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I N -LB
SI
Shotcrete—Guide
Inch-Pound Units International System of Units
ACI PRC-506-22
Reported by ACI Committee 506
First Printing November 2022 ISBN: 978-1-64195-201-9 Shotcrete—Guide Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http://concrete.org/Publications/ DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions. ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information. All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops. Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised the ACI Collection of Concrete Codes, Specifications, and Practices. 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701
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ACI PRC-506-22 Shotcrete—Guide Reported by ACI Committee 506 M
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This guide is a companion document to ACI 506.2, “Specifcation
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limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.
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ACI PRC-506-22 supersedes ACI 506R-16 and was adopted and published in November 2022. Copyright © 2022, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
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Concrete Institute adopted the term “shotcrete” to describe
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In the 1 950s, wet-mix shotcrete, the use o f coarse aggre
Authored re ferences, p. 52
n
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crete” to describe the gunite process. In 1 951 , the American
S
PART 7—REFERENCES, p. 50
T
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PART 6—SUSTAINABILITY, p. 49 r e
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1 950, gunite/shotcrete gained wide acceptance around the
5.4—Communication, p. 49
o
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5.3 —Crew qualifcations, p. 48
h
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5.2—Composition and crew duties, p. 47
— S
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by this device was given the proprietary name “gunite”. In
6
5.1 —Introduction, p. 47
1
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3
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) achieve su (
fcient consolidation to be considered shotcrete
“Application and Use o f Shotcrete” 1 981
)
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Applications S
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5. The concrete is j etted from the nozzle at high velocity h
e
w
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d .
1.1.1.3 Comparison of processes—
-
E
-
p
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ments. Di erences in capital and maintenance cost o f equip
-
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g
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for fne-aggregate grading (No. 1 ) and coarse-aggregate r a
t
2
,
size o f aggregate used (coarse or fne). Re fer to Table 1 .1 .1
g
h
p
p
1.1.1.2 Wet-mix process fve steps and are as follows:
m
o
8
-
crete having a specifed compressive strength o f 4000 psi )
0
0
.
e
should be classifed as either structural or nonstructural. Shot
a
3
1
5. The material is j etted from the nozzle at high velocity
-
r e
r e
i
p
4
T
P
t o
t o
d .
1.1.1 Work specifed (shotcreting processes)—
M
0
2
e
1.1 —Scope
8
50 to 70
8
.
PART 1 —GENERAL
2
9
bowl. Some equipment uses air pressure alone (orifce feed)
3
(
o
b
w
r o
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d e
i
c
2
o
t
delivery hose to a nozzle body. The nozzle body is ftted inside
p
n
n
A
m
1
f o
0
l
d
process automation, surface fnish, and evaluation o f rein
t i
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25 to 60
— T
s
0
d
Research and development T
1
s
r o
u
l
.
r y
t o
a n
t o
f
b
s
0
70 to 85
A
setting-control admixtures; the use o f fbers; and specially s
2
T
m
d e
(
1.1.1.1 Dry-mix process—
in early and fnal lining ground support in tunnels and mines. m
8
No. 1 00 (1 50 μm)
t
6
I
9
fve steps and are as follows:
m
m
.
No. 50 (3 00 μm)
d
n
D
p
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.
o
w
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No. 3 0 (600 μm)
l
1
v
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95 to 1 00
d
thin
o
t
p
c
1
No. 4 (4.75 mm) N
d u
New developments d e
0
t -
crete, but shotcrete is particularly cost e ective where f o
0
r k .
f
e
1
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Table 1 .1 .1 .3 gives di erences in operational features and
.
o
t h
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p
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a
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4
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22)
Table 1.1.1.3—Comparison of dry-mix and wet-mix processes Dry-mix process I
n
s
t
a
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Wet-mix process
c
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p
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fnisher
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b
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.
-
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n
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a
h
m
i
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t
;
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a
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o
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o
b
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.
t h
c
d
n
a
n
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n
a
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t
m
o
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e
— i
s
l
t l
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o
t
— a
a
f e
f o
i
a
,
.
r e
e
d r y
t e
m
-
a
t
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e
i
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x
p
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j
c
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t
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b
t
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f o
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m
o
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f
m
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a
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l
x
e
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n
x
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g
t
s
.
1.3—References: Refer to Part 7 1.4—Submittals 1.4.1
e
s
u
b
D
m
i
a
t
t
t e
a
o
d
t
n
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t
t
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p
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b
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a
u
l
.
s
e
d
T o
s
h
a c
o
h
i
u
e
l
d
v
e
approval, materials should either be certifed by the supplier that it meets specifed requirements or tested on a regular
w
i
A
l
l
d i
c
t
a t
e
w
h
i
c
h
p
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.
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t
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p
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p
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d
b
e
p
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p
a r e
d
a n
d
t
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t
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d
o
r
o f all required tests, and qualifcations o f the nozzlemen,
r
a
r c
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c
t
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b
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m
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2.5.3
o
f e
r
t
l
l
e
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t
o
2
.
1
.
3
r e
n
t
t
f e
f e
r
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.
1
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d
2
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4
.
8
2
n
d
c
m
— R e
f e
r
4
.
1
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1
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t o
2
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1
t o
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3
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1
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2
6
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a n
6
5.3
d
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f e
r
t
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2
.
1
.
7
.
4
,
2
.
3
,
.
2.1 .5.5.2
f e
— R e
r
f e
t
o
r
2
t
o
.
4
.
7
.
2.1 .5.5
.
1.4.1.14 Repair procedures 1.4.1.15 Curing procedures 1.4.1.16 Testing agency
— R e
e
w
.
2
— R e
o
c
f e
t o
f e
1.4.1.12 Boiled absorption test results 1.4.1.13 Hydration control admixtures a
t e
r
— R e
a
f
.
a
— R e
e
o
.
.
— R e
.
d
4
o
— R e
s
s
.
.
— R e
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n
2
1.4.1.4 Admixtures 2.1 .5 and 2.5. 1.4.1.5 Cementitious materials 1.4.1.6 Aggregate 1.4.1.7 Aggregate absorption 1.4.1.8 Cra ftsman qualifcations 1.4.1.9 Contractor qualifcations 1.4.1.10 Water 1.4.1.11 Fiber-reinforced shotcrete
r y
s
.
o
w
m
c
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y .
f e
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m
x
t u
o
t
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n
n
n
— R e
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a
a
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d r y
a
f o
t e
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h
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e
t
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m
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e
a
n
— R e
a n
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e
— R e
p
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n
r a
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s
1.4.1.1 Mixture proportions 2.5 1.4.1.2 Compressive strength and 2.5. 1.4.1.3 Water-cementitious materials ratio ( / )
a
f e
— R e
— R e
v
i
e
ence for the type o f shotcrete specifed. I f required, submit
d y .
m
d r y
e
r
x
o
s
.
i
o
qu
.
c
a
p
r o
o
a t
— i
r i
z
t
— i
r
x
h
l
pump operator w
u
— s
e
c
a
g
prehydrating s
r e
displacement
predampening a d d i
t c
g
pneumatic feed m
a
a
and controls fnal deposition o f the material.
overspray
n
also provide evidence o f qualifcation and previous experi
c
a
s
n
t
.
e
d
f t
o
s
n
w
r a
,
e
o
a l
e
— c
z
s
— d e
d u
nozzleman l
g
s
n
r o
— v
.
nozzle body
r i
a
a previously qualifed mixture may be submitted. The results
— f u
r
m
should be submitted to satis fy specifed proj ect requirements.
.
.
a c
s
basis to confrm compliance. The proj ect size and character
impact velocity b
f t
sand lens sand pocket—zone in the shotcrete containing fne aggre
b
fnisher—craftsman that trims and fnishes the surface o f t h
o
d e
a v
-
.
delivery equipment c
e
f in
a
beyond the fnish face and is cut o r o
w
w
nology for a comprehensive list o f defnitions. Defnitions p
t
wetting
1.2—Def nitions P
0
g
pools; thin shell confgurations; and re fractory applications s
r a
— s
f
p
9
-
crete (FRS) can be cost e ective are slope protection; ground u
s
rolling
.
Some specifc applications where fber-reinforced shot
s
— c
fnishes shotcrete using a rod or other tools; needed on larger
f e
r
r
f e
t
o
r
1
t o
t
.
3
o
6
.
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2
2
9
.
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1
a
.
8
n
a
d
n
1
.
d
6
3
.
4
.
6
.
.
1.5—Preconstruction testing by contractor P
c
o
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m
p
c
l
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e
n
x
s
j
t
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o
b
c
s
t
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f
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l
a r g
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p
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e
,
r -
6
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22)
f
ties other than strength a ect the design criteria, or if design r e
qu
B
c
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m
f o
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where the materials, mixture proportions, equipment, fnish, a n
w
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1.6—Testing during construction: quality assurance and quality control S
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repairs. The inspector typically monitors feld testing. Re fer t o
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r e
d
r o
o
j
f
e
t
c
h
t
e
.
Nozzleman certifcation panels
u
p
o
t e
r m
i
n
e
i
f
— T
t h
e
h
n
e
o
p
z
z
l
u
e
r p
m
o
s
e
a n
o
f
h
a
f
s
-
d
f o
d o
r e
i
r
n
e
i
e
n
t
e
n
c
a
s
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
r e
i
n
f o
r c
e
m
e
n
t .
T y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y ,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t i
o
n
panels are 3 0 x 3 0 x 3 in. (750 x 750 x 75 mm) with sample r e
i
n
f o
r c
e
m
e
n
t .
E
v
a l
u
a
t i
o
n
p
a
n
e
l
s
a
r e
m
a
d e
b
y
a
n
d
u
n
d e
r
t
h
e
supervision o f and evaluated by an ACI-certifed shotcrete
3
(
v
u
o
p
r e
s
t e
c
the basic skills to properly place shotcrete and achieve su
h
r e
i
r e
t r a
t
d .
t
t c
x
x
r e
r r u
o
E
-
a
0
o
.
)
specifc applications or conditions such as tunnel shotcrete r e
d i
specifed strengths for conventional shotcrete applications
c
2
n
r o
e
and contribute to the formation o f sand lenses
n
d o
a
h
T y
thickness plus 1 in. (25 mm) from the edge o f the panel that l
t
a n
o
i
t u
x
r e
s
c
fow
the air
t
,
m
qu
6
e
i
.
r e
a
p
v
-
n
actual diameter core (3 .25 in. [82.5 mm] core bits are avail
r e
e
n
r e
able). The 2.8 in. (71 mm) diameter by 5 in. (1 25 mm) long o
y
l
o
s
n
i
t h
c
t
r e
thick enough (5 in. [1 25 mm] ) to allow coring a 3 in. (75 mm) e
h
s
c
v
t h
c
ACI 506.2 has the additional advantages o f being lighter
t
e
.
(1 1 0 lb [50 kg] versus 1 75 lb [80 kg] ASTM panel) and yet
e
,
-
The 1 6 x 1 6 in. (400 x 400 mm) test panel specifed by
a m
p
t e
h
o
r s
1
d i
l
n
r o
f o
s
D
t s
/
n
that can produce varied and erro
i
t
a l
e
m
(
n
n
w
0
i
m
c
e
r s
a s
t
e
d e
(75 mm). Cores less than nominal 3 in. (75 mm) in diam e
m
h
specifes that the minimum core diameter for
M
r e
k u
g
t h
e
h
m
C
n
h
a n
d e
a minimum depth o f 5 in. (1 25 mm). Care should be taken
t
r e
h
p
t
i
s
ACI 506.2 specifes the minimum dimension o f a test e
qu
e
i
s
a n
r e
r ,
specifed strength requirements.
p
h
t
d e
n
c
m
t
I
r e
t
shape) should be specifed in the contract documents. As
t h
g
g
Because handling o f large heavy panels is di
w
e
n
-
or de f ection o f the test panel. In special circumstances, t
r e
should be taken when su f r o
y
a
k i
r m
t
fed shotcrete strength requirements. Material test panels are t
t
n
t a
f o
s
t e
a
n
.
g
4
e
e
u
r ,
s
l
0
m
s
e
d
h
n
b
o
c
e
)
,
w
u l
o
u
d
n
d o
t
n
h
b
e
e
i
c
e
r e
i
h
v
d ,
n
e
a
a
v
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a
c
e
e
n
c
r
d
d
o
i
s
a
o
c
b
r d a
g
c
j
n
r e
o
e
c
a
t e
r d i
c
e
t
i
v
w
r .
n
g
e
i
s
t h
n
a
e
o
z
n
v
z
o
a
l
l
e
z
u
m
z
a
l
a
e
t i
n
m
o
n
e
a
n
o
x
’
f
a
s
c
m
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e
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i
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i
h
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u
3
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l
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n
l
G
i
n
y
u
i
b
e
d a n
u
c
s
e
e
d
f o
t o
r
ACI 506.6T
.
t
e
h
v
e
a l
v
u
i
s
a
u
t e
a
l
9
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22)
contractor should make modifcations to the mixture or procedures to ensure the balance o f the work meets specif c
a t
i
1
o
(
(
n
t h
s
S
e
n
7
T
t
S
(
5
A
p
o
n
e
1
o
M
c
r e
i
C
n
s
d e
h
o
v
a
b
e
d a
Fig. 1. 6. 3. 3—Shooting certifcation panel with rein forcement. 1
t
h
.
e
6
p
.
Testing in-place shotcrete—
4
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
t e
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
n
b
a
e
s
f o
p
e
r e
c
a
t
o
n
f
d
Q
a
f t
A
e
/ Q
r
p
l
C
a
i
c
s
e
u
e
f o
r
r
n
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
a
g
e
n
c
y
p
r o
v
i
d i
n
g
t
h
e
t e
s
t
i
n
g
,
i
n
s
p
e
c
t i
o
n
,
o
r
b
o
t
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o
u
l
d
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
r e
qu
i
r e
m
e
n
t s
o
f
A
ratory certifed in accordance with O
a
b
s
a
n d
t
o
h
e
r p
r
t e
t i
r e
s
o
i
n
s
t
s
,
t i
v
a
n
n
o
c
g
l
t
u
e
h
m
t
a
e
o
t
m
o
f r e
f
e
p
z
i
a y
e
n
b
r m
g
-
e
a
e
a
n
c
b
l
d -
S
o
n
e
t
h
a
M
S
T
d u
v
o
w
fexural capacity (
also be tested for
T
A
i
i
E
M
c
t
d s
n
e
3
2
C
d
,
9
1
i
n
d r y
g
c
y
a
0
c
i
l
7
c
n
e
n
7
l
d
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a
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e
c
t
i
o
n
2
.
4
.
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e
b
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b
i
b
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i
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l
a
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c
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t
d
c
o
a
a b
r d a
b
l
i
s
s
o
n
h
e
r p
c
e
t i
w
d .
o
T
n
i
t h
h
v
A
e
a l
a
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c
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o
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p
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v
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t y
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q u
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d ,
b
o
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t e
s
t
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m
a
y
ASTM C1 583 /C1 583 M 1
.
6
.
(
b
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c
c
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p
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m
l
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4
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9
d
)
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t r a
c
t o
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o
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7
.
1
S
h
o
t
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t
o
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p
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a
c
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c
t
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,
,
c
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h
w
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1
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7
(
.
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2
e
c
t i
o
n
1
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6
.
t
a
1
h
a t
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x
h
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,
p
a
n
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t
i
n
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i
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d
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p
m
b
v
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)
m
o
.
7
.
h
r e
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S
h
qu
o
i
t
c
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m
t
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n
t
t
n
t o
1
.
c
7
o
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m
4
p
l
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a
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e
(
t
o
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g
d .
h
s
S
a y
b
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c
c
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p
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d
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m
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p
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c
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b
s
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t i
t
(
t
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t
f r o
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s
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(
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ASTM C805/C805M
i
n
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s
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p
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ASTM C597
(
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a
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R
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b
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a
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— A
t h
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l
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l
t
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t
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u
t s
l
d
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f
6
.
Compressive strength
1
t c
r e
t e
i
s
a d e
qu
a
t
e
i
f
t h
e
— T
a v
e
r a
h
g
e
e
c
o
o
f
t
m
h
p
e
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t
h
s
s
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c
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s
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g
f r o
t
h
m
)
.
T
h
i
s
t
h
e
r
a s
3
.
7
.
6
.
)
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n
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h
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e
x
t
r a
c
t e
d
s
p
e
c
i
m
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s
(
A
C
I
P
R C
-
2
1
4
.
4
-
2
1
.
7
.
6
.
.
Flexural strength and toughness o ffber-rein forced
2
— R e
f e
r
ACI PRC-506.1
t o
a
n
d
S
e
c
t i
o
n
2
.
4
.
8
.
Boiled water adsorption test results, i f specifed,
3
u
l
d
n
c
e
w
i
t
a
t
e
r i
l
b
y
e
d e
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a c
n
d i
c
n
o
g
r d a n
o
n
m
c
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x
w
t
u
i
t h
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a
A
n
d
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a
T
g
M
g
C
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g
6
a t
4
e
2
,
b
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p
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d
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d
.
7
.
6
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4
F
R S
m
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i
(
S
e
c
t i
o
n
2
.
4
.
7
)
c
-
.
fexural
ASTM C1 550 or
r e
f
h
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
t
e
s
t i
n
g
a
c
c
o
r d i
n
g
t
o
A
S
T
M
C
1
6
0
9
/ C
1
6
0
9
M
(Section 2.4.8; ACI PRC-506.1 ). 1
— R e
p
o
a l
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
r ,
o
w
n
e
r ,
a
.
7
.
6
.
5
B
o
n
d
s
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t
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e
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c
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c
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2
.
4
.
9
)
.
d
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A
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M
C
1
4
3
6
.
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,
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t
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Cement Portland cement
1
T y
C1 50M y
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Shotcrete that fails to meet specifed requirements a
t
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o
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t
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Shotcrete should meet proj ect specifcations for line
3
r a c
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grade, fnish, and tolerances ( 1
o
k e
t
b
Compliance with test properties
6
r f o
o
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a
o
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d e
c
d e
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o
PART 2—PRODUCTS
t
u
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a
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s
2.1 —Materials
e
r a
a
o
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a
t e
t
e
t h
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l
o
n
h
8
t y .
ACI 506.4R
d .
7
h
r i
h
exceeding the specifed limits, should be removed, replaced, o
i
/ C
c
p
t -
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e
shotcrete
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t
l
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Reporting of quality assurance test results
6
n
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reduction factor is used to compensate for the e ects that
t i
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0
h
h
d
d ,
x
Testing shotcrete for bond to substrate—
5
t
3
T
a b
u
f
6
s
t
75% o f the specifed compressive strength (ACI 506.2
s
m
l
1
f
g
a test panel or from in-place shotcrete exceeds 85% o f the
1
c
7
p
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specifed compressive strength and no single core is less than
u
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ASTM E3 29 (Section 1 .5).
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f devices (ASTM C1 583 /C1 583 M) may be useful
8
r m
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v
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by the architect/engineer (ACI 506.4R).
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1
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and pull-o i
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Section 2.5
M
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ASTM C1 50/ c
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SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) 2.1.1.2 Alternate cements
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2.1.2.3 Silica fume—
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amount o f f y ash used in a mixture is approximately 1 0 to 25% but can vary from 5 to 65% by mass o f the cementi
fy
tious material. Characteristics o f
s
h
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fy-ash particles are fow characteristics.
because the improves
2.1.2.2 Slag cement—
S
f a
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requirements. It is generally added at 5 to
0
-
i
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m
s
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e
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d
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t
s
a
t
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cement will be fner and have greater strength development.
h
n
m
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s
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c
a
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n
h
o
d u
a
s
d .
t
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a
t
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d
i
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s
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c
u
a
r f a
f u
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e
m
a
e
c
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o
a ,
m
s
e
i
s
l
i
i
c
n
a
t
f u
h
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m
e
e
i
f o
n
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c
s
r e
:
a
s
l
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e
u
s
t h
r r y ,
e
u
w
n
d e
a
t e
n
s
i
r
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e
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m
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c
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a
x
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h
l
i
o
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n
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u
l
r a
g
.
W
d
t i
w
b
o
a
h
e
(
t e
e
c
n
o
u
m
w cm /
r
f o
s
p
)
r
i
e
;
n
n
g
s
t h
b
o
t
s
a
a
l
t e
t
i
h
u
r r y ,
d
s
f o
,
t h
d r y
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t h
r
i
e
m
w
i
e
n
a
x
w
t h
t
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n
a
e
t e
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d
r
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e
o
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e
t -
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n
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s
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c
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t i
t
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t c
t
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o
u
n
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e
u
t
s
t
s
e
.
Undensifed silica fume is mainly used in premixed dry-bag shotcrete products. Densifed silica fume is best used in w
e
t -
m
i
x
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t e
(
M
o
r g
a
n
1
9
8
8
)
.
2.1.2.4 Raw or calcined natural pozzolans—
N
p
p
o
o
z
z
z
o
z
o
l
l
a
a
n
n
s
a r e
s
a
m
r e
m
a t
e
e
t a
r i
k a
a
o
l
s
l
i
c
n
o
.
v
T
e
h
r e
e
s
d
e
b
m
y
a t
A
e
r i
S
a
T
l
M
s
a
C
r e
6
m
1
a
8
n
.
a
T y
u
f a
c
t
u
p
i
t u
r a
c
a
r e
l
l
d
by fring o f natural materials.
2.1.3 Aggregate 2.1.3.1 Normalweight aggregate—
N
g
a t
A
o
e
S
n
f o
T
e
r
M
o
s
C
f
t
h
h
3
o
3
e
t c
r e
/ C
g
3
t
e
3
r a d a
s
M
t
i
h
.
o
o
u
T
n
l
h
s
s
d
c
e
h
c
o
o
o
w
m
m
n
p
b
i
l
i
y
n
n
w
e
i
d
T a
t
a
b
l
o
h
g
e
r m
t h
g
1
r e
.
1
a l
e
g
.
w
r e
a
1
t
.
e
qu
e
s
G
i
i
g
h
r a
h
r e
o
t
u
d i
a
m
l
n
e
g
n
d
g
g
r e
t s
o
m
N
e
o
-
f
e
.
t
1
should be used for fne-aggregate shotcrete and Grading N
o
.
2
A
i
n
p
g
f o
g
v
f f
e
p
r
r e
T a b
r o
l
s
r e
t
t i
o
.
s
u
a
e
1
a
i
o
a
e
s
v
c
g
r s
s
1
.
f a
s
e
a
f a
i
l
1
c
u
g
i
m
t
s
o
g
n
a
r y
e
r e
g
g
t
a
o
y
c
b
r e
s
a r e
s
o
e
u
a
t e
l
v
h
m
u
t
s
a i
s
o
l
o
p
e
c
r e
y
i
l
i
f
e
t e
w
d
r
a b
t
l
i
f
h
p
a c
.
.
t
A
c
t h
r e
e
g
p
g
e
c
t a
r e
g
o
n
b
g
l
a
r a d a
s
t
e
t
r u
s
e
e
g
t
c
i
t
r v
r a
o
i
n
o
i
c
s
s
n
t
e
d a t
h
e
r e
i
o
o
s
c
o
n
w
t i
n
n
g
r d s
a l
s
o
a ects the ability o f the shotcrete mixture to transport fbers. M
i
x
t
u
r e
d e
s
i
g
n
— p
a
r t i
c
u
l
a
r l
y
a
g
g
r e
g
a
t
e
c
o
n
t e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r o
p
o
r -
tions—may require modifcations in such cases.
2.1.3.2 Lightweight aggregates—
L
s
h
T
o
h
u
e
T a b
l
d
a
l
c
g
e
g
1
o
n
r e
.
1
f o
g
.
1
a
r m
t e
.
t o
s
h
W e
t
A
o
-
u
m
S
l
i
T
d
M
m
x
s
g
a t
m
b
i
e
x
a t
a
t u
c
h
b
s
r e
i
n
o
.
r b
P
g
i
s
w
r e
m
s
a
p
a t
t u
r o
e
r ,
r a
v
e
w
h
t i
n
s
h
i
g
p
C
e
e
t
3
o
c
t c
0
n
r e
h
t h
u
3
/ C
e
o
3
3
f
t
i
0
h
g
h
M
e
t w
i
g
f
e
u
i
s
g
e
r a d a
t
h
t
d
i
a g
i
o
n
n
s
s
g
h
s
r e
o
h
g
t c
o
a
t e
r e
w
s
t e
n
i
m
r e
e
p
t e
l
a
b
w
d u
i
i
g
l
i
c
h
t
i
e
t
t
h
s
w
l
t
e
y .
i
i
h
g
L
i
g
h
e
c
h
g
t
t
w
o
n
a
h
t
w
e
g
e
i
s
i
g
i
g
s
t
r e
g
h
foor
mixtures have been shot for wall and
h
t
e
g
a
n
a
t
c
g
g
y
o
t e
a
r e
b
g
g
g
f
e
r e
a t
t
h
f o
g
.
n
fcult to pump because the aggre
o
is seldom used and is di
e
-
e
r e
a t
e
construction.
Shotcrete is frequently employed for freproofng structural t
e
e
l
m
e
m
b
e
r s
u
s
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
w
2.1.4 Water 2.1.4.1 Mixing water—
s
-
c
fed, and densifed. All three forms are acceptable for use
-
r m
i
i
d e
s
e
granules, which are then ground to fneness similar to port l
-
spherical in shape, which
m
a
i
r o
r
fy ash is
nous coal and has a low calcium content. Class C n
-
ash vary signifcantly
depending on the source o f the coal being burnt. Class F a
c
o f shotcrete. However, due to its fne particle size resulting
o
r m
i
1 2% by mass o f cementitious materials. Because o f its fne
h
h
a
m
t
2.1.2.1 Fly ash—Fly ash is a by-product o f coal-fred f u
n
S
the total fnes content and may reduce bleeding. Shotcrete m
l
an extremely fne powder, with particles 1 00 times smaller
d
c
s
-
s
e
a t
t e
r e
u
t
m
i
t e
s
o
a t
s
s
a
m
e
b
n
s
m
d
y
o
s
b
d d e
t
e
C
i
a
a
n
t
x
e
a
t
i
i
m
b
p
t
i
pozzolanic material and is a by-product (f ue gas) from the
ness, silica fume flls in voids between the cement particles,
a
c
e
r e
u
m
n
a
t
t a
s
v
o
.
d o
i
r e
i
e
,
a
,
t
s
a
t i
m
e
e
v
t i
e
n
c
t
n
i
h
a
.
h
c
d d i
l
a
a y
a
e
l
a
T
s
p
s
l
m
a
m
e
l
n
a
c
r a
i
e
r i
e
t h
o
s
i
m
f
m
e
e
z
n
r y
7
t
z
r t
y
t ,
i
e
e
n
e
i
e
a t
t a
6
o
o
a
c
t o
a
t
c
n
p
p
i
h
r y
o
n
r o
T
m
i
s
d
m
.
a
m
p
s
n
r t
r
m
m
n
a
t
a
c
l
C
n
e
s
o
e
o
n
h
s
M
t i
d
e
h
u
e
t
r t
t
t o
S
h
i
p
c
u
o
O
u
m
u
b
p
t
e
s
s
.
n
C
l
a
,
h
d
i
p
p
s
t i
s
A
m
l
t
d s
e
p
a l
r t i
r r e
r e
o
e
t e
b
u
u
r i
w
m
o
s
e
p
f e
o
s
k e
t
u
r e
c
a
a
e
t s
n
d
o
c
n
r e
i
e
i
a
r o
r e
a s
t
s
t
s
r
u
d d i
b
e
p
i
a
m
m
b
t
m
u
o
i
t
s
h
m
o
o
a
s
m
y
,
h
n
e
n
c
i
i
u
e
o
a
m
o
h
n
t
m
t h
s
i
c
o
t i
e
e
s
)
S
u
e
qu
e
h
s
w
o
a
r e
t .
n
m
d u
T
n d
s
o
r e
M
d o
r e
v
u
t ,
t i
u
,
t
n
e
a
m
r i
e
m
h
e
o
x
C
n
c
F
i
s
c
u
o
t e
t
i
s
i
2.1.2 Supplementary cementitious materials— c
l
f a
c
a
n
o
qu
s
g
e
p
r e
l
u
r e
t
g
m
a
a
s
n
a g
e
r e
d s
e
c
r y
h
a
m
t
f
t o
y
g
e
n
o
c
P
w
a
t h
e
a n
s
t
t
o
e
l
i
.
,
n
m
I
t
g
o
n
c
qu
f r e
l
e
r e
f
r
r e
d
e
a b
s
t e
e
f
h
t
r e
s
a
r
a
w
o
n
a
t
r e
e
m
t e
f
c
c
m
f r o
w
e
h
r t
i
o
s
r
e
b
t
u
e
r
o
e
b
o
s
e
s
t
e
h
r t
s
w
s
m
m
u
n
t
i
a
c
n
u
l
c
o
A
a n
r
m
t h
f
t
o
a
i
d
u
d e
S
e
g
b
u
T
s
t
A
b
e
w
t
i
o
t
i
h
s
b
t
i
s
a
t
l
g
6
a
d
t i
g
w
1
2
b
6
l
e
t
e
i
a
r
1
n
r
6
j
s
t
w
a
s
0
1
e
s
6
r .
t
e
M
o
0
t
n
r e
a
2
r i
a
i
p
r e
s
t
e
w
u
u
i
t
i
e
/ C
n
i
g
e
h
2
e
h
d
t
t
/ C
0
t o
i
r e
a
O
0
w
l
g
.
y
C
e
s
a
e
1
d e
d i
t
n
m
M
t e
m
h
C
a t
T
t h
g
t a
e
M
S
e
s
e
t
u
2
h
l
s
t h
f e
r
t
a
e
t
a s
h
n
o
M
c
u
d
s
o
n
t
c
t
p
%
u
i
d
e
o
m
0
x
m
l
b
n
o
9
i
d
o
c
i
t
m
r r e
s
a
e
r e
x
i
m
c
r e
a
r e
o
l
t
s
f
n
e
e
i
t
i
l
v
h
t
n
o
a
s
g
e
a
e
v
.
r
-
e
a
t
11
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) 2.1.4.2 Curing water
— C
s
u
c
t
s
i
s
u r i
h
o
r e
n
t
n
a t
h
c
b
a
g
c
u
l
e
s
n
s
o
u
n
s
r c
u
d
c
c
a
a
t e
t o
n
t
h
i
e
o
t a
c
c
c
t a
b
r f a
a t
t e
s
t
h
t u
i
e
m
n
a
y
r a l
i
m
e
a
n
o
g
s
.
t
h
t h
h
e
a
t i
o
r e
p
l
n
s
a c
s
h
s
c
t
r u
t e
o
e
u
a l
a
m
l
d
e
c
p
e
t
n
b
u
s
i
p
o
l
t
e
i
e
n
c
.
t
t
o
a t
A
t
i
c
r e
e
t
n
2
m
u
n
j
r i
u
t e
e
s
m
0
e
°
n
r i
p
w
o
h
F
t h
g
e
(
u
o
u
r a
1
e
a
s
l
°
a
e
r
s
o
d
t u
1
w
t
t
c
b
e
r e
C
t e
)
o
n
u
c
f r e
o
c
r
h
o
f
o
a
t
o
n
l
l
d
r e
e
h
e
d
b
t e
f r o
e
c
r
s
t
h
h
o
e
f r e
.
W a
m
u
a
t
e
r i
n
n
c
t
r e
l
e
f r o
t e
e
h
e
w
e
s
e
c
m
f o
m
g
t
r
n
a
h
o
r
t s
t e
o
r
t
m
-
e
t .
A
c
t
h
2.1.5 Admixtures— c
e
o
T
r e
t
b
e
s
o
i
e
o
n
n
d m
t e
d
d e
t
h
s
i
x
t
d u
e
a
a
u
r i
r m
n
n
i
c
e
d
r e
n
n
d m
c
e
f o
s
g
e
t
t
u
r t a
c
o
r e
h
x
r
n
p
i
t
c
i
e
t
n
h
s
n
a
r e
s
m
p
r t
p
o
f
a t
r e
i
r o
e
e
p
n
v
i
t r u
x
a
c
o
c
p
y
e
e
r t i
o
u
t i
s
o
c
b
n
l
e
t
y
e
d
s
e
f o
i
u
t
e
u
s
d i
n
t
e
s
o
s
t
r
n
e
i
d
i
s
s
a d v
i
g
a
p
o
d
n
n
t
e
c
f
e
a
h
i
s
n
b
n
s
g
e
a
h
s
f o
o
h
l
s
o
o
r e
s
t c
r e
h
t c
t
l
c
c
o
e
t
-
r e
t
e
r e
t
e
a r g
a
t
n
e
b
-
e
obtained with no adverse e ects. Admixtures should meet t
h
e
r e
qu
i
r e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
A
S
T
M
C
1
1
4
1
/ C
1
1
4
1
M
.
A
d m
i
x
t u
r e
s
f o
r
shotcrete generally fall into fve categories: accelerators, air e
n t
r a i
n
m
e
n
t
,
w
a
t
e
r
r e
d u
c
e
r s
,
r e
t a
r d e
r s
,
a
n
d
r h
e
o
l
o
g
y
m
o
d i
-
fers. Admixtures can be either powder or liquid (2.6.1 .3 ).
2.1.5.1 Accelerators—
A
t
w
o
g
e
n
e
r a
l
c
a
t
e
g
o
r i
e
s
c
:
c
c
e
h
l
e
e
r a t
m
i
o
c
r s
a l
-
c
s
e
a n
t
b
a
c
e
c
d i
e
l
e
v
i
r a
d e
t o
d
i
r s
t
n
o
d
rheology modifers.
a
c
p
c
r o
(
e
l
c
e
a
e
r a
s
)
s
E
t o
e
n
r s
s
h
t
a
a
o
r e
s
e
d
i
n
b
C
o
t
h
t h
e
d r y
-
m
i
x
a
h
n
e
m
d
i
w
c
a l
e
t
-
-
s
m
e
i
t
x
:
f
n
u
accelerators—
c
e
t
h
e
m
a x
i
m
u
m
b
u
i
l
d u
p
t
h
i
c
k n
e
s
s
b
y
i
n
c
r e
a
s
i
n
h
e
(
i
n
c
(
e
a
n
b
r e
c
r l
T
a
n d
c
o
f o
u
m
)
a
)
y
s
e
l
g
a
a
n
t i
o
s
e
n
a s
u
r
d u
c
r e
t
o
u
n
c
m
o
p
r m
i
t
e
p
m
s
A
h
b
R e
g
j
s
l
e
e
t
o
i
f
p
e
c
u
r a
r
r i
s
c
t
h
e
a
c
e
i
e
l
i
o
o
p
n
i
c
a
t
d e
v
y
t
e
h
e
r i
a l
e
n
r h
d r a
m
f
s
c
c
h
o
a
m
n
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i
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Fig. 2. 1 . 7. 4a—Macrofbers.
a
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.
galvanized) —
e
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0.01 2 in. (0.3 mm) are known as macrofbers, and fbers with
s
important to ensure complete encasement without signif c
e
fbers are commonly used with shotcrete. Fibers for use
t h
h
t
s
o
f y
v
r
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e
n
t
struction mockup should be shot to determine the e ect
r e
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e
i
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.
r r a
l
e
i
r o
r a s
f o
-
— R e
a
f o f the shotcrete process on the coating by washing o f the r e
.
2.1.6 Fiber 2.1.7 Reinforcement 2.1.7.1 Reinforcing bars—
u
d
or
HCAs without a ecting the mixture normal plastic or hard e
c
n
b
v
c
Coated rein orcement (epoxy
-
l
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r
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2.1.7.3 S
r r o
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Galvanized mesh is sometimes specifed to reduce the possi
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e
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i
batching. Dosage rates will depend on the specifc material, a m
c
i
t e
r
)
e
e ects subside or when activated by the addition o f an accel
S
e
d
h
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-
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w
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.
n
a n
(
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o
are blocked to prevent cement surface activity, e ectively h
c
to encase, so lap bar
o
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r
dust, or other surface deposits that may a ect its bond to the s
n
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a
l
f r e
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oz per
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e
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s
p
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acid salts and are used in dosage rates o f 2 to 60 1
t e
R e
b
t a
reduce slump loss for up to 3 hours without a ecting the
c
t
f oz per 1 00 lb (1 3 0 to 590 mL per 1 00 kg) o f cementitious
9
s
a
g
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o
d
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.
R e
r
S
t i
l
m
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.
e
Retarders—
2.1.5.5.1 b
h
.
obstruction that becomes di
d e
x
t
.
R e
r e
d
x
u
Retarding and hydration control—
2.1.5.5 a d m
t
r
Fig. 2. 1. 7. 4b—Fibers for use in shotcrete.
13
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) e
qu
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
d i
a
m
as microfbers.
e
t e
A
S
r s
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l
e
s
M
s
C
t h
1
1
a
1
n
6
0
.
/ C
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1
1
2
1
i
6
n
.
(
0
.
3
m
m
)
a
r e
k n
o
w
n
defnes the required
M
properties o f fber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) and fbers
a n
d
i
m
p
r o
v
e
s
i
m
p
a
c
t
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s
i
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t
a
n
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e
.
F
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e
r s
a
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p
i
c
a l
l
y
s
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n
t
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e
t i
c
or steel (Section 2.1 .7.4). Synthetic microfbers may reduce t h
e
s
u
s
c
e
p
t
i
b
i
l
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t
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o
f
s
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c
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h
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n
k a g
e
c
r a c
k i
n
g
.
used in shotcrete. Alkali-resistant glass fbers have also been
At higher addition rates, steel or synthetic macrofbers can
u
i
s
e
d
c
a
n
c
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l
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b
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c
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d
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t
2.1.8 Curing compounds p
l
b
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l
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— S
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D
e
(
— C
n
2.1.8.1 Sheet material r e
.
ACI PRC-506.1
n
7
o
1
t e
e
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Dosage recommendations
2.3.1 g
e
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r a l
d o
s
a
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c
o
m
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d a t
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8
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— T
f o
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t
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e
f o
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a
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d
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y
g
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— B
o
n
d i
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c
o
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p
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n
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u
b
t e
s
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a
p
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3
fexural s
t
a
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c
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a
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.
behavior, and improve
F
o
r
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-
m
i
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s
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t
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r
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e
m
t
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t
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o
o
4
m
t
e
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a
7
k g
y
b
e
); for dry-mix shotcrete, steel fber quanti
/ m
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
u
l
y
S
1
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l
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8
b
/ y
2
0
3
d
[
/ A
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7
2
8
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k g
M
/ m
p
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1
%
b
y
v
o
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e
(
a
p
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m
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.
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a
c
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p
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t c
n
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o
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1
h
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t
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e
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h
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t h
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t
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m
t o
t
m
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h
f
r
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4
,
o
t c
e
1
t e
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o
p
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h
m
0
t
v
r e
u
r e
r e
u
i
e
u
g
y
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s
i
a
n
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s
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r e
t
i
FRS is an e v
g
i
c
e
v
r a
r h
e
c
e
s
k i
a
s
n
d
h
g
o
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o
r
t c
I
t
v
n
g
a
r e
h
s
k -
g
i
-
o
d
r -
.
] ). Steel fbers should conform
r e
a
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o
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t
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e
c
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o
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t
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s
b
n
.
e
e
F
a
d
3
(
3
t o
7
k g
/ m
)
3
d
(
0
.
6
t o
1
.
2
k g
mately 1 5 lb/yd
/ m
)
.
O
3
(
9
k g
/ m
n
e
p
e
r c
e
n
t
b
y
v
o
l
u
m
e
i
s
a
p
p
r o
x
i
-
). Synthetic fbers should conform
ASTM D7508/D7508M
.
2.4.1 Introduction —There are many di ferent types o f
mixtures applied by shotcreting, including plain, fber-
i
b
r i
s
e
n
h
r
r e
g
r i
n
c
i
a
n
p
k a
f o
a
g
c
e
r c
i
t
c
e
y
m
a
r a c
e
n
f t e
k i
n
t
r
g
f
reinforced, and high-performance. The di erent types have
f
di erent hardened properties. T
h
a
p
h
h
e
r d e
y
s
i
m
n
c
e
a
i
x
d
l
t u
s
p
h
r e
o
t
f
r o
p
c
c
e
o
r e
r t
i
m
t
p
e
e
o
w
s
.
s
i
l
A
i
t i
l
o
n
d e
s
a
s
v
g
e
e
h
l
o
o
n
e
u
p
l
d
b
a c
r a l
c
e
e
r u
l
s
p
e
u
t a
,
c
b
t
h
l
h
t
e
h
a
m
e
m
t
e
i
t h
c
x
t
h
u
e
a
i
n
n
i
r e
c
c
-
p
a
o
l
l
a c
a
m
n
p
e
d
o
-
sition will a ect hardened shotcrete properties in the same
f
way as normal cast-in-place concrete. E ects associated w
i
t h
t
h
e
s
h
o
o
t
i
n
g
p
r o
c
e
s
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
o
n
s
o
l
i
d a
t
i
f
o
n
,
a
i
r
c
o
n
t e
n
t
,
rebound, and fber orientation, however, may a ect the hard n
e
d
T
n
-
-
and microfber quantities are usually in the range o f 1 to 2 lb/
e
fcient method of reinforcing hard-to-reach
e
-
-
.
ties are usually in the range o f 5 to 1 2 lb/yd
e
i
c
-
2.3—Fiber-reinforced shotcrete o
i
pylene, either macrofber or microfber. Macrofber quanti
e
sizes vary from 50 to 4000 lb (25 to 1 800 kg). The mate r i
,
2.4—Shotcrete properties
b
cementitious materials, fbers, admixtures, and dry admix t u
-
[59.5 kg/m ] ) can reduce
d
3
t o
2.2—Packaged shotcrete materials P
c
steel fber quantities used are in the range o f 20 to 80 lb/yd
3
n
,
a r e
t
long with dosage rates up to 0.75% by volume o f the shot
3
m
,
e
(b) Synthetic fbers for shotcrete are commonly polypro
t c
-
s
b
3
o
-
(a) Steel fbers between 0.7 and 1 .4 in. (1 8 and 3 6 mm)
.
2.1.9 Bonding compounds n
n
fbers. Adding fbers to a shotcrete mixture may require
3
o
R S
and ACI PRC-506.1 ).
(
2.1.8.4 Surface evaporation retardants t i
F
clumping or kinking o f the fbers and to ensure that they are
3
c
s
required in adding fbers to the shotcrete mixture to prevent
crack propagation, increase — S
may stain the concrete fnish. Preconstruction testing should e
w
f
e
.
2.1.8.3 Architectural fnish b
o
surface so they are more e ective than the random distribu
3
c
l
tion that occurs in fber-reinforced concrete. FRS may have
conform, whether or not specifed by product designation, s
r o
the amount o f fber rebounding is proportionally higher.
.
2.1.8.2 Curing compounds
t o
p
previous layer, causing fbers to lay roughly parallel to the
g
t
membrane-curing compounds or f oor sealers should conform
i
m
multiple thin layers with each succeeding layer f attening the
.
t y
a r e
t e
F
8
i
n
i
t
h
i
s
e
a
h
o
t
c
l
c
e
m
h
o
t c
r e
t e
.
s
h
o
t c
r e
t e
,
h
e
p
t
/
s
T
r e
w cm
r e
s
e
e
i
e
n
R e
i
n
n
c
t
l
i
t
u
o
r o
t h
d u
c
e
p
s
i
o
c
i
d i
f
p
e
a
u
n
r t
s
g
n
c
e
k e
g
c
e
i
e
y
m
t
h
s
l
t
e
s
p
a
(
t
e
r i
o
r m
m
a
l
e
-
t
a
w cm
e
/
r e
r a
L
a r a
n g
t
o
t
h
r s
,
,
s
a
e
g
e
p
i
l
n
r
g
n
e
i
1
9
f o
r e
h
a
g
n
r m
c
a
r
6
a
c
e
8
a
)
.
l
s
t e
e
a
f u
l
m
i
h
o
r a
s
b
m
l
e
-
i
,
t
t
o
y ,
o
r
t
i
c
r e
o
s
t
a
o
t
e
f o
p
n
t h
r o
d
e
r
,
a
r
p
e
d u
p
s
i
s
d r y
r t
i
r a
o
z
-
e
b
z
t
s
i
o
h
m
l
l
i
i
e
x
o
f
t y .
a n
s
modifes physical properties, especially permeability and
14
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22)
d u
p
a b
b
s
r a
r o
i
l
e
p
i
a
e
p
r o
p
h
b
p
e
t
i
p
y
h
i
t y .
i
e
t
c
r e
o
t h
n
m
e
g
c
a
p
c
u
l
/
2
r a
8
n
.
g
s
s
e
w
t
c
r e
t
e
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
t h
a
a n
o
f t
d e
i
n
u
e
v
n
n
e
2
n
u
l
m
a s
y
t h
d
o
o
-
x
g
-
p
a
e
i
l
s
r e
s
h
i
t h
r m
r f o
s
r a b
i
t u
i
s
s
,
i
e
u
e
l
d
t
s
i
l
e
s
a n
o
o
f
c
i
h
e
a
a
s
p
e
n
t h
t
h
e
m
d
m
w
r t
n
c
a n
p
e
a
h
y ,
p
o
c
r m
g
A
p
n
i
t
u
.
m
a
t i
e
n
a
y
o
s
s
u
.
t
a
s
a
o
c
n
e
s
,
c
a
s
t
i
h
i
r e
n
s
e
t
a
n
n
r e
d u
r e
c
i
c
-
i
l
x
e
t
t
i
t
t
i
v
t
c
e
o
c
a
i
.
n
g
d u
r e
d i
e
f
t
e
r a b
i
s
c
r m
i
l
i
t
i
l
i
i
l
s
y
e
t
0
t a
m
p
r a t
o
n
t
0
a
c
p
o
s
c
t
p
i
a
a
n
p
n
r i
c
(
s
c
a
o
n
i
e
l
n
c
c
e
l
,
c
s
d e
e
a
a n
c
a
u
r m
r e
l
a
t o
v
h
,
)
n
l
s
s
.
t
-
n
d
e
n
a
s
M
i
r l
w
v
-
,
d
e
t u
y
v
i
t
e
a
m
g
n
e
n
e
g
a
f
a
d
s
i
i
-
n
i
s
t
l
,
y
n
-
accelerated shotcrete o f the same composition. These e ects
f
a r e
u
s
u
a l
l
y
p
r o
p
o
r t i
o
n
a
l
t
o
t h
e
a
c
c
e
l
e
r a
t
o
r
d o
s
a
g
e
a n
a ected by the chemical composition o f accelerators ( e
t
a
l
.
1
9
9
l
i
e
n
w
i
l
i
d e
n
g
r e
w
t o
r e
J
o
l
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
1
9
9
7
;
S
c
h
— S
u
h
t z
o
t
1
c
9
r e
8
t
2
G
a
e
b
l
r e
i
n
i
r e
p
f o
r e
r o
r c
v
e
i
i
n
f o
d e
m
e
r c
t o
n
e
u
t ,
m
g
h
h
o
e
n
n
w
e
e
t
h
s
v
s
e
a
t
s
b
o
r ,
i
e
t h
s
i
e
e
n
s
n
c
u
h
s
o
e
r e
e
e
d
t c
a
s
i
e
r
x
h
i
b
i
t
s
t h
e
s
a
m
e
i
r e
n
n
t
g
s
e
l
h
l
i
y
o
n
b
t
i
e
c
n
i
r e
g
n
t
.
e
t u
W e
g
r e
p
l
l
n
n
d e
a
c
e
l
d -
e
d
by steel or macro-synthetic fbers to provide f exural strength (
r e
f e
r
t o
S
G
l
a s
t
a
f r e
o
f
t a
c
o
a c
z
s
n
f a
v
e
c
t
i
s
l
o
C
n
h
e
o
o
(
i
o
s
t
c
t
i
t
i
(
9
8
a n
r e
s
h
1
9
o
n
9
d -
t
e
o
2
t e
n
c
c
a
l
e
l
.
s
r e
,
(
)
4
i
s
t
a
u
t e
c
e
,
.
8
M
l
d i
a w
D
w
y
h
.
m
9
a l
t
t c
/
s
8
)
w cm
:
y
d
-
f
r d a
r i
l
1
g
o
r s
d
c
g
.
c
a
n
ACI 506.4R
d
)
A ir content (durability)
2 . 4. 4
e
e
e
n
l
e
i
e
c
i
r g
c
g
r a b
,
m
p
r e
i
l
i
k e
n
t
a l
u
i
l
t
a
s
s
n
i
s
s
y
c
t i
t
t
a
o
o
y
e
s
n
u
h
c
t
h
a
n
n
t
m
s
c
t
.
(
r e
,
t
a
i
e
c
1
e
s
n
d
z
a l
g
r a
t e
d
s
h
o
t c
r e
t e
,
b
o
a
8
s
i
s
n
p
,
u
)
h
a l
g
e
c
p
,
a
r a
t
-
r é
-
b
s
a n
n
n
d
n
i
c
l
a
d -
d e
t o
e
n
d
i
l
t
t
a
i
n
a
l
i
t
t
e
i
h
y
t
(
g
s
r e
a w
d e
.
e
g
n
l
e
y ,
h
s
a
S
t
o
qu
r )
t
n
e
p
s
i
9
r e
c
s
i
t a
m
t h
r m
i
c
s
l
i
s
i
t -
a
n
d
d r y
-
m
i
x
w
i
t
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
i
r
c
o
n
t e
n
t
o
f
3
%
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
-
p
l
a c
e
s
h
o
t c
r e
t e
,
a
n
d
n
-
e
p
s
h
o
t c
r e
t
e
t h
e
r e
d u
h
a
s
v
t e
s
A
S
h
a
t
e
b
o
a
o
a
d m
a
i
r -
e
r
h
t
t y
i
x
n
C
t
f
fcult to achieve greater than 5% air content
t h
i
t h
e
t r a
s
t i
h
o
o
x
t
c
n
s
6
6
r m
l
s
i
t h
t
n
i
t
c
6
w
6
e
c
m
t h
a
i
i
M
l
e
i
o
m
d m
,
p
v
i
p
n
p
i
t
s
i
i
v
h
s
y
g
r e
e
s
s
o
i
i
a t
m
-
.
t
a
4
i
n
)
h
t
i
t
d u
3
c
a
r e
a b
e
i
n
n
e
l
t
d -
i
n
e
i
i
i
r
n
t
i
s
y
g
g
n
n
g
o
r e
h
f
e
e
e
h
i
d e
r
w
t
s
t h
e
a i
a
e
c
e
r
n
n
a
p
i
t
m
t h
t c
-
d
o
t -
o
l
t h
n
x
n
t
a c
n
e
i
r e
t
i
a
1
e
e
n
n
0
e
d
%
.
n
t r a
g
d
t h
t
t s
g
a
r
s
i
n
a
g
a
o
w
i
i
n
o
n
n
m
d
t
d
e
h
d u
g
e
n
a
t ,
r a b
n
v
w
w
i
i
i
n
l
r o
i
t
n
h
g
e
p
y
a
m
e
n
e
n
n
r
d
t
s
.
p
o
s
s
i
a d d i
r
a
o
i
i
a
e
z
r i
%
d
r
r a
y
o
s
t
s
b
r
s
p
p
r
e
n
n
a
n
g
e
m
o
i
s
n
I
f r e
o
a
i
.
u
u
a
e
t
0
e
l
r a
c
d
i
d
g
p
m
t h
t
n
p
n
e
t
r
u
n
,
t e
w
t
i
m
a
a
n
e
i
n
s
o
p
z
h
t
p
e
a t
t
i
e
A
c
i
t
e
m
d e
e
s
n
u
s
s
c
d
x
x
l
f r e
e
r o
i
u
r a
a
n
l
g
%
r o
o
h
t r a
d .
w
t
(
x
r -
u
6
p
t e
e
n
T o
m
m
e
f
r e
o
o
f
.
o
i
b
c
l
e
f o
/
-
t
r e
r e
n
o
m
r e
t a
6
u
s
r e
e
t o
t
s
u
b
e
o
s
c
m
x
t
a
g
t
o
w cm
e
o
n
o
i
d
d
w
d r y
f
l
r e
i
h
/ C
e
o
u
r e
u
r e
h
n
m
t
f o
6
s
i
e
t
d d i
c
r e
b
n
n
l
e
g
g
t e
t
a
a
m
i
o
i
n
a
m
i
r -
d r y ,
x
t
u
r e
p
e
p
r o
n
o
v
e
t r a
w
i
t
n
d e
i
h
n
r e
e
g
d ,
.
Water-soluble chloride ion content in shotcrete
2 . 4. 5
mixture
i
t e
r e
r a
e
m
o
e
o
c
x
e
h
t u
t
h
r
r f o
i
e
i
f o
t o
l
r e
n
m
a
a
m
c
e
l
,
s
e
-
M
p
e
t
s
d
T
F
qu
o
e
r y
s
d u
h
c
e
D
— F
t
n
c
i
r e
n
o
t
r
e
h
c
,
a
o
m
r r o
a
r d e
x
n
i
e
s
i
m
d
o
u
s
n
p
m
h
o
r o
w
t
c
t e
a t
r e
e
t
c
t
r -
e
i
s
a
o
o
n
l
t
o
u
a
b
g
f
l
e
t
e
h
c
s
e
h
r e
l
f r o
o
i
r i
n
f o
d e
m
2
i
8
r c
o
t
e
m
n
c
o
4
e
o
n
n
2
t
c
i
e
d a
n
n
y
-
s
should not exceed the limits shown in Table 2.4.5. When t e
c
s
o
C
g
t
i
n
1
u
n
t e
2
i
1
g
n
8
d a
i
t
s
,
M
n
rials t u
t
t h
e
c
i
o
c
c
a u
t
.
h
i
r f o
t
o
p
l
n
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Table 2.4.5—Maximum water-soluble chloride-ion concentration in concrete for corrosion protection of reinforcement percentage by weight of cement*
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Type of shotcrete
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ASTM C1 550
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SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22)
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a
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2.4.10 Shrinkage—
S
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3
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v
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n
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1
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from diferent sources will cause diferences in shrinkage. p
s
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c
ASTM C1 57/C1 57M
g
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— G
e
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l
l
y ,
t h
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with a slump less than 2 in. (50 mm), however, may be di m
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m
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s
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a s
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m
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t a
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d .
2.4.12 Other properties—The coe s
i
o
n
a r e
,
e
t h
qu
e
i
m
v
a l
o
e
d u
n
t
l
u
t o
s
t
o
h
f
a t
e
o
l
a
f
s
c
t i
o
c
n
i
t
v
y ,
e
n
a
t
i
n
o
r e
n
t
p
t h
a
l
e
c
d e
a
s
t -
n
i
s
n
i
-
t
y
p
l
o
a
c
s
u
i
t
Introduction
2.5.1
r o
p
o
r t i
o
n
e
d
i
n
a c
c
— S
o
h
r d a n
o
c
t c
r e
e
t e
w
i
t
m
h
i
A
x
S
t u
T
r e
M
s
a
C
9
l
a
o
r a
f
e
s
c
h
o
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4
h
t h
e
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m
n
a
t
a
i
u
n
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r e
o
a
f
s
t
o
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n
e
s
s
f o
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o
t
r
c
v
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a r i
t
e
a t
p
i
o
r o
n
c
s
e
s
o
s
,
f
i
t y
n
p
-
e
p
l
o
a c
f
e
d e
s
l
i
n
m
o
t
n
u
/ C
t r e
v
p
s
i
t
y
t
r o
t h
o
e
p
e
,
f
w
w
e
r
w
h
p
a
o
e
l
a
t e
r k m
r e
c
r
t
e
c
a
h
m
o
n
e
e
n
s
n
n
t e
h
o
t
t
n
t
i
p
z
.
z
e
T
l
c
e
h
h
m
n
— a
i
v
i
s
a
i
n
qu
a
r i
s
i
e
a
e
s
b
b
s
n
l
u
p
o
t
e
e
c
t
a
t
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o
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l
s
a
a l
n
l
l
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t
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s
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p
l
c
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o
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a
u
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s
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e
c
c
9
s
4
a
t e
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e
n
g
s
e
o
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a
w
)
s
4
l
i
P
t
i
i
n
i
i
d
i
s
e
n
a
c
e
n
i
l
o
l
d
s
d
c
o
i
c
l
h
i
o
e
i
a
g
g
e
e
l
l
p
t
h
t
e
f
m
.
B
n
t e
s
r t
r
u
i
e
i
r i
t
s
i
i
c
e
i
i
t c
r e
l
a
n
s
b
s
l
i
t
h
e
r o
p
o
o
i
i
s
c
i
w
i
a
n
n
i
t
v
e
i
n
i
t h
e
i
s
o
e
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m
o
v
a
t u
p
o
e
s
h
x
i
r t
r t i
s
l
a y
qu
p
o
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p
m
e
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p
a p
m
t e
p
t h
m
l
y
t
y
o
f u
n
p
r l
c
r e
r e
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c
u
a
n
o
t u
f o
t
c
o
x
i
h
r a
h
d e
s
t
c
d u
r a
o
a
e
s
d
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o
c
,
a
e
s
c
a r a
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r
a
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s
s
o
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n
s
f o
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b
v
t
t
r a
o
l
a
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m
d e
u
v
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p
s
i
a l
o
l
b
n
n
i
a
d
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t s
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g
w
h
p
r o
o
n
a
f e
n
p
r i
p
p
a n
g
r e
r a
a
,
r m
s
,
e
n
e
m
e
qu
r e
p
t
i
p
r t
p
a i
r e
r e
r e
h
a
r t
c
a s
o
n
e
t
n
n
t
.
a
p
s
n
g
e
o
t
i
e
x
l
t
r o
r i
o
t u
r t
n
o
c
e
m
e
o
r t i
s
a y
h
p
c
d e
r i
m
i
n
b
a
c
h
P
r o
,
g
g
t
r e
t o
p
n
t
s
n
r i
i
s
d -
e
c
,
y
e
.
b
n
r e
i
s
r s
a
d
a
n
t
h
e
t
h
e
d :
s
o
f
t h
e
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t e
w
o
r k
a
n
d
d
c
n
c
r
o
c
e
)
T
t h
a
o
r s
h
e
e
r
p
e
t y
w
a
g
r e
o
g
s
p
c
r i
e
o
r k :
r e
w
f
g
p
a t
t
i
f
e
o
s
t
-
n
h
o
m
i
t
c
r e
x
o
t
e
r
p
l
a c
d r y
-
i
n
m
i
g
x
e
,
qu
e
a
i
c
p
m
h
e
w
n
i
t
t
a
h
p
o
p
r o
r
w
p
i
r i
t
h
a
o
t
e
u
r y
e
t
e
(d) The e ect rebound loss will have on the in-place m
a
(
t
e
e
r i
)
a
A
l
d m
i
x
t
u
r e
s
f
2.5.2
Per ormance
versus
prescription
specifcation
—
There are two general approaches to specifcations: the p
e
r f o
r m
a n
c
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
n
d
t h
e
p
r e
s
c
r i
p
t
i
o
n
m
e
t h
o
d .
A
p
e
r f o
r -
mance specifcation should be used whenever possible. W
t y
e
h
p
qu
a c
e
e
h
i
i
n
p
s
o
p
e
m
v
o
e
e
s
f
s
c
n
d
i
e
t
a
w
i
b
l
m
v
t
e
e
a
h
,
i
l
t h
n
l
t i
a
o
b
c
e
t i
l
a
i
o
u
e
l
n
s
s
a
n
m
t a
m
a
d
t
t
e
l
h
r i
f
2.5.2.1
l
a
Per ormance
e
r
t e
e
a
l
s
r i
s
s
a
h
h
l
o
o
,
u
a
t
c
l
d
g
r e
b
g
t e
r e
p
e
g
c
a
r o
t
o
e
p
n
,
e
s
u
a
r t i
l
n
e
t
e
d
s
d
s
t
h
o
h
a
o
t
n
t
c
c
t
h
r e
a n
e
t
b
e
e
.
specifcation—
T
h
e
p
e
r f o
r m
a
n
c
e
t i
c
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
.
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t o
r s
d e
c
i
d e
h
o
w
t
o
a c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
-
e
specifed performance. Typically, the following performance characteristics might be specifed: (
a
(
b
)
C
)
o
D
m
u
p
r a
r e
b
i
l
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
s
t
r e
n
g
t
h
y
i
.
i
i
.
F
i
i
i
r e
a l
e
qu
i
b
z
r a
(
c
)
.
I
n
F
B
l
e
o
x
i
u
s
i
n
s
i
g
o
-
a n
n
d -
r e
s
i
t
h
s
a w
t a
n
i
c
n
g
r e
s
i
s
t
a n
c
e
e
l
e
d
m
a
n
r a
a
s
b
t
s
r e
o
n
r p
g
t
t
i
o
h
n
f o
r
F
R S
fcient. Mixture proportions should be developed
y
alone is su
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a t
i
o
n
s
,
s
p
e
c
i
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s
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e
s
t
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g
t
h
s
t
s
p
l
r e
a r t
v
i
o
o
u
f
s
t
e
h
2.5.2.2
x
e
p
p
e
r i
r e
e
c
n
c
o
e
n
s
t r u
c
t i
o
n
t
e
s
t
p
r o
g
r a
m
o
r
b
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
.
Prescription specifcation—Prescription
specifca
-
-
t i
o
n
l
m
s
h
o
u
l
d
o
n
l
y
b
e
u
s
e
d
f o
r
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
j
o
b
r e
qu
i
r e
m
e
n
t
s
o
r
t
o
e
e
.
i
i
t
t h
e
w
o
r k
t
o
a
p
a
r t
i
c
u
l
a
r
t
y
p
e
o
(
a
(
b
)
)
C
e
A
m
g
g
e
n
r e
t
g
i
t i
a t
o
e
u
g
s
m
r a
a
d a
t
t
e
i
r i
o
a l
n
,
t
y
m
(
c
(
d )
)
(
e
(
f )
A
d m
i
x
t
u
r e
s
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
p
a
d o
r
)
S
l
A
u
i
r
m
c
p
o
,
n
i
t
f
e
w
n
t
,
e
t -
i
f
m
w
i
x
e
t
-
m
i
x
r e
p
-
f
s
h
o
t c
r e
t e
following would be specifed: s
e
s
,
a
F
i
b
e
r
t y
p
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
t e
n
t
s
a
g
n
o
y
o
a
A
r s
t
M
t h
f
-
-
C685/C685M to attain a specifed compressive strength. T
e
l
l
r e
e
s
2.5—Mixture proportions p
h
t r o
a
t c
e
fcient of thermal expan
d
n
c
d ,
l
a
f o
p
a r e
t
o
-
a
t h
r
n
qu
h
T o
(Section 2.1 .5). Allowance should be made for adj ustment t o
s
specifcation states the required performance characteris
f
c
d
(b) The type o f specifcation selected for the work: perfor m
50 mm) o f slump during pumping. These losses depend on
o
n
x
o
o
h
a
(
c
line. A shotcrete mixture will lose as much as 1 to 2 in. (25 to
t h
c
e
s
.
a
a
n
i
f o
h
P
e
c
a
c
m
n
so the 2 to 4 in. (50 to 1 00 mm) rule o f thumb is not always a p
,
e
T
o
r e
t
m
n
s
(
e
crete is between 2 and 4 in. (50 and 1 00 mm) at the nozzle. A
l
r e
r a -
d
-
d
I
o
conducted for the specifc mixture to be used.
2.4.11 Slump
n
fuctuations in strength and durability.
s
the concrete. Aggregates also a ect shrinkage, so aggregates
T
e
e
(3 /8 in. [9.5 mm] maximum) compared to most cast-in-place c
m
d r y
r a b
t r u
a
k e
.
p
d u
t e
r s
e
.
e
d
r
v
c
o
o
l
n
u
t
e
m
n
e
t
.
T y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y ,
t h
e
17
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) This type o f specifcation can be simplifed for dry-mix a
p
p
p
r o
l
i
p
c
o
a
t
i
r t i
o
o
n
n
b
s
s
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u
s
c
p
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a
c
s
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1
:
i
4
n
g
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t
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p
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c
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t
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c
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t
h
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h
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u
p
l
l
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a n
f
d
b
c
e
t h
r e
b
s
e
o
e
h
p
u
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n
o
t c
r o
p
d .
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t c
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c
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aggregate gradation in place. This e ect, plus the fact that h
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2.5.3.3 Wet-mix process—
I
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m
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shotcrete mixture needs approximately 650 to 700 lb o f cementitious material per cubic yard (3 85 to 41 5 kg o f c
e
m
t h
r o
m
a
qu
m
l
i
t
e
u
e
a l
a
t
r i
i
e
n
g
t i
t i
h
a
l
t y
r i
o
a
n
o
a
u
s
l
e
f
u
s
m
m
e
e
l
a
l
d e
t h
s
a
-
t e
d
e
r i
d i
a
w
a
g
g
a
i
l
/
p
e
t
l
r e
w cm
d ,
l
m
e
e
v
g
,
a
t
r
a
t
y
c
r
l
i
u
n
r y
e
p
,
b
e
i
e
i
l
i
z
m
T
d e
s
c
.
p
e
e
n
h
n
o
e
(
e
e
d i
f
s
t
e
t
o
g
g
e
r )
m
n
a
t
e
a
o
g
l
o
u
r e
o
p
n
t
n
g
r
e
o
t
a
t
r u
h
e
b
r m
f
c
e
a
,
c
b
i
e
e
p
u
e
m
,
l
e
e
m
n
d m
e
r )
t
m
i
t i
x
n
n
t
t i
g
p
t
i
u
t i
t
i
n
o
r e
o
g
u
u
h
s
s
,
s
o
f
fcient paste to coat the aggregate and provide sufcient
n
e
,
a n
d
d i
a
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
.
P
u
m
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
r e
t
e
r e
qu
i
r e
s
fnes to lubricate the lines for pumping. The thickness o f t h
e
p
a
s
t e
b
o
u
n
d a
r y
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
s
i
d e
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
l
i
n
e
d u
r i
n
g
fow varies with the type o f line used to pump the shotcrete m
e
t
t i
i
x
e
o
t u
r
o
n
r e
f
o
A
a d h
t
f
n
(
h
t
o
h
n
t
y
e
l
e
-
p
i
i
n
t o
a
c
c
c
e
t
a
.
a
e
l
l
l
S
l
y ,
m
a
e
v
r a
s
a
a
t e
t
l
i
e
l
l
-
a
d
e
l
t
d i
b
w
l
a
u
e
e
t
b
m
p
-
e
e
a
m
t
s
i
o
e
t
r
r
e
x
r u
l
i
t
s
n
h
h
a
o
b
e
b
s
n
t c
e
r
r e
l
a
r e
l
y
f
r e
-
a
s
-
a
l
m
i
x
t
u
r e
p
a
n
e
l
s
.
S
t
r e
n
g
t
h
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
l
c
l
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e
d
o
f
p
l
r o
o
c
j
e
a l
c
t s
m
a t
w
e
h
r i
e
a
l
r e
s
h
r e
a
s
s
e
b
a
e
r c
e
n
h
p
e
i
n
t o
r f o
t h
r m
e
e
d .
e
r e
t o
a
v
e
r t
i
c
a
l
w
a
l
l
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
h
qu
r g
t
n
e
o
i
e
t
s
e
r e
-
)
a
a
d i
h
a
a t
diameter line should have su
d i
c
a
t e
fow
mixture because a mixture able to
h
m
c
a
n
i
d
g
e
t
h
t e
n
h
e
r
b
e
r
l
e
d i
p
i
r o
n
p
e
u
a m
p
s
o
-
r -
.
m
p
e
d
s
a
h
i
g
h
-
qu
a
l
i
t
y
through a small-
fcient paste so that all aggre fcient fnes to -
gate particles are coated and there are su u
b
r i
a d h
e
c
a
t e
r e
t
h
t o
e
a
l
v
i
n
e
e
r t
i
.
I
c
a
n
a
l
s
d d i
u
t i
r f a
c
o
e
n
,
,
i
t h
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
w cm
e
/
i
t
c
s
r e
u
t
s
e
u
m
a
l
l
i
x
y
t u
l
e
r e
s
w
s
t h
i
l
a
l
n
0.45. There fore, a shotcrete mixture that can be pumped t h
r o
u
g
h
a
s
m
a
l
l
-
d i
a
m
e
t
e
r
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
w
i
l
l
m
a
t
P
w
i
A
t
t h
a l
t
i
s
s
m
o
p
e
n
g
s
a
t s
t
g
o
e
n
h
h
3
e
i
e
i
e
i
g
o
n
0
u
l
t h
r a
t
o
n
h
a
a
c
g
a
d i
n
y
x
g
s
i
e
m
n
u
g
r e
g
m
g
b
l
a
a
i
r e
g
g
n
b
n
t
n
a
t
.
c
i
o
o
o
s
n
t
t
a
a s
g
1
.
f o
t e
o
c
n
r e
e
.
p
s
F
e
h
i
w
i
a
r c
o
n
w
u
r e
s
s
e
p
e
n
i
c
r
t
m
o
d v
a
a t
1
r d a n
n
n
e
e
o
e
r e
1
t
c
y
o
g
c
t e
s
e
a c
r r e
c
t
A
T a
i
o
m
I
.
e
c
r e
d .
a
n
t
g
m
e
u
n
g
t e
i
s
e
t
d o
t
a
u
r s
i
e
n
a x
e
m
o
e
s
m
o
b
c
r s
b
e
n
e
e
d
%
n
a
i
t
e
t
o
a
v
e
r t
i
c
a
l
/
c
c
r ,
d h
w cm is generally less than 0.45.
e
g
e
o
g
n
r e
h
r t
v
s
t h
n
g
t
s
a t
d
o
,
p
t
n
a
w
t h
r e
e
e
o
i
a
r t i
e
r o
h
r e
l
o
m
t r a
g
a
p
t h
y ,
r e
a g
r i
t h
i
l
e
r o
fcient cementitious a
surface is assurance that there is both su
s
b
e
u
l
e
c
h
t
l
a
b
g
g
h
e
m
A
d
i
w
o
g
i
e
e
o
g
a
g
p
t
l
c
d e
o
f
b
2
n
;
h
c
I
o
n
h
t
n
a
r e
e
g
i
C
c
m
h
t
t
t
t
p
t
n
e
d
a
o
a
e
n
i
m
t e
d
e
s
o
t
h
e
i
o
1
g
t e
t a
h
u
.
y
r -
n
r a
t
d
.
t e
b
n
o
e
n
1
a c
r p
h
e
l
1
r e
l
a t
l
d
have a sand fneness modulus o f 2.5 to 2.9. In addition, the m
i
x
t u
r e
s
h
o
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
a
w
a
t
e
r -
r e
d u
c
i
n
g
a
d m
i
x
t
u
r e
a
n
d
a
w
a
t e
r
content that will yield a slump o f 2 to 4 in. (50 to 1 00 mm) w
i
.
5000 psi (3 5 MPa), however, should not be specifed except i
s
f
m
u
sive strengths o f 8000 to 1 0,000 psi (55 to 69 MPa) have b
o
s
n
n
r e
h
a
n
l
d
h
t o
l
c
t
u
a
a
e
t
d d s
i
g
h
m
r e
n
n
t e
e
w
s
o
y
x
a
s
x
b
i
z
n
r e
r e
e
z
t
i
r t i
e
m
h
a
r i
m
-
l
o
t
.
,
p
i
e
h
r o
t
h
n
i
p
n
o
r e
h
n
e
a
e
b
t
w
e
r o
o
g
f e
d s
r a
s
p
z
o
c
m
d
r
o
T
e
r o
z
e
r o
d r y
x
t h
p
o
z
f o
r e
n
m
n
t e
p
t
s
o
.
,
u
c
cm:agg
e
t
c
h
d e
d
)
r e
d r y
s
f
h
m
y ,
a
o
t o
t h
b
g
)
l
t
n
s
n
t
l
s
x
r e
a
s
i
i
t
l
n
n
P
r e
d
b
i
e
.
-
s
o
n
e
e
r e
M
g
r f a
c
a d d s
2
n
h
d r y
n
x
t
a n
i
d i
s
— T
T r a d i
a
s
n
o
.
m
h
p
i
s
m
n
b
l
n
r
r i
i
n
0
e
t h
e
o
,
e
h
i
e
i
e
/
n
h
r s
h
s
b
cm:agg is maintained, is su cient to ensure
p
t
i
r t
t
w cm
r t
e
t y
T
t
(
v
t o
r e
o
4
r
i
n
n
a
a n
o
g
e
f
o
a t
o
r t i
u
e
e
t r e
d e
l
m
o
t h
s
p
h
p
W a
s
o
r o
s
,
n
l
l
y .
d
a
l
c
a l
u
s
a
i
r e
w
a
d
qu
u
a
d .
p
t
o
t o
d e
r i
i
a
s
w
p
t
v
s
i
n
e
p
r
e
e
f
l
o
a
s
r o
r e
i
e
v
a
t e
c
p
t s
I
a
i
t i
m
h
e
o
b
t i
b
a
v
A
m
l
x
u c
d
r a
n
n
d h
m
e
w
p
p
o
t e
e
n
m
h
d u
b
i
t
r
s
t
2.5.3.2 Dry-mix process m
c
g
d u
through a small-diameter (3 in. [75 mm] and less) line and
g
r
t c
,
.
p
h
Section 1 .5
n
s
r o
s
f o
h
i
p
su
r e
n
t i
e
s
.
u
o
d d i
n
a
r e
r f a
x
c
u
similar mixtures, feld trials, preconstruction testing, or all o f t
h
.
o f coarse aggregate in thin sections, resulting in a fner
t
r o
fner than when batched because the larger particles have
n
particularly the wet-mix process. Di erences, however, s
A
p
T
2.5.3 Proportioning of shotcrete mixture 2.5.3.1 General— M
a
t h
F
w cm between 0.3 5 and 0.45. w cm
a
o
r
/
d u
r a b
i
l
i
t
y
a n
d
p
u
m
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y ,
/
f o
r
n
o
r m
a
l
w
e
t
-
m
i
x
shotcrete typically ranges from 0.4 to 0.45 without admix t u
r e
s
r e
d u
c
i
n
g
r e
d u
c
i
n
g
a d m
d i
a
.
i
m
A
x
e
t u
t
e
l
o
a
t
r e
r
l
w
d m
h
s
i
e
e
.
w cm
r
i
/
x
w
W e
n
e
n
t
a
t
e
u
r e
t e
-
e
r
s
.
c
m
i
a
s
C
o
x
d s
i
n
t
s
p
a
e
h
m
i
u
n
o
n
o
t
i
t
t
i
s
s
o
c
b
n
w
r e
m
i
u
i
t
l
s
e
h
h
t e
w
p
m
o
t h
a
u
u
i
l
e
d
u
m
m
t h
o
p
u
b
s
e
n
t
e
h
e
t
o
u
e
o
d
t
e
f
h
f
x
e
w
r o
p
a
s
e
r c
a t
u
s
i
e
g
t
o
s
e
r -
h
e
f
w
d
r e
w
d u
a
t o
a
p
s
t e
h
c
m
r o
i
e
n
a
v
i
l
n
g
l
p
o
n
r e
a
d e
n
d
t e
t h
r m
e
i
n
l
e
i
m
t h
i
t
e
a
t i
w
o
a
n
t
e
s
r
o
c
f
o
w
n
t
o
e
r k a
n
t
i
b
n
i
l
i
w
t
y
e
t -
r e
qu
m
i
x
i
r e
s
h
d
o
t
f o
c
r
r e
t
p
e
u
.
m
p
i
-
d e
a lubricating flm to allow pumping. The type o f applica t i
-
r -
n
-
g
18
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) A
6
%
b
e
A
c
s
l
o
w
a
u
t h
n
i
t
b
o
e
e
r
j
e
u
n
t -
e
g
m
n
c
t
t
e
h
t ,
i
x
r a
i
d
t h
t
h
s
n
t
o
e
e
h
m
t
c
n
f r e
s
i
o
e
n
h
-
o
p
p
e
t
l
r e
t
z
c
a
t
i
n
r e
c
e
r i
m
o
r
g
a
t e
e
a
i
t
n
m
i
x
r
t
o
d
i
r e
h
o
t h
x
c
u
s
o
t u
n
s
o
a
w
r e
t
e
h
t i
i
t
u
g
n
m
n
o
n
g
a
o
l
d
w
i
y
f
n
h
e
s
h
t
h
h
a
a
a v
e
v
n
t
u
e
s
e
t
e
r a
6
h
a
h
o
m
s
t
e
c
n
t
c
o
r e
i
o
d
%
t
h
i
c
o
r
n
h
t e
m
r e
i
i
o
w
t i
h
l
m
e
d i
g
w
u
t
e
l
o
i
n
r
s
a i
o
n
f
l
l
l
.
r
y
have between 3 and 5% air content. Adding fbers to a shotcrete mixture increases the total s
u
m
r f a c
i
x
t u
e
a r e
r e
s
a
m
t
a
h
a
y
t
s
r e
h
o
qu
i
u
l
d
b
r e
e
c
a d d i
t
o
i
a
o
t e
n
a
d
w
l
c
i
e
t h
m
a
e
n
p
t i
t
i
a
s
o
t
u
e
,
s
s
o
m
F
a
t e
R S
r i
a
l
depending on the amount o f fbers added. Testing or prior e
x
p
e
r i
e
n
c
e
w
i
l
l
g
u
i
d e
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
e
x
t
r a
m
a
t e
r i
a
l
i
s
n
e
e
d e
d .
When using synthetic macrofbers, the designer should be
aware o f f exural creep properties (ACI PRC-506.1 O
e
s
t a
g
a t
p
r o
n
b
e
e
l
i
s
c
e
m
s
u
e
e
h
p
t
p
d
t
l
h
h
i
d
e
e
a s
o
w
r
s
o
’
h
s
o
e
f
t
r e
d e
d a
w
p
t a
n
i
l
n
o
n
t
i
s
m
i
r
t
e
n
y
a
h
i
a
o
g
g
f o
r y
f
r e
l
l
p
t
g
o
h
a
w
r o
e
m
t e
i
p
n
r e
g
o
i
l
e
r t i
x
t u
a t
x
o
i
a
n
i
r e
v
(
e
m
n
g
f r o
d e
p
l
e
w
n
e
t
m
s
i
t
-
)
t h
y
.
m
t
i
x
e
e
i
a
s
t
s
g
s
g
)
t
o
r e
a
n
-
d
Fig. 2. 6. 1. 2—Volumetric mixer providing shotcrete mixture to pump.
:
Example 1 Specifed requirements:
a t
e
m
2
8
-
d a
y
c
o
m
p
r e
s
s
i
v
e
s
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n
g
t h
:
4
0
0
0
p
s
i
(
2
8
M
P
a
C
P
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e
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i
m
r e
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t
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m
:
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s
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n
a
i
z
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e
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t e
:
1
/ 2
i
n
.
(
1
2
m
m
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g
n
:
a
s
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m
e
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t
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e
t
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t
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3 91 5 – 650 – 260 = 3 005 lb/yd
r
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n
Weight-batched
2.6.1.1 b
y
g
c
a
n
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e
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6
/ C
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A
l
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a
6
l
i
b
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R .
F
t e
o
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n
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t c
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l
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g
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a
ASTM C685/
d
e
r e
g
g
cm agg
a
:
p
l
a c
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s
c
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o
d
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i
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g
t r i
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c
a
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e
p
s
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c
h
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c
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F
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2
.
6
.
1
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c
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1
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a
b
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4
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b
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p
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t
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l
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d
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t
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c
t
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.
8
.
1
1
)
r e
.
i
h
t h
e
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n
a
M
d m
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i
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x
u
t
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l
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d
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y
d r a
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t
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x
c
t
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t
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o
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s
b
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l
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p
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d u
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c
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d
s
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h
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a
V
t
h
l
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M
e
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d
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u
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g
e
r
r
a
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a
n
t
n
i
t
t
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d
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,
e
h
t h
p
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e
i
n
a
n
t
s
h
d m
w
h
o
i
t
x
e
-
-
r e
t
,
c
e
m
e
n
t s
b
e
c
o
m
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
w
e
t t
e
d .
I
f
t
h
i
f
s
d o
e
s
n
o
t
t a
k e
place, the hydration admixture may not work e ectively. It
o
s
r e
n
t r a
l
c
o
n
c
a d m
— W e
r e
t
e
p
i
l
g
a
h
n
c
o
m
m
e
n
d e
d
t
h
a t
a
t
r i
a
l
m
i
x
t u
r e
b
e
p
r o
d u
c
e
S
a
T
t
c
h
M
e
d ,
C
9
m
4
i
/ C
x
9
e
4
d ,
a
M
,
n
n
t
,
s
u
c
h
a s
t h
a
x
t u
r e
s
p
e
r f o
r m
i
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
m
a
n
n
e
d
t o
e
n
s
u
r e
r .
.
d
o
i
2.6.1.4 Fibers —The use o f steel and synthetic fbers
t
t
n
b
o
t
h
w
e
t
-
m
i
x
a
n
d
d r y
-
m
i
x
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
i
s
d e
s
c
r i
b
e
d
i
n
Sections 2.1 .7.4 and 2.3 . It is important that fbers be
r
n
i
f o
r m
l
y
d i
s
t
r i
b
u
t
e
d
t h
r o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t h
e
i
n
-
p
l
a
c
e
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
mixture. Whichever shotcrete process is used, fbers are
.
i
p
d m
.
shotcrete h
a t
priate dispensing devices for the specifc admixture. When
— A
u
t o
-
u
a
a
,
.
2.6.1.2 Volumetrically batched shotcrete mixtures m
o
s
l
u
A
t
n
i
P
t
i
,
i
s
d
n
e
Specifcations for batching tolerances are available in C685M
u
a
b
w
s
r r e
)
y
fcult a
t
n
d m
h
W
c
f e
M
a r e
o
b
.
i
b
2.6.1.3 Admixtures—
)
t h
c
r e
C
=
m
1
batched by weight or volume. For proj ects with di a c
r e
M
3
(
t h
— P
g
e
a
V
)
a d m
p
t
(
3
m
s
a
g
be measured by bags (94 lb [43 kg] ), and the aggregates may
o
t
t h
n
ments o f ASTM C685/C685M. Cementitious material may
)
2.6—Batching and mixing x
i
M
0
n
A
e
t s
3
(1 54 kg/m
d
3
2.6.1 Introduction
i
x
)
3
T
g
)
3
t i
m
n
3
Select cement content as 650 lb/yd (3 85 kg/m
c
h
)
3
s
t
3
There fore: total weight per cubic yard = 1 45 × 27 =
i
i
r i
f
o
3 91 5 lb/yd (23 25 kg/m
E
u
C685M and s
3
p
w
s
mixtures should meet the requirements o f ASTM C685/
)
I
d e
1 45 lb/ft (23 25 kg/m
t y
a
)
f o
M
d
e
t
a
s
s
o
c
i
-
s
u
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
r o
d u
c
e
d
b
y
b
a t
c
h
i
n
g
a
t
t h
e
m
i
x
i
n
g
s
t a
g
e
.
P
r e
c
o
n
-
19
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) s
t
r u
t o
c
d e
t
i
v
o
e
n
l
o
t r i
p
a
p
l
s
r o
a
c
r e
e
u
d u
s
r e
u
s
a
t
l
l
h
y
a
r e
t
w
c
i
o
l
l
m
m
m
i
e
n
i
n
d e
m
i
z
d
e
f o
b
r
a l
l
m
i
n
a
g
n
u
o
a
r
l
c
f e
l
u
e
m
d i
p
i
n
n
g
g
o f the fbers and ensure uni form distribution o f the fber t h
r o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
i
x
t u
r e
.
V
M
C
M
u
n
i
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
qu
i
p
p
e
i
x
i
g
t u
r e
(
ACI PRC-506.1
)
.
— P
r e
(
a
(
b
)
(
c
)
)
d i
e
A
n
c
c
W o
T
h
t
s
e
a
s
s
r k s
e
v
r e
f o
p
o
a
l
a
u
d v
r
c
b
e
m
u
i
e
a
n
l
s
o
t a
k
l
i
f
g
m
m
m
i
e
a
t
a
o
t
e
u
e
s
r i
i
n
a l
i
c
s
i
r c
l
i
u
m
m
i
s
t e
t
a n
a
c
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22
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22)
fculty
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mented previous experience on work o f similar di
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may be used to demonstrate a crew’s profciency in properly
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Fig. 3.1.4.4—Positioning slab bolsters. Correct (left) and incorrect (right) method for placing continuous chairs or slab bolsters. (To avoid sand pockets, the bolster wire should not be adjacent or parallel to a wire mesh.)
23
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) b
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(
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,
forcement are specifed.
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reinforcement. If a
i
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R e
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a s
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p
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s
m
p
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m
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-
h
,
expanded metal lath, or stable inf atable form. In all cases, t h
e
f o
r m
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
b
r a
c
e
d
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r e
d
t o
p
r e
v
e
n
t
v
i
b
r a
-
tion or de f ection during the placement o f the shotcrete. All f o
r m
c
o
m
c
o
n
c
a n
t o
p
s
t
o
r e
r u
b
r y
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p
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c
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v
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s
t
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e
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l
d
h
d
o
f o
s
d e
s
o
a i
n
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e
m
t h
l
d
a
t w
r m
t s
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r
e
n
o
d
a
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s
b
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b
d
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b
d e
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c
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b
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s
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a
a
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g
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d
e
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d
b
t
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a
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p
n
a
h
t
t
r m
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d ,
l
e
a
v
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g
t
h
e
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t
h
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r
s
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r m
e
i
o
t
d e
t c
d
w
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w
v
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o
w
h
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f o
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t i
r
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t
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r
t h
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e
d
s
g
l
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F
f o
a t
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h
s
r
c
c
r
;
a
c
s
a r e
p
o
l
o
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t
f o
e
u
o
m
r n
i
s
e
f a
r m
e
f
n
r s
c
-
d ,
ft and one side may be
o
t i
m
e
s
t
h
e
d e
p
t
h
.
S
i
m
i
-
ft corners. It should be braced
d e
be used to delineate the so
s
r r o
larly, in beam construction, the so f o
r o
g
f o
w
s
o
r i
n
d
e
t
d u
n
h
n
t
n
n
s
o
p
e
n
,
o
r
a
l
i
g
h
t
l
a
t
h
s
t
r i
p
c
a
n
or shored so that no de f ection occurs under the impact and d e
a d
l
o
a d
o
f
t h
e
f r e
s
h
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
.
N
o
n
-
l
o
a d -
b
e
a
r i
n
g
f o
r m
s
may be removed as soon as the shotcrete has achieved fnal
fcient strength and to aid in the curing process. shotcrete achieves suf cient strength to support the member. e
t
.
F
o
r m
s
a
r e
g
e
n
e
r a
l
l
y
n
o
t
s
t r i
p
p
e
d
u
n
t
i
l
t
h
e
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
h
a
s
attained su T
F
h
o
e
c
r m
r e
w
r e
s
m
h
o
o
v
u
a l
l
d
s
l
h
e
o
a
u
v
l
e
d
l
b
o
e
a
d -
d i
b
r e
e
c
a
r i
t e
n
d
g
b
f o
y
r m
t
h
e
s
e
i
n
n
g
p
i
on satis factory feld strength tests (Fig. 3 .1 .5).
r
r
e
o
e
o
n
i
o
s
a r e
r e
s
n
B
o
o
s
l
o
.
r m
h
e
t e
b
f o
e
a b
d ,
r e
a
s
i
s
o
d
use ful for 6 in. (1 50 mm) thick and thicker layers, nonuni f o
i
f when they are adj acent or parallel to
t h
u
l
o
l
o
a
d
m
d
h
e
n
r c
R e
t t
shotcrete from 1 -1 /2 to 6 in. (40 to 1 50 mm) thick. Sel fd r i
f o
y
u
o
t h
o
n
T
p
e
d
)
g
u
e
F
c
r a i
t h
t
p
t
t
m
g
n
o
h
fed reinforcement, position o f work, number and size o f a n
i
3.1.4.5.3 Anchoring to wood— a
s
e
l
c
n
t
u
r
.
s
t
e
d e
t
s
r a
r s
i
e
t
o
u
t t
e
u
,
r c
o
r u
b
n
r s
f o
m
s
a
n
m
t
i
e
t o
s
y
r e
m
a
l
s
r e
d
c
l
o
e
h
l
t
b
a
h
c
n
,
b
y
d i
u
e
s
b
t
t a
o
e
p
a
o
t
m
i
f
t u
h
l
r
o
t o
e
c
,
t ;
d r i
n
a
t y
s
s
e
f o
c
n
r i
d
r e
i
n
c
e
u
s
r c
i
n
i
g
m
f o
f o
m
y
g
e
v
e
u
r c
e
t
a
o
shotcrete to rock. They should be set su
c
— R e
s
s
e
.
t
3.1.4.5.2 Anchoring to concrete, masonry, or rock f o
s
b
.
— R e
t
3
r .
s
fcient clearance around the reinforce
o
3.1.4.5.1 Anchoring to steel a t
e
u
— F
c
A
t
.
d
y
h
r o
3.1.5 Formwork
l
r m
o
a
s
.
located to provide su m
g
e
r m
n
spacing and size should be checked for su a n
e
e
i
i
s
l
e
fcient anchors to
f o
m
d e
c
F
u
n
d
m
fcient anchors should be provided
a
o f the reinforcement. Su
t
n
h
t
;
f
n
f
r e
attention should be given to providing su n
o
o
G
tural shotcrete applications when sections are 6 in. (1 50 mm)
-
-
Fig. 3. 1. 5—Wood formwork.
l
n
a
e
c
e
e
r
u
o
n
r
t
i
b
l
t
a s
h
e
e
d
24
SHOTCRETE—GUIDE (ACI PRC-506-22) 3.1.5.1 Wood forms
a
f o
r m
-
r e
l
e
a
s
e
a
g
e
n
t
— I
m
a
f
y
f o
b
r m
e
a
s
p
a
p
r e
l
i
e
t
o
d
b
t
e
o
r e
t h
m
e
o
f o
v
e
d
r m
a
t
f t
o
e
p
r
u
r e
v
s
e
e
n
,
3.2—Joints
3.2.1 Construction joints—
t
S
a
b
s
o
r p
t i
o
n
o
f
m
o
i
s
t
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d
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i
n
h
i
b
i
t
b
o
n
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
h
o
t
a r e
c
r e
t e
a
n
d
t h
e
f o
r m
.
S
h
o
t c
r e
t i
n
g
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
a
f o
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w
i
t
h
a
f o
r m
l
t
e
h
e
a
s
s
e
h
a
o
t c
g
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n
t ,
t e
h
.
C
o
o
w
n
e
s
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e
r ,
qu
e
m
n
t l
a y
y ,
c
t h
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t
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p
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o
a
f
g
f o
e
n
t
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t
o
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m
e
a
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s
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e
w
a g
i
e
t
h
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
a
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l
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y
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e
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e
c
t
e
d
s
o
a
s
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t
t
o
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m
a g
e
t
h
e
s
u
r f a
n
c
k i
n
o
f
s
h
o
t
c
r e
t
e
o
r
i
n
t e
r f e
r e
w
i
t h
b
o
n
d .
O
t h
e
r w
i
s
e
,
f o
q u
p
a c
l
i
r e
e
m
m
e
e
n
n
t
t
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m
a r e
e
t
h
o
s
i
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m
i
l
a
r
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t
h
a
t
o
f
c
o
n
v
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n
t i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
c
o
l
e
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p
l
y
m
e
m
b
r a
l
l
y
a
v
o
i
d e
d
i
n
s
h
o
t
c
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a
c
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o
c
n
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o
t r u
n
c
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t
t i
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c
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a
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