the Hijra year 1299.

Section IV.

The Turkish

The Pronoun.

personal pronoun has no distinction of gender

(^ (b^n) /, ^j^ (s4n, not %hn) thou, j\ (6 o J

in writing, generally,

;

o

J.l il) he, she, it ;

jlsA (inMr,

and their plurals

;

o

(biz) we,

jj

(slz) you,

,^j,

and u_w.

6nll,r) they.

In politeness, j_) and j_». are used instead of

They then have

own

their

which cannot be expressed

plurals

used, in the

same way, out of

practised in Italian

i_5J^ (k^ndi)

self,

is

;

:

Jy,

The

but

Jj^

(sizl^r),

third person plural

is

politeness, for the singular, as

has not

it

its plural.

common

a kind of

persons, singular and plural.

(bizl^r),

These are even used

in English.

as singulars, by the over-polite.

is

y^

It

is

The word

pronoun, of

specialized

by the

all

the

posses-

sives.

The

personal pronouns, singular and plural, are declined in

the same

way

them have a

as the

nouns substantive, excepting that some of

special genitive,

person, singular and plural.

of me,

my ;

her, it;

your ;

eli-.

(s^nlii)

his, her, its;

lil^lil

of

—

but those of the second

all

These genitives are:

thee,

thy

;

lillil

(^nin,

^yj (bizlm) of us, our;

(dnliiin, 6nldrin)

of them,

their.

e^

^ (b^nim)

6nAn) of him, (slzlfi)

of you,

But, to take either

ACCIDKNCE OR ETYMOLOGY. of the prepositions

be put

^jjsi\

AA

,

the genitive,

in

all

after their singulars, they

,

but the third person plural

^_ for nie, ^il\^l^ with you,

^jjsi\

83

^^\

for him,

dlil

her,

it,

must as,

;

aIjI^I

with them.

These genitives are used, when

They

person.

&c.), A)\i U)

number and

are never used alone, without their possessives °

to corroborate

and

required, to emphasize

corroborate the possessive pronoun of the same

•'

''

thus, A>\i (bab^m)

;

(b^ntm bdb^m)

my

my father

my

(not

mother,

father (not your father, or his

father).

The

possessive pronouns, too, have no distinction of gender,

on the English or French

either

They are

principle.

o

im)

my ; d

his, her, its Idri),

In) thy

(lii,

;

y,

;

^j

(i,

(imiz, imiz) our,

or, after

!),

jS

(iJitz,

^

a vowel,

iMz) your;

(im,

1

(si, s?)

^_gj

(J^i'i,

their.

These possessives are

suffixed

the

to

substantives

they

That compound

qualify,

and form one word with them.

word

then declined like a simple substantive

o

is

(4vim)

my

my

house,

house, 8j*)jl

litUj.l

(^vimm) of my

(^vimd^) in

my

here before the bare possessive,

house,

house is

i»jjl

&c.

;

^

thus, vjl

;

(ivim^)

(The

^_J

to

added

thought by some to be

needed in the case of a preceding consonant that does not join

on

in writing to its

do not consider

it

next

letter in the

necessary, and write:

same word.

(,j',

lijl,

^Jj\,

Others &c.;

but

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.

84

when after

the compound, in declension, &c., takes another vowel

more usual

is

it, it

dvjl (^vimia) of my (^vliilz)

your house

The vowel

add

to

this

preceding vowel also

house, a*jjI (Jvimi) to

my

house

;

; J-Vj_jI

&o.

;

that precedes the bare possessive

is

an hihvh, soft

or hard, given grammatically to the final consonant of

ol

when

sub.-tantive,

qualified

{it) a horse,

J\ (ilim)

it

my

(dti),

his, her, its horse, j«._jl

your

horse,

^jJ\J\

horse,

After an

litArfi -»

^iji (biidiim)

face;

yf

When is

(gyiiz)

my an

my

thigh

eye,

o_jj

(bit) a thigh, Jji (butum)

jy_ (yfiz) a face, ^jy_

^jS

my

(gyfiz&m)

D

-

be; thus, A\i (b^bJm) (ql,pAsii)

bayonet

(s&rAl^rl)

eye.

;

my

his, her, its

yS^jf

their

fork.

^

may

father; djijb (yinqiii) thy echo

door or gate

;

y,jS^Aj.^ (t-fingyAmAz)

(gydrgyAiiflz) your e.rperience

The example here

the substantive ends with a vowel,

in lieu of

it

J n ,

given,

shows

possessive singular of the third person,

when

(yazam) my

form a syllable with that vowel, whatever

to O ^

otir

;

;

(Aghilil)

the substantive ends with a vowel, the bare possessive

added

^j^

son

vowel

J

dominant, this ^skv^ becomes dtftru also; thus, Jcjl a son, Asj\ (AghilAm)

^\

(itimiz) our horse, J_X_)'I (^tlniz)

their horse.

(4tldri)

(Itin) thy horse,

i^Lil

the

Thus,

ends in a consonant.

o

or

as,

^

is

;

^Jjjj.^

with the

clearly that

the possessive,

after a consonant.

If the final vowel of the substantive

is

o

,

it is

never joined

;;

ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. on to the possessive

Thus,

in writing.

(maternal) aunt, d»;j (t^yz^n), thy aunt, her aunt

85

(%z^m) my

-5>4-J'

j-»)J (t^yzisi) his or

y-ij^ (t^yz^miz) our aunt, jSljSi (t^yzteiz) your aunt,

;

j_j^5jj (t^yz^l^ri) their aunt.

When

the final vowel

second persons singular do not join on to the third person singular, and in

all

it in

tailor,

^{jji

Thus,

writing.

In

o

ijjjj (t^rzl)

a

o

^

tailor, ft^sjj-' (t^rztm)

(tirzlii) thy tailor, ^e-ijj' (tJrzlsl) his or

j^ij} (t^rzimiz) our

tailor,

custom alone has

jS^.jj

There

(tfell^ri) their tailor.

myself,

and

the possessive plurals,

o ^

they join on.

first

the possessives of the

is ij,

djli (k^udlfi)

your

no valid reason

Tiius are formed:

so.

it

is

(t^rzlnlz)

thyself,

my

her tailor,

tailor,

^J^fJ

for this rule

j,j.:_S

j—jxi (kindisi) Ms,

(k^ndim) her, itself

U.JXJ (k^ndlmiz) ourselves, jjCjjj (k^ndiniz) yourselves, ijJjM (kindilii'i) theirselves.

A final

J

,

c before the

in a polysyllable, as in declension, changes into

possessives, singular or plural, excepting that of

the third person plural

Turkish mansion,

is)

so also, an Arabic

(y value) in like cases.

v=LJj-9 (qinighim)

i^SCLl (ip^yin) thy silk his

;

or her fowl

;

;

jjli>

my

i*)

changes into

Thus, jLijs (qin^q), a

mansion

;

(liLjl

(ipJk)

silJc,

(tiwAq) a fowl, ^Jio (tiwAghi'i)

yJAjif (qAnighimiz) our mansion, jjsjs-^jj

(ip^yiniz) your silk

;

^j^JJJLi. (tiwAqliri) their fowl.

The

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

66

reason of the exception

evident,

is

— the

final

consonant takes

no vov/el before ^).

These possessives equally qualify plural substantives, and follow the sign of the plural. Ci)^-l_)l

my

Thup, ^J^ (Avl^rim),

houses

^JijS-^^y^ (si^mgy414ri) Ms, her, its

(itldiin) thy horses;

bayonets ; j^_Ji, JjM (s-dr-dl^rlmlz) ourjiocks; jX)_^)b^J (t^yz^l^rliilz)

your aunts

By

^jj^^_^ (qAndqIIri)

;

their mansions.

a consideration of the examples above given with the

possessives

of

the third

persons,

singular

and

as

plural,

attached to singular and plural substantives, two peculiarities

become evident, namely: the possessive

when

1,

the plural sign

the substantive

is

is

not repeated for

itself plural

;

2, con-

sequently, the combination of a substantive and a possessive

of the third person,

the two, leaves

it

when

it

has the plural syllable

^

between

altogether doubtful whether this plural sign

belongs to the substantive or to the possessive.

Even

combination ijJJls\Jj^ (qinlqMrlM) had been in use, is

not the case,

whether

|_j^lj_js

—

it

would have been impossible

if

the

— which

to decide

(qiiniqlM) was intended to betoken the sense

of his or her mansions, on the one hand, or their mansion, on

the other. sions,

Add

to this difficulty the third sense of their

and the puzzle becomes

conversation, the doubt of the necessary, by proper enquiries.

still

man-

more complicated.

hearer

may

be removed,

In if

But, in a written document.

ACCIDENCE OB ETYMOLOGY.

87

intended to be understood by an absent reader, possibly after the death of the writer, a method was seen, especially by

judges and

legists, to

be necessary for distinguishing between

the three cases.

That

distinction

is

effected,

writing,

in

somewhat

To

expense of plain grammar, as follows.

the

at

distinguish the

single possessor of the plural possessions, the singular cor-

roborative genitive of the personal pronoun the combination containing the plural sign (S,nin

qAn^qMr!)

his

or

mansions.

her

;

is

placed before

thus, (C^lJjs

To

i»Ljl

the

distinguish

plural joint possessors of a single possession, the genitive of

the plural personal pronoun violated

In the third

their mansion.

used in the (e^lij9 iijij\

be

The

prefixed,

and grammar

is

by omitting the plural sign from the combination

of substantive and possessive

still

is

felt,

corroborative

;

as,

i^'j^ mdJjA (dnl^rin qin^gh!)

case, the sign of

and

(dnMrin qindqMri)

in

the plural

the combination

their mansions.

;

A doubt

is

thus,

may

and these distinctions are not always used.

declension of the combination with the possessive of

the third person, singular or plural, takes a special form, a

being introduced before the prepositions, and the

final

^J

vowel-

letter of the original combination suppressed before this ^j,

when

the latter

is

joined in writing to the combination sin-

gular, or does not itself possess a

vowel

in the combination

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

88

This

plural.

tives

rule,

applied to possessives joined to substan-

ending respectively

^b_r, eLjbJ, ijbJ, Ai)

JjUj

,

sjj^u

,

>

(_5J._:ui

means own; jJLj_^5jJ^

is

...

an adjective,

(61,

it

They

i^jJcS, ji:ujjs^,

'

-

bibdm) my oww/aiAer, j/omj-

owra mothers, &c.

T/ie Demonstratives.

iAis, j.^ (shii)

as in the personal) that, j-ij\

other.

:

remains unchanged, and

(k^ndt valldil^rlnlz)

are, j{ (bi)

;

i£Jii».; >

(ji;,)bJ

^8^,

;

'

Section V.

These

jjjJ^U

*

"

When

^jLj,

sjjjlli,

_ij^u_S,

^•^

^

consonants or vowels, acts thus

in

that or iAzs, jl (i) or Jjl (i-bir) or

^jl

(Al-bir)

are used as substantives and as adjectives

;

the

being

declined or invariable, accordingly, like other substantives and adjectives.

Thus, ljLLTjj

^jl^ijl that other man,

As

substantives,

y

the personal jl or Jjl

\j>:,\

this book,

ji^ those other men

J^jJ

ji

;

these books;

&c.

and j^ are thus declined, something :

j, (bA),

diijj (biirnin),

(bindi), ^jj (luinA), ijJJjj (bind^n)

(biinlMn),

JijLLS

(biinlM),

;

6^ (biiM),

Jjjj (binMr),

sXi^y (bAnUrda),

like sjjjj

isj^i]^

^^jj (bAnlM),

ACCIBENCB OE ETTMOLOGT. 0^ O ^ O

J

^jj^JLjj-j

nounced

(bAnlirdin)

jJi (shA, sometimes written

;

djj^ (shAtnin),

shol),

|Jji (sMni),

jjjjjji

(shindin)

Hrin), i)Jjii (shiinl^rd)

put in the genitive

;

;

la^^

(shtina),

and

^^js:!

diuj

as, ij»^l

/or

aLI

i/u's,

jij\

,

to be used as a substantive,

sive suffix of the third person

like all similar combinations

it

may

us,

you

;

of you

(a))tj,)jl

appended

plural

(!tJi:j^jjl

;

i_g^j.i (shiinllri),

their singulars are Jul

laJijJI.

wzrt ^Aai.

,

to it

;

ijjij\ (i-blri)

It is then declined

a:j_^jI

,

sJiiJj)

,

iii)>j\

first

as, Jv^jjl (A-blrimiz), the other one

in the other ones

;

of us

iy^,/j\

;

to the other

one of

^y^Jij>j\ the other ones

&c.

Section

^f (klm)

who

?

is

VL

whom ?

The Interrogatives.

always a substantive, and declined as

such, singular and plural:

iX^ in

:

of the other one of us

iyy>i_Jijj\

;

(shiin-

take either of the two possessive suffixes of the

and second persons of

(shiindl),

must have the posses-

other one, the other one (of the two).

Or

pro-

i

o

its

jsjjji

J^,

JjjZ (shAnlar), d,Uji

;

sj^ljji (shiinl^rdl,),

With

ijijiiji (shiinl^rdin).

But

89

^^ of whom? whose? ^^ toiuhom?

^^^ whom ?

ijJi*p

who, what or which persons ? &c.

of or from

whom

? Ji->,^

90

OTTOMAN TUEKISn GRAMMAR. what

AJ (ak)

? is

generally a substantive, and declined

;

but o

it

is

also used as

an adjective, and

(n^nln) of what ?

i-j

what?

what (accus.)

j,4J (n^yi)

what? Jj

(forjAJ, nh\hr)

(things)

&c.

;

^ii (qingi, adjective,

to

^xj

?

which ?

what

vs^ords,

nM4n) from

(nM^rln) of what

both substantive and

is

substantives,

as

Thus, _»p (ktmim) my who ?

(klmin) thy

who?

which, which (one) of

thy

elii (n^Ji)

?

it

yj

(nJlWm) my what

sons ? ^Jii

, ^

\

the possessive

take

(nem) my what

^t-i

what?

j>-fii9

(q^ngil^ri) which (one, or,

Si

4J ^

(klmUrlm) my what per-

things?

J^^^Jc-i

(qinglmiz) which

Jji

ij

which ones) of them

or .xxj (vulg. niqidir)

how much ?

ni tArlA) what sort

Section VII.

There

?

ij}^

?

j

>

(vulg.

?

(qingi^i)

(one) of us? yij,

d^

:

— declined or invariable accordingly.

suffixes.

its

'akyh)

what (things)?

vulg. hingi)

These three

di*-)

uu,

(for

then invariable

is

\

are both substantives

and

adjectives.

The Relative Pronoun.

no relative pronoun in Turkish, though

is

attempts are made to use the Persian relative and conjunction, 4-J (ki), as

junction «_r

such, in literary composition. is

a very different thing.

The Turkish

Its use

con-

by Europeans

ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOGT. peans and others, as a relative pronoun, avoided. is

This avoidance of

all

all

Aryan and Semitic

It is the perfection of language.

The numerous

active and passive participles of the Turkish

verb obviate the necessity of a relative. ticiples take the place of

to a verb is

greatly to be

is

use of the relative pronoun

the prime distinction of Turkish fiom

tongues.

91

;

our relative when

The it

is

par-

active

nominative

and the passive participles do so when our relative

the accusative, or any indirect object of a verb.

explained in the paragraphs on the Participles,

(See this

Section VIII.,

in

on the Verb.)

There

is

a peculiar Turkish relative, however, to which

have no parallel to

in English,

—the

suffix

^(kl).

stantive be in the genitive, the combination

\i\i

It is attached

nouns and pronouns substantive in two ways.

and indicates that which belongs ,

dijGb

,

the) father,

father,

^_x.Cb

a substantive,

(the substantive)

case,

;

thus,

to

a (or

(bl,biminki) the one which belongs

to

my

(bl,bdsiDinki) the one belonging to his (or her)

father, his father's one

the

;

&c.

combiaation

sometimes an adjective. indicates

is

If the sub-

^^Sj\i\i (bib3,ninkl) the one which belongs

^J^LobG

locative

to

we

The

If the substantive be in the is

sometimes a substantive,

substantive combination then

that which exists in (the simple substantive)

;

the

adjective combination expresses the (substantive) which exists

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAIIMAK.

92 in

(the

first

substantive).

Thus, ^^Sbj^GC (b^blmd^kl) the

thing, the one that exists, that

my

of)

father, which

my

is

in (the possession or keeping

father has or holds;

SiXS^\j\i

Jic

(biblsind^kl 'ilim) the science possessed by his father, that

The

his father.

are declined

;

is

in

substantive combinations form the plural, and

the adjective combination

With a noun of place

is

invariable.

or of time the same particle, S^, forms

a relative combination, substantive or adjective, having relation to the place or time named. place, the locative preposition

may

also be employed.

and ^sj-cLil

the foot, or lower part, ^v-clil

ijiU.1 is

In the case of the noun of

at the foot ;

(,L-i.l

the evening,

x

,\'.^]

Thus,

that which

that which

was or

will he (present) in the evening.

Section VIII.

As

The Derivation of the

Verb.

a general rule, each primary Turkish verb forms, itself

included, a system of twelve affirmative, twelve negative, and

twelve impotential verbs, by regular derivation all

;

one half being verbs

active, the

;

—

thirty-six in

other half verbs passive;

the active vei'bs being transitive or intransitive

;

the passives

having for their nominative the direct or the indirect object of the transitive, the indirect object only of the intransitive primitive.

In another mode of subdivision, on the other hand, these

— ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY.

two equal

thirty-six verbs divide into

93

classes, in pairs,

each pair being simple, and the other causative (which permissive, as the sense

Each

sinaple

may

;

also

is

show).

and causative pair of verbs

indeterminate, or reciprocal

one of

so that,

is

by a

exther determinate, special division of

the same thirty-six, there are twelve determinate, twelve determinate, and twelve reciprocal verbs

imperatives of each, for economy of space):

;

in-

thus (giving the

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

94

a

^

'«

a &>

a

s

fa ;?

>

4^

i°3

1

o

-is

.-

'I S'S 3

'X-

S

''X ••i

4

J

ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOGr.

M 02 '0

^y•J^J)y)\l

,

caused (by a second)

to be

be written

two

O ^

O i'OO

ij-»jy)^_

and

But, at other

and then indicates that the also,

of the

to or for the agent's self.

Thus,

or indirect

object,

Jo qiishSnmiq)

ij^liji _ls (qilij

to

gird a sword on to one's self; '

Ot-n

(sUjjjI

.1

(4v

(qHshinmiq)

Mlnm^k)

to

acquire a house for one's self ;

scratch one's self (with one's nails)

to

O ^O

(glylnm^k) to

put on

to

put on one's

boots,

put on my boots

clothes, (»UiJ

'

;

eUlo

^o

't/^ (chizmi giyinm^k)

^_iLf ^_)i^^ (chizmil^rlmi giyin^ylm) ;

(j^J-ils

let

me

&c.

Passive verbs of neuters are defective in the third person singular only,

;

they are conjugated

and in inflexions over which

person and number exercise no influence. such that the neutral action takes place

They

in, to,

signify, to be

for, by, on account

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. of,

&c. (as expressed), something named, as the act of some or

any indeterminate agent. the act

ofhiching about

is

Thus,

y^

We

is

for

;

to

(bilry^

;

&c.

;

as, to be slept in,

passive verb always has, inherent in

be —

Thus, .jJ-J (k^sUlr)

able.

will be cut (then),

not eaten (as a rule), (either

'^^\>i'.

to

&c.

The Turkish sense of

y^

not allowed here

have such passive verbs in English

be fought

(bdyU t^pinllmdz)

aLjj)

not thus performed,

t^pinllmiz) the act of Mclcing about

it

99

it is

it

it is

it,

cut (often),

cuttable (always); j»:j (y^nmiz)

will not be eaten (then),

the

it

is

not eatable

it is

now, or by nature).

Section IX.

The Turkish Conjugation.

All Turkish affirmative verbs, active or passive, transitive or intransitive, are conjugated in one and the same invariable

manner, modified, as to their servile vowels and consonants,

by the laws of

class

and euphony

alone.

The

negative and

impotential verbs differ from the affirmative, as to conjugation,

merely in the form of the aorist active analogous aorist tense indicative. jugation exists, in reality, in the

The

participle,

and of the

So that only one

sole con-

Turkish language.

conjugation consists of one simple and three complex

categories

of moods, tenses,

verbal nouns, and gerunds

;

numbers, persons, participles, all

four categories, simple and

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.

ICO

complex, being fundamentally alike, but each modified in a certain special manner, to express a modified variation of the action.

Each category has necessitative,

moods

six

optative

(also

:

the imperative, indicative,

subjunctive),

and

conditional,

infinitive.

The

imperative

The

indicative has eight tenses, in four pairs

and imperfect perfect

tense, the future.

the aorist and past

;

;

the present

the perfect and plu-

the future and past future.

;

The

;

mood has one

necessitative, optative,

and conditional, have one pair

The

each, the aorist and past.

infinitive has

but one tense,

the present.

Each category has

five active participles; the present

(which

the general active participle, applicable, in one sense, to

is

any time,

and the

perfect, t'he

past, present, or future), the aorist, the past, the

perfect

or

future.

passive,

European languages and and

is

different

;

are

each

is

not

confused

distinct in

as

in

it is, in

grammar

from the verbal noun.

active participles of the passive verbs denote the direct

recipients of the action of verbs transitive ticiples

together

form and in sense,

from the gerund in form, as

in sense, difierent

The

In Turkish, the present or active,

;

the passive par-

of the same apply to the indirect objects thereof.

The

active participles of the passives of intransitives denote the

, ;

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. indirect objects of the intransitive action ticiples of

;

101 the passive par-

such passives are not in use.

Between the

five active

and two passive

participles of each

category, a Turkish conjugation thus furnishes twenty-eight participles

these numerous participles,

use of

By

the

avoids

aJl

every verb, primitive or derivative.

for

entirely

it

necessity for a relative pronoun.

The

present active participle adds an 4stAn and the letters

o

o

fj\

,

or only the letter

^^

,

to the root that ends in a consonant o

o

the aorist adds a vowel and the letters -dstfln,

with an

I

,

or only the letter ^ o

o

o

with an

.

jj with an ^tdrA, and_^ only (or sometimes^,)

kskvk, for

which no rule can be given

the past adds

;

o

jji* (mlsh,

mish) to

perfect adds

and the and

ei)j

letters

(dik) or

e^t

whatever their ending

all roots,

jj

(diq).

The

future adds an

or ija-ii, with dstiin, to vowel roots, including the

(sU-ii

Thus, ^^J (t4p4n),

are present active participles sh4n), l)ij (t^piUn),

^IJ

;

as,

(t^ptnilln),

it

and

into

:>

in J^i

before the letters

(6tiirdan),

(t^pdik)

add the Ast4n and Ji

;

^iijX^

^^,1

;

and ,^iii

j^^™? (t^pi-

(t^plshilin),

The

causatives

while those in

o change

thus, J[,xj (t^pdirdn), ^^\ijyj\

(t^pdirll4n), &c.

1^4^' (t^p^jJk),

;

(qiiln)

^^\jJ

j^i (t^pin^n),

are those of the simple affirmative derivatives.

Jj

i&stftn

(4j^k) or j».» (ij^q) to consonantal roots,

negatives and impotentials.

in

as the

;

;

csUaI^'

J^J

(t^pmish)

(t^pm^y^j^k),

;

d>J'

(sl^a-.*,;

;;

102

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

(t^p^m^jJjJk),

the final

9

of the negative particle i^ being

elided as useless.

When

the root ends with a vowel, as

the case with

is

the negatives and impotentials, the syllable

^jLi

added

or

in

the present participle, the final

being suppressed, and by some even the

Thus,

intact.

^j\i%Ji or ^^jUjU

1

i

(y3,n,

^

y^n)

is

of the root

but the

;

all

kept

is

,

^j\^ (t^pm^yiu),

(qipl^ydn),

^Lca:-) (thpinkmkjin), J^_jjji (yfir-&ydn), (jIj^jI (iqiiySn).

The Turkish

present active participle, in colloquial lan-

guage, as a remanet from eastern Turkish, takes after preposition as,

5

JJJ.-3

The

a

di, dd, to

it

the

form an adverb of past or future time

(gtd^nd^) when

(I,

thou, &c.) went, or shall go.

aorist active participle, of the

same form as the third

person singular of the aorist tense of the indicative, always

ends in a letter

.

in afiirmatives,

and impotentials.

and

in the syllable v^

Thus, jJ

(miz)

j^

(t^pmiz),

In the simple afBrmatire, the vowel added to the

last con-

in negatives

(tipkr),

>ij (t^p^miz).

o

sonant of the root, to which the final

cannot be defined by rule.

Of course,

have

fist&n, others ^s4r4, others

and with the verbs

;

fistfin,

all

then appended,

must be hard or

it

according to the dominant in the root

is

^

;

but

diflPerent

soft

verbs

again litdrA, for their vowel

hard verbs add

1

,

as do

while other soft verbs dispense with this

some

letter.

soft

Thus

ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY.

we have: J.^ °ji^(g^lfir,

The

^jj

(qirdr),

tJMZg-.

gMlr),

(gtd^r),

103

^yLo (s^aAr, mdg.

s^nir),

(siyirir).

^^^

simple reflexive forms

ia Atfirt

its aorist

and

.j

(gene-

o

rally

The

pronounced as ^s^r^ and^).

We

the same.

jjiJ (t^plshAr,

have, therefore,

J

o

^

o

thus, jj-i-Ji (t^pilAr, tjplllr),

(t^pinll&r, t^plnllir), ^^liJ (t^plahll-&r, t^pishtlir)

be observed that a vowel

This

these words.

^J is

reason for the addition of that

The same

vowel.

causative

,i

,

rule

in like cases

always has in the

therefore be written, effect

The

is

^^^jj

It will

The

j

is

its

ij,

follower

when

is,

preceding

this is the sole

;

the following J has a

many

when

it

to the

has

its

.

of the

vowel, as

The words above given may

aorist.

;

but this has

same form

as the active

j^_j)X^ ^JjjiXtJ ,

,

on the pronunciation.

aorist passive participle has the

perfect,

(tip-

in

that

.jLy^jJi

>

J

applied by ;

J

j}i^

intercalated before the

a mechanical rule.

is

a letter that does not join on to

no

;

^jLjjIi (t^pindirilir),^jij^jiJ (t^plshdlrillr).

dtrillr),

it

tJpinlr),

All the simple and causative

vulg. t^plshir). ;

vulg.

(t^plnfir,

jy^

'

passives follow this rule

simple reciprocal does

and the future passive

future active:

^yJ

(t^pdik)

;

is

negative imperative

il ;

form with the

ciUiJ (t^pij^k).

There are three verbal nouns formed by adding

identical in

;

the present or general,

{mh, mi) to the root, exactly like the the perfect, identical in form with the

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

104 perfect active

and

aorist passive participles

two future

identical with the dj.-)

(t^pdlk);

present verbal noun

is

aud the future,

Thus, i»J (tjpm^);

participles.

The form

(t^p^jjk).

isII-aJ

;

i«J (t^pmj) of the

also that of a verbal adjective passive,

signifying done, made, effected as the result of (the action of

the verb)

thus, 4»j

;

as such adjective,

,

means caused hy a

hich or licks.

This derivative of the transitive verb active simple and causative can also take the passive sense

which naturally means an act of being cut; It

cut.

verb

is

also

is

transitive

lj-»-j

;

as,

^^^^

means

(kismisi qh\kj)

as a passive

it

adjective

also is

as,

JU

the

t^ i^\^ (inj4 kJsm^ t&t4n) finely

jjibb

ijli

an

easily

when

and as an active adjective when the verb

;

;

i^jVjs

(k^sm^),

thus, 4*-j

act of cutting, often

much used

tiansitive

cut tobacco

as,

;

is

in-

(bib^din qdlmi mil) property

remaining from (one's) father.

Leaving the gerunds for the present, we may now inquire into the

mode of formation of the

before doing

so,

we must

tenses of each mood.

But

indicate the differences that serve

clearly to distinguish the active participles, the passive participles,

and

and the verbal nouns, of the two forms in di or jj

,

in eU.s or ^^>i.

In the

first

place, the participles are adjectives,

verbal nouns are substantives.

while the

Therefore, whenever a deriva-

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGT.

105

tive iu either of those forms qualifies a substantive,

a participle;

name of

Secondly, the active participle qualifies the It

he

who

its

therefore always a simple and invariable

is

word, like the other active participles is there

must be

cannot be a verbal noun.

it

actor only.

it

any man who has gone there?

as,

;

lyi.-

^_^}i

^^i-j

,.^1

dj^)

jjI^jI

vs^txS art thou

go ?

is to

Thirdly, the passive participle always qualifies the

name

of

the direct object, or of the indirect object, of the action, and

is

always accompanied by a possessive pronoun indicating the

The

actor of that action.

first

of these two facts distinguishes

the passive participle from the verbal noun tinguishes

it

Thus, ljLj

(AqAdAghim

*»J'^j3j'

I am

which

going

(i. e.

kltab) the hooTc which

v_>US Ja^u^jS

;

direct object qualified. the time in

the second dis-

from the active participle of the same form.

(now or formerly) booh which

;

to

So,

read.

^^

(AqAyJijighim kitab)

f^.^fy

when) I read ; and

(6qndAghiim zeman) ,jJis.*

Jis.ujij\ (J-jLsj

read the book, are instances of indirect objects

(iyAyijighim 6di)

the

These are instances of the

(kltlbi iqiiyijighim m^jUs) the meeting in which

itjl ja.A)j)jl

I read

the

room

I am ;

in ivhich

as

going is

I am

to

also

going

to sleep.

As let

instances of the substantival nature of the verbal nouns,

us take,

„«)5oi^_ji ,*ii)lj ;j5;U (yizi

ydzdfghim! gy^rdinfiz-

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAR.

106

mfl) have you seen

my

past action of writing writing ?

you ever seen me write ?

,_jjJuj^

^;j_>

sftw^yl^di) viho mentioned

my future

told (you, him, &c.) that

I

i.

action of coming ? to

kim

(gil4j4yimi

^«JCj>. JS

was about

have

e.,

i.

e.,who

come ?

Proceed we now to discuss the formation of the tenses. Tiie third person singular in

imperative.

the

future consideration,

the root of each tense, except

is

Leaving the numbers and persons

we may

say, in the first

the second tense in each pair, of every

imperative and the infinitive),

is

we may

place, that, as

mood (excluding

formed from the

of the pair by the addition of the auxiliary it,

for

^^\

leave these second tenses also

first

tense

was, after

(Idi)

for

the

future

con

sideration.

By

these

means we arrive

at the conclusion that there are

four tenses in the indicative, and one each in the necessitative, optative, conditional, to

and

infinitive,

the forms of which have

be defined.

The

four

indicative

tenses

are

— the

present,

the aorist

(present habitual and future promissive), the perfect, and the

future

;

the single tense of the other three

aorist

(present or future);

and that of the

moods

is

infinitive

their is

its

present indicative adds an ^s^r^ and the syllable

,jj

present.

The

(y6r) to the consonantal root

;

thus,

jy^

(tiply6r).

It indi-

;;

ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. cates a present action (actual or habitual)

he

now

habitually

Add

kicks.

107

he

;

hiching (now);

is

the auxiliary ijsA to

this,

o ' >

and

ij,yi\jj^ (t^piyir idi),

ing (then).

ri^

,

The

A

final

j3iJ.j (gidiy6r)

o

more frequently changes

i!»Jl»il

;

forms the imperfect, he was kick-

it

,

in the negatives

.

form of the servile

and

in the affirmatives,

and impotentials, being

active aorist participle.

;

as,

^j; jjI (Mly6r); &c.

aorist indicative varies in

but always ends in

to j

syllable,

(mM, maz)

in j*

identical with the

It indicates a present hahit

(not a

present action), or a future assurance, a future promise, as the

context or circumstances kicks

;

may

he shall or will kick

will break

;

he reads;

jjjji,

.KJ (qirir) he breaks

;

(yArfc) he walks

he will read; jj.o\

i»J (t^pmiz) he does not kick

The

he cannot kick.

Thus, j^ (t^per) he

r-equire.

;

he will walk

;

(isMr) he bites; he will not kick

auxiliary ^ij}

,

added

;

;

he shall or

;

^jsjl

(AqAr)

he will bite;

y,iJ (t^pAm^z) forms the

to this,

past tense (showing a past habit, or an unfulfilled condition) ^js>\jj {th^hr Idt) he used to kick

;

he would kick (if he could);

he would have kicked (had he been able) senses, the expression

cause he

is

^^yAwJ

(t^pmiz

he could) ;

not able

he

;

Idl)

is

a virtual negative

;

:

in

which two

last

he kicks not, be-

he did not kick, because he was not able he used not to

kick

;

;

he would not kick (if

would not have kicked (had he been able)

ijSi\y.iJ (t^p^miz idl) he used not to be able to kick

;

he

would

;,

.

OTTOMAN TTJEKISH GRAMMAE.

108

and

not be alle to hich (if so to

so)

able

kick (had not so and so); &c.

The

perfect indicative

and also

in

kicked (then)

the auxiliary

;

The

and the pluperfect results

(^Jj.I,

future indicative

and passive future

:

tional root

is

form with the active

and with the future verbal

participles,

o

kick, he is going to kick

;

;

thus,

(sLki^^ he

o

and the past future

sonant

The

be about to kick.

to

changes

to j

(^

:

,

and a

db.8jjl

,

final

lala.

ijj

;

is

about to

not going to kick

Add ,

to

the auxiliary

^J^^\

,^

was going

to kick,

kick; ^j^A eL-i^iiJ he was

Final cj in the root generally

._jj

(m^li, mdl!) to the root. futui-e act

he

vowel requires the addition of a con-

aorist necessitative is

perform a

is

results ij^ij dia.4j he

idcfX^) he was not going

unable

eJi».iJ

by the conjuga-

— o^

-

he will not be able to kick.

(Sda-i-^iJ

^JXj (t^pdl

to kick.

identical in

about to take place

is

i_sJj1

Add

had kicked; ijsA ijs^ he had not

It indicates that the action expressed

noun.

ij:u\

Thus, ijxJ (t^pdi) he

he has kicked (without defining when).

i^x^iJ he had not been able

^^jjI

;

^ji

It is used in a determinate,

past time.

all

or (^JjJ-J (t^pdidi), he

kicked

formed by adding the syllable

an indeterminate past sense, referring the action to

a given past time, or to

Idi),

is

to the root.

(dl, d!), in all cases,

^

would not have been

he

;

formed by adding the syllables It indicates a present

duty to

and corresponds with our must or

ought.

ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGr. Thus,

he must kich, he ought to kick

jl»j

jLUaJ

kick, he ought not to kick ;

With the

auxiliary ^jJ-jI

X^i^

;

he must not

he ought not to he able

we have

,

109

the

to kick.

past necessitative,

-Or

>-U-J

iSi->}

he ought to have kicked, he should have kicked;

_5L>UJ he ought not to have kicked

i5Jjil

^J^l\

;

jUUaj

he ought

not to have been able to kick.

The

aorlst

vowel

5

vowel

root.

is

optative

is

formed by adding an

to a consonantal root, or a syllable

Sometimes

I

used in place of

is

a quasi-imperative, implying optation, or

Thus, iJ (thph) 4-«j (t^pm^y^,

him not

kick,

let

kick,

may

he kick

with suppression of the

may

(thphwhy^) may able to kick.

him

he not kick

;

(that) he

the auxiliary

;

(y^, y^) to

The

5.

it is

may

(^jjI

,

i_5j-J

t^p^ydi) had he kicked, if he had kicked; j_jj,^a»j

let

may

not be

;

thus,

more frequently written and pronounced

il)

;

;

and we form the

ijS-t\

kicked

kick

not kick ; i^iJ

(that) he

past tense, a virtual negative, expressive of regret (t^p^ Idi,

tense

of the negation)

may

a

a subjunctive.

(that) he

;

t

he not be able to kick

Add now

jj

and

-Sstdn

(t^pmiyjydl) had he not kicked,

that he if he

had

had not

Or- r-

kicked J

that he

had not kicked ; ^^Xy^iJ (tjp^m^y^ydi) had

he not been able to kick, if he

he

had

not been able to kick.

The

aorist conditional is

{e,h,

si) to

any

had not been

able to kick

;

that

formed by adding the syllable i-

root, consonantal or vowel.

This performs the

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

110

o ^

function of our conjunction (^yir),

if,

can be placed before

As

tense-ending.

action

;

a present,

as a future,

it

A— Ji (t^ps^) if he hich, if he were of negation elided) if he hick (t^p^m^s^) is

should

he

desiderative,

not

not,

Thus, ^J^.,^ (tjps^ydi, for ^^,\....^.

or

(qdpl4mlq)

to

any

The

to cover.

quently written with to

end the root

isLiUaj,

(»J«j.ij

;

,

1

^JS^ added,

we

is

always a virtual negative.

had he kicked,

had

(_;'_-

formed by adding du. (mik) to kick

;

^j^'ijji

fre-

and sometimes without a vowel-letter

CiU^ (tjpm^mik),

,

(tip^m^m^k), for el.A*Aj

English by the verbal noun

(gltm^k qilmdqd^n

;

if he

negative and impotential are

(sLUJ

as,

is

ht\ii)

in -ing

going

;

is

;

better

as,

for

(j»*^^l5

This tense

miq), ^jaj^jII (qlpliydm^miq). in

it

&c.

Thus, isUJ (t^pm^k)

root.

t^^^tJ

able to kick.

present of the infinitive

j^ (miq)

;

Sometimes

kick.

With

kick

t

!

(_jJjIa_^)

(t^pJm^siydi) had he not been

The

to

to

(tipm^s^ydl) had he not kicked

;

Thus,

«-~*j (t^pm^s^, the

were he not

able

he

he kick

that

Mck ;

to

have the past conditional, which

kicked ;

really is a subjunctive

it, it

admits the possibility of the

virtually denies the occurrence.

it

^

appearance; but, as^,S=l

in

if,

is

i!tLoi»J

;

(qipl^md-

often rendered

^_jl

(jjljli

than staying.

el^lj It also

o

o

takes the suffix is^

,

verbal noun in -ing

;

^ as,

after

e^^.v

it

's

to

form an equivalent to our

an act of going.

There are seven gerunds, one gerund-like verbal

locution of

ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. and six

cause, one of verbal proportion,

1

1 1

to indicate various

All of these gerunds and

times in relation with the action.

gerund-like locutions presuppose the occurrence of two actions

expressed in the sentence, one by the gerund, the other by a

subsequent verb.

The gerunds

are a kind of verbal con-

junctions, while the gerund-like locutions are verbal adverbs.

The

first

gerund, the most frequently used, ends in an

followed by

fitfii-fl,

(yib, y&b)

by

(ib, ftb) after a consonant, or

i_3_j

after a vowel.

i_)j-j

two actions are

It indicates that

being mentioned, of which the one implied by the gerund prior as to time or natural sequence.

We

more

is

usually, iu

English, express this relation of two actions by the conjunction and, though

Turkish

as the

and

(it).

Thus,

does.

breaks, will kick

break

occasionally use our gerund in -ing,

^^'e

.l^J

and break

ljjJ (t^pfib qirir) he kicks

(it)

;

or, kicking

Conversationally, this gerund

is

(it),

he will

pronounced with o

6s4r6 in lieu of iltdrA qirip,

;

and with

p

in place of

»_>

;

as, t^plp,

&c.

The

second gerund

is

formed by adding

Astidn,

and the

letter/ejli (^r4k) or ij.i (iriq),to a consonantal root, d^aj (y^rik)

or j.iJ (y

of the its

Wq)

first

to a vowel-root.

gerund, to obviate

distinctive use

is

its

It

is

sometimes used

in lieu

too frequent recurrence

to indicate that, of

;

but

two contemporary

sustained actions expressed, the one, subsidiary, accompanies the other.

Thus, i^jIj eijiJ kicking, he went

off;

i.

e.,

he

;;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

112 went

off,

laughing

The

away

kicking (all

(all

the time)

isijAj^a he came,

^j^

;

the time).

third gerund, in

(inj^, inji), after

iss

a consonant, or

iii (ylnj^, yiuj^) after a vowel, and the fourth (used in writing

and much more

only,

a consonant, sense that

(si#>l

its

rarely), in dii (ij^k) or jss (ijiq) after

(yij^k) or jsri (yijiq) after a vowel, has the

action

to be a kind of signal for the occur-

is

rence of the other expressed in the sentence

rendered by our on ...

...

(him), he kicked (him)

lum

61A)

(that

to the

fifth

gerund

^J\

^jU

The

^y^^\ it

^\j

t^pdl) on seeing

(vasil ilij^q, mi'-

reaches), be (it)

identical in

known

.

liiJ

(and) kicking is

(it),

Thus,

he broke

because he kicked,

The seventh gerund

(it).

the infinitive with 4s4ri and c*)

^JS_

added

(y value), and the

the verbal reason |.J»-L5

means

Thus, ijijJ aj iJ (t4p4 t4p^

softened into Turkish

It expresses

second action.

form with the aorist opta-

It expresses repetition of one act as a

sixth gerund

the Persian

c

is

performance of a second.

qirdi), kicking,

e.,

;

^xJ /^^^(gydrinj^

on reaching (as soon as

tive, repeated.

i.

may, then, be

).

The

into

it

(with a gerund), also by our as soon as

Thus,

(with a verb).

;

j

precedent for the

^_ (jvK-k.J j\ he kicking,

I fled

I fled. expresses the beginning of a time com-

mencing with the occurrence of an action and lasting

until

:

ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOaT.

113

now, during which, another action has repeatedly or continuously occurred

In form

it is

jl (lA) or

the

(li)

J

fifth

added

equivalent to our ever since

is

it

;

gerund (not repeated) with the syllable to

Thus, jjslJi _)iJ

it.

dqs^yAr)

(t^pAlii

ever since he kicked, he has limped.

The

causal gerund-like locution

gerund in

equivalent to the sixth

is

with

It is the infinitive,

sense.

consonant

its final

softened down, and with the preposition

.iJbl

and shortened

(t^pmjyl^) by kick-

ing.

No

though ing.

in

it

into

(14, Id).

i!

agent of the verb be so exteriorly

There

is

;

as,

Thus, is

i!6~*J

added,

then expressed in the verb, by

aJC-*-) ^j>

my

kicking,

another form into which this idea

which a perfect verbal noun, with a

noun

(il4, il4)

is

I kick-

cast,

and

suffixed possessive pro-

indicative of the agent, and the ablative preposition |jj

Thus, ^x^tJ^-iX^ (t6pdlylmddn) by my

(ddn) are employed. (past) act

of

kicking.

This pronoun varies as

is

required

fjxS^S^_XJ (tipdiyliidin) by thy act of kicking; &c.

The portion

gerund-like locution of verbal, is

i.

formed of the perfect active

adverbial suffix of manner,

jia.

(j4, jd),

e.,

of actional pro-

participle,

added

to

It defines

it.

a duration of time for two concurrent actions, the

with the

first

circum-

scribing that duration for the continued or repeated occurrence o ^

of the other;

1

kick,

as, o^Ij

so long as

I

(^ '^i^ kick,

cH C'"'^ t^pdlkjj, sdn tAt) whil*

do thou hold (him).

It sometimes I

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAE.

114

expresses the rate (proportioa) of rapidity of the two actions as,

jy!^„j\

by,

it

i^s^ OS) (w&qt

g^chdlkj^, Iril^shir) as time goes

grows large (larger).

The

are the following:

when

the action

action occurs

when

an action,

six verbal times indicated, in reference to

it

is

4,

;

1,

the time before the action;

just about to occur

the time

has occurred

when

it

;

;

occurred

5,

;

the time just

occurrence.

its

the present verbal noun in the ablative

first is

the time

the time while the

3,

6, the time after

2,

The

as, ;jja*j (t^p-

;

meden), to which, for precision's sake, the adverb Jjl (4vv41) or

(miiqidd4m), anteriorly,

j,ji*

Jjl (jji»J (or Jjl ;jj>*j), then,

of kicking

the action

;

i.e.,

vulgarly expressed as Jjl i.

e.,

is

subjoined.

means

anteriorly

before kicking.

i^y^

The

expression

to (earlier

Sometimes

than)

this is

before (the' agent) kicks not;

while (as yet) he has (or had) not kicked.

The second gerund-like

locution of time

participle with the auxiliary

added

to

to kick

;

The tion:

it

i.

thus, ^^p^\

;

e

third

^jXJ\

,

is1>-a-j

when just about

is

the future active

gerund ^j^sv] (ik^u), during, during (the time of being) about

to kick.

the aorist active participle with the same addi-

is

^

dMr%

(the time of being) kicking; i.e., while

kicking.

The

fourth

is

the perfect verbal noun or active participle,

put in the locative (of time).

It

may be used

impersonally,

ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. with no addition

in

it

and

;

it

may be

115

used, for precision, with

the possessive pronoun of the agent between the verbal noun

and the preposition. is

In the former case, the verbal derivative

possibly a participle

Thus, sjjj^

verbal noun. kicked

kicking

The ^jJx_j1

or sji*>jj>J

;

;

i.

e.,

as,

^^i

when I

is

doubtlessly the

(became) one who has

when I (performed) my

(past)

act of

kicked.

during (this time of the condition of)

(O-^-i' i_r*^

having kicked ;

|^ when I

it

the past active participle with the auxiliary

fifth is

;

iu the latter,

;

i.e.,

now

that kicking has occurred, since {I, &c.)

have kicked.

The

sixth

time), followed 8J\-o i;;J>^V

the perfect verbal noun in the ablative (of

is

by the adverb 5^5Lo

;

(t^pdlkddn s6r^) after the act of kicking.

may be

possessive pronouns

the preposition

my

(s6nri, s6rd), after

as,

;

thus,

The

introduced into this locution before

ijSLo ^sSiXJ (t^pdiylmd^n sArd) after

action of kicking.

Section X. In

all

The Numbers and Persons of

the tenses the

first

person singular

is

the Verb.

expressed by

the personal suffix ^ added to the verb, with hhvk given to the tense-root, fj

when

this is a

of the tense-root where

consonant it

occurs

;

;

and suppressing the

final

adding one where wanted.

;

OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAR.

116 It is

amhicMng; rim)

Thus

wanting in the imperative. .jjlj_5-j;

(t4pty6r-idtm)

:

(thplyMm) I

^jj^

7 was

kicking; p^" (tJpJ-

I used

to

have kicked; ^J-J (tepdim)

/

kick; I shall or will kick; ^JjJ^' (t4p4r-ldim)

I

I would

kick; I would kick;

I did

kicked ;

(t^pdtm-idt)

kick ;

/ had

I have

kicked;

kicked ;

f,^\

to

kick

to

(t^p^m)

^i^

I had kicked;

I may

that

kick;

^J-*^ (t^pmMlyim)

;

jU-J (tJpmMi-idim) I should have

ought to have kicked; ^aj

(t^pjydim) that

JJ (t^pJidim) or fjsA .xS

Ji^i^ (tjp^j^yim) I am going

^jiC»4J (t^p^jJkdlm) I was going I must kick;

j,Jj

kicked,

kick; ^i

(tips^m) if I kick

;

^J--

(t^ps^ydim) if I had kicked.

The second person

singular, in all the tenses in ^jj,

formed by changing the vowel as,

jy^i (t^pty6r-ldin), djjl

(s)jjl

djjl

(

J

i^aIjI

o ,

^,

dia'A-J

(t^pij^k Alijighim) ^ (

^jU Jjl

db.^'' (t^P^J^k

Not

used, as being caco-

P^''"'^*-

6Ujaghdim)3

Aorist.

I^^jl

litl**?'

(tip^j^k Almdliyim)

I

must point

be

on

the

....

Past. ^Jjj jUljl

db-iJ (t^p^jik 61maiiyldlm)

I ought to have been

on the point

....

Optative,

Aorist. ^i]j\

el»4J (t^p^j^k 61dm)

That I may be on the point

....

ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOQT.

131

Past. |.jjjl

(2U^

That

(tepijik 61^yd!iu)

I

point

had been on the ....

Conditional. Aorist. o

«0 J

-iJ.I

O

tf

(!ti>.*J

Were

(tipAjik 61s3,m)

I to be or become on

the point

....

Past. .'_i„U

Had

laUiJ (t^p^jek Alsaydim)

I been on the point

....

Active Participles.

Present. j;)Vjl i!t)*-i->

Who

(t4p4j4k 613.n)

or which

on the point

is

or becomes

....

Aorist.

Who

jJ.I da-ijj (t4p4jAk 6Iir)

or which

is

(naturally)

or will be (some time) on

the point

....

Past and Perfect.

^;i

.^^-

(tsp^jik iimdsh)

^^^ I

jij\

o »

.»

^'O^*

jA)^ isl?-**^

(.r'^^ >'

r

It****-

* •

V

Past. OJ^ J o >o ^ (J*fc«l-CO

u^y J-^

(jiiUiJ

U^&^aJ V

...

•

Perfect. o JO J

^fO^

'

(^

... e)ia.d>^lJ

V

Future, o ^

^ J o ^o

,

(not Ms«(i)

L>»4Jj._ '-

° i'

j^^

(wot used)

Passive Participles. Aorist. OJO

J O ^o ^

O JO J

O

'O

'

O Jo J

O -

^^0*

o^ >« «« ...

Va JuJ

...

(£i»A:>sAj

...

ui.*ui*>

Future. o ^ ^ ^ o ^o

.

(wttUwttf)

(J»*jjl.

(&lk4..

.

ijmxVaA^

jAi.

O >

4th.

.

J

O

.,C^


v

f

d»l^^

...

O

-.

.

J

O

*

.^^-O

c

ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOGT. •

J

Jjl

Sth. "

6th.

7th.

»

"V

' J o ^o

,

Jjljv

' J

J-

J

o

^-r^

141 '

»

-

J

O

rf

^^o^

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

142

the ^^i of the perfect indicative, or of any is

In writing, there

required.

compound

tense,

no denying that this form

is

is

systematically used, by the best authorities, in place of the

The form has a more

tense they would employ in speaking.

musical sound

and

;

it

is,

my

in

opinion, a fruit of imitating

Persian verb -forms in Turkish;

by the

initiated, probably,

Persian scribes of the early reigns. o

In dubitative conjugation, simple tense-root and

syllable

this

its plural,

In

after all other words.

this last case,

Thus

:

•'

(tJplyArmlsh idln)

kicking; ,jt«)l^ (t^p^r imtsh) eljjl iji-v^

(tip^rmish idik)

uXu. ()i*J (t^pmlsh siSlz)

have kicked

;

^^^\Ji^^

it is

it

is

it

unless

;

be spoken

it

naturally comes alone,

^i«^_j_J (t4ply6rmtshim)

said, supposed, pretended, suggested,

djjj ij^jji

it

it

is

is

is

said,

^c, that thou want

said,

^c, that he kicks;

said, Ifc, that said,

it

^c, that I am kicking;

we

iised to kick

;

^c, that you kicked or

(t^p^j^kl^r Imish)

it is

said,

^c,

that

o

o

they are going to kick.

the

preceding the compound and

personal terminations, singular or plural

by another person.

follows

^jiu

(This word or syllable, Ji^\

,

^ji.«

,

is

really the past active participle of the obsolete verb isUjI.)

The

Potential

Verb

is

formed of the

fifth

gerund (not re-

peated) followed by the verb riJL (bilm^k) in jugation, the gerund remaining

auxiliary verb

then means

to

its

entire con-

unchanged throughout. be able,

and answers

This to

our

;

ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOGT. English can, (tj^,

(t^p4 blliyirim)

*«J

The

Ex.: dulj aJ (t^p^ bilmJk)

Facile

an ^s^rA

Verb

/ am

able to kick,

,_^

,

a consonantal

ij

the root-vowel and the servile

vowel servile O-o

,

^J

j^Li

(a)U;l_j—

kick ; &c.

,

with

ishrh, is

vowel

tj

and the auxiliary

^J

added between

and with a verb in

;

made

into a consonant with keiri, and the 0,0 f (^ is then added ; as, du^ij—^ (t^pi-virm^k),

this is

vowel ooo'

I can

With a vowel verb other

verb i^jij (vlrm^k, vulg. v^rmik). than one in

be able to kick;

formed by the root of a verb, to which

is

added, followed by a vowel

is

to

143

a ^o

(qipliyi-vlrmJk),

The

elorijjjjli (ql,ziyi-vlrm^k).

^ J J

dU;)_j—j^jl

(6qAy4-vlrm4k),

sense of these verbs

express in English by saying just just

to

out

&c.

;

cover over; just

to

to kick,

just

There are several other Turkish verbs auxiliaries after the

(yizmdq).

happening

;

to

The

first

that

a kick ; scratch

in use as special

gerund of the original verb

(g41m4k), J*;_ji (ddrmaq), ^jji (qilmdq), ,j«jLj

to give

read or recite; just

is

which we

of great ease, readiness, off-handedness in the action,

;

as,

laJLjs

(ydtmlq), and

,jji>

expresses a frequent or natural

the next three signify persistency

;

and the

last

the idea of having almost happened, of being within an ace

of happening. quently,

Thus,

of course, as

is

(»JlJ5

well

*JjI

(61^

known;

gdlmik)

to be

to

happen fre-

a common occurrence

j^.jj tjjiG (biqiip dirmSq) to stand looking; jjij 49U (b&qi

;

OTTOMAN T0KKISH GRAMMAE.

144 qilmiq)

to

stand (remain) staring in surprise and amazement

JI;G ZiylJ^ (dfish^nfip yj,tml,q)

a brown study;

J^G

remain

to

pondering, in

(lie)

AjC (bd.yM jizm^q) to give one's self up

(write) as about to faint; &c., &c., &c.

Section XVIII. In Turkish there

moods and

in all its

the Turkish

^.1

independent verb

The Verb Substantive.

no extant verb substantive, answering

is

performs the ;

In one sense,

tenses to our verb to be.

but as such,

office,

as an auxiliary

and as an

a verb adjective, and con-

it is

tinually lapses into the parallel idea of to become.

The Turkish (lm4k)

originally

had a true verb substantive, eUjl

This exists fragmentarily in Ottoman Turkish;

to be.

perhaps in certain persons of the present, certainly in the perfect of the indicative, in the aorist conditional, in the past

active participle, in th« perfect verbal noun,

and in the gerund,

apparently modified from the present active participle (which in eastern and old Turkish

^

,

traces of

was and

is

which are numerous

formed in

^j6

or

jjlc

,

even

in Ottoman, as adjectives).

Thus: Indicative. o

o

Present, vl^ (Im, Im),

thou art sinlz)

;

you

j->\

are.

^_

(iz, iz),

o

(ylm, y?m)

/ am

_p_ (yiz, yiz)

;

^^^

we are

;

(sin,

^js^

sin)

(sifilz,

;

ACCIDENCE OH ETYMOLOGY. Perfect.

^sj\

I was,

(Idlin)

he

was ;

O

d JjI

thou ivast, ^Ji^ (Idl)

djjj (Idlii)

o

J,

we were ; jSjsA

(idik)

145

(idinlz)

you were

jAixi\ (idil^r) they were.

Conditional Aorist. j.i-jl

(isdm) if I am,

(isin) if thou art, a^I (\ih)ifhe is;

i!i)A~)l

di-jl (is^k) if we are, yS^^} (Is4l4r)

(isdfilz)

if

you are,

jIa^jI

if they are.

Past Active Participle. o

(imisli)

,ji»jl

Verbal

who

Noun

or which was.

Perfect.

o

Ciljol

(tdlk) the fact

of having

been.

Gerund.

^^\

(Ikte,

old

JC\ ikin) during

the fact

of being.

These fragments are made negative by prefixing the adverb (jCja

dlyll) not.

(dlyll idlm) e)jj|

J^j

Thus, J^.p (dlyilim) /

/ was not

^i^\ JXji

;

(dlyll Idlk) not

am

(dlyll ls4m)

I am

Jx-p not

;

perfect of ^jjjl

;

JX)i (dlyll Ikin) while not being.

The verb

if

^Xj\

used as a verbal noun, but replaced

by jiUjI (61m^diq) the negative verbal noun ivri'

not,

is

present tense indicative of the foregoing fragmentary

completed, as to

its

third persons, singular and plural,

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

146

by using, when necessary

only, the special, unique,

and most o

Turkish invariable

distinctive d!r)

is,

and

dirlir) are

its

particle of affirmation, ^j (dir,

conventional (unnecessary) plural, Jj^j (dirUr,

(which

is

just as well expressed

by the

This word ^j still

singular).

O J

G ,

written in eastern Turkish ^jj

pronounced in provincial Ottoman,

is

(dilr), as it is

often found also, in

old and eastern writings, under the uncontracted form oi jjjji

(ddrAr). is,

to

This circumstance leads

originally, the aorist of the ordinary

word

verb ij^j}^ (diirmaq)

remain.

However that may is

to a suspicion that the

be, the peculiarity of the

word

is

that

it

not special to the third person singular, or to the two third

persons, singular and plural.

It is often used, in writing

in conversation, after a verb of the first or

second person

and also,

singular or plural, of any simple tense of the indicative, with

or without the plural in fact, c^est

sign^

,

when

the sense admits

It

it.

is,

an exact equivalent to the French inchoative expression

que,

and the Latin constat quod, which can be used to

introduce any indicative proposition, as the Turkish j^ to conclude

and complete any such.

And,

as the

is

used

French and

Latin clauses can be omitted without the sense suffering, so o

also

can the Turkish

,j

.

In conversation

it

is

much more

dispensed with than used.

The

negative of ^i

is

^j JXjj

(diyll dlr) is not;

pi.

^^ jX>i

, ,

ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. (dlytlUr dlr) and jji

J^i

147

(dlyil dtrl^r) are not (just as well

expressed without the J).

Section XIX.

The Verb of Presence and Absence, of Existence

and Non-Existence,

There are no such verbs

What

in Turkish.

there are,

and what Europeans have erroneously chosen to designate as

two

such, are

adjectives,

absent or non-existent.

may be

these

(var) present or existent, jjj (y6q)

J^

Like any other substantive or adjective,

followed by the verbal particle of affirmation

which, in this case, as in any other case,

may

.j

be omitted in

conversation. It

may be

convenient, occasionally, for a novice in Turkish

to suppose that ^1^ or

means

there

is

.j

or

it, is

non-existent)

The

existent

^jj>

or

expressions really say and

present (or existent) ; he, she, or as,

;

there is ; that

.j

jjj

But, unless rightly understood, those ren-

not.

derings are misleading. he, she,

means

.1^

Jj

^\

(somewhere) ; jjj

(Stish. vir)

^\

it, is

mean

absent (or

fre

(is)

present (here), or

(St^sh yiq)

fre

(is)

absent (here),

or non-existent (anywhere). O

Then, such a phrase as O

^

O

exist,

clear.

and

.[j

(vdr 61) be thou present (or

J

existent), Jjl ^j_j

becomes

J O "

Jjl

(yiq

The

first is

be at hand,

be thou absent (or nonrcxistent)

61)

a kind of prayer, Mayest thou ever

ready

to

help the afflicted

!

while the

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

148 second

annihilation,

Avaunt

or

a wish

my

or

Away!

&c.

!

pocket money

pocket)

my

^firewood

my

:

Jj

ijj ».v«. r»

present (I have

is

jji Jjtjl

i^si\

;

firewood in

By

the nature of a curse,

in

special instead of general

house

banishment

of

using a locative with these two expressions, they become

By

in

sentence

a

condemnation,

a

is

was

s,>*),l

(j^bimdi piri vii)

some money

(^vimd^ idiiniim yiq

absent, wanting, non-existent

my

in

my

idi) in

(I

had no

house).

using a possessive pronoun (with or without a genitive

as well) with these

two expressions, the idea of possession

superadded

;

as,

j.SjL)

exists

I

have money,

(i. e.,

.l_j

yiq) money belonging money); jJj'j dir)

many

father has

(pir^m vir) money belonging

I have some money)

to thee (is)

(^^Lli-S

^j^ CiL-lb

books belonging

many

non-existent

books)

;

to his (_jJj1

(bibl,j}niii

;

me

^j>_ '^tjj (p^iaii

(i. e.,

thou hast no

ch6q

klt;iblarl

father are existent

^jji

to

is

(•^•U^' *-* (^.

(i. e.,

(b^nim

var his

s^iii

Ihtiyajlm y6q tdl) any need of viine to (lean on) thee (for assist-

ance) was non-existent

(i. e.,

Section XX.

I had no need of thee).

Of

the

Compound

Verbs.

Besides the Turkish verbs already described, the Ottoman

language has been indefinitely enriched with whole classes of

ACCIDENCE OE BTTMOLOGr.

compound

149

verbs, active and passive, transitive and intransitive,

formed by a Turkish auxiliary verb preceded by a substantive or adjective of Arabic or Persian, even of foreign, origin.

An

active

compound verb

formed, generally, by an Arabic,

is

by a Persian verbal noun, or by a foreign substantive,

rarely

followed by one of the auxiliaries eUJLjl (6ylem6k), jjJLi (qilmiq) to

command,

to

deign

to

do

;

or

(itmik, vulg. itm^k),

(»Uj:-j1

or ^^j-j (biyArmiq)

to do,

by an Arabic (very seldom, a

Persian, never a foreign) active participle, followed

auxiliary (jjjl (olmdq)

The

tive or intransitive. in sense

;

the

first

is

These verbs are either

to be. first

;

and the fourth

is

the most frequently used

used

transi-

three auxiliaries are identical

often, the third occasionally, replaces

tion

by the

when

it,

;

the second

so as to avoid repeti-^

a deferential tone

is

assumed

in speaking or writing to or of a superior, and politely to or

of an equal. (trsal

Thus, ctUil

bAyArmiq)

to

JLu,l (Irsal

etmek)

sending,-to have the goodness to send ; ^^jl to cause; (»lJil Jio^ (t4v3.ttdn

;

visit, to

4yl4m4k)

pay a

some act)

;

(J^jj-j Jlu,l

favour by

to

J

o

i_*9.jji

(miijib 6lml,q)

to settle (in

^^j\ tjU-tj (peshlman olmaq)

penitently sorry (for

send;

deign or condescend to send, 0,0 J

a home)

to

a place, as

to be regretfully

dual t^ji}

(vizlti

4tm4k)

or to

visit.

Transitive verbs of this class form their passives with the auxiliary j^Jjl (ilAnmlq), which,

by

itself,

does not admit of

OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE.

150 translation.

Thus, j*J^I JU,'

have done (to

it) the

action

(irsal

of being

61Anmlq)

sent

to he sent, to

(for the

Arabic and

Persian verbal nouns, the reverse of the more general Turkish rule, take the passive as well as the active sense).

compound

Deferential

passives are formed with the passive auxiliary (jJ ijj

(bAyArAlnidq)

;

jJ^jj-; Jl-^l (irsal biyiirAlmlq) to he con-

as,

descendingly sent,

to

he hindly sent.

Reciprocal verbs active of this class are formed with the reciprocal of eliol

,

o ^ o

m^k)

as,

;

that o ^

(liUijjJ

is,

with the auxiliary

(sl^ijjl (idlsh-

J J

ij>»j.ai.

(khAsum^t Idlshm^k) mutually

to

exercise hostility, litigation, or spite, towards one another.

Causatives of the simple and reciprocal are formed by the causatives of d,4jl and eUijjl, namely,

i^jXj\ to

to cause or let

J'-jjl

cause or

let

i»Jl«,jo\,

(a thing) he sent

;

i^j^sA

;

thus,

laUiJ^ jjI .-.-^.'^

(two or more) mutually attack each

other.

Negatives and impotentials, as also dubitatives, potentials,

and

faciles,

are constructed with those forms of eLjol and the

Thus, eUL«o\

other auxiliaries. not

aLh

to

be able to

tJjl

J>—

,'

send;

to be

^ji^-S^l

JI--.1

able to send

;

not to send

J^;^

*^

i»U;jj)>il

*^

;

ciULiijjl JL*.l

^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ sent;

JL,I just

to send.

ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY.

Suction XXI.

Of

the Interrogative

Verb,

151

and Interrogation

in general.

All interrogations, in Turkish (when an interrogative pro-

noun

is

not present in the phrase, as such), are

ducing the interrogative particle or adverb

made by

ji

intro-

(mi, mi) into

proper position in the phrase.

its

The proper

position of this particle in the phrase

We

of the word on which the question turns. valent for enclitic est-ce

in

it

particle

English are

ne,

its

may

equivalents

;

also

have no equian,

the

and the French

be best shown by an example of five elements,

may be

each of which

the

word on which the question

^

turns, so that the adverb

1.

word

in Latin the

the end

que ?

This

them

;

is

successively joined to each of

is

to indicate that speciality.

> ^

,y

*

-

i

ujj

.c

4*?

specially

Thus

:

jF-C' 15*-'

(s^nmi sdbah b^nimli 'kxh-

me

to-morrow in the carriage:

biyi bin^j^ksln) Is

2.

it

thou

°..

x

who art JLa-..

to ride

lijijt aI*j

with

i5p-C» ij^

^^'^ sibahmi b^nimld

'lirll-

biyi b^n^j^ksln) to-morrow that thou art to ride with

Is

it

3.

\,X'^t'-\

'ul)je-

L^i

as,

;

the wilderness

a proper name, the second

name of

the

first

first is

and the com-

i_jLLS^(kitab qabi) a

^^=J,jl ;jLi (yibin ilrd^yl) a duck of duck).

last,

;

^

lilj

o

made

(_jxjl

^s?.\l)

3

^^*

(mishir pishi)

Here, the generic word stands definite.

is

the

Pasha

last,

and

Sometimes, the specific word or

OTTOMAN TtTRKISH GRAMMAR.

164 term

complex and obeys

is

own

its

o

bishi dgh^) Mr. Corporal Colonel

LiLj

;

i—»

\j\

^

eLj

;

rules

;

as,

-^

'

\t.\

^\)

O

J

(on-

^jj\

-^ o

o

tji\ji* (mir-3,lay bey) Squire

(mirl-llva pishi)

the

Major-General

Pasha.

There are two exceptions stands

when

last,

the other

word

is

a proper name.

other cases with proper names, this rule ^^IkU.

(4sma sAltan) Princess Esma, Vj
»)).e ijLc

(of) departure.

Turkish or Persian construction, the same

remark holds good of a pair of substantives, one of which

is

SYNTAX. the word

^1

(4mr), or one of

our circumstance, and the

Insilakl)

study; ^_j.ai. the question

They

like.

which signify

&c., all of

are used

Thus: ^j^s^LjI^J

Turkisli for precision. sllin 4tnr-t

synonyms, sjU (miiddi),

its

c:ZoX (k^yflyyit),

(khiisus),

(jaj-oi.

167

isU~a*

in written

si.

(rah-i tdli-

of the pursuit of the path of

fA« matter

(dAn^nm^niii gWmisi

j.-ijs i^ i^xJl

;

mdftisl hisin ^fjndl jinabi)

Brusa, Hasan Efendi

—

)

His Worship o

word

Generally, the

-

the

the

^e-y^ ^^JA (burusa

•^

the State Counsel

(«,lLjUa. di>

Bey

Intei-preter

o^..i>.

Solomon; Mother); (

— mjsih)

^..^

c

Noah

the holy

—

'is^)

III.

Mary

;

musd)

the

(king)

^5—«j>

—

&c., &c., &c.

the Adjective.

in a sketch

former Chapter

_jj 0;.ii=>

(the Virgin

Prophet Jesus;

Syntax of

Nearly eyerything requisite this subject in the

the

Anointed One (Christ)

Section

(terjumaa

the prophet

(

(

as,

;

(

(

—

His

indicates one

— —

^j~a

;

— — sil^ymiin) — — m^ry^m) Saint

j^UJ^

f^.j-'

)

&c., &c., &c.

;

name

before a single

(hlzr^tl niih) the patriarch ;

c)^:/

—

of

o ^

of the prophets, saints, or patriarchs of old

prophet Moses

Lord High

jJui (s4f Tr pishi

\ilj

Excellency the Pasha Ambassador ;

hiy

^

His Honour

^j^j.a^

;

f,\Ji\ ^^J^ (sheyklm-

(II.),

has been said on

Section II.

If several

adjectives qualify one substantive, they follow one another

simply in Turkish construction, and are in the Persian construction

;

as,

j^-ja.

all

connected vocally

l-jj^^jI Jjy (gyizM,

;

SYNTAX.

169

Mibli, mihjub chijiiq) a pretty, well-hehaved, modest child; y^-a

^js ij^

i::*i4-)

(_jla.

blhtsht-nAma-yl ftrih-ftza) a

(jii-yi

paradise-like, joy-giving place.

One as,

adjective

may qualify (dm^m

8_,iL. Jl:J»-l_) |,-«1

ill

several substantives in a sentence the other peoples

^jyali sa'lr^)

and

nations.

An

Arabic or Persian adjective

Turkish or foreign substantive before

one of these,

it

never placed after a

is

and whenever either

;

o

changed as to gender or number ;

a great mountain ;

slijU

liJjj j»Jic ("izim d^vl^t)

Some

adjectives

Jic (azim a great

as,

^

clL

o

^kc

(

'dzim

a complement to

In Turkish construction,

(sA dilA) full {of) water, ^j\>

4l;l_5^

In Persian construction

b^yiin) worthy

of exposition

;

d%h)

state.

plement precedes, with or without a preposition;

i

placed

padlshah) a great monarch,

take a substantive as

restrict their application.

water.

is

remains, like a Turkish adjective, un-

(sA

it

follows

xJh

^^l^

this a,s,

com-

JJioj^

Hi d4lA)

filled with

as, ^JUJ

jjV (layiq-

;

(miiwafiq-l tib') con-

formable with nature.

The Turkish

adjective ^S^ (gibl)

like,

follows substantives,

the personal pronoun of the 3rd pers. plur., the demonstratives plural, the interrogatives singular relatives,

in

them

;

when as,

its

and

plural,

and the compound

complements, without any change occurring

|-i_£=j-s (si gib!)

like

water; ^—^=j-ljl (dnl^r

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

170 gibl)

nice

them

(kltn gibl)

^°^

whom ?

like

(binEr

^^Jhy

;

^-i^ J^jjj

glbi)

{o.h\h\:

,_j_J^^jCCl;b (babdminkl gibl) father;

gibl) like these

like the

word

^^

as,

;

(b^nlm gibl)

l;j

^

gibl) like him, her, it; (bAniiri gibl) like this

d)-

substantive, and this as,

;

like

me

five senses

;

made

a:;-,

you

;

(^nfS

^^^

miij)

Numerals.

cardinals always precede their

^\

(ikl chlft)

cardinal follows, the construction is

^^S elil

to

usually left in the singular, whatever

is

c^to-

the

two pairs

jlbau) the two ivorlds (present and future).

substantive

;

(slzin gibl) like

Syntax of

The Turkish and Persian

number

All

have.

&c.

;

Section IV.

the

I

one

?

my

when complements

other pronouns are put in the genitive, this

what things

like

the one belonging to

like

(bind^kt gibl)

^

^^^

;

plural

;

as,

is

;

But

(du

the Arabic

made Persian, and the

6....^ j^l^ (qiiviiyl

cul^a- (jlhatl sltt^)

(jlja- _jJ

khims^)

the

the six directions (in space),

six sides (of a solid).

The Turkish and Persian numerals precede the the same substantive substantive)

;

thus,

goats; tjjvu> *J5l

;

as do also the Arabic (though after the

^^

oia

adjectives of

jLu ^M^

(Ikl

slyah k^chl)

two black

(hAft lqlim-1 mi'miir^) the seven climates

SYNTAX.

of

the habitable earth

hiri)

s^alli

;

ei*— «>

171

ij\^

(q'iviyi

khlms^i

za-

t-slj

fi'j

bfildan) the countries

(of the globe); kyiir f&niin

li

.

^

-

(rdb'i

and towns

i.

e.

ijVjl

active or passive

is

,

;

often

as, tt^j

m^skyiind^ vwaqi' m^malik

li

situated in the inhabited quarter

sjU*j^jjJ ,j^=j^ ajjLi^ajj (bA kltabdi mfe-

mi,'arlf )

the sciences

and matters of knowledge

mentioned in this book.

Active participles govern

all their objects in

as the verbs from which they derive

;

participles, excepting only the object

adjective jj\.».l

;

as,

way

so also do the passive

they each qualify as an he

who opens a door

icii^ (l^piiyi ^chln) he who {that ivhich) opens the door;

jj *iiJ^'

Ak'

opened with

min

^J.:^\

^J (qJpA dchin)

the same

biin-i

Jl

(^lim 114 l,chd!ghJm q^pA) the door that

my hand;

i_,>^ j5^».a-j>sJj1

qibul id^m^y^jjyi sib^b)

father will not he able

to

accept

this.

JjJ

^y

the reason

di»s-l

any two substantives

the

;

thus, ,j~»)S

(!i)A»»-l

coming of Ahmed, Ahmed's coming

;

(ihmMiii gildlyi) Ahmed's (past action of) having

come; ^>^iJrdJ-*»l (ihmJdin gM^j^yl) Ahmed's (future action of) coming.

When

the subject

is

a pronoun,

it is

put in the genitive

still.

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

180

and the Turkish verbal noun takes the possessive subject's

number and person

coming

laLVojUS cil:-

;

;

as,

j.d«K

f^_

(b^nlm gilm^ui)

(sinln g41diylii) thy having come

ij)^s.i.^ (^ul^rlii gil^jjkl^rl) their future

Turkish verbal nouns and

gydrm^m) my

coming.

him

(izmir^ gil^j^ylfi) thy future coming jijjjlj

OjjJ^-o

^)^j

with

infinitives are constructed

seeing

{her, it)

to

my

d^JLil

;

their objects, direct or indirect, exactly as their verbs fi-'jy (jl (^nl

of the

suffix

;

Smyrna

;

thus,

;

is)X_>.4)i

>^~fj\

i»)j.»a.|

aj,Jj

(pM^rlni ihmMlfl dfin m^ktiib ydzdighi)

Ahmed's having written a

letter to his

father yesterday.

Arabic verbal nouns are constructed with their agents sometimes in the Turkish, sometimes in the Arabic, and sometimes o J JJ

in

the

Persian manner

eJiLas? (tihsilln) thy study

Biin'Ti 'lliih), aII

as,

;

;

(virudiim)

my

arrival

[SAJ^ (tihrirl) his writing;

>c^ (siin-! ilah)

(idar^-i p4rgyar-l ^fkyar)

j,jj^j

the act

of

God ;

^c^

i!ti\

jC-s\jijj

;

6j.1j1

a revolving of the compasses of the

thoughts.

Ai-abic verbal nouns are constructed with their objects in

the same manner as the

compound verbs formed of them

ws^-o i^jjJi_« (miqdurl sirf ) an employing j\sj-^\\ (4z

s^r-1

n^v)

from a new beginning (over again, again).

A

preposition

sentence posterity,

may govern two

as, j^jL^Ij

;

and

o,^

cjls^l

«

.

or

more substantives

Jl to his family,

in a

companions,

friends.

But, as the Arabic and Persian preposition precedes the adjectives that qualify, as well as the substantives qualified,

so the Turkish preposition

is

placed after

when

quently, in Persian construction, and

all

these

;

conse-

the substantive

followed by the possessive suffixes, the Turkish preposition

separated from the substantive siderable distance ^O

^

5.>siU>

J

III

as,

Jul

'{, ittliy_l»a

governs, sometimes by a con-

^GG (bibd-m

(hA mihlbb-i sadiq-dd) in

ijj^ ip

(jjJl5 (qdllyiin-i

father

this faithful

friend

with

Syntax of

n, or

galley.

the Conjunction.

head the phrase they belong

enclitic conversational

sj (dh, d-1),

or^i-j (dikh!),

to.

literary

^j,

is

the word of a phrase to which special attention thus

:

^JM LjJ^^i

^yj,ljjl£-l

;

kyuh-nttmun-l hamayiinun

All conjunctions, except the enclitic

The

my

\\h)

head of the mountain-like imperial

Section XII.

too, also,

is

I

v_*3:° ji

bl,shi) the

;

it

is

placed after directed

is

(istinbAldin dikh5, or IstilnbAdanda o

t6p galdi) camion came from Constantinople also ;

t

u-jjla

o

.rO

Jo ^o

(jjJjJ^'

.

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

186 (^jJi (c-=--i

(istinbAld^a tip dikhi gildi) cannon, too, came

from

Constantinople.

This

enclitic

repeated after each

is

linked together by s4n-dd) /,

too,

its

use; as,

iX^

will go, as also thou

tv

member

gMWm,

'"^ (b4n-dd

-

j ,j-.^= J*^j'

;

of a phrase

(b^n-dl,, sin-dd, 6-dsl, -dchfimfiz gld^riz) 7, thou,

'-^

'-^-^

'-^j'

and he

too, will

all three go.

It is often placed after a

verb in the conditional,

being then, in English, rendered by

euera

;

its

sense

as, sjalJ> (g41s4-d^)

even should he come ; sji-jl uiJS'(g^lmish is^dj) even though he he

come;

(g41s^ydi-di)

»J(_5a1-JS

had he even come;

sji-Jjl (sJa-iK

(gll^jAk ilsl-di) even should he be about to come (even should

he

think of coming, or resolve to come).

After other verbs than conditionals,

it

is

with each

enclitic

that enters a phrase, and answers to our both, followed by or also; as, coiae,

and

sj,.*, ,jS

see also

;

5j.*,j)S

(g^lirim-di, gyArArfim-da)

tXtjJA *a-j1 ,j-Xj

/

will both

(

— —

8J.«,j_j-S ».>j_,j-)S

b^y^nir-is4-m, dlir!m-d^) I will come, and I will

and

see,

,

and

if

I

admire, will also buy.

The

conjunctions JiJ,, e)/,

or whether, j^='\ (ijir)

if,

U

with

,

in the sense of whether

^J

...

,

(g^r-chi, vulg. girchi) or

A>,.£=l (4y&'-chi, vulg. Ag^rchi) although, put the verb or verbs

of their phrase in the conditional

;

as,

jJj^U iJi^U

(hi g41s4,

SYNTAX.

187

hi g^lmisd) whether he come, or (whether he come)

(kjh g^lsi)

come;

if he

sja^-jJ

7iot;

i.Jbj^=s\

a^jS=1 (4gJrchl gdlmish

,ji»K

isd-

di) although he be even come (even though he be come).

When it

is

the copulative j joins one verb or phrase to another,

pronounced

v^, in conformity (to a certain degree) vcith

its original

Arabic pronunciation

struction,

unites

it

{jij^

n

4

or A,

and joins

or adjective,

(g41di v4

and

The Persian

and prosperity

aS

pronoun in Turkish as,

as,

eJj.i

(kl)

always connects two

that,

a-3

to

be a

(as it really is in Persian, as well

(mi'lum 61i kl)

JjI fylx*

he

it

Tcnown

Sometimes the clause that follows shows the cause

that

or reason of that which precedes

be rendered hy for or because; jjEJ i^jJjl jlns-i

;

l^m^jo j ij^ (qavi-yu

;

members of a phrase, and should never be supposed

;

it

healthy.

conjunction

as a conjunction)

takes

on, in pronunciation, as

gyArdA) he came, and he saw; JUlj

iqbal) fortune

tin-dftrAst) strong

relative

it

a syllable, with the consonant preceding

in

J ^sM

(devlet

but vfhen, in Persian con-

two nouns, substantive

the vowel-sound of

though

;

i!ilii>l

***> iijiiu,

;

the conjunction

as, jj-^- 0, (shayM

(m^-dam-ki) as long

as, since, ij 1jL»

ki) perhaps,

lest,

4.X_«ljLo

(m^-bada kl)

lest,

Sj-^

to

be in the optative

;

(m^y^r ki)

as,

unless, require their verbs

j-Jt ti»*^ »-' LJ

t^himmAld

(

qllm^yii) in order that no power of endurance be _^4)jl (^4:^0 4> jjll (

y^^ ^ J

aI^I

(

^

——

5J>'^ j-X-obU a

J

4-;j'

j^ ^ ""

, ,

*->^

(

•

(

——

minh^zim 6lM4r)

left

in

1111

gy^z^l ih^) unless he

,3 lest it be so ;

;

they be routed

lest

hiyatdi 6lil4r) since they are uyl^ ola)

him

iJjl

{she, it) be beautiful.

0"

>^

^j^

alive ;

^O ^

'

£ j5^^

191

SYNTAX.

Section XIII.

Some

the Interjection.

accompanied by nouns and pronoiins,

interjections are

some by nouns

Syntax of

only, others have no accompaniment, and

some

precede verbs.

When

accompanied by a noun, the noun

always in the

is

nominative, excepting with the interjection jjLj (y^z!q)

(vwilkh b^bim) alas,

|.LjL) J\}

vulg. aftrlm siz)

!

J^\^_^

^ftudim) God's blessing on you,

The word

permits (yiiziq

its

my

When

i^y^

jjlj is

ijiS

sir !

jj (gidl hAhh-

U^

^.JJil

(m^rhdbi

They always precede also,

;

but as,

it

the

further

^a_o1

my

(yaziq Jm^yim^) alas

j-.Lj

trouble !

trouble 1

accompanied by a pronoun, except the interjection

(gl'li)i

t^® pronoun must be in the dative !

K—

.

^\j

(vwakh sini)

jjj^T (aftrim ^nlir^) well done, they \s

|_j

{kj qirdashim) well^ brother!

used in this way

i,5v_*l j^Li

(yiziq b^n^) 'poor me s^JuJl

y^:,\

substantive to be put in the dative

^m^yim),

alas for

{j\

J-ffjl \j'-j-^^ (aferin,

!

(Umin chAj-ighiim) 0, my child !

^ia.j>. ^jUl

noun.

father

6ghlAm) well done, my hoy !

impudent fellow

(9,

my

as,

;

;

alas for thee

The

!

as, 1$1) ^gjLj !

exceptional

constructed with the accusative of the second person

singular,

which

it

may

precede or follow

;

as,

^

tjsf

(gidi

sdnl) or ij:>S ^ut (sdnl gldl) faugh, thou (good-for-nothing)

!

!

OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.

192

Interjections indicative of a desire for the future or regret for the past, are constructed with the conditional, aorist or

past accordingly

fjx~A jjlol

;

own

my

as,

a-JS

(ah gilsd)

sI

that he

that he

had come

would come

One of

!

!

these,

constructed also with the imperative, and expresses

vehement tive

as,

(ah g41s4ydl)

si

is

,

;

desire with the affirmative, or dread with the nega-

i_*i_S j^UI (aGoia gltmUsi)

desire)

^^y..^

!

that he go not (by his

(amin gttmisin)

jjUl

that he go not (if

wish prevail)

With an

imperative,

challenge;

as,

g41sln) just

let

Jb4-»

^jji,

(h414) expresses

(^^\h gkX) come along

him only come

an invitation or a !

^J^

^

(JaUh

!

Arabic phi'ases are often used as interjections, generally after proper

names

mfik^rrim^,

k4rr4m^-hi

which

;

may God, who

ij)3j,k^ JjcV

I

as,

^iW

.,

^j\ja.

,

kh'an,

of this

ia-lji kh'aji,

^jji^-lji

1

have been

&c.,

corrupted in Turkish into kh6ji, kh6jigyan, khAjIliq, &e.

In

Persian proper, a very few words beginning with ji, without a following this is

\

,

j in like manner

elide the

in

never observed in Turkish, unless

Thus

rhyme-words of ancient poetry. read khush

with |ij

in Persian,

"^^sh, for

instance

;

in

and

the

may be

word

Turkish) in

it

is

(jiji-

made

si

bAd

;

but

in the

(usually

to

rhyme

is

made

to

something after the manner of our poets,

who make wind rhyme styled jJjjjMjIj

;

consequence must then be

.i^ (usually khud, Turkish khAd)

read kh'4sh.

rhyme with

khAsh

pronouncing

(vwawi

with Jind, mind, &c.

This

is

what

m^'diilA), deflected j, in Persian.

is

(

195

)

INDEX. A.

Alphabet,Semitic,Gr6ek,and Latin,

Accidence, p. 51.

Synopsis

Active participles, 100, 105.

of, 4.

Aorist active participle, 100—102.

J,

,,

aorist,100— 102.

Aorist passive participle, 103.

„

„

future, 100, 101.

Aorist tense, 100.

.,

„

past, 100, 101.

,,

„

perfect, 100,101.

pre8ent,100,101.

), „ Active verb, 92.

Addendum on

Jjjo^ j\j

193.

,

Adjectival expressions, 72. Adjectives, 61,

68—74.

,,

conditional, 109.

),

indicative, 107.

»

„

neoessitative, 108.

„

,)

optative, 109.

Apposition, 160.

Arabic active participles (nomen agentis), 59, 61, 62.

„

Arabic, 61, 69.

„

Persian, 68,

„

„ „

70—72.

Arabic adjectival expressions,

72.

„

adjectives, 61, 69.

„ Compound, 70-2. Syntax of, 168.

„

adverbs, 73.

,,

broken plurals,

Turkish, 68, 69, 73-4.

„

chapters of derivation, 57,

Adverbial expressions, 154.

,,

Syntax

„

Turkish, 73.

182.

of,

Affirmative verb, 92.

Alphabet by forms,

2.

„

Numeral,

3.

„

Semitic, Greek, and' La-

— 60.

55^

62—64. Arabic diminutives,

Adverbs, Arabic, 73.

tin, 3.

„ ;,

60, 67.

— 60.

„

irregular plurals, 55

„

noun of instrument and

receptacle, 60.

Arabic noun of kind or manner, 60.

„ 60.

„

place of abundance,

INDEX.

196

fractional numbers, 80.

Arabic nonn of time and place, 60.

Complex

unity, 60. „ „ Arabic ordinals, 78.

Compound (nomen

passive participle

„

Persian Adjectives, 70.

Terbs, 148.

patientis), 59, 61, 62.

Arabic plurals, 55.

„

irregular, 55

„

—

60.

Intransitive, 149.

„

Passive, 149.

„

Transitive, 149.

Conjugation, 99.

regular plurals, 55.

Combined

„

substantives, 53, 54.

,,

Active, 149.

Conditional mood, 100.

regular, 55. » )) Arabic quadriliteral roots, 65.

„

„ „

,,

triliteral roots, 56.

Conjugational root, 96.

„

verbal nouns (nomen verhi),

Conjunctions, 156.

Syntax „ Consonants, 15.

58, 61-2.

B.

of,

Movent,

— 60.

33

185.

Hard, 47.

„

Brevity, Conversational, 158.

Broken(irregular) plural, 19,55

(true Turk-

ish), 133.

31,

32

ter,

ter.

Consonants, Neutral, 48. Quiescent, 27.

„

Soft, 47.

Cardinal numbers, 74-7.

Conversational brevity, 158.

Categories of verbs, 99.

Complex,

99,;;il9.

Category, First Complex, 119, 120.

Second

„

D.

119, 125.

„

Simple, of verbs, 99, 119.

Dates of documents,

„

Third Complex, 119, 129.

Declination of Demonstratives, 88.

&c., 81.

Causal gerund-like locution, 113.

„

Causative verb, 93.

„

Nouns,

„

Personal Pronouns,

„

„

Compound, 150.

Closed syllable, 27.

Combined

Defective Terbs, 98.

Demonstrative Pronouns, 88.

tion, 133.

119.

51.

82.

(true Turkish) Conjuga-

Complex Categories of Verb,

Interrogatives, 89.

99,

Derivation of Verbs, 92.

Determinate Verb, 93.

INDEX.

197

Digits, 81.

G.

Diminutive, Arabic, 67.

Gender, 51.

Persian, 67.

„

General Verbal Noun, 103.

Turkish, 66, 73.

„ Directing vowels, 27.

Gerund, Fifth, 112.

Distributive numbers, 78.

Documents, Dates

Dominant

of,

81.

(letter or vowel), 48, 49.

Dubitative Verb, 141.

Compound,

„

„

150.

„

First, 111.

„

Fourth, 112.

„

Second, 111.

,,

Seventh, 112.

„

Sixth, 112.

Third, 112.

Gerund-like locutions, 110, 111. E.

Causal, 110,

„

„

Esere, 16 his.

113.

Etymology, 51.

Euphony,

Gerund-like locutions of proper-

48—50.

15,

tion, 113.

Expressions, Adjectival, 72.

Gerund-like locutions of time. 111,

Adverbial, 154.

„

114, 115.

Gerund-like locution of time, Fifth, F.

115.

„

Facile Verbs, 141. „

First

Compound,

,,

150.

„

Complex Category of Verbs,

119, 120.

„

„

First, 114.

„

„

Fourth, 114.

„

„

8eoond,114.

„

„

Sixth, 115.

„

Third, 114.

First Person Plural of Verbs, 116.

Pronoun, 82.

„

„

„

„

„

Gerunds, 99, 110.

Syntax

„

Singular of Verbs, 115.

of,

181,

Pronoun, 82. „ „ Formation of the Tenses, 106. „

Fractional numbers, 79.

Half, 79.

Future Active

Hard consonants,

Participle, 100, 101.

„

Passive

„

Tense, Imperative, 100.

„ „ „

„

,

103.

„

Indicative, 108.

„

Past, 100.

Verbal Noun, 104

„

47.

vowels, 48.

Hemze,

10,

30—33.

„

omitted, 24.

„

Radical, 30, 31.

„

Servile, 30, 31,

INDEX.

198

M.

I.

Identity

of

Semitic, Greek, and

Latin Alphabets,

Medd, 24—26. Months, Signs

3.

for, in dates, 81.

Imperative Mood, 100.

Moods, 100.

Imperfect Tense, 100.

Mood, Conditional, 100.

indioatiye, 107.

„

„

Impotential Verbs, 92.

Componnd, 150

„

„

Inaperative,

„

Indicative,

„

Infinitive,

„

Indefinite numerals (pronouns), 80.

Necessitative,

,,

Indeterminate Verbs, 93.

Optative,

„

Indicative Mood, 100. Infinitive

Mood,

100.

Syntax

„

„

N. 179.

of,

Names

Interjections, 157.

Syntax „ Interrogation, 151.

of,

„ „ Neuter Verbs,

Verbs, 151.

Intransitive Verbs, 92.

„

„

Compound, 150. 97.

Neutral consonants, 48.

Componnd, 149.

vowels, 48.

„

Noun Junctional Letters,

Adjective, 68.

9.

„

Arabic, 68, 69.

„

Persian, 68.

„ Compound,70.

„ Letters, 1

„

Junctional, 9.

„

Names

„

Non-Junctional,

10—14.

Negative Verbs, 92.

Interrogative Pronouns, 89.

„

of Letters, 1,

Necessitative Mood, 100.

191.

„

Syntax

„

Turkish, 68.

of,

168.

Substantive, 51.

of the, 1, 10

—14.

9.

Syntax

„

of,

161.

Verbal, 99, 103-5.

,,

of prolongation, 17.

„

of the Alphabet, 1.

„

Radical, 30, 31.

Numbers and persons of verbs, 115. Numeral Alphabet, 3.

„

Reduplicated, 29, 30, 32.

Numerals, 74 — 82.

„

Servile, 28, 30, 31.

Locutions, Gerund-like, 110

— 115.

„

„

„

Syntax

of,

179.

Cardinal, Arabic, 74-7.

„

Persian, 74-7.

:99

ITTDEX.

Numerals, Cardinal, Turkish, 74-6.

Past future tense, 100.

DistributiTe, 78.

Past future indicative, 100, 108.

„

Fractional, 79.

Past tense, 100.

„

Indefinite, 80.

„

Interrogatire, 76.

indicative, 107. „ „ Peculiar Turkish numerals, 80,

„

Ordinal, Arabic, 78.

„

„

„

„

„

relatives, 91.

„

„

Persian, 78.

Perfect active participle, 100, 101.

„

Turkisli, 77.

Perfect tense, 100.

Turkish Peculiar, 80.

„

indicative, 107.

Syntax

,,

verbal noun, 103.

of, 170.

Permissive verbs, 93. Persian adjectives, 68, 70-2.

0.

Open

„

syllables, 27.

Compound,70-2.

,,

Persian diminutive, 67.

Optative Mood, 100.

Orthographic signs, 15, 28

—33.

„

letters, 2, 13.

„

plurals of nouns, 54.

„

substantives, 53, 54,

Personal pronouns, 82. Participles, 100.

Phonetic values of letters, 15,34—50.

Aotive, 100—105.

„ „

„

Aorist, 100,102.

„

„

Future, 100,101.

„

„

General, 100.

„

„

Past, 100, 101.

„

„

Perfeot,100,101.

„

Present, 100-2.

„

Phonetic values of vowels,17,48-50 Pluperfect tense, 100.

55—60. Plural of nouns, Arabic regular, 55,

Passive, 101, 103, 105.

„

„

„

Persian, 54.

Turkish, 51.

Possessive pronouns, 83-8,

„

Future, 103.

Potential verbs, 141-2.

of, 178.

Twenty-eight, 101,

Compound,

„

„

Prepositions, 156.

Syntax

>,

149.

verbal adjective, 104.

Past active participle, 100, 101,

Compound, 150.

Precision in writing, 158.

verb, 92.

„

„ „

Aorist, 103.

Passive participles, 101, 103, 105.

„

„

„

„

Syntax „

indicative, 108.

„

„

Pltoal of nouns, Arabic irregular,

of,

184.

Present active participle, 100-2.

„ „

tense, 100.

„

indicative, 106.

200

iNDEs:.

Present tense

Signs for the months in dates, 81.

infinitive, 110.

Simple Category of Verbs, 99—119.

verbal noun, 103.

„

Prolongation, Letters

and vowels, 48.

Soft consonants

Substantives, 51.

Demonstrative, 88.

„

verbs, 93.

„

of, 17.

Pronoun, 82.

Syntax

of,

16L

„

Indefinite (numeral), 80.

„

Interrogative, 89.

Syllabary, No. 1 and No.

„

Personal, 82.

Syllables, closed

„

Possessive, 83

„

Eelative, 90.

Synopsis of

88.

2, 17.

and open,

Semitic,

27.

Greek and

Latin Alphabets, 4.

PeculiarTurkish,91.

„

„

—

„

Syntax, 158. „

of adjectives, 168.

„

of adverbs, 182.

„

of conjunctions, 185.

,,

of gerunds, 181.

„

of infinitive, 179.

„

of interjections, 191.

„

of numerals, 170.

„

of participles, 178.

Ea,dical letters, 30, 31.

„

of prepositions, 184.

Reciprocal verbs, 93.

„

of pronouns, 173.

„

of substantives, 161.

„

of verbal nouns, 179.

„

of verbs, 174.

Q

derived from

J

Quiescence, sign

,

(J

,

4, 8, 40.

28.

of, 19,

E.

Compound,

„

,,

Eeduplioated

150.

letters, 29, 30, 32.

Refiexive verb, 98.

Root of conjugation, 96. „

tense, 106, 115.

T.

Table of verbal derivation, 94-5. S.

Tenses, 100, 104, 106—110.

Second Complex Category of Verbs,

,,

119, 125.

Second person „

„

Aorist conditional, 109. „

plural, 118.

singular, 116.

indicative, 107.

„

„

neoessitative, 108.

„

„

optative, 109.

Servile letters, 28, 80, 31.

„

Formation of the, 106.

Sign of quiescence, 19, 28.

„

Future imperative, 100.

„

reduplication,

24- 26.

J,

,,

indicative, 108.

— 201

INDEX. Tense, Imperfect, 100.

V.

indicative, 107.

„

„

Values of

Past, 100.

„

indicative, 107.

„

„

„

„

Pluperfect, 100.

„

„

„

Combined

indicative, 108.

Compound,

,,

indicative, 106,

„

„

infinitive, 110.

133.

Complex Categories

Verb, Complex Category

Teahdid, 32.

Third Complex Category of Verba,

singular, 106.

„

Conjugation

„

Defective, 98.

„

cardinal numbers, 74-6.

,,

Determinate, 93.

„

Dubitative, 141.

„

Facile, 141.

69, 73-4.

interrogative, 76.

conjugation

(combined),

133.

Tnxkiah ordinal numbers, „

77.

plural of Bubstantivea, 51.

„

substantives, 51.

, ,

true combined conjugation,

„

„

of.

Third,

„

of, 99.

Compound,

150.

Compound,

150.

„

Impotential, 92.

„

Indeterminate, 93.

„

„

133.

Second,

Verb, Compound, 148.

adverbs, 73.

„

of. First,

of.

Verb, Complex Category

„

„

99

119, 129.

Transliteration, 15, 17, 34—47-.

„

of,

119, 125.

Transitive verb, 92.

Turkish adjectives, 68,

of,

119, 120.

Verb, Complex Category

119, 129.

Third person plural, 118. ,,

150.

conjugation

133.

Present, 100.

,,

„

Causative, 93.

indicative, 108.

„

,,

„

Auxiliary, 149.

Perfect, 100.

„

— 50.

Aifirmative, 92,

indicative, 108.

„

„

15

Active, 92.

Future, 100.

„

letters,

Verb, 92—153.

Compound,

150.

Interrogative, 151. Intransitive, 92.

„

V.

„

TJstnn, 16.

»

TJtuni, 16.

„

„

Compc

nd, 149.

Negative, 92.

„ Neuter, 97.

ComiianBd.J.S0.

202

INDEX.

Verb of Existence, Non-Exiatence, Presence, or Absence, 147.

Verbal Nouns, Future, 104. „

„

General, 103.

„

„

Present, 103.

„

Syntax

Verb, Passive, 92.

Perfect, 103.

Compound,

„

„ „

Permissive, 93.

„

Potential, 141-3.

Eeoiprocal, 93.

„

Compound,

„

,,

„

Reflexive, 98.

„

Simple, 93.

„

Simple Category

„

Substantive, 144.

„

Syntax

„

Transitive, 92. ,,

,,

of,

150.

„

Directing, 27.

„

Hard, 48.

„

Letters, 15, 16.

,,

Long, 17, Ms.

99-119.

„.

Points, 15, 16.

„

Soft, 48.

Short, 16, 17.

174.

Compound, 149.

W. Written

derivation, 92.

Table

„

„

Nouns,

„

99,

of,

94.

103—105.

as a vowel, 17, 23, 26, 27.

1

I

„

numeral,

„

consonant, 23.

digits, 81.

signs for

„

months in

81.

^\, jCtsl 57.

4.

d>k]'^\ 57.

T24. r

25.

I^j ^J,y

iP

t3b jl^l 57.

2.

^Cj£«ii

57.

JUi-xj, 57.

16.

179.

Neutral, 48. of,

Verbal adjective passive, 104. ,,

of,

Vowels, 15.

Compound, 150.

„

,,

149.

^G ^^\

57.

dates,

HfDEI.

^V

S^y^\ 57.

203

INDEX.

204

t^

aJI ,ULo

56.

^h;

151—153.

^_5^

^JLJ

^\ul

164.

29.

J

r

ji

,

tn

Jjjjtil j'j

56, 57.

ji^

5^ i_j

^l

iU^ 57.

j

(?

10,

^

numeral,

;

vowel, 4.

30— 3.S. vowel, 17;

;

pronounced as

4, 8, 40.

_U (whence

^^ji^'i) 76.

187

aS^as a coDJ unction,

— 190.

90.

(jji

^ ^ 1

16.

20.

7

16.

7

20. 16.

^89.

i.

^

28.

Z

:l

29.

24—26. >

^J»—

C^'^o ^J-V^'

^ 30—33. 6

161. ;

final,

10.

20.

Lpndon

when

147.

1.

jjHj-

\

10.

original of our letter

,

,

;

57.

Q q,

j^ A.

17, 20.

numeral, 4.

>

J^

90.

Addendnm, 193.

consonant, 15

57.

^C

,

ii

consonant, 15, 19

6

19_23

ji

j!_,J

147.

°J,

89.

53.

j^, ijj^

u

J

J^

88,

,

23; vowel, J consonant,

o

li

161.

164.

y,.,

ix^ 56.

;^^

dull

,

GUtort

St,

166.

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