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Turkish Pages 306 [224] Year 2009
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OTTOMAN -TURKISH LANGUAGE J.
W. REDHOUSE
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TRUBNER'S COLLECTION or
SIMPLIFIED
GRAMMARS
OF THE PRINCIPAL
ASIATIC
AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BT
RELNHOLD ROST,
LL.D., PH.D.
IX.
OTTOMAN TUKKISH. BY
J.
W. REDHOUSE.
TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.
EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST,
LL.D., Pn.D.
V.
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LONDON:
TRUBNER &
CO.,
LUDGATE HILL.
A
GRAMMAR
SIMPLIFIED
OP THE
OTTOMAN-TUEKISH LANGUAGE.
BY
J.
W. REDHOUSE,
HON. MBMBEB OB THB
LONDON
TRUBNEK &
M.K.A.S.,
BOYAL BOCIBTT OP
CO.,
LITEBATUBE
:
LUDGATE
1884. [All rights reserved.]
PULL.
SEEN BY PREi
DATE
JAN
2
LONDON BT.
:
GILBEET AND EIVINOTON, LIMITED, JOHN'S SQUARE, CLEEKENWELL EOAD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface
.
.
.
.
Note on Identity of Alphabets
ix xii
CHAPTER
I.
LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. SECTION
I.
Number, Order, Forms, and Names of Letters
...... Greek, and
Synopsis of Arabic,
Latin
4
Letters II.
1
Phonetic Values of Letters, Vowel-Points,
Orthographic
Signs,
Ottoman Euphony
Transliteration,
CHAPTER
.
.
.
.
15
II.
OTTOMAN ACCIDENCE. SECTION
I.
II.
III.
Nouns Substantive Nouns Adjective Numerals
IV. Pronouns
51
...... .
.
.
.
68 74 82
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
vi
PAGE
SECTION V. Demonstratives VI. Interrogatives ,,
.
.
VII. Relative Pronouns
.
...
VIII. Derivation of Verbs
(Table)
IX. Conjugation of Verbs Participles
X.
;
.90
Verbal Nouns
Numbers and Persons
XI. Complex Categories of Verbs
Tenses
;
Gerunds
;
.
XII. First Complex Category
94
.
Moods
;
92
.
.
;
.
99
.
115
.119
.
120
.
XIII. Second
125
.
129
XIV. Third
XV. Combined
(Turkish) Conjugation
XVI. Negative and XVII. Dubitative,
.
Impotential Conjugations
Potential,
and Facile Verbs
.
133
.
135
.
141
144
XVIII. Verb Substantive
XIX. Verbs of Presence and
Absence, Existence
....
and Non-Existence
XX. Compound ,,
XXI.
148
Verbs
Interrogative Verbs
;
Interrogation
XXII. Adverbial Expressions XXIII. Prepositions
XXIV.
Conjunctions
XXV.
Interjections
.... .... .
147
.
.
.
151
.
154
.150 .
.
156
.157
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER THE OTTOMAN
VU
III.
SYNTAX. PAGE
SECTION
I.
Conversational
brevity.
Precision
in
ERRATA. PAGE
PREFACE. THE Ottoman
Language,
A*.jjLJl2-c
osmanlija,
is
the most
highly polished branch of the great Turkish tongue, which is
spoken, with dialectic variations, across the whole breadth,
of
nearly,
the
impinging into also,
in
middle
region
Europe,
of
the continent
even, in the
Southern Russia,
up
to
of
Asia,
Ottoman provinces, and
the
frontiers
of the
old
kingdom of Poland.
The Ottoman language fundamentally Turkish. tinues
more and more
in its
is,
grammar and vocabulary,
It has, however, adopted,
and con-
to adopt, as required, a vast
of Arabic, Persian, and foreign words
number
(Greek, Armenian,
Slavonic, Hungarian, Italian, French, English, &c.),
together
with the use of a few of the grammatical rules of the Arabic
and Persian, which are given as Turkish rules
in the following
pages, their origin being in each case specified. x
The
J
c
great Turkish language, AS J turkje,
Ottoman, has been
classed,
by European writers as one of the
"
" agglutinative
languages
Ottoman and non-
;
not inflecting
its
words,
but
X "
PREFACE. "
which were once
in-
dependent words," to the root- words, and thus forming
all
as
glueing on,"
it
were, particles,
the grammatical and derivative desinences in use.
To my
mind, this term "agglutinative" and
its
definition,
are inapplicable to the Turkish language in general, and to
the Ottoman Turkish in
and most
particular.
truly, inflexional tongues
;
These
are, essentially
none of their inflexions
ever having been " independent words," but modifying particles only.
The
the Turkish languages, or
distinctive character of all
dialects,
is
that the root of a whole family,
of inflexions and derivations,
is
however numerous,
always recognizable at sight,
seldom suffering any modification whatever, and always standing at the head of the inflexions or derivations, however
complex in character these may of a root-word does take place,
it
When
be. is
a modification
always of the simplest
kind, always the softening of a hard or sharp consonant into
the corresponding more liquid letter, and always of the final
consonant only of the root.
becomes a
i,
soft Persian
which
is
a
t*J,
becomes a or the
L>
sometimes
c,
a sharp Arabic
e)
becomes a
Ottoman modification of
this
latter,
then pronounced like our most useful consonant
or, in case of a
nounced
jj
or
Thus, a c^
like
dominant
o or
our consonant w.
u vowel
in
the root,
is
y,
pro-
XI
PREFACE.
The Ottoman Turkish has more vowel-sounds
known number) than any other tongue these
may have
present treatise, though differentiation in the
The word
each of
is
it
make
Every one of these
all.
is
in the transliterations of the
mark
distinguished by a special
is
As
to me.
a short and a long modification, they
in twenty-two possible vowels
language
(eleven in
such impossible to attempt any
Arabic characters to which the Ottoman
wedded.
of every euphony regulate the pronunciation the Ottoman language perfectly, in all of Turkish
rules of
in
origin;
;
and as
far as
is
practicable,
in
what
is
radically
foreign.
Although a compound word the Turkish dialects, and the
is
a thing totally
unknown
to
of very rare occurrence in Arabic,
Ottoman language abounds with such, adopted from the
Aryan, compounding Persian. Persian grammarians and writers into a harmonious
further,
conflicting
learnt
how
to
mould
whole the incongruous Aryan Persian and
Semitic Arabic elements. step
first
and blended
Ottoman ingenuity has gone a in
one noble speech the three
elements of the Aryan,
Semitic and
Turanian
classes of vocables.
Fault
is
found by some with this intermixture of idioms
;
xii
PREFACE.
but an Englishman, of
all
the world, will
ciate a clever mosaic of diction
;
and a
know how real
to appre-
student of the
language will learn to admire many a true beauty, resulting from a masterly handling of the materials at his command,
by any
first-rate
Ottoman
literary celebrity,
whether prose-
writer or poet
NOTE.
The manuscript
before Christmas, 1882, in the
hands
of a
of the present sketch
and copies
few friends
of
Grammar was
my table of identic
completed
alphabets have been
for the last four or five years.
I
have just
had the pleasure and privilege of reading the admirable and exhaustive treatise on " The Alphabet," by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, and am rejoiced to find that he has come to the same conclusion as to the of the identity
three
probably at an earlier date than the time, perhaps twenty years ago, when the idea began to force itself on my mind. I still feel inclined' to hold however, by the inference that the Phenicians gave the alphabet to Italy, quite independently of the Greek action which later on doubtlessly ;
influenced the Italian culture.
LONDON, September, 1883.
J.W.R.
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE. CHAPTER
I.
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. SECTION
The Number, Order, Foi*ms, and Names of
I.
the
Letters.
THERE
are thirty-one distinct letters used
Some of
language.
^ or
is
V,
letter,
these have more than one value
also a combination of
two
letters into
which Arabian piety has agreed
la,
Thirty-two
ellf,
v
be,
^ dal, i zel,
^
tl,
k
zi,
c
j
the
v pe, o ri,
'ayn,
nAn, j w6v,
The
and
one character, to count as a
letters have, therefore, to
be named and enumerated, as follows
L
;
and which Persian and Turkish conformity has had no
option but to adopt.
I
Ottoman
them are sometimes consonants, sometimes vowels.
four of
There
the
in
5
foregoing
te,
&
j ze, j zhe, c gayn, _i
:
se,
^ jlm, ^ chlm, c ha,
^
sin,
fe,
j
^i shin,
qaf,
d
^
kaf,
J
s&d,
lam,
^khi,
^ .,
dad,
mlm,
he, V lam-ellf,