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Key words – Skimming – Scanning – Eye movement.....................................................
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Giới thiệu IELTS Reading – Academic Module...............................................................
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Contents
Chapter 1: Chiến lược các dạng
& Trả lời câu hỏi (Short – Answer Queation)....................................................................
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Unit 2: Hoàn thành bảng (Notes – Table Comletion).....................................................
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Unit 3: TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN & YES/NO/NOT GIVEN.......................................
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Unit 4: Dạng trắc nghiệm (Multiple Choice)....................................................................
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Unit 5: Các dạng bài phân nhóm (Categorization)..........................................................
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Unit 6: Nối tiêu đề (Matching Heading)............................................................................
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Unit 7: Nối thông tin (Matching Information)..................................................................
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Unit 8: Nối câu (Matching Sentence Endings).................................................................
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Unit 9: Dán nhãn biểu đồ (Diagram Labelling)................................................................
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Unit 1: Hoàn thành câu (Sentence Completion)
Chapter 2: Luyện tập tổng hợp IELTS Practice 1.....................................................................................................................
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IELTS Practice 2.....................................................................................................................
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IELTS Practice 3.....................................................................................................................
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Key Words - Skimming Scanning - Eye Movement Dưới áp lực xử lý thông tin để trả lời 40 câu hỏi của 3 bài đọc IELTS (khoảng 2400-2700 từ) trong thời gian 60 phút, tốc độ của việc xác định vị trí các thông tin trong bài đọc sẽ quyết định tốc độ làm bài và ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến điểm số của thí sinh. Để tối ưu tốc độ tìm kiếm thông tin quan trọng, thí sinh cần làm chủ 4 kỹ thuật sau: Kỹ thuật xác định từ khóa – Key words, kỹ thuật Skimming, kỹ thuật Scanning, kỹ thuật di chuyển mắt – Eye movement. Kỹ thuật xác định từ khóa Khi đọc và phân tích câu hỏi, thí sinh cần phải xác định và phân loại từ khóa theo mức độ hữu dụng trong việc tìm kiếm thông tin trong bài đọc. Từ khóa được chia thành ba loại: • Từ khóa khó thay thế: bao gồm các tên riêng, con số nổi bật, hầu như không bao giờ bị thay thế trong bài đọc → Ưu tiên sử dụng loại từ khóa này để tìm kiếm thông tin. • Từ khóa dễ thay thế: bao gồm các danh từ và có thể bị thay thế bằng cách diễn đạt khác trong bài đọc → Sử dụng loại từ khóa này để tìm kiếm thông tin khi đề bài không chứa Từ khóa khó thay thế. • Từ khóa chìm: bao gồm các động từ, tính từ, hoặc chủ đề của bài đọc. Động từ và tính từ trong hầu hết các trường hợp sẽ bị thay thế bằng từ đồng nghĩa hoặc cách diễn đạt khác trong bài đọc. Chủ đề của bài đọc sẽ được lặp lại nhiều lần nên không có nhiều giá trị trong việc xác định thông tin cần thiết → Sử dụng loại từ khóa này để hiểu nội dung chính của đề bài. Chỉ dùng để tìm kiếm thông tin khi đề bài không chứa 2 loại từ khóa trên, hoặc khi không xác định được cách diễn đạt thay thế cho 2 loại từ khóa trên trong bài đọc.
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Thứ tự ưu tiên sử dụng từ khóa để xác định thông tin cần thiết: Từ khóa khó thay thế → Từ khóa dễ thay thế → Từ khóa chìm. Trong trường hợp đề bài không chứa Từ khóa khó thay thế, thí sinh cần sử dụng 2 loại từ khóa còn lại để xác định trông tin cần thiết trong bài đọc. Kỹ thuật Skimming Skimming là kỹ thuật giúp tăng tốc độ đọc hiểu và tăng lượng thông tin tiếp thu khi đọc thông qua việc nhóm từ (word grouping) và đọc nhanh (speed reading). Kỹ thuật Skimming được dùng để đọc hiểu nội dung chính của một đoạn văn hoặc toàn bộ bài đọc, và được ứng dụng để xử lý nhiều dạng câu hỏi trong bài thi IELTS Academic Reading, như dạng Nối tiêu đề - Matching headings. Kỹ năng Scanning Scanning là kỹ thuật đọc lướt văn bản và dùng để xác định nhanh chi tiết cụ thể trong bài đọc mà không cần hiểu nội dung. Các dạng bài điển hình cần sử dụng Scanning là dạng TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN hoặc YES/ NO/NOT GIVEN, dạng điền từ, dạng nối thông tin, và dạng trắc nghiệm. Kỹ thuật chuyển động mắt (eye movement) Eye movement là một kỹ thuật đọc lướt nhằm tăng tốc độ tìm kiếm thông tin trong bài đọc bằng việc hạn chế việc đọc hiểu thông tin. Thay vì đọc từ trên xuống, người đọc sẽ bắt đầu từ cuối đoạn văn lên, và theo trình từ từ phải qua trái.
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Giới thiệu IELTS Reading – Academic Module 1. Tổng quan về IELTS Reading - Academic Module IELTS Reading (Academic Module) là bài thi đánh giá kỹ năng đọc hiểu của thí sinh gồm 40 câu hỏi, thời gian làm bài trong đúng 60 phút (không có thời gian dành cho ghi lại câu trả lời vào phiếu trả lời Answer Sheet cuối bài thi), kết quả của phần Reading sẽ chỉ được tính dựa trên phiếu trả lời, không dựa vào đáp án mà thí sinh ghi chú ở tờ đề.. Bài thi thông thường bao gồm 3 phần và phần trả lời câu hỏi. Mỗi phần là 1 bài đọc dài khoảng 1000 – 1500 từ với câu hỏi được chia tương đối đều. Các đề tài thường trích dẫn từ sách, báo, tạp chí hoặc tập san và những đề tài này không mang tính chất chuyên môn sâu, nếu bài đọc chứa các thuật ngữ hoặc khái niệm chuyên môn phức tạp có thể được giải thích trong phần chú giải (glossary). Phần thi Reading Academic được thiết kế để kiểm tra một loạt các kỹ năng của thí sinh bao gồm khả năng đọc nhanh và hiểu ý chính của văn bản, đọc hiểu chi tiết, lập luận logic và đánh giá ý kiến, thái độ và mục đích của người viết. 40 câu hỏi gồm nhiều dạng khác nhau bao gồm: 1. Hoàn thành câu (Sentence Completion) 2. Trả lời câu hỏi (Short – Answer Questions) 3. Hoàn thành bảng (Notes – Table Completion) 4. TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5. YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 6. Trắc nghiệm (Multiple Choice) 7. Các dạng bài phân nhóm (Categorization/Matching features) 8. Nối tiêu đề (Matching Headings) 9. Nối thông tin (Matching Information) 10. Nối câu (Matching Sentence Endings) 11. Dán nhãn biểu đồ (Diagram Labelling) 8 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Điều gây khó khăn lớn nhất trong bài thi IELTS Reading là thí sinh phải xử lý một khối lượng thông tin lớn và xác định chính xác phần bài đọc chứa thông tin để trả lời câu hỏi. Ngoài ra, bài thi IELTS thực tế kéo dài trong 3 phần thi liên tiếp: Listening – Reading và Writing trong một buổi thi. Sự phân bổ thời gian và năng lượng làm bài xuyên suốt buổi thi sẽ tối ưu được kết quả làm bài của thí sinh. Do đó, nếu thí sinh tiêu tốn quá nhiều năng lượng vào phần thi thứ 2 trong buổi thi là phần thi Reading thì sự mệt mỏi, choáng váng này sẽ đi theo bạn sang phần thi tiếp theo là Writing – một phần thi đòi hỏi kỹ năng tập trung tư duy phân tích vấn đề, phản biện rất mạnh. Do đó, việc tối ưu thời gian và năng lượng cho phần thi IELTS Reading sẽ giúp thí sinh có sự chuẩn bị tốt hơn trong phần thi Writing. Để giải quyết vấn đề thời gian và năng lượng trong bài thi IELTS Reading, ZIM đề xuất một số kỹ thuật phổ biến trong luyện tập kỹ năng Reading nói chung, tùy biến và áp dụng vào trong bài thi IELTS.
Skimming là kỹ thuật đọc nhanh để tìm ý chính của bài đọc, các đoạn trong bài đọc. Mỗi bài đọc luôn nói về một chủ đề nhất định, trong bài đọc chứa nhiều đoạn (paragraph) và mỗi đoạn luôn nói về một ý chính (main idea). Skimming để tìm ra chủ đề của bài đọc và ý chính của các đoạn.
Scanning là kỹ thuật đọc nhanh để tìm các nội dung chi tiết trong bài đọc và trong các đoạn. Những nội dung chi tiết là những nội dung chứa thông tin liên quan đến câu trả lời, nhờ vào việc hiểu và phân tích, đánh giá những nội dung chi tiết này, thí sinh có thể đưa ra câu trả lời chính xác cho phần thi của bản thân.
Eye-movement là cách di chuyển mắt tối ưu để tăng tốc độ dò thông tin trong bài đọc. Trong phạm vi nội dung cuốn sách này, kỹ thuật này không phục vụ cho việc đọc hiểu mà mục đích là tối ưu việc tìm kiếm thông tin thông qua các từ khóa (Keywords) – dấu hiệu của những nội dung chi tiết chứa thông tin trả lời câu hỏi.
Phương pháp I.S.E.A đại diện cho 4 bước làm bài bao gồm Identify – xác định nội dung câu hỏi và từ khóa, Spot out – dùng kỹ thuật Skimming và Scanning để tìm phần bài đọc chứa thông tin liên quan đến câu hỏi, Extract – đọc hiểu nội dung chi tiết, đánh giá và đưa ra câu trả lời – Answer. 9 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
2. Các dạng câu hỏi trong bài thi IELTS Reading - Academic Module Dạng 1. Hoàn thành câu – Sentence Completion Dạng câu hỏi Hoàn thành câu kiểm tra khả năng tìm kiếm thông tin chi tiết. Đối với dạng này, thí sinh sẽ được cung cấp một loạt các câu chưa hoàn chỉnh và được yêu cầu hoàn thành các câu trên bằng một số từ nhất định từ trong văn bản. Trong phần hướng dẫn sẽ có thông báo cụ thể về giới hạn tối đa về từ hoặc số mà thí sinh được phép dùng cho mỗi câu. Ví dụ: “NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER” (tức không quá ba từ hoặc/ và một số), tức là giới hạn về từ vựng là ba từ, giới hạn về số là một số hoặc dãy số, và câu trả lời dài nhất mà thí sinh được viết cho mỗi câu hỏi có độ dài ba từ và một số.
Lưu ý: • Thí sinh chỉ được phép sử dụng những từ vựng xuất hiện trong bài đọc, không được phép chỉnh sửa về loại từ hay số lượng. • Nếu thí sinh vượt quá giới hạn từ được quy định trong phần hướng dẫn, câu trả lời sẽ được tính là sai. • Thí sinh chỉ được phép dựa vào các thông tin đã cho sẵn ở trong văn bản, không được sử dụng bất cứ kiến thức hay trải nghiệm cá nhân để trả lời câu hỏi. • Các câu hỏi trong dạng hoàn thành câu có thứ tự giống như trình tự xuất hiện thông tin trong văn bản, tức là thông tin chứa đáp án câu hỏi đầu tiên sẽ được nằm ở trước thông tin chứa đáp án của câu hỏi thứ hai. • Những từ có dấu gạch nối được tính là một từ (ví dụ: energy-producing, state-led hay three-year-old).
Ví dụ Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer: 1. Chimpanzee is a species of ape, whose natural habitat includes (a)..................... and (b) ..................... 2. By the end of 20th century, chimpanzees have learnt how to use (c)................... (based on tokens display or pictorial symbols). 3. Chimpanzees are famous for their skills in using different kinds of (d)................... 4. (e) ................... are used when chimpanzees drink water.
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Dạng 2. Trả lời câu hỏi – Short-answer questions Dạng câu hỏi này yêu cầu thí sinh đưa ra câu trả lời ngắn cho các câu hỏi liên quan đến nội dung bài đọc. Trong phần hướng dẫn sẽ có thông báo cụ thể về giới hạn tối đa về từ hoặc số mà thí sinh được phép dùng cho mỗi câu trả lời. Ví dụ: “NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER” (tức không quá ba từ hoặc/ và một số), tức là giới hạn về từ vựng là ba từ, giới hạn về số là một số hoặc dãy số, và câu trả lời dài nhất mà thí sinh được viết cho mỗi câu hỏi có độ dài ba từ và một số.
Ví dụ Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet 1. What kind of contents do Jack Schwager’s two books cover? 2. What factor from fund managers affects the difference between purchases and sales? 3. What makes businesses arrive at a fast decision of stop holding their employees? 4. What is the main motivation behind most individual investors' decision to sell a winner?
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Dạng 3. Hoàn thành biểu đồ dòng chảy, bảng, ghi chú và phần tóm tắt - Summary, note, table, flow-chart completion Dạng câu hỏi này kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu thông tin chi tiết cũng như ý chính của một phần văn bản. Đề bài sẽ cung cấp một ghi chú, bảng biểu, phần tóm tắt hoặc sơ đồ còn chưa hoàn chỉnh. Nhiệm vụ của thí sinh là tìm từ/ cụm từ trong bài để điền vào các chỗ trống sao cho nội dung của bảng hoặc sơ đồ đúng với thông tin trong bài đọc. Dạng câu hỏi này có 2 hình thức: 1) thí sinh sẽ tìm từ/cụm từ trong bài đọc hoặc 2) thí sinh sẽ chọn trong danh sách từ được cung cấp sẵn để hoàn thành ghi chú, bảng biểu, phần tóm tắt hoặc sơ đồ.
Lưu ý: Các câu hỏi trong dạng bài hoàn thành biểu đồ dòng chảy, bảng, ghi chú và phần tóm tắt không nhất thiết theo đúng trình tự xuất hiện thông tin trong văn bản. Tuy nhiên, chúng thường xuất hiện trong một phần của văn bản thay vì toàn bộ văn bản.
Ví dụ Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet. Dartmouth Test Participants: 28 students divided into 1 ……………….. groups with the same number of members • Engineering students: had knowledge about mechanical engineering and physics • Novices: had not done any engineering and physics courses in 2 ……………… Tests: the students looked at photographs of buildings, bridges and other similar 3 ................ in an fMRI scanner. After that, the participants looked at the subsequent images with arrow showing 4 ………………………. forces. Then they were asked whether the labels were right. Result: the intermediate students 5 …………………….. the novices.
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Dạng 4. Xác định tính đúng/sai của thông tin – TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN Đối với dạng câu hỏi này, thí sinh sẽ nhận được một số các nhận định về nội dung trong bài đọc và sẽ phải vận dụng thông tin trong bài để xác định xem các nhận định này Đúng/ Sai/ hay Không có (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN). Một trong những nhầm lẫn phổ biến nhất của thí sinh là giữa 2 lựa chọn FALSE và NOT GIVEN. Đối với đáp án FALSE, thông tin trong nhận định vẫn xuất hiện trong bài đọc nhưng sai về mặt nội dung. Trong khi đó, đáp án NOT GIVEN sẽ được lựa chọn khi thông tin trong bài đọc không đủ để khẳng định câu nhận định là đúng (TRUE) hay sai (FALSE). Ví dụ phân biệt nhận định FALSE và NOT GIVEN: Thông tin trong bài đọc: A great number of people in New Zealand choose to educate their children at home. (Rất nhiều người ở New Zealand chọn giáo dục con cái của họ tại nhà.) Nhận định: A. Only a few people in New Zealand choose to homeschool their children. (Chỉ có ít người ở New Zealand chọn giáo dục con cái họ tại nhà.) → FALSE vì sai về mặt nội dung. B. The majority of people in New Zealand choose to homeschool their children. (Hầu hết người ở New Zealand chọn giáo dục con cái họ tại nhà.) → NOT GIVEN vì thông tin trong bài đọc là “có rất nhiều người”, “rất nhiều” ở đây có thể là “hầu hết” người dân New Zealand lên đến hàng chục triệu người hoặc cũng có thể là vài nghìn người → không đủ dữ kiện để khẳng định nhận định trên là đúng hay sai.
Lưu ý: • Các câu hỏi ở dạng này được sắp xếp theo trình tự thông tin trong bài đọc. • Câu hỏi ở dạng này chỉ đánh giá việc hiểu thông tin trong bài đọc. Tất cả các kiến thức cá nhân của thí sinh sẽ không thể được áp dụng.
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Ví dụ Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
1. Tony Destra was one of the first members of Cinderella in 1983. 2. Cortez played in the band for only four months. 3. Cinderella saw continuous success with Coming Home and Gypsy Road in 1989, followed by The Last Mile. 4. It was not until the Heartbreak Station tour ended that Keifer had to have a medical treatment.
Dạng 5. Xác định quan điểm của người viết bài – YES/NO/ NOT GIVEN Dạng câu hỏi này có cách làm và hình thức tương tự như dạng TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN. Điểm khác biệt duy nhất là đề bài sẽ yêu cầu xác minh các nhận định dựa theo ý kiến, quan điểm của người viết bài thay vì thông tin dựa theo thực tế. Tương tự như dạng bài ở trên, thí sinh thường hay nhầm lẫn giữa NO và NOT GIVEN.
Lưu ý: • Các câu hỏi ở dạng này được sắp xếp theo thứ tự thông tin trong bài đọc • Câu hỏi ở dạng này chỉ đánh giá việc hiểu thông tin trong bài đọc. Tất cả các kiến thức cá nhân của thí sinh sẽ không thể được áp dụng.
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Ví dụ Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27 – 32 on your answer sheet, write:
YES
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
27. The agricultural development several thousand years ago indirectly influenced the way humans make ‘f’ and ‘v’ sounds. 28. Blasi’s study indicated that tooth wear could determine the diversity of languages that humans have. 29. Blasi’s study did not receive much support from many linguists. 30. Before new agricultural techniques were applied, overbite had been a natural feature of human’s mouth, especially in adults. 31. It is easier for a person with bigger overbite to make the sounds ‘f’ and ‘v’. 32. Hunters use more “f” sounds than people working in the field of agriculture.
Dạng 6. Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm – Multiple choice Ở dạng câu hỏi này, thí sinh sẽ phải chọn một, hai hoặc ba đáp án đúng dựa trên những lựa chọn đã được cho trước để trả lời câu hỏi đưa ra ở đề bài. Trong những bài thi gần đây, dạng câu hỏi này thường xuất hiện ở bài đọc thứ 3 (argumentative text) và được thiết kế để đánh giá việc đọc - hiểu các ý kiến/ thái độ của tác giả hoặc vai trò của các câu trong đoạn văn.
Lưu ý: Các câu hỏi sẽ được sắp xếp theo trình tự của bài đọc. Ví dụ 1 According to the second paragraph, what was the idea of Blasi in his research? A. We produced new sounds because our teeth structure changed. B. Our languages were created because our teeth structure changed. C. Apes also had changes in teeth like humans. D. It took millions of years for our teeth to change.
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Ví dụ 2 In the final paragraph, what did Steven Moran say about languages? A. Changes in diet helped people produce more sounds than just labiodentals. B. Half of the languages nowadays share the same sounds. C. Some languages do not contain “f” and “v” sounds. D. It is unclear whether “f” and “v” sounds will be more popular in languages.
Ví dụ 3 Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about the “neural score”? A. It was an indicator of how well a student performed on the concept knowledge tests. B. Scientists compared students’ performance on three tests to create the neural score. C. The neural score method is the most effective method in cognitive neuroscience. D. It could be created only by using brain activities. E. It reflects how different parts of the brain function.
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Dạng 7. Phân nhóm thông tin – Categorization/Matching features Ở dạng câu hỏi này, thí sinh sẽ phải nối các nhóm thông tin như tên người, ngày, tháng, năm, tên các dự án hoặc nghiên cứu với từng nhận định hoặc mẩu thông tin tương ứng. Dạng câu hỏi phân nhóm thông tin kiểm tra khả năng xác định mối quan hệ giữa các nhóm thông tin cũng như khả năng xác định các ý kiến và lý thuyết được trình bày trong bài đọc.
Lưu ý: • Thứ tự các nhận định hoặc mẩu thông tin không được sắp xếp theo trình tự của bài đọc. • Mỗi nhóm thông tin (tên người, thời gian) có thể xuất hiện nhiều hơn 1 lần trong bài.
Ví dụ Look at the following research findings and the list of researchers below. Match each research finding with the correct researcher, A, B or C. Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in the boxes 1 - 4 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1. The amount of energy expended from doing exercise is not equally matched with the amount of calories gained from food. 2. The purpose of exercise is far more significant than to help a person lose weight. 3. Energy expenditure from a person’s daily activities, besides regular workouts, can largely determine their body weight. 4. Some evidence suggests that people underestimate the complexity of what causes obesity. A.
Herman Pontzer
B.
Glenn Gaesser
C.
James Betts
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Dạng 8. Nối thông tin – Matching information Ở dạng câu hỏi này, thí sinh sẽ phải nối những mẩu thông tin chi tiết được cho trong các câu hỏi với đoạn văn tương ứng có chứa thông tin đó. Các đoạn văn sẽ được đánh dấu theo thứ tự A, B, C, D và thí sinh sẽ phải nối chữ cái của đoạn văn tương ứng với mẩu thông tin phù hợp. Mục đích của dạng bài này là để đánh giá khả năng xác định thông tin chi tiết của thí sinh cũng như xác định loại thông tin (ví dụ, lý thuyết, định nghĩa, …).
Một số lưu ý: • Các câu hỏi sẽ không được sắp xếp theo trình tự thông tin trong bài đọc. • Khi đề bài cho “You may use any letters more than once”, thí sinh có thể chọn 1 đáp án cho 2 câu (ví dụ đáp án B cho cả câu 14 và 15).
Ví dụ Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letters, A-G, in boxes 14 – 18 on your answer sheet. 14. a reference to the participants’ background information 15. an explanation of the difference between an engineer and a novice when they looked at images of real-world structures 16. informational network analysis could be used in the evaluation of different teaching approaches 17. an explanation of the difference in students’ brain function when looking at a photograph 18. a test prior to the one that involved the use of an fmRI Scanner traditional methods to measure how well a student grasps a new concept
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Dạng 9. Nối tiêu đề đoạn văn – Matching headings Ở dạng câu hỏi này, thí sinh sẽ có 1 danh sách các tiêu đề cho các đoạn văn và nhiệm vụ là phải nối những tiêu đề này với các đoạn văn phù hợp. Các tiêu đề sẽ được đánh dấu theo ký tự la mã (i, ii, iii, …) và sẽ chứa nội dung chính của các đoạn văn. Các đoạn văn sẽ được đánh dấu theo thứ tự A, B, C, D, ... Mục đích chính của dạng bài này là kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu thông tin tổng quát, ý chính trong mỗi đoạn văn.
Ví dụ Reading passage 2 has 6 sections, from A to G Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below Write the correct number, from i to ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet List of headings i. Conclusion was made on an analysis of men and women’s chronic neuropathic pain ii. The inclusion of females in pain research used to encounter certain obstacles iii. A criticism of a wrong belief iv. Different pain conditions were found in women v. A difference found in males’ and females’ neuropathic pain vi. Promising scenarios for the medicine field vii. A surprising cause of massive deaths in the US viii. Challenges to include sex differences in medicine researches ix. Less attention has been paid to gender-specific medicine 14. Section A 15. Section B 16. Section C 17. Section D 18. Section E 19. Section F 20. Section G
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Dạng 10. Nối câu – Matching sentence endings Dạng câu hỏi này kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu nội dung chính của một câu. Đề bài dạng nối câu sẽ cung cấp cho thí sinh một nhóm các câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, và một nhóm khác có chứa những phần đuôi của câu (endings). Nhiệm vụ của thí sinh là chọn từ nhóm endings các cụm phù hợp để ghép với phần câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, sao cho nghĩa câu khi đó đúng với nội dung bài đọc.
Ví dụ Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-D below. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet 1. One of the lemurs that Louise Peckre observed in Madagascar .......... 2. An article in the journal Primates says some lemurs .......... 3. Benzoquinone is a substance that millipedes .......... List of endings A. used millipedes to probably treat themselves from intestinal worms. B. tried to neutralize the toxic content of those insects to eat them. C. used 3 millipedes to rub on its body many times. D. used as a self-defensive weapon to protect themselves from predators.
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Dạng 11. Dán nhãn biểu đồ - Diagram labelling Dạng câu hỏi Dán nhãn biểu đồ kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu nội dung miêu tả và liên kết nội dung đó với các thông tin được trình bày dưới dạng biểu đồ. Đề bài dạng Dán nhãn biểu đồ cung cấp cho thí sinh câu hỏi dưới dạng hình ảnh biểu đồ, với nhiệm vụ của thí sinh là tìm thông tin trong bài đọc để điền vào các chỗ trống phù hợp. Trong phần hướng dẫn sẽ có thông báo cụ thể về giới hạn tối đa về từ hoặc số mà thí sinh được phép dùng cho mỗi câu trả lời. Ví dụ: “NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER” (tức không quá ba từ hoặc/ và một số), tức là giới hạn về từ vựng là ba từ, giới hạn về số là một số hoặc dãy số, và câu trả lời dài nhất mà thí sinh được viết cho mỗi câu hỏi có độ dài ba từ và một số.
Ví dụ Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
(1) _____________________________
Travel & Tourism
to provide meals
to (2) _______ people around
Example: restaurants
Example: means of transport
Hospitality Industry
(3) __________
Recreation
to provide (4) ___________
to freshen (5) ____________________
Example:
hotels,
campgrounds, motels
hostels,
Example:
movie
theater,
zoos,
museums, sports center Nguồn tham khảo: ielts.org
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Chapter 1 Chiến lược các dạng
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Unit
1
Hoàn thành câu & Trả lời câu hỏi
Dạng bài hoàn thành câu là dạng bài phổ biến luôn xuất hiện trong bài thi IELTS Reading. Đề bài yêu cầu thí sinh tìm từ phù hợp trong bài đọc để điền vào chỗ trống trong các câu được cung cấp.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1
Bước 2
Bước 3
Identifying
Spotting
Extracting & Answering
• Xác định và phân
• Scan bài đọc để tìm
• Đối chiếu phần chứa
loại từ khóa.
khu vực chứa thông
thông tin và câu hỏi. Đọc
• Xác định dạng từ
tin cần thiết (dựa trên
hiểu phần thông tin vừa
cần điền vào chỗ
những từ khoá đã tìm).
tìm được.
trống và số từ cần
• Khi scan đoạn văn,
• Chọn từ và đối chiếu
điền dựa theo đề bài.
thí sinh lưu ý cần sử
với dạng từ cần điền đã
dụng kỹ thuật Eye-
xác định ở bước 1.
movement.
• Đọc lại câu để một lần nữa kiểm tra độ chính xác của thông tin.
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2. Ví dụ Some animals are actually very well-known for their outstanding intelligence compared to most other types of animals in the wild, one of the prime example is chimpanzee. Chimpanzee is a species of ape that is most closely related to humans, which inhabit in tropical forests and savannas. Some basic knowledge about chimpanzees is that their diet is primarily vegetarian, consisting of mostly fruits, leaves, and seeds but also bird eggs and chicks, many insects, which provide them with enough nutrients for the development of mental ability. Chimpanzees are highly intelligent and are able to find solutions for many kinds of problems posed to them by human trainers and experimenters. Since the last few years of the 90s, a number of researchers have successfully taught chimpanzees to use sign languages including those based on the display of tokens or pictorial symbols. Also, communication between chimps in the wild takes the form of facial expressions, gestures, and a large array of vocalizations, including screams, hoots, grunts, and roars. Chimpanzees are also well-known for their skills in using tools. In fact, various tools are used in several contexts. For example, Chimpanzees “fish” for termites and ants with tools made of grass stalks, vines, branches, peeled bark, and midribs of leaves. In other cases, they crack hard nuts open by using stones, roots, and wood as hammers, and they use “leafy sponges” (which are a handful of folded leaves or moss) to drink water.
Questions 1-4 Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer: 1. Chimpanzee is a species of ape, whose natural habitat includes (a) .................................... .................. and (b) ......................................................... 2. By the end of 20 th century, chimpanzees have learnt how to use (c) ................................ ....................... (based on tokens display or pictorial symbols). 3. Chimpanzees are famous for their skills in using different kinds of (d) .............................. ........................ 4. (e) .............................................................. are used when chimpanzees drink water.
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3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying *Xem lại phần lý thuyết về từ khoá trong phần 1 để hiểu cách xác định từ khoá dễ scan. natural habitat là cụm danh từ → Từ khoá dễ thay thế
Chimpanzee is a species of ape , whose natural habitat includes (a)..................... and (b) ..................... Do Chimpanzee là chủ đề của bài đọc và sẽ được lặp lại nhiều lần → Từ khóa chìm
Ape là danh từ chỉ 1 loài động vật nên sẽ khó bị thay thế trong bài đọc. → Từ khóa khó thay thế
include là động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Xác định dạng từ cần điền và số lượng từ cần điền:
... natural habitat includes (a) ........... and (b) ............
• Động từ include được dùng để liệt kê một cố ví dụ cho danh từ trước đó:
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
natural habitat. Chính vì vậy, (a) và (b) sẽ là ví dụ cho natural habitat và là dạng Danh từ/Cụm danh từ. • Số từ cần điền: Không quá 2.
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Bước 2: Spotting Thứ tự ưu tiên sử dụng từ khóa để tìm thông tin: ape, natural habitat → Chimpanzee, include Some animals are actually very well-known for their outstanding intelligence compared to most other types of animals in the wild, one of the prime example is chimpanzee. Chimpanzee is a species of (1) ape that is most closely related to humans, which (2) inhabit in tropical forests and savannas. Some basic knowledge about chimpanzees is that their diet is primarily vegetarian, consisting of mostly fruits, leaves, and seeds but also bird eggs and chicks, many insects, which provide them with enough nutrients for the
(1) Từ khoá 1 (2) Từ khoá 2 Inhabit = sinh sống, cư ngụ → dạng động từ của từ habitat Điểm nhìn đầu tiên và hướng di chuyển của mắt
development of mental ability.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Chimpanzee is a species of ape that is most closely related to humans, which inhabit in tropical forests and savannas.
Chimpanzee is a species of ape, whose natural habitat includes (a)....................... and (b)....................... → Đáp án: (a) tropical forests, (b) savannas (đều là Danh từ và độ dài không quá hai từ, do đó thỏa mãn điều kiện) ● Trong các dạng bài điền từ (ngoại trừ dạng bài Summary), các thông tin thường sẽ đi lần lượt theo thứ tự câu hỏi (đáp án câu 1 sẽ nằm trước đáp án câu 2). ● Các đáp án không cách nhau quá xa (có thể cách 1-2 đoạn rất ngắn, không cách đến 3 đoạn). ● Sau khi chọn xong đáp án trong đoạn, cần đọc tiếp ngay từ câu có đáp án đó, không được bỏ cách xuống đoạn dưới (bởi có những đáp án rất sát nhau).
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Áp dụng tương tự câu 2, 3 và 4 2. By the end of 20th century, chimpanzees have learnt how to use (c)................... (based on tokens display or pictorial symbols). 3. Chimpanzees are famous for their skills in using different kinds of (d).................. 4. (e) ................... are used when chimpanzees drink water.
Đáp án: (c) sign languages. (d) tools. (e) leafy sponges.
Lưu ý: Dạng bài short-answer questions (trả lời câu hỏi) cũng có cách làm tương tự dạng bài Sentence completion (hoàn thành câu).
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4. Ví dụ 2 WHY INVESTORS ARE CAREFUL BUYERS BUT CARELESS SELLERS Only the very best think as hard about exiting positions as entering them A. Jack Schwager was once a moderately successful trader who wondered why he was not an immoderately successful trader. Perhaps if he knew the secrets of trading superstars, such as Paul Tudor Jones or Jim Rogers, he might improve. So he asked them for those secrets. “Market Wizards”, his book of interviews with hedge-fund traders, was published in 1989. A second volume soon followed. B. Both books have since been pored over by a generation of hedge-fund wannabes. They are full of great stories and tips covering a range of investing styles. Yet there are common elements. It is striking, for instance, how little emphasis the wizards put on getting into a position—finding the right trade at the right entry price—compared with when to get out of it. That makes sense. Deciding what and when to sell surely matters at least as much as, and perhaps more than, deciding what to buy. C. The wizardly injunction to cut your losses and let your winners ride has hardened into hedge-fund doctrine. Even so, it is not widely practised in mainstream investing. Fund managers pay lots of attention to buying decisions. But they are remarkably careless in deciding what to sell. D. That is the central finding of “Selling Fast and Buying Slow”, published late last year by a trio of academics—Klakow Akepanidtaworn of the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, Alex Imas of Carnegie Mellon University and Lawrence Schmidt of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology—together with Rick Di Mascio of Inalytics, a data firm. They examined the daily turnover of hundreds of portfolios over several years, tracking more than 2 million stock purchases and almost as many sales. Buying decisions, they found, were good: the addition of a stock generally improved a portfolio. But selling decisions were bad—so bad that a fund manager would have been much better off choosing a stock to sell at random. E. The disparity between sales and purchases is explained by the attention given to each. Fund managers are careful buyers. Purchases come at the end of a long period of serious thought and research. But they do not give stock sales anything like the same attention. That is especially true when they are stressed because their portfolio has recently done badly. Instead of deliberating, they use a mental shortcut. Stocks that have done either 28 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
really well or really badly, and so stick in the mind, are far more likely to be sold. The more inclined fund managers are to sell in this way, the worse they perform. F. They do not realise that careless selling is harmful, it seems. “Selling is simply a cashraising exercise for the next buying idea,” one told the paper’s authors. “Buying is an investment decision; selling is something else,” said another. Fund managers sell the stocks that come most readily to mind. Yet they are able to sell wisely, if they pay attention. Sales made when they are focused on information about a stock, for example around the time of an earnings report, are almost as smart as buying decisions, the authors say. G. The message is clear. If fund managers took more care over selling, they would be more successful. But the world is not arranged in such a way as to make them take that care. They will be asked often for their best buying ideas, but rarely about stocks they own that are ripe for selling. This lopsided approach to decision-making is not confined to fund management. Businesses often spend an age deciding whom to hire but put off thinking about whom to let go until there is a pressing financial need, by which point the decision is likely to be rushed. H. Why do fund managers take their losses on bad stocks too late and their profits on good stocks too early? A body of empirical research, surveyed by Brad Barber and Terrance Odean of the University of California, finds that individual investors show a strong preference for selling winners over losers. They may be impatient to experience the burst of pride that comes from selling a winner. And they hold on to losers for too long in the hope of avoiding feelings of regret.
Questions 1-4 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1. What kind of contents do Jack Schwager’s two books cover? 2. What factor from fund managers affects the difference between purchases and sales? 3. What makes businesses arrive at a fast decision of stop holding their employees? 4. What is the main motivation behind most individual investors' decision to sell a winner?
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5. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Đọc câu hỏi và gạch chân từ khoá. Danh từ → Từ khoá dễ thay thế
1.What kind of contents do Jack Schwager’s two books cover ? Từ khoá khó thay thế: có số đếm
Xác định dạng từ cần điền và số lượng từ cần điền. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer. Đáp án có nhiều nhất 3 từ và/ hoặc 1 số
I. What kind of contents do Jack Schwager’s two books cover?
Đáp án là một danh từ/ nhiều danh từ
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Bước 2: Spotting Lưu ý thứ tự ưu tiên khi sử dụng từ khóa để tìm thông tin cần thiết: two books → contents, cover. B. (1) Both books have since been pored over by a generation of hedge-fund wannabes. They are (2) full of great stories and tips (3) covering a range of investing styles.
(1) Cả hai quyển sách (= two books) (2) (3) Chứa đầy (= cover) Điểm nhìn đầu tiên và hướng di chuyển của mắt
→ Đáp án câu 1 ở khu vực này.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Cần điền danh từ, nhiều nhất 3 chữ, thể hiện nội dung quyển sách: B. Both books have since been pored over by a generation of hedge-fund wannabes. They are full of great stories and tips covering a range of investing styles. → Đáp án: stories and tips/ investing styles.
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2, 3 và 4 2. What factor from fund managers affects the difference between purchases and sales? 3. What makes businesses arrive at a fast decision of stop holding their employees? 4. What is the main motivation behind most individual investors' decision to sell a winner?
Đáp án 2. attention. 3. pressing financial need. 4. burst of pride.
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Practice Bài tập 1 Doing more exercise won’t help you burn more calories A. A simple calculation lies at the heart of a lot of mainstream weight loss advice. If calories out exceed calories in, you will lose weight. It is why both exercise and diet are said to be key to staying trim, and why many of us feel we can make amends for overindulging by joining the gym or dusting off our running shoes. It now turns out something weirder is going on. Working out a lot doesn’t appear to burn more calories than doing a little. In fact, going mad in the gym doesn’t seem to burn any more calories than moderate activity a few days a week and taking the stairs, for instance. B. Some of the biggest clues that something was up with the exercise and weight loss equation lie far from the gym, on the plains of Tanzania. Here, the Hadza people live as we all once did, as hunter-gatherers. The men walk about 10 kilometres each day, stalking game with bows and arrows, while women spend hours on the move, digging for wild tubers and picking berries. A few years ago, Herman Pontzer, an evolutionary anthropologist at Hunter College in New York, and his colleagues headed to Tanzania to study the Hadza and their metabolism. Pontzer wasn’t expecting to reveal any big mysteries around exercise. “It started off that we wanted to just ask a basic question: ‘How many calories do you need to burn to live as a hunter-gatherer?” he says. To the team’s amazement, the Hadza got through only slightly more than Westerners who drive to a job to sit all day, with the men using up about 2600 calories and the women 1900. “I couldn’t believe it,” says Pontzer. C. The findings caused a stir. They called into question the widely accepted idea that sedentary lifestyles in many societies are responsible for the obesity epidemic. Instead, Pontzer and his team began to wonder whether our daily energy expenditure could have evolved to be fixed at these levels, regardless of whether we sit at a desk all day or search the plains looking for our next meal. To back up the idea, what’s needed is to study other ways of living too, including populations with Western lifestyles. That’s where Lara Dugas of Loyola University Chicago comes into the story. Her team kitted out nearly 2000 people from the US, Ghana, Jamaica, South Africa and the Seychelles with activity monitors for eight days to gauge their basic pattern 32 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
of physical activity. She then tracked their weight over several years. The upshot? Activity levels didn’t predict weight two years later. In fact, those who met the US guideline of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, according to the monitor data, tended to have put on more weight than those that did less. A paradox indeed. D. In 2016, Pontzer and Dugas joined forces. They looked in more detail at over 300 of the people in Dugas’s original study. It turned out that those who were moderately active used up about 200 more calories per day than sedentary people, but after that, calorie burning plateaued. Those who exercised every day didn’t burn any more than those who worked out a few times a week. “Only at the very, very low end did we see anything like a trend of lower activity being paired with lower energy expenditure,” says Pontzer. E. This view tallies with calculations of how much people exercise when viewed over longer time spans, says Glenn Gaesser at Arizona State University. “If you add up the amount of calories individuals would expend doing 150 minutes of exercise a week, times 52 weeks of the year, you come up into the literally tens of thousands of calories that are expended.” And yet exercisers only weigh around 2 kilograms less on average, he says. As the evidence piles up, says Pontzer, the idea that activity dictates how many calories you burn looks “pretty naive”. F. It seems time to put the calories in, calories out equation to rest. But how can it be that people do more exercise without seeming to expend extra energy? The assumption has been that they eat more to make up for it, whether because they are hungrier or feel like they have earned it. “You can consume a doughnut in less than a minute,” says Gaesser. “But that minute of consuming the doughnut might take an hour or more of walking to match in terms of calories.” It also doesn’t help that people grossly overestimate their energy use during exercise. In one study, people were assigned a treadmill workout and then told to estimate how many calories they burned and eat an equivalent amount from a buffet. They guessed they used up 800 calories and ate about 550. In reality, they had burned just 200. That might help explain why Dugas found that those meeting US exercise guidelines tended to have put on more weight. But it wouldn’t explain why the Hadza’s prolific activity doesn’t add up to much more energy consumption over the course of a day than a sedentary lifestyle. G. So another suggestion for this exercise paradox is that our bodies compensate for a hard workout by moving less the rest of the day. Some clues have come from mice. When given running wheels to prompt exercise, they were found to move around less than 33 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
usual in between bouts of activity. The number of calories saved from moving less the rest of the day almost exactly negated the calories burned from running. It seems people make similar sorts of adjustments when they embark on a new exercise regime, even if they don’t realize it. H. Rather than think of people as active or sedentary, an increasing number of us are both active, playing sports or working out regularly, and sedentary, spending the rest of the day sitting, says James Betts, who studies nutrition and exercise at the University of Bath, UK. So it is a mistake to just count the calories burned on a treadmill and not consider the rest of the day, he says. “All these other parts of exercise, just moving around more, can be the biggest component of energy expenditure and can dictate which person might be lean and which person might be obese,” he says. I. Ultimately, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that diet offers greater potential than exercise to get the calorie equation working more in your favor. But exercise does still have a place in the weight-loss journey: once you lose weight, it can help prevent the common problem of putting it back on. And there are plenty of other excellent reasons to exercise. “The Hadza are about three times more physically active than any Western population,” says Pontzer. “And, not a shocker, they also have excellent heart health, they never get diabetes, they’re not overweight. They age extraordinarily well.” Being active improves overall health, mobility and brain function, and reduces the risk for many chronic conditions including Alzheimer’s disease. “Exercise has health-promoting actions that far exceed its role of regulating weight,” says Gaesser, “so don’t be disappointed if you don’t lose a lot of weight.”
Questions 1-5 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in the boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet.
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Energy expenditure from exercise and weight loss • Inhabit in 1 …........……........................................… …... as 2 …..........................................................…… ………... The Hadza
• The men’s job: hunting with bows and arrows. • The women’s job: digging for tubers and picking berries. • The men’s energy expenditure: up to 3 ......... …….....................................…………... calories, 700 more than the women’s.
2000 people from the US, Ghana, Jamaica, South Africa and the Seychelles
Mice
• Monitored for more than a week to measure their activity’s 4 ……................................................ .…………... • Those who followed the US exercise guidelines ironically gained more weight • Encouraged to 5 ……….....................………... with running wheels but found to move less than usual.
Questions 6 - 8 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in the boxes 6 - 8 on your answer sheet. Numerous studies are indicative of the more considerable 6 …………..................................... .……. of proper dietary regimes compared to that of exercise. That said, regular exercise holds remarkable health-related merits, not limited to 7………..................................................... ....………., as can be seen in the lifestyle of the Hadza, who are much more physically active than Westerners are. Exercise can not only better a person’s overall health, mobility and brain function but ward off many 8 ………......................................……..… as well.
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Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Đọc câu hỏi và gạch chân từ khoá Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Số từ cần điền: Không quá 2/ hoặc một con số
Câu 1, 2: Hadza là tên riêng → Từ khóa khó thay thế
The Hadza inhabit in (1)..................... as (2) ..................... Inhabit là động từ → Từ khóa chìm
(1) đứng sau giới từ in, vì vậy có thể đoán từ cần điền là Danh từ chỉ địa điểm. (2) đứng sau giới từ as, vì vậy có thể đoán từ cần điền là Danh từ chỉ chức năng.
Bước 2: Spotting Lưu ý thứ tự ưu tiên sử dụng từ khóa để tìm thông tin: The Hadza → inhabit Some of the biggest clues that something was up with the exercise and weight loss equation lie far from the gym, on the plains of Tanzania. Here, (1) the Hadza people (2) live as we all once did, as hunter-gatherers.
(1) Từ khoá (2) Từ khoá inhabit” = live sinh sống, cư ngụ Điểm nhìn đầu tiên và hướng di chuyển của mắt
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Bước 3: Extracting & Answering on the plains of Tanzania. Here, the Hadza people live as we all once did, as hunter-gatherers.
The Hadza inhabit in (1)................................................................... as (2) ....................... → Đáp án là Tanzania và hunter-gatherers
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 8
Bài tập 2 Favorite time for giving birth A. Does it ever seem like you’re invited to an awful lot of summer birthday gatherings? For good reason. In the United States, most births occur between June and early November. Count back nine months, and you’ll see that places most conceptions in the fall and winter. What’s going on? Is the crisp autumn air, or the joy (or anxiety) of the holiday season, triggering more unprotected sexual intercourse? Or is it something else entirely? B. It turns out reproduction is seasonal across all living organisms, from plants to insects, to reptiles, to birds and mammals – including human beings. The ultimate explanation for this phenomenon is an evolutionary one. Earth’s environment is seasonal. Above or below the equator, the year is structured by the winter, spring, summer and fall. In equatorial regions, the wet and dry seasons punctuate the year. Organisms have evolved strategies to reproduce at the time of year that will maximize their lifetime reproductive success. Humans are no exception and maintain this evolutionary outcome: birth seasonality. Researchers, including us, have recently been working to understand more about why births are seasonal because these patterns can have a big impact on childhood disease outbreaks. C. The monthly birth rate over time was per 1,000 people. Over the decades, it’s not a smooth line because each year has an internal peak. The annual timing of each state’s peak in number of births correlates with its latitude. More northern regions see a birth 37 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
peak in June or July while more southern areas have more births in October or November. The pattern holds even as the overall birth rate varies in different states. D. The first studies demonstrating human birth seasonality date back to the early 1800s. In some countries, local customs can also explain birth seasonality. For example, in the 1990s, researchers showed that the traditional July-August wedding season in Catholic communities in Poland resulted in lots of births in the spring. But wedding season does not drive birth seasonality everywhere, and there is only a small correlation between weddings and births 9 to 15 months later in most locations. Thus, nuptial beds are not the full story. E. Research shows that the seasonality of births correlates with changes in local temperature and day length. And regions with extreme temperatures typically have two peaks in births every year. For example, data from the early 1900s showed two pronounced birth peaks per year in West Greenland and Eastern Europe. Rural populations tend to have a more dramatic seasonal birth pulse than urban populations, probably because country dwellers may be more subject to environmental conditions, including changes in temperature and day length. Environmental factors like these could influence human sexual behavior. F. Additionally, as in other animals, these environmental changes could drive seasonal changes in fertility. This means that, rather than just an increase in frequency of sexual intercourse, female and/or male fertility may change throughout the year, as an endogenous biological phenomenon, making people more likely to conceive at certain times – with the prerequisite of sexual intercourse, of course. Biologists know that the fertility of nonhuman mammals is influenced by day length, which may act like a reproductive calendar. For example, deer use the shortening days of autumn as a signal for timing reproduction. Females get pregnant in the fall and carry their pregnancy through winter. The goal is to give birth at a time when plenty of resources are available for newborns – being born in springtime is evolutionarily beneficial. Humans may not be so different from other mammals. Day-length has the potential to influence human fertility and it does seem to explain the patterns of birth seasonality in some places, but not others. In addition to the length of day, researchers have shown that social status and changes in the standard of living also affect birth seasonality. There seems to be no single driver for birth seasonality in people, with an array of social, environmental and cultural factors all playing a role. H. However, people are starting to lose birth seasonality throughout the Northern Hemisphere. There are two pieces of evidence to support this. First, the strength of the 38 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
birth pulse – from June to November in the U.S. – has been decreasing for decades; and second, locations that had two birth peaks per year now only have one. This loss of birth seasonality may be partially due to social factors, such as pregnancy planning and the increasing disconnect humans have with the natural environment and, therefore, the seasons. The root of this change is likely tied to industrialization and its downstream societal effects, including indoor work, fewer seasonal jobs, access to family planning, and modern housing and artificial light that obscures the natural day length that could influence fertility. Whatever the cause of birth seasonality, one thing remains clear, at least here in the U.S. – right now remains the prime time for conception.
Questions 1-4 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer Write your answer in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. Evolution is seen as the main cause of birth seasonality. Geographically, there are four seasons in regions far from the 1 ............................................... or two seasons in those near it; animals have to choose the optimal season to give birth for higher chances of survival. Although some people believe more children are born in spring than other seasons possibly because the 2 .............................................................. of their parents is traditionally and religiously held in the summer, the 3 ....................................................... between such an event and later birth is not strong enough to account for this phenomenon. Additionally, changes in temperature and day length can also be a cause of birth seasonality to which urban residents are believed to be less susceptible because they are less affected by such changes than their 4 ..................................................... counterparts. There are other suggested factors possibly influencing breeding patterns of species but it is sure that we are losing this evolutionary feature.
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Bài tập 3 Women’s pain is different from men’s - The drug could be too A. Men and women can’t feel each other’s pain. Literally, we have different biological pathways for chronic pain, which means pain-relieving drugs that work for one sex might fail in the other half of the population. So why don’t we have pain medicines designed just for men or women? The reason is simple: Because no one has looked for them. Drug development begins with studies on rats and mice, and until three years ago, almost all that research used only male animals. As a result, women in particular may be left with unnecessary pain—but men might be too. B. Now a study in the journal Brain reveals differences in the sensory nerves that enter the spinal cords of men and women with neuropathic pain, which is persistent shooting or burning pain. The first such study in humans, it provides the most compelling evidence yet that we need different drugs for men and women. “There’s a huge amount of suffering that’s happening that we could solve”, says Ted Price, professor of neuroscience at the University of Texas, Dallas, and an author of the Brain article. “As a field, it would be awesome to start having some success stories.” C. Some 50 million people struggle with pain most days or every day, and chronic pain is the leading cause of long-term disability in the United States. Women are more likely than men to have a chronic pain condition, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or migraines. Meanwhile, pain medications are killing us. About 17,000 people die each year from prescribed opioids as clinicians write almost 200 million opioid prescriptions, or more than one for every two American adults. D. The failure to include sex differences in the search for better pain relief stems in part from flawed but deep-seated beliefs. “Medical researchers made the assumption that men and women were absolutely identical in every respect, except their reproductive biology. If there were differences in how their drugs worked between men and women, they didn’t want to hear about it” says Marianne Legato, a cardiologist who began sounding an alarm in the 1980s about differences in heart attack symptoms among women. She went on to pioneer a new field of gender-specific medicine. E. The Brain study came about from a unique opportunity at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. You can’t take a biopsy of spinal tissue, but researchers were able to study clusters of sensory neurons in eight women and 18 men who had spinal tumors removed. 40 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
The analysis included sequencing RNA to determine which genes are active in the neural cells. They compared men and women who had a history of chronic neuropathic pain to those who didn’t. Their pain wasn’t caused by the tumors themselves. Some patients had nerve compression causing neuropathic pain, while others didn’t have neuropathic pain or chronic pain at all. In men who did have neuropathic pain, macrophages—cells of the immune system—were most active. In women, neuropeptides, which are protein-like substances released by neurons, were prominent. “This represents the first direct human evidence that pain seems to be as sex-dependent in its underlying biology in humans as we have been suggesting for a while now, based on experiments in mice” says Jeffrey Mogil, professor of pain studies at McGill University in Montreal and a leading researcher on sex differences in pain, who was not involved in the Brain study. F. Tailoring new medicines to men or women would be revolutionary, particularly considering that it took many years for women (and female animals) to get included in pain research at all. Fearful of potential birth defects, in 1977 the FDA cautioned against including women of childbearing age in clinical trials, which meant women used drugs solely designed for men. By 1993, the thinking had changed, and Congress passed a law requiring the inclusion of women in clinical trials funded by the National Institutes of Health. Although clinical trials now include both men and women, they often don’t report results by sex. G. The acknowledgement of sex differences in pain could stir up the field and lead to new advances. Amid the promise of “personalized”medicine, with drugs tailored to patients based on genetic sequencing, developing pain medicines for half the population seems like a no- brainer. “Now there’s a whole new frontier opening up in front of our eyes”, Price says.
Questions 1 - 6 Complete the sentences below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet 1. Chronic pain is considered the root of ……..................................…………….. in many people in the US. 2. It used to be assumed by medical researchers that ………...................................…..........… …….. was the only difference found in men and women.
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3. The study at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center included participants whose …................... .......................…................…………….. were cut off. 4. ………………........................................….. functioned the most strongly in men having neuropathic pain. 5. The Brain study suggested that pain was likely to be ………….............................................. ..............……… in terms of the biology. 6. Women during the …………...............……….. used to be refused to be included in medical experiments.
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Key Bài tập 1 1. Tanzania
Đoạn 2 “Some of the biggest clues that something was up with the exercise and weight loss equation lie far from the gym, on the plains of Tanzania. Here, the Hadza people live as we all once did, as hunter-gatherers.” Từ khoá trong bài:
2. hunter-gatherers
“live” = “inhabit” → Đáp án đúng cho câu 1 là “Tanzania” → Đáp án đúng cho câu 2 là “hunter-gatherers”
Đoạn 2 “To the team’s amazement, the Hadza got through only slightly more than Westerners who drive to a job to sit 3. 2600
all day, with the men using up about 2600 calories and the women 1900. “I couldn’t believe it,” says Pontzer.” Phần này cho thấy đàn ông Hadza tiêu tốn 2600 calo/ngày (energy expenditure) → Đáp án đúng là “2600”.
Đoạn 4 “Her team kitted out nearly 2000 people from the US, Ghana, Jamaica, South Africa and the Seychelles with 4. basic pattern
activity monitors for eight days to gauge their basic pattern of physical activity.” Từ khoá trong bài: “Gauge” = “measure” “eight days” được thay bởi “more than a week” → Đáp án đúng là “basic pattern”
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Đoạn 8 “When given running wheels to prompt exercise, they 5. exercise
were found to move around less than usual in between bouts of activity.” Từ khoá trong bài: “prompt” được thay bởi “encourage” → Đáp án đúng là “exercise”
Đoạn 10 “Ultimately, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that diet offers greater potential than exercise to get the calorie 6. potential
equation working more in your favour.” Từ khoá trong bài: “great” được thay bởi “more considerable” “diet” được thay bởi “proper dietary regimes” → Đáp án đúng là “potential”
Đoạn 10 “Exercise has health-promoting actions that far exceed its role of regulating weight,” says Gaesser, “so don’t be disappointed if you don’t lose a lot of weight.” 7. regulating weight
Từ khoá trong bài: “Exceed its role” được thay bởi “not limited to” Phần này cho thấy tác dụng của exercise không chỉ giới hạn bởi việc điều hoà cân nặng. → Đáp án đúng là “regulating weight”
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Đoạn 10 “Being active improves overall health, mobility and brain function, and reduces the risk for many chronic 8. chronic conditions
conditions including Alzheimer’s disease.” Từ khoá trong bài: “improve” được thay bởi “better” “Reduce the risk” được thay bởi “ward off” → Đáp án đúng là “chronic conditions”
Bài tập 2 Đoạn B. “Earth’s environment is seasonal. Above or below the equator, the year is structured by the winter, spring, summer and fall. In equatorial regions, the wet and dry seasons 1. equator
punctuate the year.” Có bốn mùa ở những khu vực ở trên, ở dưới, tức là ở xa xích đạo và chỉ có 2 mùa ở những khu vực gần/ thuộc vùng xích đạo. Vì trong bài ghi "equatorial regions" chứ không nói là ở ngay trên. Đoạn D. “Researchers showed that the traditional July-August wedding season in Catholic communities in Poland resulted in lots of births in the spring”
2. wedding
Mặc dù nhiều người tin rằng có nhiều trẻ em hơn được sinh ra trong mùa xuân bởi vì đám cưới của cha mẹ chúng được tổ chức vào mùa hè năm trước, theo tôn giáo (Catholic) và truyền thống.
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Đoạn D. “there is only a small correlation between weddings and births 9 to 15 months later in most locations. Thus, nuptial 3. correlation
beds are not the full story.” Sự tương quan giữa những đám cưới này và việc sinh sản sau đó không đủ mạnh để giải thích cho hiện tượng này.
Đoạn E. “Rural populations tend to have a more dramatic seasonal birth pulse than urban populations, probably because rural dwellers may be more subject to environmental 4. rural
conditions”. Người dân ở thành phố ít bị ảnh hưởng bởi những thay đổi hơn là người dân ở nông thôn. “rural populations” và “urban populations” được paraphrase thành “urban residents and their rural counterparts”.
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Bài tập 3 Đoạn C Từ khoá chính là “Chronic pain” và “root”. Câu này yêu cầu 1. long-term disability
tìm hiểu Chronic pain là nguyên nhân của vấn đề gì. Khi scanning sẽ thấy “chronic pain’ xuất hiện ở đoạn C, và từ “cause” trong đoạn bằng nghĩa với “root” trong câu cần điền. Từ loại cần điền vào chỗ trống là một danh từ (sau of), đáp án là long-term disability. Chú ý long-term cách nhau bằng “-” được tính là 1 từ. Đoạn D Câu cần điền có từ khoá “medical researchers”, “the only difference”. Quá trình scanning sẽ thấy 2 Từ khoá này xuất
2.
reproduc-
hiện ở đoạn D. Khi đó đọc kỹ câu thứ 2, sẽ thấy quan điểm
tive
trước đó cho rằng nam và nữ đều identical (hoàn toàn giống
biology
nhau” nhưng except their reproductive biology. Vì except ở đây là “ngoại trừ” nên có thể hiểu các từ sau đó chỉ sự khác biệt. Vì đáp án không được điền quá 2 từ nên câu trả lời sẽ là reproductive biology. Đoạn E Từ khoá của câu hỏi là M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, có
3. spinal tu-
thể dễ dàng tìm thấy cụm này ở đoạn E. Từ cần điền là
mors
một danh từ (vì đứng sau whose) và cut off trong câu bằng nghĩa với “removed” trong đoạn. Do đó, đáp án là spinal tumors Đoạn E Câu cần điền có cụm (men having) neuropathic pain vốn cũng là Từ khoá có thể tìm thấy trong đoạn E. Khi scanning
4. phages
macro-
sẽ thấy trong đoạn có câu bắt đầu với In men who did have neuropathic pain, macrophages—cells of the immune system— were most active. Cụm “were most active” đồng nghĩa với functioned the most strongly trong câu cần điền, do đó đáp án là macrophages
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Đoạn E Đoạn này vẫn đề cập đến the Brain study nên đáp án vẫn 5. sex-depen-
còn nằm ở đoạn E. Từ cần điền đứng sau “ was” nên có thể
dent
là một tính từ, cụm “ likely to be” đồng nghĩa với “seems”; từ biology đều xuất hiện trong câu có chứa đáp án và câu cần điền, do đó sex-dependent là đáp án phù hợp.
Đoạn F Câu cần điền có nói đến phụ nữ và việc bị từ chối mang 6. childbearing age
vào các thí nghiệm y khoa. Từ cần điền là một danh từ (sau “the” và sau khoảng trống không có danh từ). Đoạn F có nói đến to get included, và against including women. Clinical trials gần nghĩa với medical experiment, do đó đáp án childbearing age là đáp án đúng.
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Bài tập 1 1
Inhabit
Live
Sinh sống
2
Use up... calories
Energy expenditure
Tiêu tốn năng lượng
3
Gauge
Measure
Đo lường
4
Prompt
Encourage
Khuyến khích
5
Dietary regimes
Diet
Chế độ ăn
6
Reduce the risk
Ward off
Giảm thiểu (nguy cơ)
Vùng gần xích đạo
Bài tập 2 7
Equatorial region
Near (the equator)
8
Catholic
Religiously
9
Subject to
Susceptible (to)
Dễ bị ảnh hưởng bởi
Mang tính tôn giáo (đạo thiên chúa)
Bài tập 3 10
Cause
Root
Nguyên nhân
11
Cut off
Remove
Loại bỏ
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Unit
2
Hoàn thành bảng
Note/Table completion
Đề bài sẽ cung cấp một ghi chú bảng biểu hoặc sơ đồ còn chưa hoàn chỉnh. Nhiệm vụ của thí sinh là tìm từ/ cụm từ trong bài để điền vào các chỗ trống sao cho nội dung của bảng hoặc sơ đồ đúng với thông tin trong bài đọc.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Xác định và phân loại
• Scan bài đọc để tìm
• Đối chiếu phần chứa
từ khóa.
khu vực chứa thông
thông tin và câu hỏi. Đọc
• Xác định dạng từ cần
tin cần thiết (dựa trên
hiểu phần thông tin vừa
điền vào chỗ trống và
những từ khoá đã tìm).
tìm được.
số từ cần điền dựa theo
• Khi scan đoạn văn,
• Chọn từ và đối chiếu
đề bài.
thí sinh lưu ý cần sử
với dạng từ cần điền đã
dụng kỹ thuật Eye-
xác định ở bước 1.
movement.
• Đọc lại câu để một lần nữa kiểm tra độ chính xác của thông tin.
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2. Ví dụ From 1920, women started rebelling against old restricted clothes and started wearing casual clothes such as trousers and short skirts. A big development came when women were starting to be called “Flappers” for their new breed of young women that decided to go against outdated regulations by flaunting their skin that was known to be unacceptable. In the 1930’s the big thing was that dresses often included an overcoat. They were very popular in the thirties with any pattern that wasn’t too obnoxious and was very popular for women, like flowery dresses for instance. Although women were wearing dresses they were still not allowed to show much skin. Even celebrities wore long dresses with their hair close to their head. Women’s fashion in the 1940’s defiantly got a little bit more modern. Although the fashion industry was held down by World War 2 regulations, that didn’t stop women from wearing and making their elegant clothes, which was then often accompanied with certain accessories like gloves. They were a well-known thing in the forties, which is why in almost every photos back then, women are pictured wearing gloves. Also, a big thing was rain-jackets with fur. This was to keep women warm throughout the rain and snow. Later on, due to the high demand in fabrics for World War 2, there were limited quantities of fabric for women to use, so they had to stick with a simple outfit. The early sixties women’s fashion was more conservative and formal. However, that quickly changed when music started influencing society. Women started wearing short skirts, tie-dye shirts, basically anything with bright and swirling colors. This was a big event in fashion history because women were baring their skin like never before.
Questions 1-3 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 1920:
- Women preferred (1). ....................................................................................... to restricted ones - Young women who rebelled against outdated rules were called “Flappers”
1930:
Dresses (include an overcoat): - popular - with simple (2). ..................................................................................................
1940:
Clothes: - become more modern - often worn with (3). ...........................................................................................
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Câu hỏi sẽ đi theo thứ tự đề bài (tức là đáp án câu 1 sẽ nằm trước câu 2). Dạng bài này khác với Sentence Completion ở chỗ câu hỏi sẽ thường không ở dạng câu đầy đủ.
3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Xác định các từ khoá và đọc hiểu câu hỏi
Số liệu về thời gian → Từ khóa khó thay thế
1920
Chủ đề của bài đọc → Từ khóa chìm
Restricted là V – ed đóng vai trò là tính từ → Từ khóa chìm
- Women preferred 1. ....................... to restricted ones - Young women who rebelled against outdated rules were called “Flappers”
Tuy không nằm gần câu hỏi nhưng có thể dùng để đánh dấu vùng thông tin (đáp án câu 1 sẽ nằm trước thông tin này)
Xác định dạng từ cần điền và số lượng từ cần điền:
Women preferred (1) ................ to restricted ones
Cấu trúc của động từ “prefer” là “to prefer noun to noun”, như vậy (1) là danh từ/cụm danh từ.
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Bước 2: Spotting From 1920, women started rebelling against old (1) restricted clothes and started wearing casual clothes such as trousers and short skirts. A big development came when women were starting to be called (2)“Flappers” for their new breed of young women that decided to go against outdated regulations by flaunting their skin that was known to be unacceptable.
(1) Từ khoá tính từ trong câu hỏi: “restricted” = bị hạn chế (2) Đáp án câu (1) sẽ nằm trước từ này Điểm nhìn đầu tiên và hướng di chuyển của mắt
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Đối chiếu với câu hỏi để tìm đáp án From 1920, women started rebelling against old restricted clothes and started wearing casual clothes such as trousers and short skirts.
Cả 2 đáp án đều phù hợp về nghĩa và loại từ, nhưng “trousers and short skirts” không thoả mãn số từ cần điền (dưới 2 từ) Đáp án cuối cùng: Women preferred (1). casual clothes to restricted ones
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 và 3 1930:
Dresses (include an overcoat):
• popular
• with simple (2)......................
1940: Clothes:
• become more modern
• often worn with (3)......................
Đáp án: (2) pattern
(3) gloves
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Practice Bài tập 1 Your brain activity can be used to measure how well you understand a concept A. As students learn a new concept, measuring how well they grasp it has often depended on traditional paper and pencil tests. Dartmouth researchers have developed a machine learning algorithm, which can be used to measure how well a student understands a concept based on his or her brain activity patterns. The findings are published in Nature Communications. B. The study is one of the first to look at how knowledge learned in school is represented in the brain. To test knowledge of concepts in STEM, Dartmouth researchers examined how novices and intermediate learners’ knowledge and brain activity compared when testing mechanical engineering and physics concepts, and then developed a new method to assess their conceptual understanding. C. “Learning about STEM topics is exciting but it can also be quite challenging. Yet, through the course of learning, students develop a rich understanding of many complex concepts. Presumably, this acquired knowledge must be reflected in new patterns of brain activity. However, we currently don’t have a detailed understanding of how the brain supports this kind of complex and abstract knowledge, so that’s what we set out to study” said senior author David Kraemer, an assistant professor of education at Dartmouth College. D. Twenty-eight Dartmouth students participated in the study, broken into two equal groups: engineering students and novices. Engineering students had taken at least one mechanical engineering course and an advanced physics course, whereas novices had not taken any college -level engineering or physics classes. The study was comprised of three tests, which focused on how structures were built and assessed participants’ understanding of Newton’s third law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s third law is often used to describe the interactions of objects in motion, but it also applies to objects that are static, or nonmoving: all of the forces in a static structure need to be in equilibrium, a principle fundamental to understanding whether a structure will collapse under its own weight or whether it can support more weight.
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E. At the start of the study, participants were provided with a brief overview of the different types of forces in mechanical engineering. In an fMRI scanner, they were presented with images of real-world structures (bridges, lampposts, buildings, and more) and were asked to think about how the forces in a given structure balanced out to keep the structure in equilibrium. Then, participants were prompted with a subsequent image of the same structure, where arrows representing forces were overlaid onto the structure. Participants were asked to identify if the Newtonian forces had been labeled correctly in this diagram. Engineering students (intermediate learners) answered 75 percent of the diagrams correctly and outperformed the novices, who answered 53.6 percent correctly. F. Before the fMRI session, participants were also asked to complete two standardized, multiple-choice tests that measured other mechanical engineering and physics knowledge. For both tests, the engineering students had significantly higher scores than the novices with 50.2 percent versus 16.9 percent, and 79.3 percent versus 35.9 percent. G. In cognitive neuroscience, studies on how information is stored in the brain often rely on averaging data across participants within a group, and then comparing their results to those from another group (such as experts versus novices). For this study, the Dartmouth researchers wanted to devise a data-driven method, which could generate an individual “neural score” based on the brain activity alone, without having to specify which group the participant was a part of. The team created a new method called an informational network analysis, a machine learning algorithm which “produced neural scores that significantly predicted individual differences in performance” testing knowledge of specific STEM concepts. To validate the neural score method, the researchers compared each student’s neural score with his/her performance on the three tests. The results demonstrated that the higher the neural score, the higher the student scored on the concept of knowledge tests. H. “In the study, we found that when engineering students looked at images of real-world structures, the students would automatically apply their engineering knowledge, and would see the differences between structures such as whether it was a cantilever, truss or vertical load” explained Kraemer. “Based on the similarities in brain activity patterns, our machine learning algorithm method was able to distinguish the differences between these mechanical categories and generate a neural score that reflected this underlying knowledge. The idea here is that an engineer and novice will see something different when they look at a photograph of a structure, and we’re picking up on that difference” he added. 55 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
I. The study found that while both engineering students and novices use the visual cortex similarly when applying concept knowledge about engineering, they use the rest of the brain very differently to process the same visual image. Consistent with prior research, the results demonstrated that the engineering students’ conceptual knowledge was associated with patterns of activity in several brain regions, including the dorsal frontoparietal network that helps enable spatial cognition, and regions of ventral occipitotemporal cortex that are implicated in visual object recognition and category identification. J. The informational network analysis could also have broader applications, as it could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different teaching approaches. The research team is currently testing the comparison between hands-on labs versus virtual labs to determine if either approach leads to better learning and retention of knowledge over time.
Questions 1 – 5 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 1 – 5 on your answer sheet.
Dartmouth Test Participants: 28 students divided into 1 ……………….. groups with the same number of members • Engineering students: had knowledge about mechanical engineering and physics. • Novices: had not done any engineering and physics courses in 2 ………… Tests: the students looked at photographs of buildings, bridges and other similar 3 .............................................. in an fMRI scanner. After that, the participants looked at the subsequent images with arrow showing 4 ………….....................……………. forces. Then they were asked whether the labels were right. Result: the intermediate students 5 …………....................………….. the novices.
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Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. - Số từ cần điền: Chỉ một từ duy nhất.
Cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
Participants: 28 students divided into (1) …………...groups with the same number of members.
Số liệu → Từ khóa khó thay thế
Divide là động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Groups là danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
(1) đứng sau cụm động từ divided into và trước danh từ groups, vì vậy có thể đoán từ cần điền là Danh từ hoặc Tính từ.
Bước 2: Spotting Lưu ý thứ tự ưu tiên sử dụng từ khóa để xác định thông tin cần thiết: 28 → groups, the same number of members → divided Twenty-eight Dartmouth students participated in the study, broken into two equal groups: engineering students and novices
Từ khoá 1
Từ khoá 3 + 4: equal = same number → equal groups = groups with the same number of members
Từ khoá 2: Broken into = divided into được chia ra
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Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Twenty-eight Dartmouth students participated in the study, broken into (1) two equal groups: engineering students and novices Participants: 28 students divided into (1) ……………….. groups with the same number of members Đáp án đúng: (1) two
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 5 Bài tập 2 Taoism and Confucianism — Ancient Philosophies “Those who know do not say; those who say do not know.” -Lao-tzu “The superior men are sparing in their words and profuse in their deeds.” -Confucius The 6th century B.C.E. was an amazing time of philosophical growth for ancient China. It was during that time that the two most influential spiritual leaders native to China, Confucius and Lao-tzu, are thought to have lived and taught. The philosophies that they practiced, Taoism and Confucianism, existed simultaneously in dynastic China, attracting countless numbers of followers over the past 2,500 years. The fascination of both the Eastern and Western worlds with these two legendary figures and the philosophies that they created remains strong. The Old Master Lao-tzu, translated as either “Old Master” or “Old Boy” is believed to be the author of Taoism. Very little is known of his life; he may not even have existed. According to myth, at his birth around 604 B.C.E., Lao-tzu came from the womb as an old man, white-haired and full of wisdom. He eventually took a position as head librarian of the Imperial Archives. Saddened by society’s lack of goodness, Lao-tzu decided to leave his home in Luoyang to live out the rest of his life in quiet and solitude somewhere beyond the Great Wall of China, possibly near Tibet. As he passed through the city gates for the final time, the gatekeeper asked Lao-tzu to write down his parting thoughts. The “Old Master” agreed, and three days later returned with a small book. Lao-tzu then left civilization, never to return. His writings were titled the Tao Te Ching, and became the most important text of Taoism. 58 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
According to Taoism, the entire universe and everything in it flows with a mysterious, unknowable force called the Tao. Translated literally as “The Way,” the Tao has many different meanings. It is the name that describes ultimate reality. The Tao also explains the powers that drive the universe and the wonder of human nature. Taoists believe that everything is one despite all appearances. Opinions of good and evil or true and false only happen when people forget that they are all one in the Tao. Therefore, it is the aim of Taoists not to forget, and if forgotten to remember that oneness. However, Lao-tzu reminds believers that the Tao is difficult to grasp: “the Tao that can be spoken is not the true Tao.” Over time a Taoist religion evolved, becoming somewhat different from the philosophy of Taoism just described. While religious Taoism held some of the same beliefs, it also called for worship of many gods and ancestors, a practice that began during the Shang dynasty. Other religious practices included the cultivation of bodily energy called “chi,” the creation of a system of morals, and use of alchemy in attempts to attain immortality. The folk religion of Taoism became popular after its adoption by China as the state religion in 440 C.E., and continues to be practiced even to the present-day. Confucius and the Analects The other driving philosophy of dynastic China was created by a politician, musician, and philosopher named Confucius. Born in 551 B.C.E., Confucius wandered throughout China, first as a government employee, and later as a political advisor to the rulers of the Chou dynasty. In later life, Confucius left politics to teach a small group of students. After his death in 479 B.C.E., the ethics and moral teachings of Confucius were written down by his students to become the Lun-yü, or Analects. Many of his clever sayings are still followed today. “It is as hard to be poor without complaining as to be rich without becoming arrogant.” Learning to be human was the goal of Confucianism. According to Confucius, each person should act with virtue in all social matters; family, community, state, and kingdom, to ensure order and unity. Man’s virtue in all its forms is called “Jen.” “Jen” is all encompassing and unable to be defined, in some respects similar to the Tao. Confucian ceremonies contained many rituals based in the Five Classics, especially the I Ching, or Book of Changes. Procedures for birth, marriage, and death were rigid and specific. For example, according to Confucian funeral tradition, a willow branch is always carried behind the body of the deceased symbolizing the soul of that person. However, by far the most influential aspect of Confucianism remains the Analects: “Not to teach a man who can be taught, is to waste a man; to teach a man who cannot be 59 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
taught, is a waste of words. The wise will lose neither men nor words.” It was sayings such as this one that made Confucianism the social philosophy of China from the Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E. until the end of dynastic rule in 1911. Rival Philosophies Taoism and Confucianism have lived together in China for well over 2,000 years. Confucianism deals with social matters, while Taoism concerns itself with the search for meaning. They share common beliefs about man, society, and the universe, although these notions were around long before either philosophy. Both began as philosophies, each later taking on religious overtones. Legend states that Confucius and Lao-tzu did in fact meet to discuss the Imperial Archives. Lao-tzu was unimpressed by the beautiful robes worn by Confucius, and did not agree with looking back on the past. “Put away your polite airs and your vain display of fine robes. The wise man does not display his treasures to those he does not know. And he cannot learn justice from the Ancients.” Regardless of the disagreements between Lao-tzu and Confucius, both Taoism and Confucianism have served as guides. They have led China through the peaks and valleys of its vast history, the longest continuing story on the planet.
Questions 1- 4 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 1 - 4 on your answer sheet.
Philosophy Taoism
Belief The meaning of the Tao describes how (1)………………….is like. The universe is driven by certain (2)……………….. Everything on Earth is a single unit although their (3)………………can be different.
Confucianism
Teaching can be a (4)……………..without having the right learners.
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Bài tập 3 How to decide A. A good life is the fruit of a succession of good decisions, especially around love and work. However, we seldom accord the business of decision-making the kind of careful attention it requires. When faced with a large decision, we lack rituals and procedures. We typically procrastinate, lean on the nearest person or rush headlong into an unexamined solution. Fortunately, decision-making is a skill and – like any other – it can be taught. The chief enemy of good decisions is a lack of sufficient perspectives on a problem. We should systematically think through any issue from six distinct angles: through the eyes of – variously – our Enemy, our Gut, Death, Caution, Courage and our Parents. As we try out, juggle with and then synthesise these oblique perspectives, we will feel our sense of possibility expand – and a tolerable way forward gradually emerge from the present confusion. B. Our enemies have deep insights into us: they know our frailties, they actively want the worst for us and they’re bringing a desperate, mean intelligence to bear on our case. Thinking of them helps beautifully to clarify our thoughts. It can be unfeasibly hard to be a true friend to ourselves, in the way we should be; our minds may well go blank if asked to imagine what a sweet and well-meaning person might advise us to do next. We’re so much better at getting into the heads of our bitterest foes. They appreciate our weaknesses and temptations like no other. We can at least put these characters to constructive use: by doing the very opposite of what we suspect (probably very correctly) they might propose and say. We will be energised and focused by the haunting voices of those dispiriting but very telling and mesmerising judges: those who refuse to believe in us. C. In a sense, we know the answer already – or at least one version of it. We call it gut-instinct and it is there from the moment a dilemma first appears. The Gut is the accumulation of all the decision-making lessons we’ve ever derived across our lives, revealed unconsciously at speed. Most of us have become rather good at not listening to the Gut. Probably it got us into trouble a number of times, maybe pushing us into some crazy moments for which we paid dear. Now we pride ourselves on being thinking people, who take their time, gather evidences and make full use of their higher mental powers, as well we should. Nevertheless, we thereby lose a source of very important insight. We should be brave enough to invite our Gut to the decision-making table, not necessarily in order to follow it but in order to know what it wants, and then submit its stubborn and impatient certainties to gentle rational cross-examination. 61 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
D. The largest, but always easily-forgotten certainty, is that all our decisions are unfolding in the backdrop of a giant ticking death clock. We should listen to its beat and take its daunting messages to heart. The thought of Death has a habit of highlighting our responsibilities to ourselves and of weakening our concern for living according to what is expected of us by society. It is a terrifying agent of reality. Death may lend us a perverse new sort of confidence to tackle challenges. By frightening us about one enormous thing, it may make us less scared of the many smaller obstacles in our way. Our lives won’t be what they could be unless we submit pretty much every choice we face to the arbiter of eternity and oblivion. The thought of death is the guarantor of the meaningfulness of our lives. E. Somewhere around the table at every decision must be the voice of caution. It wears dowdy clothes and speaks quietly. It certainly lacks glamour in an age of bravado and bombast. It’s easy to feel that we must always and invariably jump – because life has to be about giving the new ago. It may not be. Let’s remember, Caution clears its throat to tell us, that most new businesses fail, most schemes end in disaster and most relationships merely rehash the themes of the current unsatisfactory one. Furthermore, there is a huge amount to be lost and there are many people around us who may get very hurt by our ambitions. Caution does not look down on the idea of compromise, it recognises that there are, at points, simply no ideal options for the imperfect beings we ultimately are. Caution has the bravery not always to rebel against reality. F. From an early age, we’ve learnt how to follow the rules, wait in line and do the dutiful, expected things. We can be good boys and girls; it got us to where we are today. There would have been no other way to learn how to spell, drive a car or take up a position in the working world. But there can now be a subtle risk from an opposite direction; the risk of being overly faithful for too long to conventions that were dreamt up without our particular interests and hopes in mind. At points, we need vigorously to relearn the art of Courage, to remember that the happiest lives have invariably had inflection points where people did the slightly unexpected and weird thing, took a gamble and won. Sometimes, Caution is just weakness and cowardice wrapped up in the cloak of self-deception. Courage and Caution need to fight this one out, without any presumption of victory on either side. G. They have been in our heads longer than anyone else. They don’t necessarily know best, that is more than evident. But we have to bring their way of thinking to consciousness, because it is there anyway, constantly subtly influencing what we think and may plan. We should articulate directly what each parent (if we knew them) would have advised 62 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
us to do. Even if they are long dead, the exercise won’t be hard. We are probably their best mimics and interpreters. Then comes the job of sifting through the advice. A lot of it stands to be self-serving. They may oddly have been a bit competitive with us. They may have made mistakes they needed to justify to themselves; they may not have wanted us to be happy in our own way. But they also – at their kindest moments – genuinely didn’t want us to suffer more than we had to or repeat the mistakes they had already paid dearly for. At moments of great choice, we should bear to reclaim our real inheritance: the experience of those who came before us.
Questions 1-8 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write you answer in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. The business of making good decision Aspects to consider
Enemies • understand our weaknesses • always try to stop us
What we should do
→ do the exact 1 _____________ of what our enemies want
Gut • gives us a sense of knowing what
→ make use of our own insights into
is right
the issue by 3 _____________ to the
• is the 2 __________________ of all
gut
decisions we’ve learned to make
Death • motivates us to live for ourselves • is a 4 _________________________ reminder of reality
→ keep death clock beats in mind
• give us 5 _____________________ confidence to overcome obstacles
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Caution • is subtle and quite
→ always consider the consequences
• is invariably not willing to react
of our decisions
against 6 _______________________
Courage • plays a role as 7 _______________
→ be brave to take risks
leading us to a happy life
Parents • know and influence us more than anyone else
→ interpret advices from our parents
• want us to receive better things
and then sift through them
and avoid their previous costly 8 _____________________________
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Key Bài tập 1 Đoạn D Câu hỏi đề cập đến số lượng nhóm học sinh trong cuộc thí 1. Two
nghiệm. Câu đầu đoạn D có đề cập 28 học sinh được chia ra (broken into = divided) thành 2 nhóm bằng nhau (equal = same number of members).
Đoạn D Câu hỏi đề cập đến nơi chốn mà các novices chưa từng học 2. College
bất cứ lớp học nào ở đó. Câu thứ 2 của đoạn D có đề cập các novices chưa từng học bất cứ khóa học nào ở trình độ cao đẳng (college-level).
Đoạn E Câu hỏi đề cập đến nội dung các bức hình mà học sinh tham 3. Structures
gia cuộc thí nghiệm được cho xem. Câu 2 đoạn E có đề cập những người tham gia (participants = students) được cho xem hình ảnh (images = photographs) của những structures (như là những cây cầu, tòa nhà, …).
Đoạn E Câu hỏi đề cập đến tên của loại lực được thể hiện bằng các mũi tên trong những hình ảnh dùng trong cuộc thí nghiệm. 4. Newtonian
Câu 3 đoạn E có đề cập trên hình có các mũi tên thể hiện (represent = show) những lực tác động, và ở câu 4 nói rằng những người tham gia phải xác định những lực này (Newtonian forces) đã được đánh dấu đúng hay chưa.
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Đoạn E Câu hỏi đề cập đến kết quả của cuộc thí nghiệm, so sánh 5.
giữa các intermediate students và novices.
Outperformed
Câu cuối đoạn E có đề cập rằng các engineering students (là intermediate students) trả lời được 75%, làm tốt hơn (outperformed) các novices mà chỉ trả lời được 53.6%.
Bài tập 2 1. ultimate
The Old Master - Đoạn 2
reality
Đoạn này nhắc đến “Tao” và ý nghĩa cách gọi tên đó nên sau khi scanning ta sẽ dừng lại và tập trung phần đầu đoạn 2. Cách hỏi “how…is like” bằng nghĩa với “describe”, sau “describe” là “ultimate reality”, đó cũng là câu trả lời cho câu hỏi này.
2. powers
The Old Master - Đoạn 2 Câu hỏi hỏi về nguồn gốc sản sinh ra vũ trụ. Theo đó, từ “originate” trong câu hỏi có thể xem là gần nghĩa với “drive” trong đoạn đọc, ngay trong câu này cũng có xuất hiện của “universe”, do đó đáp án là “powers”.
3.
The Old Master - Đoạn 2
appearances
Câu này nói mọi thứ trên trái đất đều là một thể thống nhất cho dù một thứ gì đó có thể khác nhau. “A single unit” trong câu hỏi đồng nghĩa với “one” trong đoạn đọc, cách dùng “although” trong câu hỏi cũng tương ứng với “despite” trong đoạn đọc, dó đó đáp án là “appearnces”.
4. waste
Confucius and the Analects - Đoạn 3 Câu này tập trung vào quan điểm của Khổng Tử, liên quan đến việc giảng dạy và người học. Theo phần mô tả Khổng Tử Confucius and the Analects, đoạn 3 có đề cập đến một câu nói của ông về vấn đề này, theo đó đáp án là “waste”.
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Bài tập 3 1. opposite
Đoạn B “We can at least put these characters to constructive use: by doing the very opposite of what we suspect (probably very correctly) they might propose and say.” Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ chỉ điều chúng ta cần làm theo so với những gì bên đối lập muốn. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Chúng ta cần làm điều ngược lại với những gì mà chúng ta nghĩ rằng bên đối lập muốn.” Từ very và cụm propose and say ở câu bên lần lượt gần nghĩa với từ exact và want ở câu 1. Đáp án đúng là opposite.
2. accumulation
Đoạn C “The Gut is the accumulation of all the decision-making lessons we’ve ever derived across our lives, revealed unconsciously at speed.” Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ có ý nghĩa bao gồm lại tất cả những quyết định mà chúng ta đã từng trải qua. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Cảm nhận là sự tích luỹ của tất cả những quá trình ra quyết định mà chúng ta từng trải qua trong suốt cuộc đời,…” Chi tiết all the decision-making lessons we’ve ever derived ở câu bên được diễn đại lại bằng chi tiết all decisions we’ve learned to make ở câu 2. Đáp án đúng là accumulation.
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3. listening
Đoạn C “Most of us have become rather good at not listening to the Gut.” “We should be brave enough to invite our Gut to the decisionmaking table, not necessarily in order to follow it but in order to know what it wants, and then submit its stubborn and impatient certainties to gentle rational cross-examination.” Đáp án cần điền là một danh động từ dạng V-ing chỉ một hành động mà chúng ta sẽ thực hiện với cảm nhận của chúng ta. Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Hầu hết chúng ta không nghe theo cảm nhận của mình.” Và “Chúng ta nên dũng cảm đưa cảm nhận của mình lên bàn cân so sánh, không nhất thiết là để làm theo nó mà chỉ là để biết nó muốn gì,…” Do đó, điều chúng ta cần làm là nghe theo (listening) lương tâm của chính mình. Đáp án đúng là listening.
4. terryfying
Đoạn D “It is a terrifying agent of reality.” Đáp án cần điền là một tính từ chỉ đặc điểm của cái chết. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Cái chết là sứ giả đáng sợ của hiện thực.” Từ agent ở câu bên gần nghĩa với từ reminder ở câu 4. Đáp án đúng là terrifying.
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5. perverse
Đoạn D “Death may lend us a perverse new sort of confidence to tackle challenges.” Đáp án cần điền là một tính từ chỉ tính chất của sự tự tin mà cái chết đem lại trong việc vượt qua các thử thách. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Cái chết mang lại cho chúng ta một sự tự tin khác lạ để giải quyết các khó khăn.” Cụm tackle challenges ở câu bên tương ứng với cụm overcome obstacles ở câu 5. Đáp án đúng là perverse.
6. reality
Đoạn E “Caution has the bravery not always to rebel against reality.” Đáp án cần điền là danh từ chỉ điều gì đó mà sự thận trọng không phải lúc nào cũng sẵn lòng để đương đầu. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Sự thận trọng không phải lúc nào cũng dũng cảm chống lại thực tế.” Từ rebel ở câu bên gần nghĩa với từ react ở câu 6. Đáp án đúng là reality.
7. inflection
Đoạn F
points
“At points, we need vigorously to relearn the art of Courage, to remember that the happiest lives have invariably had inflection points where people did the slightly unexpected and weird thing, took a gamble and won.” Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ chỉ vai trò của lòng can đảm trong việc mang lại một cuộc sống hạnh phúc. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Đôi khi, chúng ta cần học lại về nghệ thuật của sự can đảm để thấy rằng những cuộc đời hạnh phúc nhất đều luôn có những điểm ngoặt nơi mà mọi người làm những điều bất ngờ và lạ kỳ như thử đánh bạc và giành chiến thắng.” Do đó, sự cam đảm đóng vai trò như những điểm ngoặt (inflection points) giúp mang lại một cuộc sống hạnh phúc cho chúng ta. Đáp án đúng là inflection points.
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8. mistakes
Đoạn G “But they also – at their kindest moments – genuinely didn’t want us to suffer more than we had to or repeat the mistakes they had already paid dearly for.” Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ chỉ những điều mà bố mẹ đã từng trải qua muốn chúng ta tránh khỏi. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Bố mẹ chúng ta thực sự không muốn chúng ta chịu đựng những gì ngày xưa họ từng trải qua hay lặp lại những sai lầm mà họ đã từng phải trả giá rất đắt.” Cụm paid dearly for ở câu bên gần nghĩa với từ costly ở câu 8. Đáp án đúng là mistakes.
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Bài tập 1 1
Broken into
Divided into
Chia nhỏ ra thành
2
Structures
Buildings, bridges
Công trình kiến trúc
A single unit
Một/ một thể thống nhất
Bài tập 2 7
One
Bài tập 3 7
Propose and say
Want
Đòi hỏi, yêu cầu
8
Tackle challenges
Overcome obstacles
Vượt qua khó khăn
9
Rebel against
React against
Nổi lên chống lại
10
Paid dearly
Costly
Trả giá đắt
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Unit
3
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
Dạng bài TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN yêu cầu thí sinh so sánh mức độ chính xác của nội dung các câu được cho ở đề bài so với thông tin trong bài đọc. • Nếu từ thông tin trong bài đọc, thí sinh có thể khẳng định nội dung của câu là đúng, điền TRUE. • Nếu từ thông tin trong bài đọc, thí sinh có thể khẳng định nội dung của câu là sai, điền FALSE. • Nếu từ thông tin trong bài đọc, thí sinh không thể khẳng định được nội dung của câu là đúng hay sai, điền NOT GIVEN. Lưu ý: Dạng bài TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN sẽ yêu cầu thí sinh tìm thông tin/ sự thật được nhắc đến trong bài, trong khi dạng YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN yêu cầu thí sinh hiểu quan điểm của tác giả. Tuy vậy, cả 2 dạng câu hỏi TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN và YES/NO/NOT GIVEN đều có cách xử lý giống nhau.
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1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Xác định và
• Scan bài đọc để tìm ra
• Đối chiếu phần chứa thông tin
phân loại từ
khu vực chứa đáp án (ví
và câu hỏi. Đọc hiểu phần thông
khóa.
trí các đáp án thường
tin vừa tìm được.
theo thứ tự, 1 trước 2,
• Điền TRUE nếu nội dung câu
trước 3...)
trùng khớp với thông tin trong
• Khi scan đoạn văn,
bài đọc; điền FALSE nếu nội dung
thí sinh lưu ý cần sử
câu trái ngược với thông tin trong
dụng kỹ thuật Eye-
bài đọc; điền NOT GIVEN nếu
movement
thông tin trong bài đọc không đủ để kết luận nội dung câu là đúng hay sai.
2. Ví dụ THE SAHARA A. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert behind Antarctica and the Arctic, which are both cold deserts. The Sahara is one of the harshest environments on Earth, covering 3.6 million square miles (9.4 million square kilometers), making up nearly a third of the African continent, about the size of the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). The Sahara is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Red Sea on the east, the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Sahel Savannah on the south. The enormous desert spans 11 countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. B. Water is scarce across the entire region, yet the Sahara contains two permanent rivers (the Nile and the Niger), at least 20 seasonal lakes and huge aquifers, which are the primary sources of water in the more than 90 major desert oases. Water management authorities once feared the aquifers in the Sahara would soon dry up due to overuse, but a study 73 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters in 2013, discovered that the "fossil" (nonrenewable) aquifers were still being fed via rain and runoff. C. Despite the harsh, arid conditions of the desert, several plants and animals call the region home. There are approximately 500 species of plants, 70 known mammalian species, 90 avian species and 100 reptilian species that live in the Sahara, plus several species of spiders, scorpions and other small arthropods, according to World Wildlife Fund. Camels are one of the most iconic animals of the Sahara. The large mammals are native to North America and eventually made their way across the Bering Isthmus between 3 and 5 million years ago, according to a study in the Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management in 2015. Camels were domesticated about 3,000 years ago on the Southeast Arabian Peninsula, to be used for various purposes, one of which is transportation in the desert, according to the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. Plant species in the Sahara have adapted to the arid conditions, with roots that reach deep underground to find buried water sources and leaves that are shaped into spines that minimize moisture loss. The most arid parts of the desert are completely void of plant life, but oasis areas, such as the Nile Valley, support a large variety of plants. D. For the past 2,000 years or so, the climate of the Sahara has been fairly stable. The northeastern winds dry out the air over the desert and drive hot winds toward the equator. These winds can reach exceptional speeds and cause severe dust storms that can drop local visibility to zero. Dust from the Sahara travels on trade winds all the way to the opposite side of the globe. Precipitation in the Sahara ranges from zero to about 3 inches of rain per year, with some locations not seeing rain for several years at a time. Occasionally, snow falls at higher elevations. Daytime summer temperatures are often over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) and can drop to near-freezing temperatures at nighttime. E. The Sahara alternates from being a dry, inhospitable desert to a lush, green oasis about every 20,000 years, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances in 2019. The study's authors examined marine sediments containing dust deposits from the Sahara from the past 240,000 years. The team found that the cycle between a dry and a green Sahara corresponded to the slight changes in the tilt of Earth's axis, which also drives monsoon activity. When the Earth's axis tilted the Northern Hemisphere just a single degree closer to the sun (about 24.5 degrees instead of today's 23.5 degrees), it received more sunlight, which increased the monsoon rains and therefore, supported a lush green landscape in the Sahara. 74 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage. In boxes 1-6 in your answer sheet, write.
TRUE
If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
If the statement contradicts with the information
NOT GIVEN
If there is no information on this
1. Africa is about 3 times larger than the Sahara. 2. Despite the scarcity of water in the Sahara, there are rivers and lakes that are filled with water all year round. 3. Spiders, scorpions and some arthropods in the Sahara are smaller than those in other places. 4. Ancient Arabian people are believed to have recently used camels for transportation. 5. Dust storms in the Sahara are so severe that people nearby can hardly see anything. 6. The earth is unlikely to tilt closer to the Sun in many thousand years to come.
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3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying • Xác định từ khoá trong câu hỏi. • Dưới đây là một số từ khoá nên lưu ý: Số → Từ khóa khó thay thế
1.
Africa is about 3 times larger than the Sahara.
Africa là tên riêng → Từ khóa khó thay thế
Lưu ý từ so sánh (dễ scan) và giúp quyết định câu T/F/NG
scarcity of water = sự thiếu nước Đây là cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
2. Despite the scarcity of water in the Sahara, there are rivers and lakes that are filled with water all year round. Rivers and lakes là 2 danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
Danh từ riêng → Từ khóa khó thay thế
3. Spiders, scorpions and some arthropods in the Sahara are smaller than those in other places.
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Lưu ý: • Ưu tiên các từ so sánh (more/ less/ fewer/ …), so sánh nhất (most/ only/ least/ first/ …) hay các trạng từ (rarely/ hardly/ …) do chúng giúp phân biệt T/F/NG nhanh hơn.
Bước 2: Spotting Lưu ý thứ tự ưu tiên sử dụng từ khóa để xác định thông tin cần thiết: Câu 1: Africa, 3 → larger Câu 2: scarcity of water và rivers and lakes Câu 3: spiders, scorpions và arthropods Dựa vào từ khoá của câu hỏi, scan từ để tìm vị trí chứa thông tin:
Lưu ý: • Các câu hỏi trong dạng bài được sắp xếp theo thứ tự: thông tin câu 1 rồi đến 2 đến 3. • Luôn scan theo 2 câu hỏi một lần. Nếu có câu là Not Given và thông tin không xuất hiện trong bài, vẫn còn từ khoá của câu tiếp theo để khoanh vùng đáp án. Ví dụ:
Thông tin câu 1 ở đây
….1……………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………… ………………….....…………………3…
Thông tin câu 2 ở khu vực này, có thể là một câu NOT GIVEN (hoàn toàn không có thông tin) hoặc người đọc bỏ qua từ khoá Thông tin câu 3 ở đây
• Scan 3 ví dụ trong bài:
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A. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert behind Antarctica and the Arctic, which are both cold deserts. The Sahara is one of the harshest environments on Earth, covering 3.6
(1) (2) Third = 3 African continent = Africa → 2 từ khoá của câu 1
million square miles (9.4 million square kilometers), making up nearly a (1) third of the (2) African continent, about the size of the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). The Sahara is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Red Sea on the east,
Thông tin cần tìm có thể ở khu vực này
the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Sahel Savannah on the south. The enormous desert spans 11 countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia.
B. (1) Water is scarce across the entire region, yet the Sahara contains two permanent (2) rivers (the Nile and the Niger), at least 20 seasonal (3) lakes and huge aquifers, which are the primary sources of water in the more than 90 major desert oases. Water management
(1) (2) (3) Water is scarce = scarcity ofwater Rivers … lakes … = rivers and lakes → 2 từ khoá của câu 2
authorities once feared the aquifers in the Sahara would soon dry up due to overuse, but a study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters in 2013, discovered that the "fossil" (nonrenewable) aquifers were still being fed via rain and runoff.
C. Despite the harsh, arid conditions of the desert, several plants and animals call the region home. There are approximately 500 species of plants, 70 known mammalian species, 90 avian species and 100 reptilian
Thông tin cần tìm có thể ở khu vực này
(1) Spiders, scorpions, somearthropods → các từ khoá của câu 3
species that live in the Sahara, plus several species of (1) spiders, scorpions and other small arthropods, according to World Wildlife Fund. Camels are one of the most iconic animals of the Sahara…
Thông tin cần tìm có thể ở khu vực này
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Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Sau khi xác định được khu vực chứa thông tin, đọc hiểu để chọn đáp án đúng:
Lưu ý: • Đối với dạng bài T/F/NG, ta cần đọc hiểu đoạn thông tin để kết luận. Việc có nhiều từ khoá của câu hỏi trùng với bài đọc không thể luôn đảm bảo câu đó là đúng (true). Bài đọc: The Sahara is one of the harshest environments on Earth, covering 3.6 million square miles (9.4 million square kilometers), making up nearly a third of the African continent. → Dịch nghĩa: Xa mạc Sahara … chiếm gần 1/3 châu Phi. Câu hỏi: 1. Africa is about 3 times larger than the Sahara. → Dịch nghĩa: Châu Phi to hơn khoảng 3 lần xa mạc Sahara.
2 câu tương đương nhau. → TRUE
Bài đọc: Water is scarce across the entire region, yet the Sahara contains two permanent rivers (the Nile and the Niger), at least 20 seasonal lakes and huge aquifers… → Nước rất hiếm trong khu vực này, tuy nhiên Sahara chứa 2 dòng sông vĩnh viễn và ít nhất 20 hồ theo mùa … Câu hỏi: 2. Despite the scarcity of water in the Sahara, there are rivers and lakes that are filled with water all year round. → Mặc dù nước rất hiếm ở Sahara, khu vực vẫn có các sông và hồ
Bài: theo mùa. Câu hỏi: quanh năm. → FALSE
đầy nước quanh năm.
Tip: ở câu hỏi có từ “seasonal lakes” (hồ theo mùa), bài đọc có “lakes… filled with water all year round” (hồ có nước quanh năm). → Thông tin ở câu hỏi phủ nhận thông tin bài đọc, 2 thông tin này không thể tồn tại song song. → Nếu câu hỏi phủ nhận, không thể tồn tại song song với bài đọc, câu đó là False.
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Bài đọc: There are approximately 500 species of plants, 70 known mammalian species, 90 avian species and 100 reptilian species that live in the Sahara, plus several species of spiders, scorpions and other small arthropods, according to World Wildlife Fund. → Có khoảng 500 loài cây, …, cộng với một số loài nhện, bọ cạp và các con động vật chân đốt nhỏ khác, theo như WWF. Câu hỏi: 3. Spiders, scorpions and some arthropods in the Sahara are smaller than those in other places. → Nhện, bọ cạp và một số động vật chân đốt ở Sahara nhỏ
Bài không có thông tin so sánh. → NOT GIVEN
Áp dụng tương tự câu 4 - 6, ta có đáp án: 4-FALSE, 5-TRUE, 6-NOT GIVEN
Nhìn chung, dạng bài T/F/NG và Y/N/NG có cách làm như nhau và khó nhất ở việc phân biệt nhận định đúng, sai hay không có. Để làm tốt dạng bài, người đọc cần lưu ý: • Luôn scan theo 2 câu liên tiếp. • Đọc kĩ đề để điền đúng T/F/NG hay Y/N/NG. • Khi chọn đáp án, xét nghĩa chứ không đếm theo số từ khoá trùng để quyết định. • Khi đối chiếu, kiểm tra kĩ phần tips rồi mới chọn đáp án.
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Practice Bài tập 1 Ancient Egyptian Culture A. Ancient Egyptian culture flourished between c. 5500 BCE with the rise of technology (as evidenced in the glass-work of faience) and 30 BCE with the death of Cleopatra VII, the last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt. It is famous today for the great monuments which celebrated the triumphs of the rulers and honored the gods of the land. The culture is often misunderstood as having been obsessed with death but, had this been so, it is unlikely it would have made the significant impression on other ancient cultures such as Greece and Rome. B. Religion was an integral part of the daily life of every Egyptian. As with the people of Mesopotamia, the Egyptians considered themselves co-labourers with the gods but with an important distinction: whereas the Mesopotamian people believed they needed to work with their gods to prevent the recurrence of the original state of chaos, the Egyptians understood their gods to have already completed that purpose and a human’s duty was to celebrate that fact and give thanks for it. C. One of the technological advances of the ancient Egyptian culture was papyrus (from which comes the English word `paper’). The Egyptians were also responsible for developing the ramp and lever and geometry for purposes of construction, advances in mathematics and astronomy (also used in construction as exemplified in the positions and locations of the pyramids and certain temples, such as Abu Simbel). Glass working, metallurgy in both bronze and gold and furniture were other advancements of Egyptian culture. Their art and architecture are also famous world-wide for precision and beauty. D. Among the lower classes, homes were built of mud bricks baked in the sun. The wealthier a citizen, the thicker the home; wealthier people had homes constructed of a double layer, or more, of brick while poorer people’s houses were only one brick wide. Wood was scarce and was only used for doorways and window sills (again, in wealthier homes) and the roof was considered another room in the house where gatherings were routinely held as the interior of the homes was often dimly lighted. Clothing was simple linen, undyed, with the men wearing a knee-length skirt (or loincloth) and the women in light, 81 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
ankle-length dresses or robes which concealed or exposed their breasts depending on the fashion at a particular time. It would seem that a woman’s level of dressing, however, was indicative of her social status throughout much of Egyptian history. Dancing girls, female musicians, servants and slaves are routinely shown as naked or nearly naked while a lady of the house is fully clothed, even during those times when exposed breasts were a fashion statement. E. In daily life, the Egyptians seem a little different from other ancient cultures. Like the people of Mesopotamia, India, China, and Greece, they lived, mostly, in modest homes, raised families, and enjoyed their leisure time. A significant difference between Egyptian culture and that of other lands, however, was that the Egyptians believed the land was intimately tied to their personal salvation and they had a deep fear of dying beyond the borders of Egypt. Those who served their country in the army, or those who travelled for their living, made provision for their bodies to be returned to Egypt should they be killed. It was thought that the fertile, dark earth of the Nile River Delta was the only area sanctified by the gods for the re-birth of the soul in the afterlife and to be buried anywhere else was to be condemned to non-existence.
Questions 1 – 5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage. In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write.
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
1. The Ancient Egyptians’ obsession with death had a major influence on other ancient cultures. 2. Paper was first invented by Ancient Egyptians. 3. In the ancient times, rich Egyptians used wood to build certain parts of their homes. 4. In Ancient Egypt, women with different social statuses wore different clothes. 5. In Ancient Egypt, the Nile River Delta was the only sacred place where soldiers, if killed, were buried.
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Bước 1: Identifying
1. The Ancient Egyptians’ obsession with death had a major influence on other ancient cultures.
Chủ đề của bài đọc → Từ khóa chìm
Danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
Bước 2: Spotting Lưu ý thứ tự ưu tiên sử dụng từ khóa để xác định thông tin cần thiết: obssession, death, major influence → Ancient Egyptians “The culture is (1) often misunderstood as having been
(2) obsessed with death but, had this been
(1) = thường bị hiểu lầm
so, it is unlikely it would have made the (3) significant impression it did on other (4) ancient cultures such as Greece and Rome.”
(3) = major influence (từ khoá câu 1) (2) (4) Từ khoá câu 1
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering • Dịch nghĩa bài đọc: Nền văn hoá Ai Cập cổ thường bị hiểu nhầm là bị ảnh hưởng nhiều bởi cái chết. • Câu hỏi: Nỗi ám ảnh của Ai Cập cổ đại với cái chết có sự ảnh hưởng lớn tới các nền văn hoá cổ khác. → Đáp án: False
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 5
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Bài tập 2 BERMUDA TRIANGLE A. The Bermuda Triangle is a mythical section of the Atlantic Ocean roughly bounded by Miami, Bermuda and Puerto Rico where dozens of ships and airplanes have disappeared. Unexplained circumstances surround some of these accidents, including one in which the pilots of a squadron of U.S. Navy bombers became disoriented while flying over the area; the planes were never found. Other boats and planes have seemingly vanished from the area in good weather without even radioing distress messages. But although myriad fanciful theories have been proposed regarding the Bermuda Triangle, none of them prove that mysterious disappearances occur more frequently there than in other well-travelled sections of the ocean. In fact, people navigate the area every day without incident. B. The area referred to as the Bermuda Triangle, or Devil’s Triangle, covers about 500,000 square miles of ocean off the South-Eastern tip of Florida. When Christopher Columbus sailed through the area on his first voyage to the New World, he reported that a great flame of fire (probably a meteor) crashed into the sea one night and that a strange light appeared in the distance a few weeks later. He also wrote about erratic compass readings, perhaps because at that time a sliver of the Bermuda Triangle was one of the few places on Earth where true north and magnetic north lined up. C. William Shakespeare’s play “The Tempest,” which some scholars claim was based on a real-life Bermuda shipwreck, may have enhanced the area’s aura of mystery. Nonetheless, reports of unexplained disappearances did not really capture the public’s attention until the 20th century. An especially infamous tragedy occurred in March 1918 when the USS Cyclops, a 542-foot-long Navy cargo ship with over 300 men and 10,000 tons of manganese ore onboard, sank somewhere between Barbados and the Chesapeake Bay. The Cyclops never sent out an SOS distress call despite being equipped to do so, and an extensive search found no wreckage. “Only God and the sea know what happened to the great ship,” U.S. President Woodrow Wilson later said. In 1941 two of the Cyclops’ sister ships similarly vanished without a trace along nearly the same route.
Questions 1 – 8 Do the following statements agree with the information in the text. In boxes 1–8 on your answer sheet, write: TRUE
if the statement agrees with the text
FALSE
if the statement does not agree with the text
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information about this in the text
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1. Aircraft and ships mysteriously vanished when travelling through the Bermuda Triangle. 2. There were many fictional explanations for the Bermuda Triangle. 3. Mysterious incidents happened more often in the Bermuda Triangle than in other parts of the ocean. 4. Many people still traveled through the Bermuda Triangle because they were not familiar with the tales regarding mysterious accidents that had happened in the area. 5. Christopher Columbus was the first one to the Bermuda Triangle. 6. One of William Shakespeare’s plays was based on an actual event that occured in the Bermuda Triangle. 7. Only after the unexplained disappearance of a Navy ship did the Bermuda Triangle become the center of the public’s attention. 8. After a distress signal was sent from The Cyclops, an extensive search was conducted yet found no trace of the vessel.
Bài tập 3 Meet the super-smeller who can diagnose Parkinson's at a sniff A. When Joy Milne’s husband Les started to give off a strange musky odours, she was none too happy. She has always had a keen sense of smell, and this was unmissable. “It was almost like a slap in the face,” she says. Les was adamant he was looking after himself properly, and when no one else picked up on the phenomenon, Joy let the matter lie. It was only 12 years later, when Les was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, that she realised the magnitude of what she had noticed. Joy, who lives in Perth, UK, is a super-smeller with an almost supernatural ability to sense odours that most people don’t perceive. Perhaps this is because she experiences synaesthesia, a neurological condition in which different kinds of sensory information become mixed-up. That means she can visualise the flow of odours and even experience them as sensations. B. In the same way that a wine taster might train their nose to recognise the different aromas of the drink, she thinks that her work as a nurse attuned her sense of smell to different medical conditions. Now, retired after decades of vivid olfaction, her incredible nose is helping find new ways to diagnose diseases. This unusual career path has its origins in 1994, when Les was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease aged only 45. This condition destroys dopamine-producing cells in the brain, leading to tremors and difficulty moving. When the couple went to a local support group for people with Parkinson’s, she noticed something strange: Les wasn’t the only one with the greasy smell. Everyone else with 85 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Parkinson’s seemed to have it too. Under the pretext of handing out cups of tea, Joy took a few good sniffs to confirm her suspicions. She became convinced that the condition has a unique smell – the one that she had noticed on Les more than a decade earlier. “Turned out I was smelling Parkinson’s in our own bedroom,” she says. C. When Joy met neurobiologist Tilo Kunath, who studies the condition at the University of Edinburgh, UK, she asked him about her findings. Kunath said there was nothing in the literature about a particular Parkinson’s smell. Kunath thought nothing more about Joy’s questions until a colleague suggested that her observation might be worth investigating. After all, cancer has an odour that can be detected by specially trained dogs. Why not other diseases too? So Kunath got back in touch with Joy, and their conversation convinced him that she was on to something. He decided to put her skills to the experiment. She was given a few identical T-shirts to smell and asked to determine which had been worn by people with Parkinson’s. She passed with flying colours – with one exception, where she identified one of the people who hadn’t been diagnosed with Parkinson’s as having the disease. Eight months later, the person Joy misidentified told Kunath he had been diagnosed with Parkinson’s. “When this false-positive turned out to be a true positive, that was a jaw-dropping moment. We couldn’t believe it,” says Kunath. “Joy was telling us this person had Parkinson’s before anyone knew.” It seemed like Joy really did have the ability to sniff out the condition before the neurological symptoms arise. D. That was a potentially enormous breakthrough. As a rule, Parkinson’s is diagnosed via symptoms such as tremors or movement difficulties, by which time irreversible brain damage has already occurred. While no drugs presently exist to prevent or cure the condition, some promising treatments are in the pipeline. If and when these are approved, early diagnostic tests will be vital. In order to find the chemicals responsible for the Parkinson’s odour, Kunath teamed up with analytical chemist Perdita Barran at the University of Manchester, UK. “We want to find biomarkers that occur before the onset of the symptoms,” says Barran. The researchers soon secured funding from the charity Parkinson’s UK as well as the Michael J. Fox foundation. E. They started by listening to Joy. She had identified the upper back of her husband had a particularly strong smell, so the researchers took swabs of this region from people with Parkinson’s and analysed the volatile compounds they found there. The preliminary results are promising. In November 2018, the team reported a number of biomarkers that seemed to differ between people who did and didn’t have the condition. “There is a signature that looks significantly enriched in Parkinson’s patients,” says Barran. “The 86 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
real challenge, however, is to see whether this chemical signature can be detected on people who unknowingly have the condition but who currently show no symptoms, such as those with REM sleep disorders who have a high chance of developing Parkinson’s”, Kunath added. F. Joy is involved in this research too – sniffing the compounds isolated from swab samples to evaluate whether they match the Parkinson’s smell that she first identified on her husband. But for Joy, Parkinson’s is just the beginning. “Almost every disease has a unique odour,” she says. To her, Alzheimer’s smells faintly of vanilla, whereas cancer has an earthy, vegetable smell. So her remarkable abilities could allow for early detection of other diseases, too. Last year, she visited Tanzania to help the charity APOPO, which trains African giant pouched rats to detect tuberculosis – another disease that is hard to diagnose but which, for Joy, has a particularly harsh smell. “Joy can tell us lots of things in a day, whereas a rat would take months,” says APOPO’s CEO Christophe Cox. “She could really speed up our work.”
Questions 1–7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage. In boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
1. Joy’s extraordinary ability is probably due to a physical condition she previously experienced. 2. In Kunath’s experiment, Joy was given many T-shirts, most of which had been worn by Parkinson’s patients. 3. That Joy successfully pointed out all surveyed Parkinson’s patients after many months was previously expected by Kunath. 4. Kunath and his partner aimed to discover the biological signs of Parkinson’s unique characteristic. 5. Stronger signs of Parkinson’s can be found in a specific part on Les’ body. 6. Joy doesn’t notice any similarity in the way Alzheimer and vanilla smell. 7. It took scientists at APOPO months to train African giant rats to sniff out diseases.
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Key Bài tập 1
Đoạn A “The culture is often misunderstood as having been obsessed with death but, 1. False
had this been so, it is unlikely it would have made the significant impression it did on other ancient cultures such as Greece and Rome.” Phần này cho thấy văn hoá Ai Cập cổ bị hiểu nhầm là bị ảnh hưởng nhiều bởi cái chết.
Đoạn C “One of the technological advances of the ancient Egyptian culture was 2. Not
papyrus (from which comes the English word paper.”
given
Phần này cho thấy một trong những tiến bộ công nghệ của nền văn minh Ai Cập cổ là giấy. Tuy vậy bài đọc không hề có thông tin về việc có phải người Ai Cập cổ là người đầu tiên tạo ra giấy hay không.
Đoạn D “Wood was scarce and was only used for doorways and window sills (again, 3. True
in wealthier homes)..” Phần này đưa ra thông tin về việc những gia đình giàu có (wealthier homes) dùng gỗ để làm “doorways” và “window sills”.
Đoạn D “Dancing girls, female musicians, servants and slaves are routinely shown as 4. True
naked or nearly naked while a lady of the house is fully clothed, even during those times when exposed breasts were a fashion statement.” Phần này đưa ra 2 ví dụ về sự khác nhau trong cách ăn mặc của những người phụ nữ có địa vị xã hội khác nhau.
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Đoạn E “Those who served their country in the army, or those who travelled for their living, made provision for their bodies to be returned to Egypt should they be 5. Not given
killed. It was thought that the fertile, dark earth of the Nile River Delta was the only area sanctified by the gods for the re-birth of the soul in the afterlife and to be buried anywhere else was to be condemned to non-existence.” Phần này có nhắc đến việc những người lính nếu bị giết sẽ được đưa về chôn ở đồng bằng sông Nile nhưng không hề đề cập đến việc đây là nơi duy nhất có thể chôn cất lính tử trận.
Bài tập 2 Đoạn A. “The Bermuda Triangle is a mythical section of the Atlantic Ocean roughly bounded by Miami, Bermuda and Puerto Rico where dozens of ships 1. False
and airplanes have disappeared.” Phần này chỉ đề cập đến việc nhiều tàu thuyền và máy bay bị mất tích ở vùng Bermuda Triangle chứ không khẳng định tất cả tàu thuyền và máy bay đi qua vùng này đều biến mất.
Đoạn A. “But although myriad fanciful theories have been proposed 2. True
regarding the Bermuda Triangle, none of them prove that mysterious disappearances occur more frequently there than in other well-travelled sections of the ocean.” Phần này đề cập đến việc có rất nhiều những giả thuyết khác nhau (myriad fanciful theories) về bùng Bermuda Triangle nhưng không có
3. False
bằng chứng cho thấy tàu thuyền biến mất nhiều hơn tại vùng này so với các vùng khác.
4.Not given
Đoạn A. “In fact, people navigate the area every day without incident.” Trong bài đọc không đề cập đến lý do tại sao người ta vẫn đi lại qua vùng này.
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Đoạn B. “When Christopher Columbus sailed through the area on his first voyage to the New World, he reported that a great flame of fire (probably a 5. Not given
meteor) crashed into the sea one night and that a strange light appeared in the distance a few weeks later.” Christopher Columbus là đi qua vùng Bermuda Triangle trong chuyến đi đầu tiên của mình đển “the New World” chứ trong bài không nói về việc ông là người đầu tiên đến vùng Bermuda Triangle.
Đoạn C. “William Shakespeare’s play “The Tempest,” which some scholars claim was based on a real-life Bermuda shipwreck, may have enhanced the 6.True
area’s aura of mystery.” Một trong những màn kịch của Shakespeare được viết dựa theo một vụ đắm tàu thực sự xảy ra ở vùng Bermuda Triangle.
Đoạn C. “Nonetheless, reports of unexplained disappearances did not really capture the public’s attention until the 20th century. An especially infamous tragedy occurred in March 1918 when the USS Cyclops, a 542-foot-long 7.True
Navy cargo ship with over 300 men and 10,000 tons of manganese ore onboard, sank somewhere between Barbados and the Chesapeake Bay.” Trước vụ đắm tàu Cyclops thì hầu như công chúng không để ý đến vùng Bermuda Triangle (did not capture public’s attention).
Đoạn C. “The Cyclops never sent out an SOS distress call despite being 8.False
equipped to do so, and an extensive search found no wreckage.” Tàu Cyclops không hề phát ra tín hiệu SOS.
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Bài tập 3
Đoạn A 1. True
“Perhaps this is because she experiences synaesthesia” Khả năng đặc biệt của Joy có thể được gây ra bởi triệu chứng synaesthesia.
Đoạn C “She was given a few identical T-shirts to smell, and asked to determine 2. Not
which had been worn by people with Parkinson’s”
given
Thông tin trong bài đọc chỉ ra rằng: một vài chiếc áo T-shirt mà Joy nhận từ Kunath đã được mặc bởi các bệnh nhân Parkinson’s. Người đọc không có đủ cơ sở để biết rằng những chiếc áo này có chiếm đa số hay không.
Đoạn C “When this false-positive turned out to be a true positive, that was a jawdropping moment. We couldn’t believe it” 3.False
Câu 19 đưa ra nhận định sau: Kunath đã lường trước được việc Joy sẽ chỉ ra được toàn bộ bệnh nhân Parkinson’s. Điều này mâu thuẫn với lời phát biểu của Kunath trong đoạn C: “Đó là một khoảnh khắc kinh ngạc. Chúng tôi không thể tin nổi điều đó”
Đoạn D “In order to find the chemicals responsible for the Parkinson’s odour, Kunath teamed up with analytical chemist Perdita Barran” 4. True
“We want to find biomarkers that occur before the onset of the symptoms,” says Barran” Đoạn bên đề cập tới việc Kunath phối hợp với đồng nghiệp của mình (Perdita Barran) để tìm ra những dấu hiệu sinh học (biomarkers) đặc trưng của bệnh Parkinson’s.
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Đoạn E “She had identified the upper back of her husband had a particularly strong 5. True
smell” Joy xác định được phần lưng của chồng cô ấy có mùi rất nặng. Chi tiết này trong bài đọc tương ứng với chi tiết a specific body part ở câu 21.
Đoạn F “To her, Alzheimer’s smells faintly of vanilla” 6. False
Câu 22 đưa ra nhận định sau: Joy không nhận thấy bất cứ điểm chung nào giữa mùi vanilla và mùi của bệnh Alzheimer. Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu 4 đoạn F khi Joy nói rằng bệnh Alzheimer có mùi hơi giống (smells faintly of) mùi vanilla.
Đoạn F “Joy can tell us lots of things in a day, whereas a rat would take months” Câu 23 đưa ra nhận định sau: Các nhà khoa học ở APOPO mất nhiều 7. Not
tháng để huấn luyện chuột khổng lồ châu Phi cách phát hiện mùi của
given
một số loại bệnh. Tuy nhiên trong đoạn F, Christophe Cox không đề cập gì tới khoảng thời gian cần cho việc huấn luyện chuột. Cô chỉ nói rằng một con chuột cần nhiều tháng để làm được những điều Joy có thể làm trong một ngày.
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Bài tập 2 1
Disappear
Vanish
Biến mất
2
Myriad
A lot of
Rất nhiều
3
Frequently
often
Thường xuyên
4
Navigate
travel
Đi qua
5
real-life event
Actual event
Sự kiện có thật
capture the
become the center of
Thu hút sự chú ý của
public’s attention
the public’s attention
dư luận
6
Bài tập 3 3
synaesthesia
physical condition
4
Find
discover
Một hội chứng (hội chứng syaethesia) Tìm
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Unit
4
Dạng trắc nghiệm Multiple choice
Đề bài dạng trắc nghiệm sẽ cung cấp nhiều sự lựa chọn A, B, C để trả lời cho 1 câu hỏi. Thí sinh cần chọn ra một hoặc một vài đáp án đúng trong số các lựa chọn trên.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Xác định và phân loại
• Scan bài đọc để tìm ra
• Đối chiếu phần chứa
từ khóa trong câu hỏi
khu vực chứa đáp án (ví
thông tin và câu hỏi.
và đáp án.
trí các đáp án thường
Đọc hiểu phần thông
• Phân biệt giữa các
theo thứ tự, 1 trước 2,
tin vừa tìm được.
đáp án gần giống nhau.
trước 3...).
• Có thể sử dụng
• Khi scan đoạn văn, thí
phương pháp loại trừ.
sinh lưu ý cần sử dụng kỹ thuật Eye-movement.
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2. Ví dụ SUCCESSFUL FAMILY FUNCTIONING A. Roles play an extremely important part in healthy family functioning. Most researchers agree that the establishment of clear roles higher a family’s chance of successfully dealing with day-to-day life, unforeseen crises, and the normal changes that occur in families over time. Family roles are the recurrent patterns of behavior by which individuals fulfill family functions and needs. Parents are expected to teach, discipline, and provide for their children. And children are expected to cooperate and respect their parents rather than being disrespectful. A person's role is always expanding or changing, depending upon his or her age and family stage. B. Individuals within a family have both instrumental and affective roles to fulfill. Each serves an important function in maintaining healthy family functioning. Instrumental roles are concerned with the provision of physical resources (e.g., money, food, clothing, and shelter). Affective roles exist to provide emotional support and encouragement to family members. Both sets of roles must be present for healthy family functioning. In addition, families must also consider issues of roles allocation and accountability. C. There are many roles within a family; however, researchers have identified the following roles as being essential for a healthy family. Providing resources, such as money, food, clothing, and shelter, for all family members is one of the most basic, yet important, roles within a family. This is primarily an instrumental role. Nurturing and supporting other family members is primarily an affective role and includes providing comfort, warmth, and reassurance for family members. Examples of this role are a parent comforting a child after he/she has a bad day at school, or family members supporting one another after the death of a loved one. (Adapted from “Families first – Keys to successful family functioning: Family roles” – Virginia Cooperative Extention)
Questions 1-3 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet
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1.
In families, having clear roles can
A.
Be the most difficult task.
B.
Help family solve daily problems.
C.
Create day-to-day problems.
D.
Make children become more respectful.
2.
Instrumental roles are related to
A.
Nurturing the kids
B.
Providing encouragement to family members
C.
Providing financial resource
D.
Fixing household appliances
3.
Offering comfort, warmth, and reassurance
A.
Is unnecessary.
B.
Has to be a daily activity.
C.
Is an instrumental role.
D.
Is an affective role.
Đề bài sẽ cung cấp 1 câu hỏi với nhiều sự lựa chọn. Người làm cần chọn ra một hoặc một vài đáp án đúng trong số các lựa chọn của đề. Trong ví dụ trên, người làm cần chọn 1 đáp án đúng trong 4 đáp án A, B, C, D.
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3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Xác định từ khoá trong câu hỏi và các đáp án lựa chọn: Từ khoá trong đề bài Câu hỏi
Đáp án lựa chọn
1. In families, having clear roles can
Để ý các từ so sánh do khó để thay thế những từ này
A. Be the most difficult task.
B. Help family solve daily problems.
C. Create day-to-day problems.
D. Make children become more respectful.
2 câu hơi giống nhau cần phân biệt: B – giải quyết; C – tạo ra
Từ khoá đặc biệt của câu, là danh từ khó thay thế hơn: “trẻ em”
Lưu ý: • Từ khoá của câu hỏi dùng để scan, do là thông tin chắc chắn đúng. • Hạn chế scan theo từ khoá của các đáp án, do chỉ có một trong bốn câu đúng.
Bước 2: Spotting Dựa vào từ khoá của đề bài, scan từ trên xuống dưới và tìm vị trí chứa thông tin: A. Roles play an extremely important part in healthy family functioning. Most researchers agree that
(1) Clear roles là từ khoá
the (1) establishment of clear roles higher a family’s chance of successfully dealing with day-to-day life, unforeseen crises, and the normal changes that occur in families over time. Family roles are the recurrent patterns of behavior by which individuals fulfill family
Thông tin cần tìm có thể ở khu vực này
functions and needs. Parents are expected to teach, discipline, and provide for their children. And children are expected to cooperate and respect their parents rather than being disrespectful. A person's role is always expanding or changing, depending upon his or her age and family stage. 97 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Sau khi xác định được khu vực chứa thông tin, đọc hiểu và đối chiếu các từ khoá để chọn đáp án đúng: Most researchers agree that the establishment of clear roles higher a family’s chance of successfully dealing with day-to-day life, unforeseen crises, and the normal changes that occur in families over time. 1. In families, having clear roles can
Dịch nghĩa: làm tăng khả năng giải quyết thành công các khủng khoảng
A.
Be the most difficult task.
B.
Help family solve daily problems.
C.
Create day-to-day problems.
D.
Make children become more respectful.
→ Đáp án là B. Help family solve daily problems. (Giúp các gia đình giải quyết các khó khăn).
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 và 3 Đáp án: 2 – C; 3 – D
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Practice Bài tập 1 4 quick tips to improve your business writing A. Whether you are an entrepreneur eager for funding, or a mid-level manager whose life is lived on email, strong professional writing is essential to accelerating your impact. But professional writing is not easy. At the Harvard Kennedy School, where I teach writing, I see professionals struggle every day with writing that is confusing, long-winded, and unclear. Fortunately, the way to improve is simple: Good writing focuses only what your audience needs. Nothing more. B. For many of us who learned how to write in college—where our writing was about showing how smart we were or how well we knew the material—putting the audience first takes practice. You can start by making it easier for your reader to find your main point by sharing important information first; bring it up higher in sentences, paragraphs, and documents. It may feel awkward to write this way, but in the professional space your audience is busy. Move the bottom line upfront. C. Another way to demonstrate empathy for your audience is to be brief. Are your sentences four lines long? Cut them down. You can also improve your brevity, and clarity, by writing in an active voice. Academic writing is passive, whereas empathetic professional writing is active. You can assess how passive your writing is by looking for some frequently used mis-hits, words like “being,” “not” and “has been.” Once you find those words, rewrite sentences to be present tense and active. This won’t work all the time, but it often does, and when you rewrite those sentences, you will make your piece shorter. D. Finally, if you know your audience well, your writing will be better. But if you don’t, be sure to learn about them. If they are a Parliamentarian who claims to care about human rights but has not put interest into practice, find the one or two items of compelling data that will influence them, and nothing more. If they are a city council member interested in advocating for more open green spaces, but worry about losing parking funding, provide reassurances from other cities. In other words, dig in on what your audience knows, cares about, and fears, and write to that point. E. This shift, to what I call “audience-centric writing,” takes time and effort. You need to 99 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
learn to revise for active voice, cut down words, and simplify. But mostly it is a shift of mindset; because creating desirable professional writing requires empathy to readers. And this type of writing is more apt to be read and, by extension, create the change the writer desires. (Adapted from “4 quick tips to improve your business writing” – Harvard Business Review)
Questions 1-6 Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C. 1. Writing a professional esay is
A.
Easier when people get older.
B.
Used in few occasions.
C.
Critical but difficult for a lot of people.
2. The way people write when they are in university
A.
Usually focuses on showing their knowledge.
B.
Usually focuses on their feelings.
C.
Is too academic.
3. The author suggest that writers should give important information first
A.
To attract people.
B.
To help readers get the central ideas better.
C.
To show respect to the readers.
4. Writers should use active in stead of passive voice because
A.
The sentences will sound better.
B.
It can show the subject of the actions.
C.
The sentences will be more concise.
5. The author mentioned a Parliamentarian and a city council member to
A.
Illustrate how different approaches are used for different people.
B.
Show the importance of professional writing.
C.
Advise writers to avoid difficult topics.
6. To produce a good piece of writing,
A.
The writer needs to change his writing style.
B.
The writer needs to understand his audience.
C.
Reviewing is critical.
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Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying
Writing a professional essay is
Từ khóa chủ đề nhưng lại là từ khóa duy nhất để scan
Scan từ đoạn đầu tiên (đoạn A) của bài
A.
Easier when people get older.
B.
Used in few occasions.
C.
Critical but difficult for a lot of people.
Một số từ khoá cần nhớ và phân biệt
Bước 2: Spotting = a lot of people
Whether you are an entrepreneur eager for funding, or a mid-level manager whose life is lived on email, strong professional writing is essential to accelerating your impact. But professional writing is not easy.
= difficult
= critical
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Các từ khoá khớp với đáp án C. Critical but difficult to use.
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 6 101 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Bài tập 2 Don’t let perfection be the enemy of productivity. A. There’s an argument that, for unimportant decisions, you should either decide quickly or outsource the decision. But perfectionists have a hard time designating decisions as unimportant. They like to be in control of everything. Why? Because imperfections bother them more than they do other people. If something goes wrong, perfectionists might feel explosive frustration or a niggling sense of irritation that’s hard to ignore, and they don’t want to take that risk. Sometimes, perfectionists are so accustomed to micromanaging that it doesn’t even occur to them that any decision is unimportant. They’re blind to it. They habitually and automatically classify everything as worthy of their full effort. B. The belief that you need to beat expectations in any situation can manifest in many ways. Let’s say someone offers to pay you $1,000 for a service. If you’re a perfectionist, providing $1,000 of value might not seem like enough. You might think that you need to give what your competitors would charge $1,500 for because you want to outperform. You think: “If I don’t overdeliver, I’m underdelivering.” Or if you judge that 24 hours is a respectable timeframe in which to respond to a colleague’s email, you might set your own bar at within six hours. The key point is that you believe what’s generally reasonable doesn’t apply to you, and your own standard needs to be different. C. Sometimes this line of thinking comes from wanting an excessive cushion; for instance, you think “If I aim to deliver 1.5X or 2X value for all the services I provide, then I’m never going to under-deliver.” It can also be driven by anxiety, insecurity or imposter syndrome; for instance, you think the only way to prevent anyone from being disappointed or unhappy with you is by always exceeding expectations. Perfectionists also sometimes imagine there will be catastrophic consequences if they fail to overdeliver; for example, they worry a client won’t want to work with them if they take a day to answer an email request, even if it’s a non-urgent query and they’re happy with everything else. D. When perfectionists want to adopt new habits, they tend to fall into one of three categories. They bite off more than they can chew and their plans are too onerous to manage; they avoid starting any habit unless they’re 100% sure they can hit their goal everyday, which leads to procrastination; or they take on only those habits that they can stick to no matter what. E. Perfectionism is often driven by striving for excellence, but it can be self-sabotaging if it 102 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
leads to suboptimal behavior like continuing habits beyond their usefulness, overdelivering when you don’t have to, or overthinking every decision you make. (Adapted from “Don’t let perfection be the enemy of productivity” – Harvard Business Review)
Questions 1-4 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D. 1. Perfectionists often like to have control over everything
A.
Because they fear judgement.
B.
Because they like working extra hours.
C.
Because they want people to look at them as a role model.
D.
Because they hate mistakes.
2. A perfectionist’s way of thinking can be a result of
A.
mental issues.
B.
social expectation.
C.
family history.
D.
peer pressure.
3. When perfectionists take up a new habit
A.
They will always try to take up more than what he can actually do.
B.
They often fall behind with their deadlines.
C.
They will most likely to follow only one habit.
D.
They can have very different ways of following it.
4. A perfectionist’s expectations can be harmful
A.
When they cannot be met.
B.
When they create undesired behaviors.
C.
When they are too low.
D.
When they are too high.
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Bài tập 3 CRANBERRIES A. Cranberries are native to North America and have never become widely naturalized to other parts of the world. In fact, over 80% of all cranberries grown worldwide are grown in the U.S. and Canada. (And roughly twice as many cranberries are grown in the U.S. compared to Canada.) For U.S. consumers, cranberries are an indigenous food that has unique ties to this region of the world. Among our WHFoods, cranberries are most closely related to blueberries. Both of these berries belong to the Ericaceae family of plants, as well as to the Vaccinium genus. When you compare the phytonutrient richness of these two berries, you will also find a good bit of overlap. But we think it is safe to say that cranberries are unique in many ways, and one of these ways involves the manner in which they grow. B. As a food native to North America, cranberries have traditionally been enjoyed by many native peoples throughout what is now the United States and Canada. Cranberries were originally given different names in various tribal languages, including the name "ibimi"—which meant bitter/sour berries—in Wampanoag and Lenni Lenape. The name "cranberry" came from much later observations by European colonizers of North America that the flowers of cranberry plants were shaped like the head and neck of sandhill cranes, which lead to the term "craneberry." The word "craneberry" was eventually shortened to "cranberry." C. As the world's largest single producer of cranberries, the United States has a welldocumented history of cranberry production. The key cranberry-producing states of Wisconsin (by far the largest producer) and Massachusetts (easily landing in second place) combined in 2016 to produce over 8 million barrels of cranberries. Approximately 1 million additional barrels were produced by the states of New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington. Cranberry production in the U.S. has a rich family history and a high degree of continuity in comparison to many other areas of agricultural production. For example, cranberry marshes developed in the late 1800's and early 1900's around Manitowish Waters and Eagle River in Wisconsin remain productive to this day. In addition, some of the cranberry vines that currently produce cranberries are more than 200 years in age. On a worldwide basis, no country comes so close to producing the number of cranberries as the United States, with the possible exception of Canada. In 2014, about 840 million pounds of cranberries were produced in the U.S., and about 388 million pounds were produced in Canada. Chile produced about 180 million pounds and a handful of other countries produced 10% or less of this Chilean amount. These additional countries included Belarus, Azerbaiijan, Latvia, and Romania. 104 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Questions 1-3 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D. 1. Cranberries and blueberries are similar because A. They have vibrant red color due to presence of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins
B. Their richness in phytonutrients is similar to each other
C. They are similarly popular as plants in Ericaceae family
D. They both have over two dozen health-supportive phytonutrients
2. The meaning of the word cranberry can most likely stem from:
A. A word in tribal languages meaning bitterness or sourness. B. The shape of its flower that is similar to body parts of a particular species of cranes. C. The similar shape between the neck of sandhill cranes and the cranberry fruits. D. The colonizers from North America that found this fruit on their colony in Europe
3. What is true about the cranberry production in the US? A. Massachusetts produced most cranberries, followed by other states such as Wisconsin or New Jersey. B. New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington combined were able to produce 1 million barrels of cranberries more than Wisconsin and Massachusetts. C. Many centuries-old cranberry trees in the US are said to be still able to produce fruits. D. The productivity of cranberries developed around Manitowish Waters and Eagle River in Wisconsin is growing over the period of 200 years
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Key Bài tập 1 Đoạn A Whether you are an entrepreneur eager for funding, or a mid-level manager whose life is lived on email, strong professional writing is essential to accelerating 1.C
your impact. But professional writing is not easy. → Dù bạn là nhà khởi nghiệp muốn tìm tài trợ, hay là một quản lý thường giải quyết email, việc viết một cách chuyên nghiệp là rất cần thiết …. Nhưng việc đó không dễ. → Đáp án C: Khó nhưng quan trọng cho nhiều người.
Đoạn B For many of us who learned how to write in college—where our writing was 2.A
about showing how smart we were or how well we knew the material. → Với nhiều người viết ở đại học, việc viết chủ yếu tập trung thể hiện sự thông minh hay độ hiểu biết của chúng ta. → Đáp án A: Tập trung thể hiện kiến thức của mình.
Đoạn B “You can start by making it easier for your reader to find your main point by 3.B
sharing important information first.” → Bạn có thể giúp người đọc tìm ý chính dễ hơn bằng cách đưa thông tin chính lên đầu. → Đáp án B: Giúp người đọc tìm ý chính dễ hơn. Đoạn C “rewrite sentences to be present tense and active […], you will make your piece
4.C
shorter.” → Viết lại các câu thành thì hiện tại hoặc dạng chủ động, bạn sẽ khiến bài văn của mình ngắn hơn. → Đáp án C: Khiến bài viết cô đọng hơn.
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Đoạn D “If they are a Parliamentarian .... If they are a city council member … In other words, dig in on what your audience knows, cares about, and fears, and write to that point." 5.A
→ Nếu họ là người của Quốc Hội …, nếu họ là thành viên hội đồng thành phố … Nói cách khác, đào sâu vào những gì người đọc biết, quan tâm đến, sợ hãi, và viết về những điều đó. → Đáp án A: Các cách tiếp cận khác nhau được dùng cho các đối tượng khác nhau.
Đoạn E 6.B
“because creating desirable professional writing requires empathy to readers.” → Viết một bài văn chuyên nghiệp cần có sự thấu cảm với người đọc.” → Đáp án B: Người viết cần hiểu khán giả của anh ấy.
Bài tập 2 Đoạn A “They like to be in control of everything … Because imperfections bother them 1.D
more than they do other people.” → Họ muốn kiểm soát mọi thứ, do những thứ không hoàn hảo làm họ khó chịu hơn người khác. → Đáp án D: Vì họ ghét các lỗi sai.
Đoạn C “Sometimes this line of thinking comes from wanting an excessive cushion; … It can also be driven by anxiety, insecurity or imposter syndromerial. “ 2.A
→ Đôi khi cách suy nghĩa này đến từ việc họ muốn làm tốt hơn 1 chút để đề phòng … nó cũng có thể đến từ sự bất an, không tự tin, hay hội chứng kẻ mạo danh. → Đáp án A: Các vấn đề tinh thần/ tâm lý.
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Đoạn D “When perfectionists want to adopt new habits, they tend to fall into one of 3.D
three categories.” → Khi một người cầu toàn có một thói quan mới, họ thường rơi vào 3 nhóm. → Đáp án D: Họ sẽ theo đổi những thói quen đó theo cách khác nhau.
Đoạn E “Perfectionism is often driven by striving for excellence, but it can be self4.B
sabotaging if it leads to suboptimal behavior…” → Tính cầu toàn thường được tạo ra từ sự cố gắng hướng tới tính hoàn thiện, nhưng nó có thể gây hại nếu nó dẫn tới hành vi không tối ưu. → Đáp án B: Khi chúng tạo ra những hành vi không mong muốn.
Bài tập 3
Đoạn A Cranberries và blueberries giống nhau vì có hàm lượng phytonutrient giống nhau. Thông tin trong đoạn văn có “ a bit of overlap” → Đáp án B. Trong khi đó: 1.B
Đáp án A: Sự xuất hiện của anthocyanis và proanthocyanidins đều chỉ được đề cập liên quan đến cranberries, hoàn toàn không liên quan đến blueberries. Đáp án C: Blueberries được biết đến nhiều hơn so với cranberries → không thể giống nhau vì điểm này. Đáp án D: “Two dozen health-supportive phytonutrients” là đặc điểm thuộc về cranberries, không liên quan đến blueberries.
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Đoạn B Tên “cranberry” bắt nguồn từ việc quan sát hoa của cranberry, có hình dáng đầu và cổ của “sandhill crane” – cần cẩu cát. → Đáp án B. Các cụm từ được thay thế trong câu hỏi phải chú ý: Similar body parts = neck and head và “a particular species of cranes” = “sandhill cranes”. 2.B
Trong khi đó: Đáp án A: Cranberries không xuất phát từ một từ trong tiếng bộ lạc. Mà loài cây này được gọi bằng nhiều tên khác nhau theo nhiều bộ lạc. Trong đó có “ibimi” mang nghĩa đắng/chua. Đáp án C: Không có thông tin liên quan đến quả của cranberries Đáp án D: Thông tin về conolizers hoàn toàn không liên quan đến tên gọi của hoài cây này.
Đoạn D Câu hỏi yêu cầu đưa ra ý nhận định đúng về việc sản xuất quả Nam việt quất ở Mỹ. Đáp án A. Mệnh đề sai, vì Massachusetts không phải là bang sản xuất nhiều cranberries nhất, mà chính là Wisconsin. Đáp án B. sai vì tổng sản lượng sản xuât của New Jersey, Oregon và 3.C
Washington là 1 triệu. Chứ không phải là cả 3 bang này sản xuất HƠN 1 triệu so với 2 bang Wisconsin và Massachusetts. Đáp án D. sai vì trong bài nói là một số cây canberry đã 200 tuổi. Chứ không nhắc gì tới là việc sản xuất Canberry quanh vùng Manitowish Waters và Eagle River in Wisconsin đã phát triển được 200 năm. Đáp án C. đúng vì có nhắc tới 1 số cây Canberry tuổi thọ mấy trăm năm vẫn có thể sản xuất quả Canberry được. Chính xác với thông tin có trong bài đọc
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Bài tập 1 1
Essential
Critical
Quan trọng
2
Main points
central ideas
Ý chính
3
Short
Concise
Ngắn, cô đọng
4
Empathy (n)
Understand (v)
Thấu hiểu, cảm thông
Bài tập 2 5
Control
Have control over
Kiểm soát
6
adopt new habits
take up new habits
Có thói quen mới
7
sabotaging
harmful
Gây hại
Giống nhau
Bài tập 3 8
a bit of overlap
Similar
9
Head and neck
Body parts
Đầu và cổ (các phần cơ thể)
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Unit
5
Dạng bài phân nhóm Categorization
Ở dạng bài này, thí sinh sẽ phải nối các mục như tên người, ngày, tháng, năm, tên các dự án hoặc nghiên cứu ... với từng nhận định tương ứng. Câu hỏi không được sắp xếp theo trình tự của bài đọc. Mỗi nhóm thông tin (tên người, thời gian) có thể xuất hiện nhiều hơn 1 lần trong bài.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Scan trong bài các tên
• Quay lại đọc hiểu câu
• Đối chiếu phần chứa
riêng/ thời gian trong
hỏi.
thông tin đã giới hạn
mục category (chú ý
• Xác định và phân loại
với các câu hỏi.
scan đầy đủ vì các từ
từ khóa.
• Chọn đáp án đúng
này có thể xuất hiện
nhất với thông tin vừa
nhiều lần).
tìm được.
• Khoanh vùng thông tin khu vực có chứa từ vừa scan (giới hạn thường trong 1 đoạn).
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2. Ví dụ Doing more exercise won't help you burn more calories A simple calculation lies at the heart of a lot of mainstream weight loss advice. If calories out exceed calories in, you will lose weight. It is why both exercise and diet are said to be key to staying trim, and why many of us feel we can make amends for overindulging by joining the gym or dusting off our running shoes. It now turns out something weirder is going on. Working out a lot doesn’t appear to burn more calories than doing a little. In fact, going mad in the gym doesn’t seem to burn any more calories than moderate activity a few days a week and taking the stairs, for instance. Some of the biggest clues that something was up with the exercise and weight loss equation lie far from the gym, on the plains of Tanzania. Here, the Hadza people live as we all once did, as hunter-gatherers. The men walk about 10 kilometres each day, stalking game with bows and arrows, while women spend hours on the move, digging for wild tubers and picking berries. A few years ago, Herman Pontzer, an evolutionary anthropologist at Hunter College in New York, and his colleagues headed to Tanzania to study the Hadza and their metabolism. Pontzer wasn’t expecting to reveal any big mysteries around exercise. “It started off that we wanted to just ask a basic question: ‘How many calories do you need to burn to live as a hunter-gatherer?'” he says. To the team’s amazement, the Hadza got through only slightly more than Westerners who drive to a job to sit all day, with the men using up about 2600 calories and the women 1900. “I couldn’t believe it,” says Pontzer. The findings caused a stir. They called into question the widely accepted idea that sedentary lifestyles in many societies are responsible for the obesity epidemic. Instead, Pontzer and his team began to wonder whether our daily energy expenditure could have evolved to be fixed at these levels, regardless of whether we sit at a desk all day or search the plains looking for our next meal. To back up the idea, what’s needed is to study other ways of living too, including populations with Western lifestyles. That’s where Lara Dugas of Loyola University Chicago comes into the story. Her team kitted out nearly 2000 people from the US, Ghana, Jamaica, South Africa and the Seychelles with activity monitors for eight days to gauge their basic pattern of physical activity. She then tracked their weight over several years. The upshot? Activity levels didn’t predict weight two years later. In fact, those who met the US guideline of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, according to the monitor data, tended to have put on more weight than those that did less. A paradox indeed. 112 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
In 2016, Pontzer and Dugas joined forces. They looked in more detail at over 300 of the people in Dugas’s original study. It turned out that those who were moderately active used up about 200 more calories per day than sedentary people, but after that, calorie burning plateaued. Those who exercised every day didn’t burn any more than those who worked out a few times a week. “Only at the very, very low end did we see anything like a trend of lower activity being paired with lower energy expenditure,” says Pontzer. This view tallies with calculations of how much people exercise when viewed over longer time spans, says Glenn Gaesser at Arizona State University. “If you add up the amount of calories individuals would expend doing 150 minutes of exercise a week, times 52 weeks of the year, you come up into the literally tens of thousands of calories that are expended.” And yet exercisers only weigh around 2 kilograms less on average, he says. As the evidence piles up, says Pontzer, the idea that activity dictates how many calories you burn looks “pretty naive”. It seems time to put the calories in, calories out equation to rest. But how can it be that people do more exercise without seeming to expend extra energy? The assumption has been that they eat more to make up for it, whether because they are hungrier or feel like they have earned it. “You can consume a doughnut in less than a minute,” says Gaesser. “But that minute of consuming the doughnut might take an hour or more of walking to match in terms of calories.” It also doesn’t help that people grossly overestimate their energy use during exercise. In one study, people were assigned a treadmill workout and then told to estimate how many calories they burned and eat an equivalent amount from a buffet. They guessed they used up 800 calories and ate about 550. In reality, they had burned just 200. That might help explain why Dugas found that those meeting US exercise guidelines tended to have put on more weight. But it wouldn’t explain why the Hadza’s prolific activity doesn’t add up to much more energy consumption over the course of a day than a sedentary lifestyle. So another suggestion for this exercise paradox is that our bodies compensate for a hard workout by moving less the rest of the day. Some clues have come from mice. When given running wheels to prompt exercise, they were found to move around less than usual in between bouts of activity. The number of calories saved from moving less the rest of the day almost exactly negated the calories burned from running. It seems people make similar sorts of adjustments when they embark on a new exercise regime, even if they don’t realize it.
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Rather than thinking of people as active or sedentary, an increasing number of us are both active, playing sports or working out regularly, and sedentary, spending the rest of the day sitting, says James Betts, who studies nutrition and exercise at the University of Bath, UK. So it is a mistake to just count the calories burned on a treadmill and not consider the rest of the day, he says. “All these other parts of exercise, just moving around more, can be the biggest component of energy expenditure and can dictate which person might be lean and which person might be obese,” he says.
Questions 1 - 4 Look at the following research findings and the list of researchers below. Match each research finding with the correct researcher, A, B or C. Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in the boxes 1 - 4 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1. The amount of energy expended on doing exercise is not equally matched with the amount of calories gained from food. 2. The purpose of exercise is far more significant than to help a person lose weight. 3. Energy expenditure from a person’s daily activities, besides regular workouts, can largely determine their body weight. 4. Some evidence suggests that people underestimate the complexity of what causes obesity.
A. Herman Pontzer B. Glenn Gaesser C. James Betts
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3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying • Scan đoạn văn theo categories. Từ cần tìm: James Betts Rather than thinking of people as active or sedentary, an increasing number of us are both active, playing sports or working out regularly, and sedentary, spending the rest of the day sitting, says James Betts, who studies nutrition and exercise at the University of Bath, UK. So it is a mistake to just count the calories burned on a treadmill and not consider the rest of the day, he says. “All these other parts of exercise, just moving
• Vùng thông tin liên quan tới James Betts sẽ chỉ giới hạn trong đoạn này. • James Bett chỉ xuất hiện 1 lần trong bài.
around more, can be the biggest component of energy expenditure and can dictate which person might be lean and which person might be obese,” he says.
Từ cần tìm: Herman Pontzer A few years ago, Herman Pontzer, an evolutionary anthropologist at Hunter College in New York, and his
• Lưu ý: có những mục
colleagues headed to Tanzania to study the Hadza and
sẽ xuất hiện rất nhiều
their metabolism. Pontzer wasn’t expecting to reveal
lần trong bài, cần lưu ý
any big mysteries around exercise.
khoanh vùng đầy đủ.
Instead, Pontzer and his team began to wonder whether our daily energy expenditure could have evolved to be fixed at these levels, regardless of whether we sit at a desk all day or search the plains looking for our next meal.
• Thay vì tên đầy đủ, bài đọc thường chỉ nhắc lại họ (last name) của người, hoặc thay bằng các từ “he”, “she”,..
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Bước 2: Spotting • Quay lại đọc hiểu và gạch chân từ khoá để nắm bắt ý chính của câu hỏi. Ví dụ: 2. The purpose of exercise is far more significant than to help a person lose weight. → Thông tin cốt lõi của câu hỏi có thể rút gọn lại thành: Purpose of exercise – more significant – lose weight 3. Energy expenditure from a person’s daily activities, besides regular workouts, can largely determine their body weight. → Thông tin cốt lõi của câu hỏi có thể rút gọn lại thành: Energy expenditure – daily activities – determine – body weight Lưu ý: các từ khoá này không dùng để scan, bởi hầu hết chúng đã bị thay thế rất nhiều hoặc câu trong bài được diễn đạt khác đi, ta chỉ dùng chúng để hiểu và ghi nhớ nội dung chính của câu.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering • Đối chiếu phần thông tin khoanh vùng ở bước 1 với các câu hỏi đã gạch từ khoá. Tips: Chọn làm trước các tên riêng/ thời gian xuất hiện ít lần nhất trong bài Rather than thinking of people as active or sedentary, an increasing number of us are both active, playing sports or working out regularly, and sedentary, spending the rest of the day sitting, says James Betts, who studies nutrition and exercise at the University of Bath, UK. So it is a mistake to just count the calories burned on a treadmill and not consider the rest of the day, he says. “All these other parts of exercise, just moving around more, can be the biggest component of energy expenditure and can dictate which person might be lean and which person might be obese,” he says.
• the rest of the day/ other parts of exercise = daily activities • energy expenditure • dictate = determine
Cả phần thông tin này mang ý nghĩa: “Các hoạt động trong suốt một ngày, đơn giản như chuyển động xung quanh, là yếu tố tiêu hao năng lượng chính và quyết định liệu người nào gầy và người nào béo” → Tương tự với câu hỏi số 3 116 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
→ Đáp án đúng: 3. C Lưu ý: Khi đề bài xuất hiện câu: NB You may use any letter more than once. có nghĩa là một tên/ thời gian trong mục category có thể là đáp án của nhiều hơn một câu.
Áp dụng tương tự câu 1,2 và 4 Đáp án: 1. B; 2. B; 4.A
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Practice Bài tập 1 DEPRESSION MAY REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF WHITE MATTER IN THE BRAIN A. Your brain looks different if you have depression, a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act… But many of the differences seem to be caused by depression, rather than preceding it. When neuroscientists compare the brains of people with and without depression, there are common dissimilarities. For example, people with depression tend to have a smaller hippocampus, a brain region important in forming memories. But it has been difficult to work out whether such differences cause the symptoms of depression or whether they result from the disorder, says Heather Whalley at the University of Edinburgh, UK. “We don’t know which causes which.” B. To answer the question, Whalley and her colleagues turned to two huge genetic databases. Consumer genetic testing company 23andMe holds information on the DNA and depressive symptoms of tens of thousands of individuals, and the UK Biobank collects DNA, lifestyle and behaviour questionnaires and brain scans from thousands more. Whalley and her colleagues used this data, as well as already-published research, to create what is known as a polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression. A PRS assigns weight to various genetic factors that are thought to contribute to the risk of a condition. They made sure their PRS worked by testing it in a separate sample of 11,214 people. The team then assessed the brain scans and behaviour records of those individuals with a PRS that put them at a genetic risk of depression. They found that people with higher genetic risk scores tended to have less white matter in their brains, and that it didn’t seem to be functioning as well. C. Whalley and her team then used a statistical analysis to work out whether these white matter differences were causing the depression or resulting from it. The analysis takes into account brain structure and depression symptoms, and looks at how closely each are related to genetic factors. Genes are present from birth, so if genetic factors are more closely linked to symptoms, for example, that suggests that the symptoms were present before the brain structure differences. The team found that many brain differences appear 118 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
to be caused by depression. But differences in a region of the brain called the anterior thalamic radiation appear to come before depression. This suggests that the genes that put a person at risk of depression do so via this particular brain network. “It does make sense,” says Whalley. “It’s the main relay centre… for information going to and from the brain.” D. Depression symptoms and behaviours could end up impacting the brain’s white matter connections more generally, says Maxime Taquet at the University of Oxford, who wasn’t involved in the study. “It might be that patients with depression… do not use some of the brain connections that other people would use,” he says. Being socially withdrawn, or focusing more on the negative than the positive, could have an effect, he says. “We know that if we don’t use a pathway in the brain, that pathway starts to shrink.” E. Whalley’s team also found a host of lifestyle factors and experiences that seem to be linked to depression. They found that a combination of childhood trauma and poverty put individuals at the greatest risk of depression. While childhood trauma was a risk factor in causing depression, trauma in adulthood wasn’t. Experiencing high levels of stress at a young age can disrupt a person’s stress coping mechanisms for life, says Whalley. “It might mean that you’ll need a smaller trigger to have a much more stressful response,” she says. F. Child abuse or poverty can also alter which genes are active in the developing brain through a process called epigenesis. These changes can lead to diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. “Childhood maltreatment is like a surgical strike on the brain,” says Carmine Pariante, who studies the effects of stress on child development at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London. “This explains why these individuals are at risk of developing a host of stress-related disorders later in life – because they have an impaired ability to cope with stress.” G. “Findings like this indicate that maltreatment can leave damage hidden deep inside the body that persists for many years,” says Terrie Moffitt of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. “Once we appreciate that child maltreatment brings hidden damage that can resurface years later as memory problems, preventing child abuse seems like a very good deal.”
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Questions 1-5 Look at the following statements and the list of people’s names below. Match each statement with the correct person, A-D Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1. Young children suffering from stress may find it hard to handle stress later in life. 2. Depressed people’s brains may not well-function compared to others. 3. A higher genetic risk of depression may result in white matter differences and obstructing brain functions. 4. Memory issues resulted from child mistreatment tend to appear again after being absent for a long time. 5. Abused and impoverished children are easily susceptible to stress in the future.
List of names A. Heather Whalley B. Maxime Taquet C. Carmine Pariante D. Terrie Moffitt
Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Từ cần tìm: Heather Whalley, Maxime Taquet, Carmine Pariante, Terrie Moffitt Đoạn B có chứa Whalley: To answer the question, Whalley and her colleagues turned to two huge genetic databases. […] They found that people with higher genetic risk scores tended to have less white matter in their brains, and that it didn’t seem to be functioning as well.
Bước 2: Spotting 1. Young children suffering from stress may find it hard to handle stress later in life.
Từ khoá loại 1: Cụm danh từ khó bị thay đổi
Từ khoá loại 2: động từ, dễ bị thay đổi
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2.Depressed people’s brains may not well-function compared to others.
Từ khoá loại 1: danh từ khó bị thay đổi
Từ khoá loại 2: động từ dễ bị thay đổi
3. A higher genetic risk of depression may result in white matter differences and obstructing brain functions
Từ khoá loại 1: danh từ riêng
4. Memory issues resulted from child mistreatment tend to appear again after being absent for a long time.
Từ khoá loại 1: danh từ riêng
Từ khoá loại 2: động từ/ tính từ dễ bị thay đổi
5. Abused and impoverished children are easily susceptible to stress in the future.
Từ khoá loại 1: danh từ riêng
Từ khoá loại 2: tính từ/ từ chỉ thời gian dễ thay đổi
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Bước 3: Extracting & Answering To answer the question, Whalley and her colleagues turned to two huge genetic databases. […] They found that people with higher genetic risk scores tended to have less white matter in their brains, and that it didn’t seem to be functioning as well.
Từ khoá câu 3
= brain function (từ khoá câu 3)
Từ khoá câu 3
→ Đáp án: 3. A higher genetic risk of depression may result in white matter differences and obstructing brain functions. – A. Heather Whalley
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 5
Bài tập 2 A LANGUAGE THAT BECOMES EXTINCT On a residential block at the border between Brooklyn and Queens, Gottscheer Hall appears like a mirage from 1945. Alfred Belay has been coming to Gottscheer Hall since he arrived in America more than 60 years ago. Then, the neighborhood was filled with refugees from Gottschee, those just like Belay, a settlement that once occupied the highlands of modern-day Slovenia. Now, he’s one of a few thousand remaining speakers of its language, Gottscheerisch. Every Christmas he leads a service in his 600-year-old native language that few understand. Belay and his sister, 83-year-old Martha Hutter, have agreed to let 26-year-old Daniel Bogre Udell film them having a conversation. They walk past the dark wood bar of Gottscheer Hall serving pretzels and sausages, and they climb the stairs to an empty banquet room. Bogre Udell sets up his camera and the siblings begin to banter in their inscrutable Germanic mother tongue. Hearing such a rare language spoken on a residential block of Queens is not unusual for Bogre Udell, the co-founder of a nonprofit called Wikitongues. There are some 800 languages spoken within the 10-mile radius of New York City, which 122 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
is more than 10 percent of the world’s estimated 7,099 languages. Since he has decided to record all of them, the melting-pot metropolis is a natural launching point. Bogre Udell, who speaks four languages, met Frederico Andrade, who speaks five, at the Parsons New School in New York City. In 2014, they launched an ambitious project to make the first public archive of every language in the world. They’ve already documented more than 350 languages, which they are tracking online, and plan to hit 1,000 in the coming years. “When humanity loses a language, we also lose the potential for greater diversity in art, music, literature, and oral traditions,” says Bogre Udell. “Would Cervantes have written the same stories had he been forced to write in a language other than Spanish? Would the music of Beyoncé be the same in a language other than English?” Between 1950 and 2010, 230 languages went extinct, according to the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Today, a third of the world’s languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers left. Every two weeks a language dies with its last speaker, 50 to 90 percent of them are predicted to disappear by the next century. Priceless documentation opportunities disappear regularly. Not long ago, one of the last two speakers of a Saami language dialect in the Russian steppes died right before his recording session with Wikitongues. Some 500 languages could slip through their grasp in the next five years, they estimate. Political persecution, a lack of preservation, and globalization are to blame for the dwindling language diversity. For much of the 20th century, governments across the world have imposed language on indigenous people, often through coercion. Some 100 aboriginal languages in Australia have disappeared since European settlers arrived. A half-century after China annexed Tibet, dozens of distinct dialects with unique alphabets are on the verge of extinction. Studies have shown that suppressing language impairs everything from health to school performance. This forced suppression, however, is no longer the biggest threat facing our linguistic ecosystem. “Most languages die today not because of abject and outright persecution—though this does happen on occasion—but rather because they are made unviable,” says Andrade. Factors like climate change and urbanization force linguistically diverse rural and coastal communities to migrate and assimilate to new communities with new languages. “This form of language loss is a cancer, not a gunshot.” In Gottscheer Hall, Belay and Hutter transform as they chatter for Daniel Bogre Udell’s video camera. At one point Hutter breaks into song. In Gottscheerisch, they recall growing 123 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
up in a single bedroom home where they spoke Gottscheerisch—German was used for school and church. In 1941, Gottschee was annexed by the Italians and its residents were sent to resettlement camps. Four years later, the Gottscheer Relief Association opened its doors to the thousands of immigrants arriving in New York. By the time Belay and Hutter arrived, in the 1950s, the neighborhood was so full of immigrants that Hutter was barely able to practice her English. The newcomers spoke Gottscheerisch to each other and raised their kids with English. Now, 60 years later, Belay has started speaking to his kids in Gottscheerisch for the first time, but the language is on the brink of extinction. As a street language, Gottscheerisch was rarely written down. It could only be learned by ear until 1994, when Hutter published a five-year effort of collecting definitions for 1,400 words: the first EnglishGottscheerisch dictionary. “The old Gottscheers were convinced that nobody can learn Gottscheerisch, so they didn’t try to teach it,” Hutter recalls. “But any language can be learned, so I thought, ‘This old language is going to die and they won’t know anything.’”
Questions 1-6 Look at the following actions and the list of people below. Match each action with the correct person, A-D. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet NB: YOU MAY USE ANY LETTER MORE THAN ONCE. 1. stated that some minor language speakers believed their mother tongue couldn’t be taught so they refused to pass it down. 2. came to the US no less than half a century ago 3. began to teach young generation his language but this may be too late 4. stressed that the extinction of languages is not a sudden event 5. is concerned about the dire consequences of language extinction 6. prepared to be filmed in front of the camera together with her brother
LIST OF PEOPLE A. Martha Hutter B. Alfred Belay C. Frederico Andrade D. Bogre Udell
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Bài tập 3 Packaging-free shops may tackle plastic but risk increasing food waste Shops that let you bring your own containers aim to tackle the plastic packaging scourge, but they may not be the perfect solution A. Supermarkets are full of food, but they are also full of packaging: cereal bagged in plastic sits inside a cardboard box, cucumbers are shrink-wrapped with care. Now trendy packaging-free shops are popping up in Europe and North America where you bring your own containers and buy exactly as much as you need. While the trend started with small, local shops, even retail giants are getting in on the action. Waitrose, one of the UK’s biggest grocery store chains, is trialing a packaging-free section in one of its Oxford stores. The switch is driven largely by a desire to make shopping more environmentally friendly. “We have made good progress in reducing our use of unnecessary plastics and packaging and this test is designed to help us identify ways for us to build on that,” says a Waitrose spokesperson. B. Consumers are increasingly aware of the environmental impacts of packaging, particularly plastic waste that can end up in the ocean, hurt wildlife and even work its way back up the food chain and onto your plate. According to data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), almost 30 million tonnes of containers and packaging were sent to landfill in the US in 2015. Back then, more than 10 million tonnes of that amount was plastic, which can take hundreds of years to break down. C. “People want to know what they can do,” says Rachelle Strauss, the founder of UK waste-reduction consultancy Zero Waste Week. Packaging-free stores help us feel like we have the ability to make at least a small change, she says. But it isn’t clear whether, as a whole, they will actually have a positive environmental impact, or if they are just aspirational marketing. “If we could do without packaging, it wouldn’t be here,” says Susan Selke, director of Michigan State University’s School of Packaging. Companies would gladly rid themselves of the expense if they could, she says. D. Perhaps the most obvious use of food packaging is branding and information about the product, but you could do that with less packaging than is used now. A far more crucial purpose of packaging is to keep food safe from contamination and lengthen its shelf life – those shrink-wrapped cucumbers will wrinkle and squish in a few days if left out. EPA data shows that more than 30 million tonnes of food waste was sent to US landfills in 2015. “The carbon footprint of food is so much bigger than the carbon footprint of the package,” 125 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
says Nina Goodrich, director of the Sustainable Packaging Coalition. That means that any increase in food waste will quickly wipe out any gains from cutting out packaging. “The consumer might not be aware of that because the package waste is more visible.” E. It is also important to remember that the packaging you see isn’t the whole story. “People tend to think of packaging as what they take stuff home in, but that’s not all,” says Selke. “If you truly had a no-packaging grocery store, then you would never be able to get the products to it, and the consumers would never be able to get them home.” That is why paying attention to the supply chain is crucial: even nominally packaging-free stores receive their goods in some sort of packaging, and eliminating that is probably impossible. Selling in bulk may help reduce that waste, though, as one enormous sack of beans emptied into a steel bin is less wasteful than lots of smaller bags taken home with each customer. F. “Our supply chain is almost completely different from a standard grocery store,” says Brianne Miller, founder of packaging-free store Nada in Vancouver, Canada. If regular grocery stores were to attempt to transition to package-free items, they would struggle, as a vast majority of their business models aren’t set up for that, she says. G. One supply-chain issue is simple demand. “A lot of what’s got us into this situation is our demand for convenience and our privilege of having strawberries all year round,” says Strauss. “We’ve become accustomed to all of this convenience, and it’s having a cost now on the environment.” Shops wanting to reduce their environmental impact will need customers who are happy to buy what is in season. They would also need to keep less stock to reduce food waste, says Miller, so consumers would have to get used to a store sometimes being out of an ingredient they are looking for. The cost of changing the supply chain so dramatically can be high, especially when a store takes into account factors beyond environmental impact, like the labour practices of food producers. “A very socially and environmentally responsibly sourced low-carbon-footprint rice is going to be more expensive,” says Miller. That means packaging-free stores are often too expensive for some people. There can also be other accessibility issues, says Susan Berry, CEO of consulting firm Disability Smart Solutions. Immunocompromised people and those with severe food allergies face issues in a world without packaging, as food safety becomes much more difficult. Self-serving can also challenge those with limited mobility, dexterity and upper body strength. “I think it’s a big issue for people with disabilities to reach into the bin and get their own food,” says Berry. “There’s a huge population that will have difficulty.” 126 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
H. The solution, says Berry, is probably hiring more staff so that someone is always available to help. Despite being smaller than most chain supermarkets, Nada has about the same number of staff members, says Miller. That includes staff to deal with the multiple daily deliveries from local food producers, to make sure customers have the help they need and are using clean containers, and even a chef to turn food that would otherwise be wasted into prepared meals and condiments.
Questions 1-5 Looking at the following statements (Questions 1-5) and the list of people’s names below. Match each statement with the correct person, A-E Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1. There will be challenges for handicapped people to access the food in free-packing stores. 2. Packaging plays an indispensable role in the delivery of products from and to shops. 3. Packaging-free shops give people the feeling that they can partly contribute to the environment preservation. 4. It would be really difficult for ordinary grocery stores to change into packaging-free ones. 5. The amounts of carbon emissions from food waste exceed those from package.
List of names A. Rachelle Strauss B. Susan Selke C. Nina Goodrich D. Brianne Miller E. Susan Berry
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Key Bài tập 1
Đoạn E “Experiencing high levels of stress at a young age can disrupt a person’s stress coping mechanisms for life, says Whalley.” 1.A
Heather Whalley cho rằng: “mức độ căng thẳng cao của một người khi còn trẻ có thể phá vỡ cơ chế chống lại căng thẳng của họ.” Cụm stress coping mechanisms ở đoạn bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm to handle stress trong câu 22.
Đoạn D “...says Maxime Taquet at the University of Oxford, who wasn’t involved in the 2.B
study. “It might be that patients with depression do not use some of the brain connections that other people would use,” he says.” Maxime Taquet cho rằng: “Những bệnh nhân mắc chứng trầm cảm có thể không sử dụng đến một số liên kết não mà người bình thường sẽ sử dụng.”
Đoạn B “To answer the question, Whalley and her colleagues turned to two huge genetic databases.” “They found that people with higher genetic risk scores tended to have less 3.A
white matter in their brains, and that it didn’t seem to be functioning as well.” Heather Whalley và nhóm nghiên cứu đã phát hiện ra rằng não của những người có điểm đa gen cao có ít chất trắng hơn và hoạt động kém hiệu quả hơn. Cụm genetic risk scores ở đoạn bên chính là genetic risk of depression ở câu 3.
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Đoạn G “Findings like this indicate that maltreatment can leave damage hidden deep inside the body that persists for many years,” says Terrie Moffitt of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. “Once we appreciate that child maltreatment brings hidden damage that can resurface years later as memory 4.D
problems, …” Terrie Moffitt cho rằng: “Sự ngược đãi có thể để lại những tổn thương tận sâu ở bên trong mỗi người và những tổn thương này có thể xuất hiện trở lại sau nhiều năm” Cụm resurface years later ở đoạn bên tương đương với cụm appear again after being absent for a long time ở trong câu 4.
Đoạn F “Childhood maltreatment is like a surgical strike on the brain,” says Carmine Pariante, who studies the effects of stress on child development at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London . “This explains why these individuals are at 5.C
risk of developing a host of stress-related disorders later in life” Carmine Pariante cho rằng: “những đứa trẻ bị lạm dụng hoặc sống trong cảnh đói nghèo thì có nguy cơ mắc nhiều chứng rối loạn liên quan đến căng thẳng sau này” Cụm are at risk of ở đoạn bên tương đương với cụm are easily susceptible to ở trong câu 5.
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Bài tập 2
Đoạn cuối “The old Gottscheers were convinced that nobody can learn Gottscheerisch, so they didn’t try to teach it,” Hutter recalls. 1.A
Theo Martha Hutter, những người Gottscheers cao tuổi tin rằng không ai có thể học được tiếng Gottscheerisch, nên họ đã không cố gắng dạy thứ ngôn ngữ này. Chi tiết refused to pass it down trong nhận định được đưa ra tương ứng với chi tiết didn’t try to teach it trong bài đọc.
Đoạn 1 “Alfred Belay has been coming to Gottscheer Hall since he arrived in America 2.B
more than 60 years ago” Alfred Belay đã tới Mỹ vào 60 năm trước. Thông tin này tương ứng với chi tiết no less than half a century ago trong nhận định được đưa ra. Đáp án đúng là B.
Đoạn cuối “Now, 60 years later, Belay has started speaking to his kids in Gottscheerisch for the first time, but the language is on the brink of extinction” 3.B
Belay đã bắt đầu giao tiếp với con cháu của ông ta bằng tiếng Gottscheerisch, nhưng thứ tiếng này đã ở trên bờ vực tuyệt chủng. Chi tiết this may be too late ở nhận định được đưa ra tương ứng với cụm on the brink of extinction trong bài đọc.
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Đoạn 5 “Most languages die today not because of abject and outright persecution— though this does happen on occasion—but rather because they are made 4.C
unviable, says Andrade. – “This form of language loss is a cancer, not a gunshot.” Frederico Andrade cho rằng sự mất mát về ngôn ngữ ngày nay giống như một căn bệnh ung thư (diễn ra từ từ) chứ không phải một phát súng (xảy ra đột ngột). Chi tiết a cancer, not a gunshot trong bài đọc được diễn đạt lại thành cụm not a sudden event trong nhận định được đưa ra.
Đoạn 3 “When humanity loses a language, we also lose the potential for greater diversity in art, music, literature, and oral traditions,” says Bogre Udell.” 5.D
Bogre Udell nói rằng khi một ngôn ngữ thất truyền, nhân loại cũng sẽ mất đi sự đa dạng về nghệ thuật, âm nhạc, văn học và những văn hoá truyền miệng khác. Phát biểu này của Udell cho thấy sự quan ngại của ông về những hậu quả nghiêm trọng của sự mất đi của ngôn ngữ (the dire consequences of language extinction).
Đoạn 2 “Belay and his sister, 83-year-old Martha Hutter, have agreed to let 26-year6.A
old Daniel Bogre Udell film them having a conversation.” Martha Hutter và em trai Belay đã đồng ý để cho Bogre Udell quay lại đoạn hội thoại của họ.
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Bài tập 3
Đoạn G “I think it’s a big issue for people with disabilities to reach into the bin and get their own food,” says Berry. “There’s a huge population that will have difficulty.” There will be challenges for handicapped people to access the food in free1.E
packing stores. Thông tin trong đoạn này và thông tin trong câu hỏi truyền đạt cùng một nội dung. “big issue” = challenges, “people with disabilities” = “handicapped people”, “reach into the bin” = “access the food”.
Đoạn E “even nominally packaging-free stores receive their goods in some sort of packaging, and eliminating that is probably impossible” 2.B
Đoạn này nói rằng: thậm chí những cửa hàng được gọi là không sử dụng bao bì đóng gói cũng nhận thực phẩm của họ dưới một hình thức đóng gói nào đó và việc loại bỏ nó thì khả năng cao là không thể. Thông tin này giống với thông tin trong câu hỏi rằng: bao bì đóng gói đóng một vai trò không thể thiếu (indispensable)
Đoạn C “People want to know what they can do,” says Rachelle Strauss, the founder of UK waste-reduction consultancy Zero Waste Week. Packaging-free stores help us feel like we have the ability to make at least a small change, she says.” 3.A
Thông tin trong đoạn này: “….. các cửa hàng không dùng bao bì đóng gói giúp chúng ta cảm thấy rằng chúng ta có khả năng ít nhất tạo ra một thay đổi nhỏ” truyền đạt nội dung tương tự như trong câu hỏi: “Packaging-free shops give people the feeling that they can partly contribute to the environment preservation.” (partly contribute to the environment preservation = make a small change)
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Đoạn G “Shops wanting to reduce their environmental impact will need customers who are happy to buy what is in season. They would also need to keep less stock to reduce food waste, says Miller, so consumers would have to get used to a store sometimes being out of an ingredient they are looking for. The cost of changing the supply chain so dramatically can be high, especially when a store takes into 4.D
account factors beyond environmental impact, like the labour practices of food producers.” Đoạn này nêu ra một số khó khăn khi các cửa hàng muốn chuyển sang dạng free–packaging như cần phải có khách hàng hài lòng chỉ mua những gì có trong mùa; cần phải giữ ít hàng trong kho để tránh rác thải từ thức ăn, …… và chi phí để thay đổi chuỗi cung ứng (the cost of changing the supply chain) cũng rất cao….. → Thông tin giống trong câu hỏi.
Đoạn D “The carbon footprint of food is so much bigger than the carbon footprint of the package,” says Nina Goodrich, director of the Sustainable Packaging Coalition. 5.C
Thông tin của đoạn này: mức khí thải các-bon của thực phẩm cao hơn nhiều so với mức khí thải cac-bon của bao bì đóng gói. Thông tin này giống với thông tin trong câu hỏi: “lượng khí thải cac-bon từ thực phẩm vượt quá lượng thải ra từ đóng gói bao bì.”
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Bài tập 1 1
Resurface
Appear again
Xuất hiện lại
2
At risk of
Susceptible to
Dễ có nguy cơ
Handicapped
Bị tàn tật
Bài tập 3 3
With disabilities
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Unit
6
Nối tiêu đề Matching Heading
Đề bài sẽ đưa ra một loạt các tiêu đề trước, với số lượng tiêu đề nhiều hơn số lượng đoạn văn. Thí sinh được yêu cầu chọn ra một tiêu đề đúng nhất với từng đoạn văn.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Đọc và gạch chân từ
• Skim từng đoạn văn để
• Đối chiếu phần chứa
khóa của các tiêu đề.
tìm ra ý chính của đoạn.
thông tin và câu hỏi.
• Phân biệt giữa các
Cố gắng đọc hiểu phần
đáp án gần giống nhau.
thông tin vừa tìm được.
• Ghi nhớ một vài từ
•
khóa chính để scan.
phương pháp loại trừ.
Có
thể
sử
dụng
• Chọn đáp án đúng.
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2. Ví dụ Questions 1-3 The passage has three paragraphs, A-C Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-v, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
LIST OF HEADINGS i.
A range of geographical features in the Sahara
ii.
Fauna and flora
iii.
How to deal with the lack of water
iv.
No worries about the insufficiency of water
v.
Size and geographical position
1.
Paragraph A
2.
Paragraph B
3.
Paragraph C
THE SAHARA A. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert behind Antarctica and the Arctic, which are both cold deserts. The Sahara is one of the harshest environments on Earth, covering 3.6 million square miles (9.4 million square kilometers), nearly a third of the African continent, about the size of the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). The Sahara is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Red Sea on the east, the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Sahel Savannah on the south. The enormous desert spans 11 countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. B. The Sahara desert has a variety of terrains, but is most famous for the sand dune fields that are often depicted in movies. The dunes can reach almost 600 feet (183 meters) high but they cover only about 15 percent of the entire desert. Other topographical features include mountains, plateaus, sand- and gravel-covered plains, salt flats, basins and depressions. Mount Koussi, an extinct volcano in Chad, is the highest point in the Sahara at 11,204 feet (3,415 m), and the Qattara Depression in Egypt is the Saraha's deepest point, at 436 feet (133 m) below sea level. 136 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
C. Water is scarce across the entire region, yet the Sahara contains two permanent rivers (the Nile and the Niger), at least 20 seasonal lakes and huge aquifers, which are the primary sources of water in more than 90 major desert oases. Water management authorities once feared the aquifers in the Sahara would soon dry up due to overuse, but a study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters in 2013 discovered that the "fossil" (nonrenewable) aquifers were still being fed via rain and runoff.
Đề bài sẽ đưa ra một loạt các tiêu đề trước, với số lượng tiêu đề nhiều hơn số lượng đoạn văn. Người làm được yêu cầu chọn ra một tiêu đề đúng nhất với từng đoạn văn.
3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Xác định từ khoá trong các tiêu đề: Từ khóa đặc biệt của câu: “đặc điểm địa lý” i. A range of geographical features in the Sahara ii. Fauna and flora iii. How to deal with the lack of water iv. No worries about the insufficiency of water
Động vật & thực vật 2 câu hơi giống nhau cần phân biệt: III – các giải quyết; IV – không cần lo lắng
v. Size and geographical position Kích cỡ & vị trí địa lý
Lưu ý: Những tiêu đề hơi giống nhau cần phải phân biệt, 1 trong 2 câu đó có thể là đáp án.
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Bước 2: Spotting Dựa vào kĩ năng Skimming trong phần I, áp dụng để tìm nội dung chính cho đoạn văn sau: A. The Sahara is the ̣ (1) largest hot desert in the world, and the (2) third largest desert behind Antarctica and the Arctic, which are both cold deserts. The Sahara is one of the harshest environments on Earth, (3) covering 3.6 million square miles (9.4 million square kilometers),
(1) (2) (3) Các chi tiết đều nói về kích cỡ: size – từ khóa mình tìm được trong một tiêu đề.
nearly a third of the African continent, about the size of the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). The Sahara (4) is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Red Sea on the east, the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Sahel Savannah on the south. The enormous (5) desert spans 11 countries: Algeria,
(4) (5) Các chi tiết đều nói về vị trí địa lý: geographical position – từ khóa mình tìm được trong một tiêu đề.
Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering • Sau khi xác định được khu vực chứa thông tin, ta nhớ lại các từ khóa đã gạch chân ở tiêu đề và chọn đáp án đúng. • Ở đây, có hai đáp án khiến ta phân vân: i. A range of geographical features in the Sahara v. Size and geographical position
Trùng với ý chính trong đoạn văn
Tiêu đề này: thiếu chi tiết kích thước “size” được nhắc đến nhiều trong đoạn văn
Ở đây nói rõ là vị trí địa lý
→ Đáp án là v. Size and geographical position. (kích thước và vị trí địa lý).
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 và 3 Đáp án: 2. Paragraph B: i, 3. Paragraph C: iv 138 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Practice Bài tập 1 Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1 has 7 paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number (i-ix) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of headings i. The thin line between perfectionism and having high standards ii. The role of parenting iii. Using therapies to combat perfectionism iv. Pros and cons of perfectionism v. How to distinguish perfectionism and other kinds of mental problems vi. Different measures to cope with perfectionism vii. A method to detect a perfectionist viii. Health issues from being a perfectionist ix. Perfectionism may vary
Example: Paragraph A. iv 1. Paragraph B 2. Paragraph C 3. Paragraph D 4. Paragraph E 5. Paragraph F 6. Paragraph G
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THE CULT OF PERFECT A. Perfectionism has increased significantly over the past three decades, a recent analysis shows. Young people in particular place higher demands on themselves and on others. Often, having high standards can drive success, but for some people, diligence and motivation can shift into perfectionism, a sorely misunderstood personality trait that can have dangerous consequences. Our dog-eat-dog world, full of impeccable images of what our bodies, careers and aspirations should look like, is creating a rising tide of millennials who may be putting themselves at risk of mental and physical illness in their search for the perfect life. B. “Perfection is hard to define,” says Thomas Curran at the University of Bath, UK, who has been studying its rise. There is no fixed way of diagnosing it. However, many studies measure it using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), which was developed three decades ago. It consists of 45 statements – such as “I strive to be the best at everything I do”, “If I ask someone to do something, I expect it to be done flawlessly” and “People expect nothing less than perfection from me” – and people rate how much they agree with each of these on a scale of 1 to 7. If you very much identify with these kinds of statements, it is likely that you have perfectionist tendencies. C. The scale also distinguishes between three different kinds of perfectionism. “Selforiented” perfectionists set themselves high goals in their work and relationships. They can often experience anxiety from losing to a competitor, failing at a test or not getting a bonus at work. “Other-oriented” perfectionists hold those around them to exceptionally high standards. They are very critical and judgemental of others and risk social rejection and relationship problems. Finally, there are “socially prescribed” perfectionists, who feel immense pressure from others to be perfect, while also seeking their approval. “The impossibly high standards they set for themselves mean they often feel rejected or harshly scrutinised,” says Curran. “As a consequence, their self-esteem takes a hit on a daily basis. It’s a real battle involving lots of negative emotions, guilt and shame.” D. Part of the difficulty in pinpointing perfectionism is that the line between having high standards and being a perfectionist is very blurred. “The difference between someone who sets high goals and a perfectionist comes at the time of success or failure,” says Andrew Hill at York St John University, UK. For instance, someone who is hard-working and diligent will appreciate any success, and will adapt their goals when they fail. They will be able to put in just enough effort for a strategic benefit. A perfectionist will take much less pleasure from success. Even a perfect score will be met with a sense of pressure that 140 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
they need to keep up this level of success or that the goalposts need to be placed further away. E. Perfectionism has strong links with health conditions. When Karina Limburg at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Germany, and her colleagues analysed 284 studies, which included more than 57,000 participants, they found that people with eating disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression had higher levels of perfectionism compared with people who didn’t have any of the conditions. Those with perfectionist tendencies were more likely to experience more than one condition at a time. Perfectionism has also been linked with suicide. Physical health may also be affected as a result of the stress that perfectionists subject themselves to, leading to an increased risk of things like cardiovascular disease. Additionally, they cope less well when they are ill because they experience higher levels of anger, depression and anxiety. F. Fortunately, there are ways we can combat perfectionism. But first we need to recognise it, which can be difficult. By the very nature of this condition, it is extremely hard for a perfectionist to admit that there might be something wrong, says Simon Sherry at Dalhousie University in Canada, who specialises in treating perfectionism. Acknowledging the problem is an excellent first step. “We usually see people at the end of the road, when they are in a bad way,” he says. Depending on the extent of the problem, some people find that self-help books are enough. Others need professional help. This normally comes in the form of talking therapies or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which give people tools to analyse why they are acting in certain ways and enable them to break out of negative patterns. G. With perfectionism rising rapidly among young people, many parents will share Marshall-Maun’s desire to protect their children. “We’ve been working on the role parents play and it’s complex,” says Smith. “In terms of preventing it in your children, we know that parental practices have an important influence.” Extremely critical or demanding parents risk triggering perfectionism in their kids. “To avoid creating perfectionist tendencies, parents need to focus on loving their children in a more unconditional way, rather than focusing their love on specific successes,” says Sherry. They can also help young people cope with the pressures of modern life. “It’s incumbent on parents to coach their children on the potential hazards of social media. Teach them that it doesn’t offer realistic images of lives, that they are often lofty and fake,” he says.
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Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying i.
The thin line between perfectionism and having high standards
Cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế ii.
Chủ đề bài đọc → Từ khóa chìm
The role of parenting.
Cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
iii.
Using therapies to combat perfectionism
Danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
iv.
Động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Pros and cons of perfectionism.
Pros là ưu điểm Cons là nhược điểm → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
v.
How to distinguish perfectionism and other kinds of mental problems.
Động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
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vi.
Different measures to cope with perfectionism
Cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
vii.
A method to detect a perfectionist
Method là danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế viii.
Động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Detect là động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Health issues from being a perfectionist
Health issues là cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế ix.
Perfectionism may vary.
Vary là động từ → Từ khóa chìm
Bước 2: Spotting Đọc đoạn B: B. “Perfection is hard to define,” says Thomas Curran at the University of Bath, UK, who has been studying its rise. There is
Cách để phát hiện
no fixed way of diagnosing it. However, many studies measure
người cầu toàn
it using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), which was developed three decades ago. It consists of 45 statements – such as “I strive to be the best at everything I do”, “If I ask someone to do something, I expect it to be done flawlessly” and “People expect nothing less than perfection from me” – and people rate how much they agree with each of these on a scale of 1 to 7. If you very much identify with these kinds of statements, it is likely that you have perfectionist tendencies. 143 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering So sánh với các tiêu đề, đoạn B tương đương với đáp án: vii. A method to detect a perfectionist.
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 6 Bài tập 2 Questions 1-7 The Reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. List of headings i. Controversy regarding the role of a particular body part ii. The beneficial effects of finding food using visual signals iii. Comparison drawn between three species which have lethal body parts to insect pollinators iv. Two parts of a plant with distinct methods to deal with different kinds of insects v. Reasons for an unusual evolutionary strategy vi. The price for using sunlight to generate energy vii. A reverse pattern in the food chain viii. An alternative for protecting friendly insects other than making use of odours ix. A common strategy based on timing and positioning x. Challenges that carnivorous plants have to face in exchange for food
1.
Paragraph A
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2.
Paragraph B
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3.
Paragraph C
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4.
Paragraph D
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5.
Paragraph E
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6.
Paragraph F
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7.
Paragraph G
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CARNIVOROUS PLANTS A. Grubs gnaw roots, maggots munch fruits and caterpillars chew leaves. According to our average ecological knowledge, animals eat plants, not the other way round. But there are plant species that break this rule – at least 600 species of them on the last count. These are the carnivorous plants, and they routinely feast on insects, spiders, worms – occasionally small mammals. B. Life for a carnivorous plant is challenging. They cannot verywell march across the landscape in search of a meal. Dinner has to come to them. Carnivorous plants live in places like bogs and rocky slopes where the soil – if there is any – is so nutrient-poor that few plants can survive. A study published in February 2016 shows for the first time that some carnivorous plants use smells to secure meals – validating an idea that Charles Darwin suggested 140 years ago. Darwin worked on the sundews, a type of predatory plant with leaves covered in tentacles, each tentacle having a drop of sticky fluid at its tip. Darwin described the sticky leaves as "temporary stomachs" with which the plants catch live prey, break it down with acids, and "feed like animals". Carnivorous plants eke out a living here because they converged on the same solution to the nutrient problem: animals are nutritious, so eat them. C. But the path to meat-eating is costly. As plants transform their leaves into traps that can trick, bind, drown, and digest prey, they gradually become less effective for harnessing sunlight to produce energy. Therefore, most carnivorous plants grow slowly and stay small. Beyond that carnivorous plants face a more profound problem: sex. Like many plants, carnivorous plants produce flowers when they are ready to reproduce. Most of these flowers appear suitable for insect-pollination – again, in keeping with many plants. The trouble is that many carnivorous plants trap and kill insects. They are faced with a unique dilemma called "pollinator-prey conflict": they need to eat insects without jeopardizing their chances of being pollinated by insects. For example, a carnivorous plant from Spain called Pinguicula vallis neriifolia could produce more seeds if its flowers receive more pollinators. But sticky leaves mere inches away from the flowers kill a good number of those pollinators. D. The carnivorous plant's challenge is to avoid confusing the insects it needs to eat with the insects it relies on for pollination. Studies suggest that most carnivorous plants handle this challenge very well. There is often very little overlap between the insects visiting flowers and those dying in traps. Somehow, carnivorous plants can separate pollinators from preys. The most obvious way to protect pollinators is to keep flowers away from traps. Some carnivorous plants do this by making sure their flowers bloom and die before 145 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
the traps open. A field survey of 560 Sarracenia alata pitcher plants found only five with flowers and pitchers active at the same time. Besides, one-third of carnivorous plants have removed all risks of pollinator-prey conflict by growing their traps underwater and keeping their flowers above ground. Many carnivorous plants also raise their flowers on long stalks. Some researchers speculate that long stalks serve to distance pollinators from traps. E. But the role of the stalks in protecting pollinators remains debated. Some plants extend their flowers on stalks even though pollinators cannot reach their traps: bladderworts (Utricularia), for instance, have stalked flowers despite the fact that their traps lie underground. Furthermore, a survey of more than 50 sundew species found that plants closer to ground grow longer stalks than those higher up. Some scientists argue that carnivorous plants evolve their stalks to better attract flying pollinators rather than to better protect them. F. There are other options to mitigate pollinator-prey conflict. "We studied three sundew species with different distances between flowers and sticky leaves," says El-Sayed. The sundews were lethal – less than a fifth of insects caught on leaves escaped. But in all three species, less than 5% of insects caught on leaves were also found in flowers. "We suspected that the plants might be using other cues to guide the insects," says El-Sayed. El-Sayed found that Drosera auriculata – the species whose flowers grow closest to its leaves – has flowers that smell distinct from its leaves. El-Sayed then exposed insects to synthetic blends of these odours. He found that flower odours attract floral visitors – insect pollinators – while leaf odours deter them. Only insects that the sundews usually eat are attracted by the leaf odours. This means D. auriculata is the first carnivorous plant known to use various odours both to lure prey and protect pollinators. G. However, the other two sundews in El-Sayed's study, D. spatulata and D. arcturi, have scentless sticky leaves and flowers that grow further apart. Floral visitors prefer the white colour of flowers, while preys do not discriminate between flower and trap colours. So instead of smells, D. spatulata and D. arcturi use visual signals and separation to protect pollinators. "D. spatulata and D. arcturi grow in open sites. Their flowers are often the highest points around," says El-Sayed. Potential pollinators flying by would likely find the flowers easily even without odours. "Investing in odours to guide pollinators would not be cost-effective in these sundews."
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Bài tập 3 Questions 1-6 The Reading passage has six paragraphs, A-G Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of headings i. Efforts finally paid off across the world ii. The first accidental scientific finding iii. Conflicts about credits iv. Difficult childhood in the countryside v. Happy marriage late in life vi. A range of achievements that provide huge fame for a person vii. Changes and success in career path viii. A failure of a person in developing his own discovery
1.
Paragraph A
2.
Paragraph B
3.
Paragraph C
4.
Paragraph D
5.
Paragraph E
6.
Paragraph F
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Sir Alexander Fleming A. Sir Alexander Fleming is a Scottish bacteriologist best known for his discovery of penicillin. Fleming had a genius for technical ingenuity and original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the history of bacteriology. But it was his discovery of penicillin in 1928, which started the antibiotic revolution that sealed his lasting reputation. Fleming was recognized for that achievement in 1945, when he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey and German-born British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain, both of whom isolated and purified penicillin. B. Fleming was the seventh of eight children of a Scottish hill farmer (third of four children from the farmer’s second wife). His country upbringing in southwestern Scotland sharpened his capacities for observation and appreciation of the natural world at an early age. He began his elementary schooling at Loudoun Moor and then moved on to a larger school at Darvel before enrolling in Kilmarnock Academy in 1894. In 1895 he moved to London to live with his elder brother Thomas (who worked as an oculist) and completed his basic education at Regent Street Polytechnic. After working as a London shipping clerk, Fleming began his medical studies at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School in 1901, funded by a scholarship and a legacy from his uncle. There he won the 1908 gold medal as top medical student at the University of London. At first, he planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position in the laboratories of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary’s Hospital convinced him that his future lay in the new field of bacteriology. There he came under the influence of bacteriologist and immunologist Sir Almroth Edward Wright, whose ideas of vaccine therapy seemed to offer a revolutionary direction in medical treatment. C. In November 1921 Fleming discovered lysozyme, an enzyme present in body fluids such as saliva and tears that has a mild antiseptic effect. That was the first of his major discoveries. It came about when he had a cold and a drop of his nasal mucus fell onto a culture plate of bacteria. Realizing that his mucus might have an effect on bacterial growth, he mixed the mucus into the culture and a few weeks later he saw signs of the bacteria having been dissolved. Fleming’s study of lysozyme, which he considered his best work as a scientist, was a significant contribution to the understanding of how the body fights infection. Unfortunately, lysozyme had no effect on the most-pathogenic bacteria. D. On September 3, 1928, shortly after his appointment as professor of bacteriology, Fleming noticed that a culture plate of Staphylococcus aureus he had been working on 148 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
had become contaminated by a fungus. A mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum (now classified as P. chrysogenum), had inhibited the growth of the bacteria. He at first called the substance “mould juice” and then “penicillin,” after the mold that produced it. Fleming decided to investigate further, because he thought that he had found an enzyme more potent than lysozyme. In fact, it was not an enzyme but an antibiotic—one of the first to be discovered. By the time Fleming had established that, he was interested in penicillin for itself. Very much the lone researcher with an eye for the unusual, Fleming had the freedom to pursue anything that interested him. Although that approach was ideal for taking advantage of a chance observation, the therapeutic development of penicillin required multidisciplinary teamwork. Fleming, working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and purify penicillin. However, he did point out that penicillin had clinical potential, both as a topical antiseptic and as an injectable antibiotic, if it could be isolated and purified. E. Penicillin eventually came into use during World War II as the result of the work of a team of scientists led by Howard Florey at the University of Oxford. Though Florey, his coworker Ernst Chain, and Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize, their relationship was clouded owing to the issue of who should gain the most credit for penicillin. Fleming’s role was emphasized by the press because of the romance of his chance discovery and his greater willingness to speak to journalists. F. In 1953, two years prior to his death, Fleming married Greek microbiologist Amalia Coutsouris-Voureka, who had been involved in the Greek resistance movement during World War II and had been Fleming’s colleague since 1946, when she enrolled at St. Mary’s Hospital on a scholarship. For the last decade of his life, Fleming was feted universally for his discovery of penicillin and acted as a world ambassador for medicine and science. Initially a shy uncommunicative man and a poor lecturer, he blossomed under the attention he received, becoming one of the world’s best-known scientists.
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Key Bài tập 1 Đoạn B “Perfection is hard to define” “There is no fixed way of diagnosing it. However, many studies measure it using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS)” 1.vii
→ Việc xác định sự cầu toàn là rất khó và không có một cách cụ thể nào để nhận biết nó cả. Tuy nhiên rất nhiều nghiên cứu đo lường nó bằng cách sử dụng MPS. Do đó MPS chính là một phương pháp để phát hiện ra sự cầu toàn. → Các từ diagnose và measure trong đoạn bên gần nghĩa với từ detect ở tiêu đề vii: một phương pháp để phát hiện ra người cầu toàn.
“The scale also can be used to distinguish between three different kinds of perfectionism” → Thang đo này còn được dùng để phân biệt 3 loại cầu toàn khác nhau. 2.ix
→ Phần tiếp theo của đoạn C tiếp tục trình bày sự khác biệt giữa 3 loại này. Đoạn C không phân biệt bệnh cầu toàn với những vấn đề tâm lí khác, vì vậy đáp án v không chính xác. → Đáp án đúng là ix: sự cầu toàn khá đa dạng.
“Part of the difficulty in pinpointing perfectionism is that the line between having high standards and being a perfectionist is very blurred.” → Một phần khó khăn trong việc xác định chính xác sự cầu toàn đó là ranh giới giữa có tiêu chuẩn cao và cầu toàn là rất mờ nhạt. 3.i
→ Từ blurred ở đoạn bên gần nghĩa với từ thin ở tiêu đề i. Đoạn D cũng chỉ so sánh sự cầu toàn với việc có tiêu chuẩn cao chứ không phải với các vấn đề tâm lý khác, do đó đáp án v không chính xác. → Đáp án đúng là i: mối liên hệ mỏng manh giữa sự cầu toàn và tiêu chuẩn cao.
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“Perfectionism has strong links with health conditions” → Đoạn E nói về những vấn đề sức khỏe mà người mắc bệnh cầu toàn gặp 4.vii
phải. → Từ conditions ở đoạn bên gần nghĩa với từ issues ở tiêu đề viii: vấn đề sức khỏe của người cầu toàn.
“Fortunately, there are ways we can combat perfectionism.” → Đoạn F nói về những biện pháp để đối phó với sự cầu toàn. Từ combat ở 5.vi
đoạn bên gần nghĩa với cụm cope with ở tiêu đề vi. → Đáp án iii không chính xác bởi việc sử dụng liệu pháp (using therapies) chỉ được nhắc đến như là một trong những biện pháp khả thi chứ không phải là nội dung chính bao trùm cả đoạn.
“With perfectionism rising rapidly among young people, many parents will share Marshall-Maun’s desire to protect their children.” 6.ii
→ Đoạn G nói về vai trò của bố mẹ trong việc bảo vệ trẻ em trước chủ nghĩa cầu toàn. → Đáp án đúng là ii: vai trò của cha mẹ.
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Bài tập 2 “According to our average ecological knowledge, animals eat plants, not the other way round. But there are plant species that break this rule.” 1.vii
→ Theo kiến thức thông thường, động vật ăn thực vật chứ không phải ngược lại. Tuy nhiên, có một số loại thực vật đã phá vỡ quy luật này. → Chi tiết này khớp với tựa đề vii: Một xu hướng bị đảo ngược trong chuỗi thức ăn.
“They cannot very well march across the landscape in search of a meal” “Carnivorous plants live in places like bogs and rocky slopes where the soil – if 2.v
there is any – is so nutrient-poor that few plants can survive.” → Những loài thực vật ăn thịt không thể di chuyển để tìm kiếm thức ăn và chúng sống ở những nơi mà đất đai rất ít dinh dưỡng. Đây chính là lí do dẫn tới xu hướng tiến hoá bất thường.
“But the path to meat-eating is costly”, “...most carnivorous plants grow slowly and stay small. Beyond that carnivorous plants face a more profound problem: sex.” 3.x
“They are faced with a unique dilemma called "pollinator-prey conflict." → Đoạn C liệt kê những khó khăn, thử thách mà các loại cây ăn thịt phải đối mặt khi tìm kiếm thức ăn. Nổi bật nhất trong số đó là vấn đề sinh sản khi chúng rất khó tìm được côn trùng thụ phấn (pollinator).
“Some carnivorous plants do this by making sure their flowers bloom and die before the traps open.” “Besides, one-third of carnivorous plants have removed all risks of pollinatorprey conflict by growing their traps underwater and keeping their flowers above 4.ix
ground.” → Chiến lược chính để bảo vệ côn trùng có lợi cho việc thụ phấn tập trung vào hai khía cạnh. Thứ nhất là timing (căn thời gian) - đảm bảo rằng hoa sẽ nở và tàn trước khi những cái “bẫy” (traps) được mở ra, và thứ hai là positioning (chọn vị trí) - đặt những cái “bẫy” dưới nước, còn hoa thì ở trên mặt đất.
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“But the role of long stalks in protecting pollinators remains debated.” “Some plants extend their flowers on stalks even though pollinators cannot reach their traps: bladderworts (Utricularia), for instance, have stalked flowers 5.i
despite the fact that their traps lie underground.” → Vai trò của cuống hoa (stalk) trong việc bảo vệ côn trùng thụ phấn vẫn còn là một chủ đề gây tranh cãi. Ở đoạn trên người ta cho rằng hoa có cuống dài để cách ly côn trùng thụ phấn khỏi “bẫy”, nhưng một số loài như bladderworts vẫn có cuống hoa dài dù “bẫy” nằm dưới lòng đất.
“...the species whose flowers grow closest to its leaves – has flowers that smell distinct from its leaves.” “He found that flower odours attract floral visitors – insect pollinators – while leaf odours deter them. Only insects that the sundews usually eat are attracted 6.iv
by the leaf odours. This means D. auriculata is the first carnivorous plant known to use various odours both to lure prey and protect pollinators.” → Một số loại thực vật có hai bộ phận khác nhau (leaves and flowers) với mùi hương và chức năng khác nhau. Trong khi mùi hương của hoa chỉ thu hút côn trùng thu phấn, mùi hương của lá lại thu hút con mồi và đuổi côn trùng thụ phấn đi.
“However, the other two sundews in El-Sayed's study, D. spatulata and D. arcturi, have scentless sticky leaves and flowers that grow further apart.” 7.viii
“So instead of smells, D. spatulata and D. arcturi use visual signals and separation to protect pollinators.” → Một giải pháp thay thế cho việc sử dụng mùi hương để bảo vệ côn trùng có ích là sử dụng màu sắc, tín hiệu hình ảnh và sự cách ly giữa hoa và bẫy.
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Bài tập 3 “discovery of penicillin”, “work on wound infection and lysozime”, “guaranteed him a place in the history of bacteriology”, “sealed his lasting reputaion”, “the Nobel Prize for Phyliosophy of Medicine.” → Đoạn này chúng ta thấy được một loạt các thành tựu được nhắc đến như việc khám phá ra penicillin, công trình về nhiễm trùng vết thương và 1. vi
lysozime và giải Nobel về triết lý của y học và những thành tựu này đều mang lại danh tiếng cho Sir Alex Fleming (đảm bảo cho ông ấy một vị trí trong lịch sử ngành vi khuẩn học, niêm phong danh tiếng lâu dài của ông ấy). → Đáp án là vi: Một loạt các thành tựu (cái mà) mang lại danh tiếng cho một người.
“At first, he planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position in the laboratories of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary’s Hospital convinced him that his future lay in the new field of bacteriology.” → Trong đoạn B chúng ta thấy nhắc đến rất nhiều sự thay đổi trong suốt cuộc đời của Fleming (học tiểu học ở Loudoun Moor rồi chuyển sang 2.v
Darvel và tiếp theo là Học viện Kilmarnock, v..v). Nổi bật nhất là sự thay đổi xuất hiện ở dòng 10 khi ông quyết định chuyển từ bác sĩ phẫu thuật (surgeon) sang làm ở ngành vi khuẩn học (bacteriology), nơi ông dành được rất nhiều thành công trong sự nghiệp. → Đáp án đúng là v: những sự thay đổi và thành công trên con đường sự nghiệp.
“That was the first of his major discoveries.” “It came about when he had a cold and a drop of his nasal mucus fell onto a culture plate of bacteria.” 3.ii
→ Trong đoạn này chúng ta thấy giới thiệu về phát hiện khoa học của lysozime và đây là phát hiện chính đầu tiên của Fleming. Phát hiện này tình cờ (accidential) vì Fleming phát hiện được khi ông bị cảm lạnh và tình cờ chất nhầy mũi của ông ấy rơi xuống một đĩa nuôi cấy vi khuẩn. → Đáp án đúng là ii: Phát hiện khoa học một cách tình cờ đầu tiên.
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“He at first called the substance “mould juice” and then “penicillin,” after the mold that produced it.” “Fleming, working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and purify penicillin.” 4.viii
→ Trong đoạn này Fleming đã phát hiện ra “penicillin” ở dòng thứ 4 rồi sau đó ông ấy quyết định nghiên cứu sâu hơn về nó (investigate further). Cuối cùng kết quả (thất bại) của việc nghiên cứu xuất hiện ở dòng 12. → Đáp án đúng là viii: Sự thất bại của một người trong việc phát triển phát hiện của chính mình.
“Though Florey, his coworker Ernst Chain, and Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize, their relationship was clouded owing to the issue of who should gain the most credit for penicillin.” 5.iii
→ Trong đoạn này chúng ta thấy được thành công của penicillin trong chiến tranh. Và ngay sau đó là sự tranh cãi về việc giữa Fleming và Ernst Chain thì ai là người xứng đáng được nhận nhiều công trạng hơn. → Đáp án đúng là iii: Sự tranh cãi về công trạng.
“For the last decade of his life, Fleming was feted universally for his discovery of penicillin and acted as a world ambassador for medicine and science.” → Mãi đến 10 năm cuối cùng của cuộc đời thì thành tựu của ông về 6.i
penicillin mới được công nhận rộng rãi và ông được xem như là đại sứ thế giới về khoa học và y học” → Đáp án đúng là i: Các nỗ lực cuối cùng cũng được đền đáp trên toàn thế giới.
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Unit
Nối thông tin
7 Matching Information Nối thông tin có tổng số câu có thể dao động từ 5-10 câu hỏi trên tổng 40 câu hỏi của ba bài đọc. Do đó, để có thể đạt được điểm số cao trong bài thi IELTS reading, việc nắm rõ đặc điểm của dạng bài, những khó khăn gặp phải và phương hướng giải quyết là rất quan trọng. • Với dạng bài này, người ra đề sẽ đưa ra 4-5 thông tin và yêu cầu người đọc nối mỗi thông tin này với tên một đoạn văn (các sự lựa chọn) chứa thông tin đó. • Đặc điểm nhận dạng của dạng bài này là câu hỏi:
Which section contains the following information?
KHÓ KHĂN THƯỜNG GẶP 1
2
3
• Thông tin trong các câu hỏi không theo trình tự bài đọc (thông tin ở câu 1 không nhất thiết phải nằm ở phần đầu bài đọc). • Số lượng các đoạn văn (sự lựa chọn) thường nhiều hơn số lượng các thông tin (câu hỏi). • Một đoạn văn có thể chứa hai thông tin nhưng cũng có thể không chứa thông tin nào.
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1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Đọc hiểu câu hỏi,
• Đọc lướt các đoạn
• So sánh thông tin: nếu
gạch chân các từ khóa.
văn.
có thông tin trong đoạn
• Nghĩ đến các từ đồng
A trùng khớp với thông
nghĩa có thể của các từ
tin của câu hỏi thì A sẽ là
khoá vừa chọn.
đáp án của câu đó. Nếu không thì chuyển sang đoạn tiếp theo. • Làm các bước tương tự với các đoạn còn lại.
2. Ví dụ A. Kelp forests don’t just play a fundamental role in curbing climate change. Sea otters and some 800 other marine species depend on them, so do fishers in the state’s abalone and red urchin industries, now devastated by a purple urchin population explosion. Gray whales shelter their young in kelp forests. The algae can also be used as biofuel, and when fed to cows dramatically cuts planet-warming methane emissions from their burps. In California, kelp forests shape waves by absorbing some of their energy to produce optimal conditions for surfing, a multimillion-dollar business. B. But between 2014 and 2016, a marine heat wave wiped out more than 90 percent of the kelp covering along a 200-mile stretch of California’s north coast. Kelp in some areas of Southern California had already been reduced by 75 percent over the past century due to pollution and overfishing of species that protect kelp ecosystems. “Just like the coronavirus is requiring an interdisciplinary, multipronged attack using all our wits, I think that same mentality is going to help deal with climate change impacts, and in this case, kelp forest decline,” says Laura Rogers-Bennett, a marine scientist with the University of California, Davis, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, whose research has 157 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
documented the kelp die-off. C. The research vessel Xenarcha is about 10 minutes out of the Port of Los Angeles on an overcast March morning. A gray whale breaches off the boat’s bow, its tail sending a spray of seawater skyward. The 28-foot boat belongs to the Bay Foundation, which has restored nearly 53 acres of Palos Verdes Peninsula’s kelp forests since 2013. That’s a fraction of the 2,500 acres of seaweed estimated to exist a century ago. But it’s a huge increase since the late 1960s, when kelp had become all but extinct in that area. D. Rough water gives way to the glassy calm of Honeymoon Cove and its eight acres of giant kelp, roots anchored to rocky reefs some 18 to 30 feet below. For decades, this cove was largely devoid of life, devastated by seaweed-eating purple urchins. The urchins resemble small, spikey balls and are a natural part of kelp ecosystems. But when the predators that keep their numbers in check disappear, the population booms and can quickly consume a kelp forest, creating what is called an urchin barren. Once their food is gone, the urchins, which can live for more than 50 years, lower their metabolism and essentially hibernate.
Questions 1-4 The Reading Passage has five sections, A-E Which section contains the following information? 1. A reference to how much kelp an organization has restored. 2. Description of a marine species which feeds on kelp. 3. Two factors contributing to a significant decline in kelp in certain regions. 4. A reference to the roles that kelp plays in marine ecosystem.
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3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Lưu ý: Mỗi câu có nhiều từ khóa, nhưng thí sinh cần chọn 1-2 từ khóa đặc biệt, dễ tìm trong quá trình đọc lướt. Với từ khóa này, thí sinh sẽ không cần nhớ cả câu mà vẫn có thể tìm nhanh thông tin trong bài đọc. 1. A reference to how much kelp an organization has restored.
Đoạn chứa thông tin có thể đưa ra một số liệu
Đoạn chứa thông tin có thể nhắc đến tên một tổ chức
2. Description of a marine species which feeds on kelp.
Đoạn chứa thông tin có thể nhắc đến tên một loài sinh vật sống ở biển
3. Two factors contributing to a significant decline in kelp in some regions.
Đoạn chứa thông tin có thể đề cập đến 2 nguyên nhân gây ra vấn đề gì đó
4. A reference to the roles that kelp plays in marine ecosystem.
Đoạn chứa thông tin có thể đề cập đến 1 ví dụ về vai trò của “kelp”
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Bước 2: Spotting • Đọc lướt đoạn A: Trong lúc đọc, lưu ý tìm các từ khóa chính, các từ khóa quen trong 4 câu hỏi. A. Kelp forests don’t just play a fundamental role in curbing climate change. Sea otters and some 800 other marine species depend on them, as do fishers
Hai từ khóa của câu 4 xuất hiện gần nhau
in the state’s abalone and red urchin industries, now devastated by a purple urchin population explosion. Gray whales shelter their young in kelp forests. The algae can also be used as biofuel, and when fed to cows dramatically cuts planet-warming methane emissions from their burps. In California, kelp forests shape waves by absorbing some of their energy to produce optimal conditions for surfing, a multimilliondollar business. → Đáp án câu 4 có khả năng ở khu vực này, ta đối chiếu nốt các từ khóa còn lại.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering •So sánh thông tin và chọn đáp án: Bài đọc: Sea otters and some 800 other marine species depend on them…… Gray whales shelter their young in kelp forests.
Câu hỏi 4: A reference to the roles that kelp plays in marine ecosystem
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Các từ khóa trong câu hỏi đều khớp với câu trong bài đọc. Và câu thứ hai và thứ 3 của đoạn A chứa thông tin trong câu hỏi. → Đáp án của câu 4 là A. • Áp dụng hướng đi tương tự, ta có đáp án cho các câu hỏi còn lại như sau: 1. A reference to how much kelp an organization has restored
C
2. Description of a marine species which feeds on kelp
D
3. Two factors contributing to a significant decline in kelp in certain regions
B
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Practice Bài tập 1 WHY INVESTORS ARE CAREFUL BUYERS BUT CARELESS SELLERS Only the very best think as hard about exiting positions as entering them A. Jack Schwager was once a moderately successful trader who wondered why he was not an immoderately successful trader. Perhaps if he knew the secrets of trading superstars, such as Paul Tudor Jones or Jim Rogers, he might improve. So he asked them for those secrets. “Market Wizards”, his book of interviews with hedge-fund traders, was published in 1989. A second volume soon followed. B. Both books have since been pored over by a generation of hedge-fund wannabes. They are full of great stories and tips covering a range of investing styles. Yet there are common elements. It is striking, for instance, how little emphasis the wizards put on getting into a position—finding the right trade at the right entry price—compared with when to get out of it. That makes sense. Deciding what and when to sell surely matters at least as much as, and perhaps more than, deciding what to buy. C. The wizardly injunction to cut your losses and let your winners ride has hardened into hedge-fund doctrine. Even so, it is not widely practised in mainstream investing. Fund managers pay lots of attention to buying decisions. But they are remarkably careless in deciding what to sell. D. That is the central finding of “Selling Fast and Buying Slow”, published late last year by a trio of academics—Klakow Akepanidtaworn of the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, Alex Imas of Carnegie Mellon University and Lawrence Schmidt of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology—together with Rick Di Mascio of Inalytics, a data firm. They examined the daily turnover of hundreds of portfolios over several years, tracking more than 2 million stock purchases and almost as many sales. Buying decisions, they found, were good: the addition of a stock generally improved a portfolio. But selling decisions were bad—so bad that a fund manager would have been much better off choosing a stock to sell at random. E. The disparity between sales and purchases is explained by the attention given to each. Fund managers are careful buyers. Purchases come at the end of a long period of serious 162 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
thought and research. But they do not give stock sales anything like the same attention. That is especially true when they are stressed because their portfolio has recently done badly. Instead of deliberating, they use a mental shortcut. Stocks that have done either really well or really badly, and so stick in the mind, are far more likely to be sold. The more inclined fund managers are to sell in this way, the worse they perform. F. They do not realise that careless selling is harmful, it seems. “Selling is simply a cashraising exercise for the next buying idea,” one told the paper’s authors. “Buying is an investment decision; selling is something else,” said another. Fund managers sell the stocks that come most readily to mind. Yet they are able to sell wisely, if they pay attention. Sales made when they are focused on information about a stock, for example around the time of an earnings report, are almost as smart as buying decisions, the authors say. G. The message is clear. If fund managers took more care over selling, they would be more successful. But the world is not arranged in such a way as to make them take that care. They will be asked often for their best buying ideas, but rarely about stocks they own that are ripe for selling. This lopsided approach to decision-making is not confined to fund management. Businesses often spend an age deciding whom to hire but put off thinking about whom to let go until there is a pressing financial need, by which point the decision is likely to be rushed. H. Why do fund managers take their losses on bad stocks too late and their profits on good stocks too early? A body of empirical research, surveyed by Brad Barber and Terrance Odean of the University of California, finds that individual investors show a strong preference for selling winners over losers. They may be impatient to experience the burst of pride that comes from selling a winner. And they hold on to losers for too long in the hope of avoiding feelings of regret. I. The type of superstar trader profiled in “Market Wizards” is as likely to sell a currency, commodity or stock short as to buy it. For them, selling is as natural as buying, and requires just as much attention. For his part, Mr Schwager recalls in the book how he lost a lot of money trading soybeans. He failed to get out of his position when the market moved against him. The decision to buy the beans might not have been a great one. But it was his selling decision that he truly regretted.
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Questions 1-5 The text has 9 paragraphs, A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. N.B. You many use any letter more than once. 1. A review of turnover over a period of time 2. An account of a failure in running a type of business 3. A reference of two very successful traders 4. The finding from a survey on investors 5. A comparison drawn between selling and buying regarding their importance
Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying A review of turnover over a period of time
Danh từ & cụm danh từ → Từ khóa dễ thay thế
Bước 2: Spotting Sau khi đối chiếu và đọc lần lượt các đoạn văn, đoạn D chứa thông tin cần tìm.
Từ khoá 1: “turnover” = doanh thu
Từ khoá 2: “over a period of time” = “over several years”
They examined the daily turnover of hundreds of portfolios over several years, tracking more than 2 million stock purchases and almost as many sales.
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Nhận xét: Hai từ khoá của câu 1 xuất hiện gần nhau, nên đáp án câu 1 có khả năng ở khu vực này, ta đối chiếu phần còn lại của câu hỏi để xác nhận.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering A review of turnover over a period of time
They examined the daily turnover of hundreds of portfolios over several years, ....
Sau khi so sánh với thông tin bài đọc, ta xác nhận được thông tin trong đoạn nhắc tới việc xem xét (“review” = “examine”) doanh thu (“turnover”), suy ra đáp án đúng là D.
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 - 5
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Bài tập 2 Angkor Wat: History of Ancient Temple Built between roughly A.D. 1113 and 1150, and encompassing an area of about 500 acres (200 hectares), Angkor Wat is one of the largest religious monuments ever constructed. Its name means "temple city." A. Originally built as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, it was converted into a Buddhist temple in the 14th century, and statues of Buddha were added to its already rich artwork. Some time later it was turned into a military fortification. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that scientists are struggling to preserve. Its 213-foot-tall (65 meters) central tower is, along with other four smaller towers, wrapped around by a series of enclosure walls, a layout that recreates the image of Mount Meru, a legendary place in Hindu mythology that is said to lie beyond the Himalayas and be the home of the gods. B. The city where the temple was built, Angkor, is located in modern-day Cambodia and was once the capital of the Khmer Empire. This city contains hundreds of temples, and the population may have been over 1 million people. It was easily the largest city in the world until the Industrial Revolution. Angkor had an urban core that could easily have held 500,000 people and a vast hinterland that had many more inhabitants, as airborne laser scanning (lidar) research has shown. Researchers have also identified a "lost" city called Mahendraparvata, which is located about 25 miles (40 kilometers) north of Angkor Wat. C. Angkor Wat itself is surrounded by a 650-foot-wide (200 m) moat that encompasses a perimeter of more than 3 miles (5 km). This moat is 13 feet deep (4 m) and would have helped stabilize the temple's foundation, preventing groundwater from rising too high or falling too low. Angkor Wat's main entrance was to the west (a direction associated with Vishnu) across a stone causeway, with guardian lions marking the way. Recently, archaeologists found the remains of eight towers made of sandstone and laterite by the western gateway. These towers may be the remains of shrines that were in use before Angkor Wat was fully constructed. To the east of the temple was a second, more modest, entrance. D. The heart of the temple was the central tower, entered by way of a steep staircase, a statue of Vishnu at the top. This tower "was at once the symbolic center of the nation and the actual center where secular and sacred power joined forces," writes researcher Eleanor Mannikka in the book "Angkor: Celestial Temples of the Khmer Empire" (Abbeville Press, 2002). "From that unparalleled space, Vishnu and the king ruled over the Khmer 166 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
people." E. Hidden paintings have been discovered in the central tower. One chamber in the tower has a scene showing a traditional Khmer ensemble of musical instruments known as the pinpeat, which is made up of different gongs, xylophones, wind instruments and other percussion instruments. In the same chamber, there's also an intricate scene featuring people riding horses between two structures, which might be temples. These two paintings are among the 200 that have been discovered in Angkor Wat since 2010. F. A mile long sand structure containing a variety of spiral designs was recently discovered beside Angkor Wat by archaeologists using lidar. It would have existed for a brief period during the mid-to-late 12th century. Archaeologists are not certain what it was used for, and it's possible that the structure was never completed. The remains of homes and ponds used by workers who lived near Angkor Wat, and serviced the temple, were also found recently during lidar research. G. Building Angkor Wat was an enormous undertaking that involved quarrying, careful artistic work and lots of digging. To create the moat around the temple, 1.5 million cubic meters (53 million cubic feet) of sand and silt were moved, a task that would have required thousands of people working at one time. To support them, a tough material called laterite was used, which in turn was encased with softer sandstone that was used for carving the reliefs. These sandstone blocks were quarried at the Kulen Hills, about 18 miles (30 km) to the north. A series of canals were used to transport the blocks to Angkor Wat, research shows. H. Beneath the central tower was a shaft that leads to a chamber where, in 1934, archaeologists found "two pieces of crystal and two gold leaves far beneath where the Vishnu statue must have been," Coe writes, adding that deposits like these "spiritually 'energized' a temple, much as a battery will provide power to a portable electronic device." I. Although Angkor Wat is dedicated to Vishnu, the full purpose of the temple is still debated. Researchers still wonder whether the ashes of Suryavarman II were interred in the monument, perhaps in the same chamber where the deposits were found. If that were the case, it would give the temple a funerary meaning.
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Questions 1 – 5 Reading Passage 1 has nine sections A – I. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A – I, in boxes 1 – 5 of your answer sheet. 1. Evidence of artistic works found in Angkor Wat. 2. A description of challenges during the construction of Angkor Wat. 3. A statement on the role of the central tower. 4. The function of some items found under the central tower 5. A question on further uses of Angkor Wat.
Bài tập 3 LEOPARD SEAL A. Named for its spotted coat, ferocity, and superficial resemblance to the spotted “big cat,” the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) is one of the five species of “true” or phocid seals that live in Antarctica. Its status as an apex predator of the continent can be compared to that of the tiger in Asia, the lion in Africa and the grizzly bear in North America. Leopard seals are found in circumpolar Antarctica, but there have been sightings as far north as the southern coasts of Australia, New Zealand, South America and South Africa. Population estimates put their number at 220,000 to 440,000 individuals. B. Leopard seals are the largest of the “true” (having no external ear flaps) Antarctic seals, and can grow to over 11 feet (3.3 meters) in length, with exceptionally large individuals weighing up to 1,300 pounds (590 kg). They are identified by their huge reptilian-like head, large toothy mouth, long neck, arched back and long powerful flippers with webbed digits (fingers and toes). The fur on the back is dark grey, the stomach light grey, and the throat area is white with characteristic black spots. Leopard seals can be confused with Weddell seals, which can also be spotted. Females are slightly larger than males. C. With the exception of Antarctic fur seals which are “eared” seals, the leopard seal is a true seal like all other Antarctic seals. Even without external ear flaps they do have an ear canal with an external opening on both sides of their head. They can hear as well as humans when outside of the water and even better when underwater. Although it was long believed seals use sonar for navigation and locating food in conditions of low visibility, scientists now believe they use their movement-sensitive whiskers to navigate 168 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
and to locate much of their prey by following hydrodynamic turbulence trailing from fish, squid, penguins and other seals in dark or murky water. D. During the Antarctic summer (November–April), leopard seals hunt among the pack ice surrounding the Antarctic continent, spending almost all of their time (except for breeding) in the water. In the winter (May–October) they range northward to the subAntarctic islands. E. Solitary by nature, leopard seals come on land (ice) only during the breeding season and then only in pairs or small groups. Pupping generally takes place during November and December. Females dig a hole in the fast ice where they will give birth to a single pup after a 9 to 11-month gestation period (implantation can be delayed by up to two months). The pups weigh about 66 pounds (30 kg) at birth and is nursed for about one month. The female protects the pups until they can take care of themselves; males do not participate in parental care. Male leopard seals reach sexual maturity between ages 6 and 7, females between 3 and 7 years of age. Mating generally takes place after the pupping season in February when the females are in estrus. Mating takes place in the water. F. Leopard seals’ acute hearing, sight and smell, coupled with their streamlined bodies that move with agility and speed, have established them as one of the top predators of the Antarctic. While krill are an important food for leopard seals, their diet also includes a significant number of warm-blooded animals, including other seals. The leopard seal’s jaw is adapted to a varied diet. Lobes on the sides of the mouth filter krill and their mouths have a remarkable looseness—opening to more than 160 degrees—that enables them to feed on large marine mammals. Their long, sharp teeth are well adapted for cutting and tearing prey. Being a highly-evolved predator, leopard seals eat krill (estimated at 45% of their diet), other seals (30%), penguins (10%), and fish and cephalopods (10%). In summer, leopard seals patrol penguin rookeries, waiting underwater near an ice shelf and snaring the birds just as they enter the water after jumping off the ice. They have also been seen coming up beneath seabirds resting on the water surface and snatching them in their jaws. G. Unlike other seal species that swim by moving their hind limbs from side to side, leopard seals are graceful swimmers, using long, powerful, simultaneous strokes with their forelimbs. When underwater, their nose closes automatically and doesn’t reopen until they surface. They can remain underwater for 15–30 minutes, even sleeping under the water and resurfacing for air without waking. As shallow-water hunters, they do not dive deep. On the ice leopard seals are generally quiet. Underwater they produce trills, 169 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
grunts, low frequency moans and growling noises. H. Leopard seals may live for 26 years or longer. Their only known natural predators are the orca whale and some large sharks. Leopard seals exhibit a ferocious nature with their prey, but they rarely interact with humans—although visitors to Antarctica are generally warned to keep their distance.
Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has eight sections, A-H. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1. A change in scientific beliefs about the sense that leopard seals use for underwater navigation. 2. Leopard seal’s contrasting characteristics in and out of the sea. 3. A reference of body parts that evolve to be able to consume various foods. 4. A description about time and place of reproduction of leopard seals. 5. A reference of the only natural enemies that can threaten leopard seals.
Bài tập 4 TEABAGS AND CLIMATE CHANGE How teabags became a secret weapon in the fight against climate change. A. Teabags, which seem to be humble, but turn out to provide an ingenious window onto a largely hidden world: soil. When soil litter – dead leaves, twigs and other organic material – decomposes, it emits carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming. Being able to measure the rate at which this happens is important – and nowhere more so than in the Arctic, where the tundra holds vast quantities of carbon and is emitting it into the air at an accelerating rate as the land heats up. Sizing up this problem should allow us to better predict the ramifications of a warmer world, and chart a course to avert disastrous climate change. B. It started in 2010, when Joost Keuskamp and Judith Sarneel at Utrecht University in the Netherlands had a eureka moment. Both study soil decomposition, and their research entails sewing or gluing together the seams of hundreds of tiny bags, filling them with dead plant material, then burying them in the ground. The ecologists later dig up the bags and reweigh them to track the progress of decay. During a well-earned tea break, the pair were bemoaning the tedium of this time-consuming job. If only there were some way 170 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
to avoid it, they mused, while staring into the depths of their teacups. Teabags! It was a genius idea. Not only would using them bypass all the sewing and gluing, but if ecologists everywhere buried the same type of teabag instead of homemade litterbags, it would also give them a standard piece of kit with which to do their studies. C. Soil decomposition occurs when microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, digest dead plant material, transforming it into nutrients and releasing carbon dioxide. The rate of decay depends on environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, soil acidity and nutrient content, together with the chemical properties of the litter and the types of microorganisms present. It is a two-stage process. Typically, decay is fast at first, as microbes consume all the easily degraded organic material. In the next phase, the decomposition rate is slower because the material left behind is more resistant. D. After much trial and error, Sarneel, now at Umeå University in Sweden, and Keuskamp realised that, by burying two different types of tea for two or three months, they could capture data on both phases at the same time. Woody rooibos tea, also known as redbush, is slow to decompose, so the amount of weight lost gives a measure of the initial decay rate. Meanwhile, rapidly decomposing green tea quickly reaches the slower phase of decay, so can be used to measure its rate. The Tea Bag Index – a standardized system of classification was born. Since Sarneel and Keuskamp published their method in 2013, teabag ecology has taken off. Last year, the first global comparative study of soil litter decomposition was published by the TeaTime4Science website, a collaboration of researchers from more than 190 institutions over the world. E. They looked at early stage decay rates of the two types of teabags in soil at 336 sites within nine different biomes, including boreal forests, equatorial regions, the Mediterranean and Arctic tundra. They found that rooibos tea always decayed much slower than green tea, reassuring them that the Tea Bag Index works in vastly different geographical areas and biomes. As expected, decay of both tea types was faster in warmer, more humid environments. However, for tea at least, moisture levels have more impact on decomposition rates than temperature. F. Being able to make such global comparisons is a huge leap forward for soil scientists. But the group acknowledged that data from the Arctic was sparse. That matters because tundra contains huge amounts of carbon – almost twice as much as the atmosphere – in the form of dead vegetation.
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G. Historically, low temperatures in the Arctic have kept the decomposition rates in tundra soil low, locking up this carbon. With global warming, that is no longer the case. However, we don’t know how fast carbon dioxide is being released from the tundra into the atmosphere or what impact this will have. That is what Myers-Smith and her team are trying to find out. They are particularly keen to examine the unusual changes that are occurring in places like Herschel Island, where rising temperatures are leading to increased plant growth. “One of the big questions is, what happens to that biomass once it gets deposited into the soil,” says Myers-Smith. Might it rapidly decompose, creating a feedback loop that makes things worse? H. To tackle this question, Thomas heads up the Tundra Tea Bag Experiment, an international collaboration involving some 50 researchers. It has buried teabags at over 350 sites worldwide and aims to find out how decomposition rates across the tundra differ with changes in soil and air temperature and moisture. Analysis is ongoing, but early hints are concerning. In the Arctic, soils are often below 0°C but warm up through the summer. As temperature and moisture increase, decomposition speeds up. The researchers had predicted – in line with assumptions used by many climate models – that after an initial spurt, rates of decay would begin to level off. That isn’t happening. I. “We’re seeing a linear relationship across the whole tundra,” says Myers-Smith. “Some of the highest rates of decomposition occurred at sites that were the warmest and the wettest.” She hopes that the findings, which will be published soon, will be used to update climate models and improve our ability to predict the effects of climate change at high latitudes.
Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1 has seven sections A-I. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. 1. A detailed description of a natural process 2. An unsolved mystery regarding the possible scenario of a strange phenomenon 3. A reference to an unexpected discovery 4. The name of a particular research which was conducted on a global scale 5. Evidence for the practicality of a standardized system on various regions 6. The publication of a research method which helps an area of research flourish
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Key Bài tập 1 Câu
Giải thích Đoạn D They examined the daily turnover of hundreds of portfolios over several years.
1.D
→ Họ đã kiểm tra doanh thu hàng ngày của hàng trăm danh mục đầu tư trong nhiều năm. → Câu 1: Sự kiểm tra doanh thu qua một khoảng thời gian. Đoạn I For his part, Mr Schwager recalls in the book how he lost a lot of money trading
2.I
soybeans. → Về phần mình, ông Schwager nhớ lại trong cuốn sách rằng ông đã mất rất nhiều tiền khi mua bán đậu nành. → Câu 2: Mô tả một thất bại trong việc điều hành một loại hình kinh doanh. Đoạn A “Perhaps if he knew the secrets of trading superstars, such as Paul Tudor Jones
3.A
or Jim Rogers, he might improve.” → Có lẽ nếu anh ta biết những bí mật của các siêu sao giao dịch, như Paul Tudor Jones hay Jim Rogers, anh ta đã có thể cải thiện. → Câu 3: Sự đề cập đến hai doanh nhân thành đạt.
Đoạn H “A body of empirical research, surveyed by Brad Barber and Terrance Odean of the University of California, finds that individual investors...” 4.H
→ Rất nhiều các cuộc nghiên cứu thực nghiệm, được khảo sát bởi Brad Barber và Terrance Odean của Đại học California, nhận thấy rằng các nhà đầu tư cá nhân ... → Câu 4: Kết quả từ một khảo sát các nhà đầu tư.
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Đoạn B “Deciding what and when to sell surely matters at least as much as, and perhaps 5.B
more than, deciding what to buy” → Quyết định bán cái gì và khi nào bán chắc chắn ít nhất là quan trọng bằng và có lẽ hơn cả quyết định mua cái gì → Câu 5: Một sự so sánh giữa tầm quan trọng của mua và bán.
Bài tập 2 Đoạn E "Hidden paintings have been discovered in the central tower. One chamber in the tower has a scene showing a traditional Khmer ensemble of musical instruments known as the pinpeat. " 1.E
→ Những bức tranh bị giấu đã được phát hiện trong tòa tháp trung tâm. Một phòng trong tòa tháp có cảnh một dàn nhạc cụ truyền thống của người Khmer được gọi là pinpeat. → Câu 1: Bằng chứng về những tác phẩm nghệ thuật được tìm thấy ở Angkor Wat.
Đoạn G "Building Angkor Wat was an enormous undertaking that involved quarrying, careful artistic work and lots of digging" 2.G
→ Xây dựng Angkor Wat là một công trình vỹ đại liên quan đến khai thác đá, các tác phẩm nghệ thuật và sự đào bới. → Câu 2: Một mô tả về những thách thức trong suốt quá trình xây dựng Angkor Wat. Đoạn D This tower "was at once the symbolic center of the nation and the actual center
3.D
where secular and sacred power joined forces → Tòa tháp này "ngay lập tức là biểu tượng của quốc gia và là trung tâm thật sự nơi sức mạnh thế tục và thiêng liêng hội tụ. → Câu 3: Một khẳng định về vai trò của tòa tháp trung tâm.
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Đoạn H “Two pieces of crystal and two gold leaves far beneath where the Vishnu statue must have been," Coe writes, adding that deposits like these "spiritually 'energized' a temple, much as a battery will provide power to a portable electronic device." 4.H
→ “Hai mảnh pha lê và hai lá vàng nằm sâu bên dưới nơi có bức tượng Vishnu", Coe viết và cho biết thêm rằng những trầm tích như này sẽ cung cấp năng lượng tinh thần cho ngôi đền, giống như một cục pin sẽ “cung cấp năng lượng cho một thiết bị điện tử cầm tay.” → Câu 4: Chức năng của một vài món đồ được tìm thấy dưới tòa tháp trung tâm.
Đoạn I "Researchers still wonder whether the ashes of Suryavarman II were interred in the monument, perhaps in the same chamber where the deposits were found. If that were the case, it would give the temple a funerary meaning." 5.I
→ Các nhà nghiên cứu vẫn tự hỏi liệu tro cốt của Suryavarman II có được chôn trong di tích hay không, có lẽ trong cùng một căn phòng nơi các trầm tích được tìm thấy. Nếu đúng như vậy, nó sẽ mang lại cho ngôi đền một cảm giác tang thương. → Câu 5: Một câu hỏi về những tác dụng tiềm ẩn của Angkor Wat.
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Bài tập 3 Đoạn C “Although it was long believed seals use sonar for navigation and locating food in conditions of low visibility, scientists now believe they use their movementsensitive whiskers to navigate...” 1.C
→ Từ trước tới giờ, người ta vẫn nghĩ rằng hải cẩu báo dùng sóng âm để định vị và tìm thức ăn, tuy nhiên các nhà khoa học ngày nay tin rằng chúng dùng ria mép nhạy cảm với chuyển động. → Câu 1: Sự thay đổi quan niệm về giác quan mà hải cẩu báo dùng để định vị dưới nước. Đoạn G “When underwater, their nose closes automatically and doesn’t reopen until they surface.” “On the ice leopard seals are generally quiet. Underwater they produce trills,
2.G
grunts, low frequency moans and growling noises.” → Mũi của hải cẩu báo tự động đóng lại khi ở dưới nước và chỉ mở ra khi chúng nổi lên trên mặt nước. Dù khá im lặng trên cạn, hải cẩu báo thường phát ra một số âm thanh tần số thấp khi ở dưới nước. → Câu 2: Những đặc điểm trái ngược nhau của hải cẩu báo khi ở dưới nước và trên cạn.
Đoạn F “The leopard seal’s jaw is adapted to a varied diet. Lobes on the sides of the mouth filter krill and their mouths have a remarkable looseness—opening to more than 160 degrees—that enables them to feed on large marine mammals. Their long, sharp teeth are well adapted for cutting and tearing prey.” 3.F
→ Bộ hàm của hải cẩu báo thích nghi với một chế độ ăn đa dạng. Thuỳ ở hai bên miệng có chức năng lọc các sinh vật phù du và miệng của chúng có thể mở rộng tới 160 độ - điều này cho phép chúng ăn những sinh vật biển lớn. Bộ răng của chúng dài và sắc, thuận lợi cho việc xé thịt con mồi. → Câu 3: Những bộ phận cơ thể thích nghi với việc tiêu thụ nhiều loại thức ăn của hải cẩu báo.
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Đoạn E “Pupping generally takes place during November and December. Females dig a hole in the fast ice where they will give birth to a single pup after a 9 to 11-month gestation period.” “Mating generally takes place after the pupping season in February when the 4.E
females are in estrus. Mating takes place in the water.” → Kỳ sinh nở của hải cẩu báo rơi vào khoảng tháng 11 và 12. Sau khi mang thai từ 9—11 tháng, hải cẩu báo cái sẽ đào một cái hố và sinh con vào đó. Mùa giao phối của hải cẩu báo là vào tháng 2 sau mùa sinh sản khi hải cẩu báo cái đang trong giai đoạn động dục. Quá trình giao phối này diễn ra dưới nước. → Câu 4: Thời gian và địa điểm diễn ra quá trình sinh sản của hải cẩu báo.
Đoạn H “Their only known natural predators are the orca whale and some large sharks.” 5.H
→ Những động vật săn mồi duy nhất đối với hải cẩu báo là cá voi orca và một số loài cá mập lớn. → Câu 5: Những loài thiên địch duy nhất có thể đe doạ hải cẩu báo.
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Bài tập 4 Câu
Vùng thông tin Toàn bộ đoạn C → Đoạn C đưa ra thông tin mô tả rất chi tiết (detailed description) về soil decomposition ở những khía cạnh như quá trình này bắt đầu khi nào, xảy ra
1.C
như thế nào, phụ thuộc vào những yếu tố môi trường nào và bao gồm bao nhiêu giai đoạn. Soil decomposition chính là một natural process (quá trình diễn ra trong tự nhiên) → Câu 1: Sự miêu tả chi tiết một quá trình tự nhiên
Đoạn G “That is what Myers-Smith and her team are trying to find out. They are particularly keen to examine the unusual changes that are occurring in places like Herschel Island, where rising temperatures are leading to increased plant growth. “One of the big questions is, what happens to that biomass once it gets deposited into the soil,” says Myers-Smith.” 2.G
→ Đây là những gì Myers-Smith và nhóm của cô đang cố gắng tìm hiểu. Họ đặc biệt muốn kiểm tra những thay đổi bất thường đang xảy ra ở những nơi như đảo Herschel, nơi nhiệt độ tăng cao dẫn đến tăng trưởng thực vật. "Một trong những câu hỏi lớn đặt ra đó là: điều gì xảy ra với khối sinh khối đó khi nó được lắng xuống đất," Myers nói. → Câu 2. Một bí ẩn chưa được lý giải liên quan đến viễn cảnh có thể xảy ra của một hiện tượng lạ
Đoạn B “It started in 2010, when Joost Keuskamp and Judith Sarneel at Utrecht 3.B
University in the Netherlands had a eureka moment” → Nó bắt đầu từ năm 2010, khi Joost Keuskamp và Judith Sarneel của trường Đại học Utrecht ở Hà Lan tình cờ phát hiện ra một điều lý thú. → Câu 3: Sự đề cập một phát hiện không ngờ tới.
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Đoạn H “Thomas heads up the Tundra Tea Bag Experiment, an international collaboration involving some 50 researchers” 4.H
→ Thomas dẫn dắt Thí nghiệm túi trà Tundra, một sự hợp tác quốc tế với sự tham gia của khoảng 50 nhà nghiên cứu. → Câu 4: Tên của một nghiên cứu cụ thể được thực hiện trên quy mô toàn cầu
Đoạn E “They found that rooibos tea always decayed much slower than green tea, reassuring them that the Tea Bag Index works in vastly different geographical areas and biomes.” 5.E
→ Họ phát hiện ra rằng trà rooibos luôn phân rã chậm hơn nhiều so với trà xanh và điều này trấn an họ rằng chỉ số túi trà có tác dụng ở các khu vực địa lý và quần xã khác nhau. → Câu 5: Bằng chứng cho tính thực tiễn của một hệ thống được tiêu chuẩn hóa trên các khu vực khác nhau
Đoạn D "Since they went public with their method in 2013, teabag ecology has taken off." 6.D
→ Kể từ khi họ công khai phương pháp của họ vào năm 2013, hệ sinh thái teabag đã phát triển mạnh. → Câu 6: Việc công bố một phương pháp nghiên cứu giúp một lĩnh vực nghiên cứu phát triển
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Bài tập 1 1
Examine (v)
Review (n)
Kiểm tra
2
Lost money/fail (v)
Failure (n)
Thất bại
Trading superstars
Successful traders
Những nhà giao dịch
(n)
(n)
thành đạt
4
Research (n)
Survey (n)
5
Matter (v)
Importance (n)
Quan trọng
Artistic works (n)
Tác phẩm nghệ thuật
Challenges (n)
Thách thức
3
Cuộc điều tra, nghiên cứu
Bài tập 2 5 6 7
Painting/musical instruments (n) Enormous undertaking (n) Question (n)
Wonder (v)
Believe (v)
Belief (n)
Thắc mắc, băn khoăn
Bài tập 3 8 9
Jaw, mouth, teeth (n)
Body parts (n)
Tin, niềm tin Các bộ phận của cơ thể
10
Mating, pupping (v)
Mating, pupping (v)
Sinh sản
11
Predator (n)
Enemy (n)
Kẻ thù
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12
Soil decomposition
Natural process
Quá trình tự nhiên
13
Unusual (a)
Strange (a)
Kỳ lạ, khác thường
14
Unexpected discovery (n)
Eureka moment (n)
Sự phát hiện không ngờ tới Nghiên cứu, thử
15
Experiment (n)
Research (n)
16
International (a)
Global (a)
Toàn cầu, quốc tế
17
Areas (n)
Regions (n)
Khu vực
18
Take off (v)
Flourish (v)
Phát triển mạnh mẽ
nghiệm
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Unit
8
Nối câu Matching Sentence Endings
Đề bài dạng nối câu sẽ cung cấp cho thí sinh một nhóm các câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, và một nhóm khác có chứa những phần đuôi của câu (endings). Nhiệm vụ của thí sinh là chọn từ nhóm endings các cụm phù hợp để ghép với phần câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, sao cho nghĩa câu khi đó đúng với nội dung bài đọc.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Extracting & Answering
• Đọc hiểu và gạch
• Scan bài đọc để tìm
• Đọc hiểu phần thông
chân các từ khoá dễ
khu vực chứa thông
tin vừa tìm được. Đối
scan ở phần câu cần
tin cần thiết (dựa trên
chiếu phần chứa thông
hoàn chỉnh.
những từ khoá đã tìm).
tin và các câu hỏi.
• Đọc hiểu và gạch
• Khi scan đoạn văn,
• Đối chiếu với các
từ khoá một lượt các
thí sinh chú ý cần áp
endings và chọn đáp án
endings.
dụng kỹ thuật eye-
đúng và loại các đáp án
• Loại trừ trước một số
movement.
không phù hợp.
Bước 3
endings không phù hợp về mặt ngữ pháp.
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2. Ví dụ Making Medicine Out of Millipedes Generally speaking, it is never a good idea to put a millipede in your mouth. After all, millipedes are known to produce an array of toxic secretions that keep predators at bay. Some species can even cause chemical burns. However, in November of 2016, animal behaviorist Louise Peckre watched as a female red-fronted lemur in Madagascar’s Kirindy Forest picked up a giant millipede. The creature began alternating between chewing on the noxious critter and massaging it into the fur around her tail and sex organs. Finally, she gobbled the arthropod down. As Peckre watched, the lemur then found two more millipedes and went through the routine all over again. The animals hadn’t previously been witnessed eating these animals, or, of course, rubbing them all over. What did it all mean? It’s too soon to say for sure, says Peckre, who is studying lemur communication at the German Primate Center. But in a paper published this week in the journal Primates, she and her coauthors make a compelling case that the red-fronted lemurs may be using the millipede secretions to self-medicate against intestinal parasites. To understand why the red-fronted lemurs might rub toxins on their genitals, first you have to understand that this species harbors a greater variety of gastrointestinal parasites than any other lemur species. Studies have shown that one of the toxic chemicals millipedes produce is called benzoquinone, a substance which has been proven to have insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. While benzoquinone is probably used by the millipedes to avoid getting eaten, the lemurs seem to have learned how to extract the chemical for their own uses. Derek Hennen, an entomologist studying millipedes at Virginia Tech, said the vigorous rubbing the lemurs use is a smart tactic. “Millipedes will secrete more toxins when continually disturbed,” says Hennen. “If they immediately erupted in toxins upon the slightest bump, it wouldn’t be a very good defense because it takes time to make new toxins.” (Practice Test 2 – Passage 2)
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Questions 1-3 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-D below. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet 1. One of the lemurs that Louise Peckre observed in Madagascar 2. An article in the journal Primates says some lemurs 3. Benzoquinone is a substance that millipedes
List of ideas A. used millipedes to probably treat themselves from intestinal worms. B. tried to neutralize the toxic content of those insects to eat them. C. used 3 millipedes to rub on its body many times. D. used as a self-defensive weapon to protect themselves from predators. Lưu ý: Số endings luôn nhiều hơn số câu cần hoàn chỉnh.
3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Đọc hiểu và gạch chân từ khoá dễ scan trong câu hỏi: Tuy là tên riêng nhưng lại được nhắc đến nhiều lần trong bài → Từ khóa chìm
One of the lemurs that Louise Peckre observed in Madagascar
Danh từ được nhắc lại nhiều lần trong bài → Từ khóa chìm
Tên riêng → Từ khóa khó thay thế
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• Loại trừ trước một số ending không phù hợp về mặt ngữ pháp (hoặc ngữ nghĩa) 1. One of the lemurs that Louise Peckre observed in Madagascar + D. used as a self-defensive weapon to protect themselves from predators. = One of the lemurs that Louise Peckre observed
Không phù hợp cả về
in Madagascar used as a self-defensive weapon
ngữ pháp, có thể loại
to protect themselves from predators.
đáp án D
Bước 2: Spotting However, in November of 2016, animal behaviorist Louise Peckre watched as a female red-fronted lemur in Madagascar’s Kirindy Forest picked up a giant millipede. The creature began alternating between
Từ khoá đã xác định
chewing on the noxious critter and massaging it into the fur around her tail and sex organs. Finally, she gobbled the arthropod down. As Peckre watched, the lemur then found two more millipedes and went through the routine all over again.
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Đối chiếu với câu hỏi và endings để chọn đáp án
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Watched = observed
...animal behaviorist Louise Peckre
watched
as a
Sau khi đối chiếu với
female red-fronted lemur in Madagascar’s Kirindy
các
endings,
Forest picked up a giant millipede... As Peckre
đáp
watched, the lemur then found two more millipedes
nhất với bài đọc là
and went through the routine all over again.
C. used 3 millipedes to rub
án
ta
trùng
thấy khớp
on its body many times. Tổng cộng 3 millipedes
Loại các đáp án không đúng A. used millipedes to probably treat themselves from
Các từ khoá đều không
intestinal worms.
xuất hiện trong đoạn
B. tried to neutralize the toxic content of those insects to eat them.
thông tin tìm được → Loại bỏ
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 và 3 Đáp án: 2. A 3. D
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Practice Bài tập 1 THE OLD BUT GOLD “CINDERELLA” Hard rock band Cinderella gained success in the mid-'80s, turning out a series of millionselling albums and hit singles. By the mid-'90s, the group's mass popularity had subsided due to professional setbacks and perceived changes in taste. But they continued to tour regularly well into the 21st century. Cinderella was founded in Philadelphia, PA, in 1983 by Tom Keifer and bassist Eric Brittingham, who quickly added lead guitarist Jeff LaBar. Guitarist Michael Kelly Smith and drummer Tony Destra were also early members of the band, but they left in 1985 to form Britny Fox. Cinderella then added drummer Jody Cortez and continued as a four-piece. Insisting on playing original material, they performed in clubs and bars in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and in 1985 Jon Bon Jovi caught one of their shows. He was sufficiently impressed to alert his record company, Mercury, which signed the band. Their debut album, Night Songs, was released in June 1986. Shortly after its completion, Cortez left the band and was replaced by Fred Coury. The LP was not an immediate success, but it gained momentum gradually while the band toured extensively as an opening act to promote it. It broke into the Billboard chart in July, and the track "Shake Me," although it failed to chart as a single, got enough radio attention to turn up on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart in August. On October 1, the album was certified gold. That month, Mercury released a second single, "Nobody's Fool", accompanied by a music video that earned play on MTV; it broke into the charts in November and peaked at number 13 in February 1987. Having broken through to popular success with Night Songs, Cinderella returned with their second album, Long Cold Winter, in July 1988. The album reached number ten in September, the same month it was certified gold and platinum simultaneously. As the group continued to tour relentlessly through 1988 and 1989, Mercury broke more singles from the LP. "The Last Mile," released in December, peaked at number 36 in March 1989; "Coming Home," released in March, hit number 20 in June; and "Gypsy Road," finally put on 45 a year after the release of Long Cold Winter. Again, Cinderella came off the road and spent a year crafting its third album, Heartbreak Station, which appeared in November 1990. Although it was a hit out of the box, going gold 187 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
in January 1991 and platinum in February, the album encountered more resistance than the band's previous efforts, peaking at number 19, with no multi-platinum certifications forthcoming. More disturbing than this mild commercial disappointment, however, were problems within the band. Coury departed, and Cinderella initially replaced him with Kevin Valentine, then hired noted session drummer Kenny Aronoff temporarily before bringing in Kevin Conway. Then, after the Heartbreak Station tour had ended and the band was gearing up to go to Japan in 1991, Keifer woke up one morning and found he couldn't sing. Doctors initially were unable to figure out what was wrong, but a specialist finally diagnosed paresis of the laryngeal nerve controlling the left vocal cord. Keifer was forced to undergo two throat operations, followed by extensive therapy. Cinderella managed to put a track, "Hot and Bothered," on the chart-topping Wayne's World soundtrack, released in February 1992, but otherwise the band was out of commission for an extended period of time. In the meanwhile, fashions changed. Cinderella had been part of a "pop-metal" movement including Bon Jovi, Great White, and Ratt, who preceded them. But when "grunge" rockers Nirvana, boasting a neo-punk style, broke through to success in the fall of 1991 with their album Nevermind, the record suddenly became enamored of their strippeddown approach. Suddenly, instead of the teased and blown-dry coiffures and skin-tight stage costumes of the pop-metal bands, it was the dirty-hair-falling-in-the-face, flannelshirt-and-jeans look of Nirvana. Soon, the pop-metal groups were written off with a new epithet, dismissed as "hair metal" bands. By the time Keifer & Co. finally emerged with the fourth Cinderella album, Still Climbing, in November 1994, it could only manage to spend one week at number 178 before disappearing. Mercury promptly dropped the band. Cinderella's touring opportunities also dried up, and while the group did not formally disband in 1995, it became inactive for lack of offers. By 1998, there was enough interest by promoters for Cinderella to reunite for a tour. On October 2 and 3, they appeared at the Key Club in Hollywood, CA, and recorded the show for an album in July 1999. But the releases were not successful, and Cinderella's contract was canceled. Nevertheless, a faithful fan base supported continuing road work by the band, which reunited in the summer of 2000 for a tour with Poison, followed by a second outing by the two groups in 2002. In 2005, VH1 sponsored the Rock Never Stops package tour, which Cinderella headlined, supported by Ratt, Quiet Riot, and Firehouse, with dates extending through the summer.
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Questions 1-4 Match each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1
Night Songs
2
Long Cold Winter
3
Heartbreak Station
4
Still Climbing
A
was completed by the time a replacement of members took place.
B
none of its singles fell out of the top 50 of the Billboard Chart.
C
received no platinum certifications at all.
D
remained in the chart for one week
E
was advertised by the extensive tours.
F
released right before the band’s period of adversity.
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Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying Tìm từ khóa trong các đáp án
A.
was completed by the time a replacement of members took place.
B.
had none of its singles fall out of the top 50 of the Billboard Chart.
C.
received no platinum certifications at all.
D.
remained in the chart for one week.
E.
was advertised by the extensive tours.
F.
released right before the band’s period of adversity.
Đọc hiểu và gạch chân từ khoá dễ scan trong câu hỏi: 1.
Từ khóa loại 1 Danh từ riêng
Night songs
Bước 2: Spotting Đoạn 1 Từ khóa
Their debut album, Night Songs, was released in June 1986. Từ khóa khác với từ by the time đáp án A
Từ được thay thế thành completed trong đáp án A
Từ khóa được thay thế thành replacement trong đáp án A
Shortly after its completion, Cortez left the band and was replaced by Fred Coury. The LP was not an immediate success, but it gained momentum gradually while the band toured extensively as an opening act to promote it.
Từ khóa được thay thế thành extensive tours trong đáp án E
Từ khóa được thay thế thành advertised trong đáp án E
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Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Từ các thông tin đã khoanh vùng trên, có thể loại đáp án sai là A và, suy ra đáp án đúng là E.
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2, 3 và 4 Bài tập 2 CAN PEOPLE CHANGE? A. ‘Can people change?’ The question may sound somewhat abstract and disinterested, as if one were asking for a friend or for the universe, but it is likely to be a good deal more personally – and painfully – motivated than that. We ask, typically and acutely, when we’re in a relationship with someone who is inflicting a great deal of pain on us: someone who is refusing to open their hearts or can never stop lying, someone who is aggressive or detached, someone who is harming themselves or managing to devastate us. We ask too because the one immediately obvious response to frustration isn’t in this case open to us: we’re not able to simply get up and go, we are too emotionally or practically invested to give up, something roots us to the spot. And so, with the example of one troublesome human in mind, we start to wonder outwards about human nature in general, what it might be made of and how malleable it could turn out to be. B. One thing is likely already to be evident to us: even if people can change, they certainly don’t change easily. Maybe they flare up every time we raise an issue and accuse us of being cruel or dogmatic; maybe they break down late at night and admit they have a problem but by morning, vehemently deny that there could ever be anything amiss. Maybe they say yes, they get it now, but then don’t ever deploy understanding where it really matters. We can at best conclude that by the time we’ve had to raise the question of change in our minds, someone around us has managed not to change either very straightforwardly or very gracefully. C. We might ask a prior question: is it even OK to want someone to change? The implication from those who generate trouble for us is, most often, an indignant ‘no’. ‘Love me for who I am’ is their mantra. But considered more imaginatively, only a perfect human would ever deny that they might need to grow a little in order to more richly deserve 191 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
the love of another. For the rest of us, all moderately well-meaning decent requests for change should be heard with good will and in certain cases acted upon with immense seriousness. Those who bristle at the suggestion that they might need to change are – paradoxically – giving off the clearest evidence that they may be in grave need of inner evolution. D. Why might change be so hard? It isn’t as if the change-resistant person is merely unsure what is amiss, and will manage to alter course once an issue is pointed out – as someone might if their attention were drawn to a strand of spinach in their teeth. The refusal to change is more tenacious than this, more “willed” than we thought. A person’s entire character may be structured around an active aspiration not to know or feel particular things; the possibility of insight will be aggressively warded off through drink, compulsive work routines, or offended irritation with all those who attempt to spark it. E. In other words, the unchanging person doesn’t only lack knowledge, they are vigorously committed to not acquiring it. And they resist it because they are fleeing from something extraordinarily painful in their past that they were originally too weak or helpless to face – and still haven’t found the wherewithal to confront. One isn’t so much dealing with an unchanging person as, first and foremost, with a traumatised one. F. Part of the problem, when one is on the outside, is realising what one is up against. The lack of change can seem so frustrating because one can’t apprehend why it should be so hard. Couldn’t they simply move an inch or two in the right direction? But if we considered, at that moment, the full scale of what this person once faced, and the conditions in which their mind was formed, we might be more realistic and more compassionate. ‘Couldn’t they just…’ would no longer quite make sense. G. At the same time, very importantly, we might not stick around as long as we often do. We should at this juncture perhaps ask ourselves a question that may feel at once unfair and rather tough: given how clear the evidence is of a lack of change in a certain person, and hence of a lack of realistic hope that our needs are going to be met any time soon, why are we still here? Why are we trying to open a door that can’t open and returning to a recurring frustration and hoping for a different result? What bit of our story is being re-enacted in a drama of continuously dashed hopes? H. And, if we are talking of change, might we one day change into characters who don’t sit around waiting without end for other people to change? Might we become better at 192 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
sifting through options and allowing through only those who can already meet the lion’s share of our needs? In addition, might we become better at deploying a dash of lifesustaining ruthlessness in order to leave those who tirelessly rebuff us? We may need to rebuild our minds in order – with time – to change into people who don’t wonder for too long if, and when, people might change.
Questions 1-4 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below. Write the correct letter A-E, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1. Perfect human beings 2. People who react angrily to requests for change 3. Resistance to change of people 4. Change-resistant people
A. are not ready to alter course when change is needed. B. lack both knowledge and willingness to gain more. C. is actually more hardwired than we thought. D. paradoxically admit that their need of inner progress is urgent. E. would refuse to change more maturely to meet others’ love and needs.
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Bài tập 3 CALIFORNIA’S CRITICAL KELP FORESTS ARE DISAPPEARING IN A WARMING WORLD. CAN THEY BE SAVED? KELP NEEDS OUR help. Which is why an unprecedented alliance of scientists, fishers, surfers, entrepreneurs, and experts is coming together to revive California’s vital kelp ecosystem, decimated by a warming ocean. A. “The California coast without kelp is like the Amazon without trees,” says Tom Ford, executive director of the Bay Foundation, a nonprofit dedicated to restoring Santa Monica Bay and its coastal waters. Indeed, scientists call these fast-growing underwater forests the “sequoias of the sea” for their ability to store large amounts of carbon dioxide. By absorbing CO2 in the surrounding water, seaweed decreases acidification that can kill marine life. Through photosynthesis, kelp forests boost oxygen levels in the ocean while helping protect the coast from erosion by reducing the speed and size of waves. (See beautiful photos of kelp gardens around the world.) Kelp forests don’t just play a fundamental role in curbing climate change. Sea otters and some 800 other marine species depend on them, as do fishers in the state’s abalone and red urchin industries, now devastated by a purple urchin population explosion. Gray whales shelter their young in kelp forests. The algae can also be used as biofuel, and when fed to cows dramatically cuts planet-warming methane emissions from their burps. In California, kelp forests shape waves by absorbing some of their energy to produce optimal conditions for surfing, a multimillion-dollar business. B. But between 2014 and 2016, a marine heat wave wiped out more than 90 percent of the kelp cover along a 200-mile stretch of California’s north coast. Kelp in some areas of Southern California already had been reduced by 75 percent over the past century due to pollution and overfishing of species that protect kelp ecosystems. “Just like the coronavirus is requiring an interdisciplinary, multipronged attack using all our wits, I think that same mentality is going to help deal with climate change impacts, and in this case, kelp forest decline,” says Laura Rogers-Bennett, a marine scientist with the University of California, Davis, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, whose research has documented the kelp die-off. C. The research vessel Xenarcha is about 10 minutes out of the Port of Los Angeles on an overcast March morning. A gray whale breaches off the boat’s bow, its tail sending a spray of seawater skyward. The 28-foot boat belongs to the Bay Foundation, which has 194 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
restored nearly 53 acres of Palos Verdes Peninsula’s kelp forests since 2013. That’s a fraction of the 2,500 acres of seaweed estimated to exist a century ago. But it’s a huge increase since the late 1960s, when kelp had become all but extinct in that area. D. Rough water gives way to the glassy calm of Honeymoon Cove and its eight acres of giant kelp, roots anchored to rocky reefs some 18 to 30 feet below. For decades, this cove was largely devoid of life, devastated by seaweed-eating purple urchins. The urchins resemble small, spikey balls and are a natural part of kelp ecosystems. But when the predators that keep their numbers in check disappear, the population booms and can quickly consume a kelp forest, creating what is called an urchin barren. Once their food is gone, the urchins, which can live for more than 50 years, lower their metabolism and essentially hibernate. E. Over the past half century, overfishing and pollution killed off sheepshead fish, abalone, and other marine animals along the Los Angeles Coast that either preyed on purple urchins or competed with them for habitat. Commercially valuable species like the red urchin also vanished once their only food source, kelp, was lost. And most purple urchins aren’t marketable because their only edible parts, their gonads, are considered too small. Before kelp restoration began in 2013, Honeymoon Cove was “a complete barren, with densities of urchins approaching 70 per square meter,” says Ford. F. The Bay Foundation now hires out-of-work red urchin divers to methodically cull the purples by smashing them with hammers. Also on the boat is Kevin Whilden, executive director of Sustainable Surf. The nonprofit is working to get surfers, surfing fans, and the consumer brands they patronize to finance restoration of kelp forests through its SeaTrees program. Individuals can donate to pay for restoration of kelp forests, mangroves, and seagrass meadows, or by purchasing products from SeaTrees’ partners. Buy a pair of shoes made by SeaVees, for instance, and the Santa Barbara company will underwrite replanting of a square foot of kelp, which adds up. Since the program launched last year, SeaTrees has planted 115,000 mangroves in that program. “We're using surfing as a way get everyone involved in kelp restoration,” says Whilden. The Bay Foundation’s Ford pilots to a spot called White Point, where SeaTrees will fund removal of a 3,200-square-foot patch of urchin-infested reef as part of a reforestation project set to begin in the fall.
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Questions 1-4 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1. Urchins’ population can grow significantly if 2. Urchins may go into hibernation when 3. A large number of Urchins’ predators disappeared because 4. The majority of purple urchins are unprofitable because
A. the animals preying on them become extinct B. their eatable body parts are tiny C. there is a great deal of kelp in their area D. red urchins do not become extinct E. kelp all dies out F. there are problems of overfishing and pollution
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Key Bài tập 1 Câu
1.E
Giải thích
Đoạn 1 … the band toured extensively as an opening act to promote it (nhóm nhạc đã đi lưu diễn rất nhiều như là 1 bước đầu quảng cáo cho nó.) It ở đây chính là album Night Songs. Động từ advertise (quảng cáo) trong câu hỏi đồng nghĩa với từ promote trong bài đọc. Ở cuối đoạn hai nhắc đến 3 bài hát trong album
2.B
Đoạn 2
Long Cold Winter, và các thứ hạng của chúng. Dễ dàng thấy được, tất cả các bài hát này đều nằm trong top 50 của bảng xếp hạng Billboard.
Đoạn 3 More disturbing … were problems within the band (tồi tệ hơn là những vấn đề trong nhóm nhạc). 3.F
Đây là những vấn đề xảy ra sau khi album đó được phát hành, trùng với cụm 'before the band's period of adversity' trong đáp án F. Ta sẽ bị nhầm lẫn với câu trả lời C: no platinum certifications at all (không có giải bạch kim nào) ở dòng số 4 cùng đoạn có nói là no multi-platinum certifications (không có các giải bạch kim liên tiếp)
Đoạn 4 4.D
… it could only manage to spend one week … before disappearing. (nó chỉ có thể trụ vững trong vòng 1 tuần trước khi biến mất)
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Bài tập 2
1.E
Đoạn C “But considered more imaginatively, only a perfect human would ever deny that they might need to grow a little in order to more richly deserve the love of another.” Thông tin cần điền để tiếp nối câu 1 là một động từ chỉ hành động từ chối làm gì của những người hoàn hảo. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Chỉ có những người hoàn hảo là sẽ phủ nhận việc họ cần thay đổi để xứng đáng hơn với tình yêu của của người khác.” Từ deny ở câu bên gần nghĩa với từ refuse, ngoài ra cụm từ in order to more richly deserve the love of another cũng tương đương với cụm meet others’ love and needs ở câu E.
2.D
Đoạn C “Those who bristle at the suggestion that they might need to change are – paradoxically – giving off the clearest evidence that they may be in grave need of inner evolution.” Thông tin cần điền để tiếp nối câu 2 là một hành động của những người thường phản ứng một cách giận dữ trước những yêu cầu bắt họ thay đổi. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Những người mà dựng ngược lên trước những đề xuất rằng họ cần thay đổi, thì nghích lý thay, cho thấy dấu hiệu rõ ràng nhất về việc họ rất cần sự cải thiện về nội tâm.” Chi tiết bristle at the suggestion that they might need to change được diễn đạt lại bằng chi tiết react angrily to requests for change ở câu 2. Đáp án đúng là D.
3.C
Đoạn D “It isn’t as if the change-resistant person is merely unsure what is amiss, and will manage to alter course once an issue is pointed out – as someone might if their attention were drawn to a strand of spinach in their teeth. The refusal to change is more tenacious and willed than this.” Thông tin cần điền để tiếp nối câu 3 là một danh từ/ cụm danh từ chỉ bản chất của việc ngại thay đổi. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “một số người ngại thay đổi không phải chỉ là do họ chưa hiểu rõ những gì họ đang thiếu sót và sẵn sàng thay đổi ngay khi hiểu ra điều đó. Sự từ chối thay đổi có bản chất khó lung lay (tenacious) và mang tính chủ động (willed) nhiều hơn như vậy.” Hai từ tenacious và willed đã được diễn đạt lại bằng từ hardwired (khó đổi) ở câu C. Đáp án đúng là C.
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4.B
Đoạn E “In other words, the unchanging person doesn’t only lack knowledge, they are vigorously committed to not acquiring it.” Thông tin cần điền để tiếp nối câu 4 là một đặc điểm của người ngại thay đổi. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “người không chịu thay đổi không chỉ thiếu kiến thức mà còn nhất quyết không chịu tiếp thu.” Từ unchanging ở câu bên gần nghĩa với từ change-resistant ở câu 4.
Bài tập 3 Câu
Giải thích Đoạn D “But when the predators that keep their numbers in check disappear, the population booms and can quickly consume a kelp forest.” Câu trong bài nói rằng “Khi những kẻ săn mồi biến mất, số lượng loài này
1.A
(urchin) tăng mạnh (booms) và có thể nhanh chóng ăn hết một rừng tảo biển.” Cụm grow significantly đồng nghĩa với từ boom trong bài đọc. Từ predators that keep them in check cũng chỉ đến the animals preying on them (những loài động vật săn chúng).
Đoạn D “Once their food is gone, the urchins, which can live for more than 50 years, lower their metabolism and essentially hibernate.” Câu trong bài nói rằng “Một khi thức ăn của chúng (chính là tảo kelp, đã 2.E
được nhắc đến ở câu trước) hết, loài nhím biển (urchin)...sẽ giảm trao đổi chất và nghỉ đông.” Từ “gone” trong bài đã được thay thế bằng từ “die out” (chết hết), đồng thời ở nửa đầu câu của phần câu hỏi, đề bài dùng cụm “go into hibernation”, dạng danh từ của “hibernate”. Nghĩa của 2 câu tương tự nhau.
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Đoạn E “Over the past half century, overfishing and pollution killed off sheepshead fish, abalone, and other marine animals along the Los Angeles Coast that either preyed on purple urchins or competed with them for habitat” 3.F
Câu trong bài nói rằng “Săn bắt cá quá mức (overfíshing) và ô nhiễm (pollution) giết chết các loài cá đầu cừu, bào ngư và các loài thuỷ sinh ... mà săn nhím biển tím (preyed on purple urchins) hoặc cạnh tranh lãnh thổ với nhím biển (competed with them for habitat) Câu hỏi dùng từ urchin’s predators chính là để ám chỉ các loài mà preyed on purple urchins và competed with them for habitat.
Đoạn E “And most purple urchins aren’t marketable because their only edible parts, their gonads, are considered too small.” 4.B
Bài đọc nói rằng “Hầu hết các con purple urchins đều không bán được (not marketable) vì phần mà ăn được của chúng (edible parts) ... quá nhỏ.” Các cụm not marketable, edible parts, too small lần lượt tương đương với các cụm unprofitable, eatable body parts và tiny trong câu hỏi.
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Vocabulary Bài tập
Câu hỏi
Ý nghĩa
Quảng bá
Bài tập 1 1
Promote
Was advertised
2
Problems
Adversity
Vấn đề, tình huống mâu thuẫn
Bài tập 2 Change more
3
Grow
4
Bristle
React angrily
5
Inner evolution
Inner progress
6
In grave need of
Urgent
Cấp bách, khẩn cấp
maturely
Trưởng thành Phản ứng tức giận Sự tiến triển bên trong
Bài tập 3 7
Boom
Grow significantly
Tăng mạnh
8
Hibernate
Go into hibernation
Ngủ đông
9
Edible
Eatable
Ăn được
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Unit
9
Dán nhãn biểu đồ Diagram Labelling
Dạng bài dán nhãn biểu đồ cung cấp cho thí sinh câu hỏi dưới dạng hình ảnh biểu đồ, với nhiệm vụ của thí sinh là tìm thông tin trong bài đọc để điền vào các chỗ trống phù hợp.
1. Chiến lược xử lý dạng câu hỏi Bước 1 Identifying
Bước 2 Spotting
Bước 3 Extracting & Answering
• Xác định các loại từ
• Scan bài đọc để tìm
• Đối chiếu phần chứa
khoá trong câu hỏi.
khu vực chứa thông
thông tin và câu hỏi.
• Xác định dạng từ
tin cần thiết (dựa trên
Đọc hiểu phần thông tin
cần điền và số từ theo
những từ khoá đã tìm).
vừa tìm được.
yêu cầu đề bài.
• Khi scan đoạn văn, thí
• Chọn từ và đối chiếu
sinh lưu ý cần sử dụng kỹ
với dạng từ cần điền đã
thuật Eye-movement.
xác định ở bước 1. • Đọc lại câu để một lần nữa kiểm tra độ chính
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2. Ví dụ Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Coal Formation The majority of fossils recovered in Cape Breton can be traced to coal areas or coal fields. Fossils have been found ranging from whole or partial tree trunks and branches to shrubs and vine growth. Evolution dates back to pre-historic times – to approximately 325 million years ago when the region was covered in lush, dense vegetation. Coal is made of the fossilized remains of animals, but mostly from the plants that were decomposing underground, this combination is also known by the name peat. However, this alone is not enough for coal to be formed. Those dead animal remains and plants could be turned into coal because they were put under large amounts of pressure and heat over an extended period of time. The pressure was created due to different layers on top of the peat, which pressed down on it for centuries. Accompanied by the extreme heat from sunlight, this forms a type of sedimentary rock: coal. Most of the coal found till this day was formed approximately 300 million years ago.
Decaying plants (called 1............)
Peat being 2.................... by multiple layers
After millions of years under pressure and 3..................... , coal was formed.
3. Áp dụng phương pháp Bước 1: Identifying *Xem lại phần lý thuyết về Keyword trong phần 1 để hiểu cách xác định từ khoá.
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Từ khoá chìm (động từ) Decaying: đang phân huỷ
Từ khoá chìm Dùng để đọc hiểu
Decaying plants (called
1............)
Từ khoá dễ thay thế (Danh từ) Có thể suy ra dạng từ cần điền ở câu 1 là danh từ
Bước 2: Spotting Từ khoá đã xác định
Coal is made of the fossilized remains of animals, but mostly from the plants that were decomposing underground, this combination is also known by the name peat.
Từ khoá đồng nghĩa với “called”: được biết tới với cái tên
Từ khoá đồng nghĩa với “decaying”: đang phân huỷ
Bước 3: Extracting & Answering Đối chiếu ý nghĩa của câu hỏi và đoạn văn: ... this combination is also known by the name peat
Decaying plants (called
1............)
→ Đáp án: 1. peat
Áp dụng tương tự câu 2 và 3 Đáp án 2. pressed down; 3. heat 204 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Practice Bài tập 1 Plate tectonics Plate tectonics, theory dealing with the dynamics of Earth’s outer shell—the lithosphere— that revolutionized Earth sciences by providing a uniform context for understanding mountain-building processes, volcanoes, and earthquakes as well as the evolution of Earth’s surface and reconstructing its past continents and oceans. German meteorologist Alfred Wegener is often credited as the first to develop a theory of plate tectonics, in the form of continental drift. Bringing together a large mass of geologic and paleontological data, Wegener postulated that throughout most of geologic time there was only one continent, which he called Pangea, and the breakup of this continent heralded Earth’s current continental configuration as the continent-sized parts began to move away from one another. (Scientists discovered later that Pangea fragmented early in the Jurassic Period.) Wegener presented the idea of continental drift and some of the supporting evidence in a lecture in 1912, followed by his major published work, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915). According to the theory, Earth has a rigid outer layer, known as the lithosphere, which is typically about 100 km (60 miles) thick and overlies a plastic (moldable, partially molten) layer called the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is broken up into seven very large continental- and ocean-sized plates, six or seven medium-sized regional plates, and several small ones. These plates move relative to each other, typically at rates of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) per year, and interact along their boundaries, where they converge, diverge, or slip past one another. Such interactions are thought to be responsible for most of Earth’s seismic and volcanic activity, although earthquakes and volcanoes can occur in plate interiors. Plate motions cause mountains to rise where plates push together, or converge, and continents to fracture and oceans to form where plates pull apart, or diverge. The continents are embedded in the plates and drift passively with them, which over millions of years results in significant changes in Earth’s geography. Knowledge of Earth’s interior is derived primarily from analysis of the seismic waves that propagate through Earth as a result of earthquakes. Depending on the material they travel through, the waves may either speed up, slow down, bend, or even stop if they cannot penetrate the material they encounter. Collectively, these studies show that Earth 205 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
can be internally divided into layers on the basis of either gradual or abrupt variations in chemical and physical properties. Chemically, Earth can be divided into three layers. A relatively thin crust, which typically varies from a few kilometres to 40 km (about 25 miles) in thickness, sits on top of the mantle. (In some places, Earth’s crust may be up to 70 km [40 miles] thick.) The mantle is much thicker than the crust; it contains 83 percent of Earth’s volume and continues to a depth of 2,900 km (1,800 miles). Beneath the mantle is the core, which extends to the centre of Earth, some 6,370 km (nearly 4,000 miles) below the surface. Geologists maintain that the core is made up primarily of metallic iron accompanied by smaller amounts of nickel, cobalt, and lighter elements, such as carbon and sulfur. The theory of plate tectonics is based on a broad synthesis of geologic and geophysical data. It is now almost universally accepted, and its adoption represents a true scientific revolution, analogous in its consequences to quantum mechanics in physics or the discovery of the genetic code in biology. Incorporating the much older idea of continental drift, as well as the concept of seafloor spreading, the theory of plate tectonics has provided an overarching framework in which to describe the past geography of continents and oceans, the processes controlling creation and destruction of landforms, and the evolution of Earth’s crust, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and climates. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, it became apparent that plate-tectonic processes profoundly influence the composition of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans, serve as a prime cause of long-term climate change, and make significant contributions to the chemical and physical environment in which life evolves. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer ____________?
40-70 km
____________?
2900 km
____________?
6370 km
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Bài tập 2 While many business niches are composed of only a handful of different businesses, the hospitality industry applies to nearly any company that deals with customer satisfaction and is focused on meeting leisurely needs rather than basic ones. With the broadness of this industry, some defining aspects are important to understanding. The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within service industry that includes lodging, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line, and additional fields within the tourism industry. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or an amusement park consists of units such as facility maintenance and direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, management, marketing, and human resources, etc.). The hospitality industry is a multibillion-dollar industry that depends on the availability of leisure time, disposable income, and complete customer satisfaction. There are four segments of the hospitality industry: Food and beverages, Travel and Tourism, lodging, and recreation. The food and beverage sector which is professionally known by its initials as F&B is the largest segment of the hospitality industry. The F&B industry is estimated to provide 50% of all meals eaten in the US today. It comprises of establishments primarily engaged in preparing meals, snacks, and beverages for immediate consumption on and off the premises. When a restaurant is part of a hotel, services it renders can enhance the guest experience by providing excellent food and first-class customer service. It can symbiotically function as part of other businesses, such as in bowling alleys or movie theaters. Travel and tourism deal with services related to moving people from place to place. Buses, cabs, planes, ships, trains and so on are all part of the travel industry. Leisure travel is when a person spends money on lodging, food, and recreation while taking a vacation trip, and business travel is when a person travels for work and spends money on lodging and food. Some people also spend on recreation while on a business travel. The major function of the tourism is to encourage people to travel. When people travel, either for business or leisure, they spend money on hospitality. Lodging means accommodation for a period or a place to sleep for one or more nights. Fancy hotels, youth hostels, elder hostels, campgrounds, motels and other businesses that provide a place for people to sleep overnight are all in the lodging industry. Lodging businesses markets to other market segments such as business travelers, leisure travelers, 207 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
long-stay travelers, budget travelers, and special travelers like people working with the government, airlines, and military. Recreation is any activity that people do for rest, relaxation, and enjoyment. The goal of recreation is to refresh a person's body and mind. Any business that provides activities for rest, relaxation and enjoyment, to refresh a person's body and mind is in the recreation business. Entertainment businesses which provide shows such as movie or theater, attractions which are places of special interest of visits such as zoos and museums, spectator sports and participatory sports are all parts of the recreation business. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
(1)___________________
Travel & Tourism
to provide meals
to (2) _______ people around
Example: restaurants
Example: means of transport
Hospitality Industry
(3)___________________
Recreation
to provide (4) ___________
to freshen (5) ___________
Example: hotels, hostels,
Example:
campgrounds, motels
zoos, museums, sports center
movie
theater,
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Key Bài tập 1 1. crust
Đoạn 4 In some places, Earth’s crust may be up to 70 km [40 miles] thick. → Ở một vài nơi vỏ của Trái Đất có thể dày tới (70km) → Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ: crust
2. mantle
Đoạn 4 The mantle is much thicker than the crust; it contains 83 percent of Earth’s volume and continues to a depth of 2,900 km. → Lớp phủ dày hơn nhiều so với lớp vỏ; nó chứa 83 phần trăm thể tích Trái đất và tiếp tục ở độ sâu 2.900 km. → Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ: mantle
3. core
Đoạn 4 Beneath the mantle is the core, which extends to the centre of Earth, some 6,370 km (nearly 4,000 miles) below the surface → Bên dưới lớp phủ là cốt lõi, kéo dài đến trung tâm của Trái đất, một số 6.370 km (gần 4.000 dặm) bên dưới bề mặt → Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ: core
Bài tập 2 1. Food and
Đoạn 3
beverage
The food and beverage sector which is professionally known by its initials as F&B is the largest segment of the hospitality industry. The F&B industry is estimated to provide 50% of all meals eaten in the US today → Ngành thực phẩm và đồ uống được biết đến một cách chuyên nghiệp bởi tên viết tắt của nó là F & B là phân khúc lớn nhất của ngành dịch vụ. Ngành công nghiệp F & B ước tính cung cấp 50% tất cả các bữa ăn tại Mỹ ngày nay → Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ chỉ tên ngành: Food and beverage.
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2. Move
Đoạn 4 Travel and tourism deal with services related to moving people from place to place. → Đi lại và du lịch giải quyết các dịch vụ liên quan đến việc di chuyển ngươi từ nơi này sang nơi khác. → Đáp án cần điền là một động từ ở dạng V-ing: moving
3. Lodging
Đoạn 5 Lodging means accommodation for a period or a place to
4. Accommodation
sleep for one or more nights. Fancy hotels, youth hostels, elder hostels, campgrounds, motels and other businesses that provide a place for people to sleep overnight are all in the lodging industry. → Lưu trú có nghĩa là chỗ ở trong một khoảng thời gian hoặc một nơi để ngủ trong một hoặc nhiều đêm. Khách sạn ưa thích, ký túc xá thanh niên, ký túc xá cao tuổi, khu cắm trại, nhà nghỉ và các doanh nghiệp khác cung cấp một nơi để mọi người ngủ qua đêm là tất cả trong ngành công nghiệp lưu trú. → Đáp án 4 cần điền danh từ chỉ tên ngành: lodging → Đáp án 5 cần điền danh từ mà “lodging” cung cấp: accomodation
5. Mind and body
Đoạn 6 Recreation is any activity that people do for rest, relaxation, and enjoyment. The goal of recreation is to refresh a person's body and mind. → Giải trí là bất kỳ hoạt động nào mà mọi người làm để nghỉ ngơi, thư giãn và tận hưởng. Mục tiêu của giải trí là làm mới cơ thể và tâm trí của một người. → Đáp án cần điền là danh từ mà được làm mới: mind and body
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Chapter 2 Luyện tập tổng hợp
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IELTS Practice 1
READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHOCOLATE A. When most of us hear the word chocolate, we picture a bar, a box of bonbons, or a bunny. The verb that comes to mind is probably "eat," not "drink," and the most apt adjective would seem to be "sweet." But for about 90 percent of chocolate's long history, it was strictly a beverage, and sugar didn't have anything to do with it. "I often call chocolate the best-known food that nobody knows anything about," said Alexandra Leaf, a self-described "chocolate educator" who runs a business called Chocolate Tours of New York City. B. The terminology can be a little confusing, but most experts these days use the term "cacao" to refer to the plant or its beans before processing, while the term "chocolate" refers to anything made from the beans, she explained. "Cocoa" generally refers to chocolate in a powdered form, although it can also be a British form of "cacao”. Etymologists trace the origin of the word "chocolate" to the Aztec word "xocoatl," which referred to a bitter drink brewed from cacao beans. The Latin name for the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, means "food of the gods." C. Many modern historians have estimated that chocolate has been around for about 2000 years, but recent research suggests that it may be even older. In the book The True History of Chocolate, authors Sophie and Michael Coe make a case that the earliest linguistic evidence of chocolate consumption stretches back three or even four millennia, to pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica such as the Olmec. Last November, anthropologists from the University of Pennsylvania announced the discovery of cacao residue on pottery excavated in Honduras that could date back as far as 1400 B.C.E. It appears that the sweet pulp of the cacao fruit, which surrounds the beans, was fermented into an alcoholic beverage of the time. 212 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
D. "Who would have thought, looking at this, that you can eat it?" said Richard Hetzler, executive chef of the café at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, as he displayed a fresh cacao pod during a recent chocolate-making demonstration. "You would have to be pretty hungry, and pretty creative!" It's hard to pin down exactly when chocolate was born, but it's clear that it was cherished from the start. For several centuries in pre-modern Latin America, cacao beans were considered valuable enough to use as a form of currency. One bean could be traded for a tamale, while 100 beans could purchase a good turkey hen, according to a 16th-century Aztec document. Both the Mayans and Aztecs believed the cacao bean had magical, or even divine, properties, suitable for use in the most sacred rituals of birth, marriage and death. According to Chloe Doutre-Roussel's book The Chocolate Connoisseur, Aztec sacrifice victims who felt too melancholy to join in ritual dancing before their death were often given a gourd of chocolate (tinged with the blood of previous victims) to cheer them up. E. Sweetened chocolate didn't appear until Europeans discovered the Americas and sampled the native cuisine. Legend has it that the Aztec king Montezuma welcomed the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes with a banquet that included drinking chocolate, having tragically mistaken him for a reincarnated deity instead of a conquering invader. Chocolate didn't suit the foreigners' taste buds at first – one described it in his writings as "a bitter drink for pigs" – but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain. F. By the 17th century, chocolate was a fashionable drink throughout Europe, believed to have nutritious, medicinal and even aphrodisiac properties (it's rumored that Casanova was especially fond of the stuff). But it remained largely a privilege of the rich until the invention of the steam engine made mass production possible in the late 1700s. In 1828, a Dutch chemist found a way to make powdered chocolate by removing about half the natural fat (cacao butter) from chocolate liquor, pulverizing what remained and treating the mixture with alkaline salts to cut the bitter taste. His product became known as "Dutch cocoa," and it soon led to the creation of solid chocolate. G. The creation of the first modern chocolate bar is credited to Joseph Fry, who in 1847 discovered that he could make a moldable chocolate paste by adding melted cacao butter back into Dutch cocoa. By 1868, a little company called Cadbury was marketing boxes of chocolate candies in England. Milk chocolate hit the market a few years later, pioneered by another name that may ring a bell – Nestle. In America, chocolate was so valued during the Revolutionary War that it was included in soldiers' rations and used 213 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
in lieu of wages. While most of us probably wouldn't settle for a chocolate paycheck these days, statistics show that the humble cacao bean is still a powerful economic force. Chocolate manufacturing is a more than 4-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and the average American eats at least half a pound of the stuff per month. H. In the 20th century, the word "chocolate" expanded to include a range of affordable treats with more sugar and additives than actual cacao in them, often made from the hardiest but least flavorful of the bean varieties (forastero). But more recently, there's been a "chocolate revolution," Leaf said, marked by an increasing interest in high-quality, handmade chocolates and sustainable, effective cacao farming and harvesting methods. Major corporations like Hershey's have expanded their artisanal chocolate lines by purchasing smaller producers known for premium chocolates, such as Scharffen Berger and Dagoba, while independent chocolatiers continue to flourish as well.
Questions 1-6 Reading passage 1 has eight sections A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-6 of your answer sheet. NB
You may use any letter more than once
1. Various terms used to describe similar products. 2. Public’s common yet wrong perceptions of chocolate. 3. A reference to a ritualistic use of chocolate in Aztec culture. 4. A brief description of the method used to make the first modern chocolate bar. 5. Highly concerned factors contributing to a movement in the way chocolate is currently produced. 6. Data showing how powerful and popular chocolate is in America.
Questions 7-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet. 7. People ........................ chocolate from its beginning although its origin hasn’t been exactly discovered. 8. In pre-modern Latin America countries, cacao was so sought after that it was used as a unit of ........................ 214 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
9. Chocolate did not appeal to Spanish people’s taste until honey or ........................ were added. 10. Chocolate has been made more accessible for everyone since the introduction of ........................ 11. Dutch-process cocoa powder, which formed the basis for ........................., was treated with an alkalining agent to give it a milder taste. 12. During the American War of Independence, chocolate was issued to troops as part of their ........................ and paychecks. 13. Much of the chocolate consumed today has a higher content of ........................ than cocoa.
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READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2. STALKERWARE: THE SECRET APPS PEOPLE USE TO SPY ON THEIR PARTNERS Apps that secretly give people access to their partners' smartphones are growing in prominence, but is the threat being taken seriously? A. “Catch cheating spouses” the website for California-based HelloSpy, a smartphone app, says. There is a photo of a woman with a bruised face and a man grabbing her arm. Infidelity is easier these days because of online social networks and mobile phones, the page claims. But the “good news” is that technology can reveal infidelity too, it says. On the site for another app, FlexiSpy, I seek help from a customer support agent. During a web chat, I say, “I think my wife is cheating.” The agent, whether human or bot, immediately asks whether I have physical access to her phone so I can install the app. Neither HelloSpy nor FlexiSpy responded to a request for comment on these marketing practices. The sale of such apps is permitted in both the US and UK, but these disturbing examples demonstrate how the software easily slips into a legal grey area. B. The software itself is perfectly legal. For example, an employer might tell an employee that their work phone will be loaded with software that records everything they do. The employee’s consent may be explicitly granted in that case. However, software can also be installed surreptitiously on someone’s device to snoop on their messages and phone calls. The use of such “stalkerware” seems to be on the rise. “Accessing the contents of someone’s phone now is accessing their life,” says Lucy Purdon at campaign group Privacy International. “We are very concerned about this.” Once installed, stalkerware can be set up so as to be practically invisible to the phone’s owner. It might be used, for example, to monitor their location and movements using GPS. It can provide access to any text messages or pictures they send, or record everything they type. In some cases, stalkerware can even switch on the device’s microphone to eavesdrop on private conversations. Purdon and her colleagues have examined apps that market themselves as helpful tools that allow parents to keep an eye on their kids. In reality, they offer unbridled access to children’s phones. “These tools go way beyond checking your child’s location,” she says. C. Employers, parents and snooping partners have emerged as the three main targets for spy apps. An analysis by cybersecurity company Kaspersky found that, in the first eight months of 2019, more than 37,500 of its customers encountered spyware or stalkerware 216 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
at least once – a 35 per cent rise on the same period in 2018. “We’re seeing a marked increase,” says David Emm, a researcher at the firm. Another security firm, Avast, detected eight stalkerware apps on the Google Play app store in July. All have since been removed as Google prohibits such apps. D. Many notorious stalkerware apps are built for Android, but there are variants that can be installed on iPhones running iOS as well. In a July blog post, Google software engineer Ivan Rodriguez described how stalkers can get around some of the security protections built into iOS and spy on the phone’s owner anyway. But a crackdown is afoot. The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has just taken legal action against a Florida-based firm called Retina-X, which developed spyware apps called MobileSpy, PhoneSheriff and TeenShield. Among other things, the FTC said the company was failing to ensure that users of the software were installing it for “legitimate” purposes, a practice it said was “unfair” since it put people at risk of being monitored illegally. Despite this, stalkerware can still slip through legal loopholes. Neither the UK nor the US explicitly outlaw this software. Rather it is how it is used – for example to harass people or access their data without consent – that may fall foul of legislation. There is a lack of international coordination over how to deal with the misuse of spy apps, says Christopher Parsons at the University of Toronto. He and his colleagues published an in-depth report on the rise of stalkerware earlier this year. Parsons says law enforcement agencies in different countries could collaborate to shut down firms that market their products for purposes that are abusive. E. One issue is that this marketing can be covert. Parsons and his colleagues found that one London-based firm, mSpy, didn’t explicitly refer to spousal snooping on its website. Instead, web code concealed references to such spying as a means of attracting search traffic on the subject. mSpy didn’t respond to a request for comment. Tactics like this can mean that some stalkerware apps only come to the attention of law enforcement when their targets report them – something Parsons says shouldn’t be necessary. “Women are suffering incredibly serious harms because of this and they don’t have to,” he says. “Governments could solve this if they chose to.” F. People who install stalkerware on their partners’ devices aren’t just invading their privacy. Emm says that because such apps often ask the installer to deactivate security protections, the target is left open to other cyberthreats such as malware. “Some victims fear that their partners will use the information to blackmail or shame them”. Stalkerware providers themselves can also be targeted. In 2017, Retina-X was hit by a hacker who was allegedly able to retrieve photos and data from the company’s servers of people 217 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
being stalked. That such data was left vulnerable in this way was another reason the FTC decided to take action against the firm. But it is perhaps the psychological impact of having your phone completely compromised by a romantic partner that is most insidious. Christina Dardis at Towson University in Maryland has studied the mental health effects of stalking, including cases where stalkers turn to technology to spy on or harass their target, broadly known as cyberstalking. G. Such behaviour can cause post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, she says, as well as prompting worries of further abuses. “Some victims fear that their partners will use the information they obtain from their surveillance to blackmail or shame them,” says Dardis. Cyberstalking is also correlated with other forms of harassment, including physical stalking and sexual violence, she says. Stalkerware is really a symptom of a deeper problem. “There’s kind of an assumption with technology misuse that if you remove the technology you stop the abuse,” says Erica Olsen at the US National Network to End Domestic Violence. In reality, these apps clearly fulfil a disturbing demand. One review on FlexiSpy’s website, apparently left by a customer, says they purchased the software to keep tabs on their wife. Seeing her calls, photos and locations was “very helpful” the reviewer says, before adding: “I’ll be recommending this to anyone that needs to know.”
Questions 14-19 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 2? In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write:
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. According to HelloSpy, the prevalence of social media and cell phones makes it easier for spouses to cheat on their partners. 15. Selling spy apps is legitimate in the USA. 16. It is easy for people to notice the existence of spyware in their phones. 17. The increasing popularity of stalkerware is attributed to Avast. 18. Spyware can be installed in all kinds of cell phones. 19. Spy apps are noticehd and controlled by laws only when being reported.
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Questions 20-24 Look at the following list of people (Questions 20-24) and statements below. Match each person with the correct statement, A-G. Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet. List of people 20. Lucy Purdon 21. David Emm 22. Christopher Parsons 23. Christina Dardis 24. Erica Olsen
List of statements A. There is a significant growth in the number of phone owners spotting spyware at least once in 2019. B. Stalkerware is invented to allow privacy invasion. C. A large number of spy apps’ victims are afraid of being harassed and threatened by their partners using details obtained from these apps. D. Stopping using spy apps doesn’t mean an end to harassment. E. Stalkerware can do more than just locating a child. F. There should be more collaboration between law enforcement agencies around the world in dealing with the misuse of stalkerware apps. G. Spyware seriously affects both men and women.
Questions 25 and 26 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 25. Who are stalkerware apps aiming at apart from parents and employers? 26. What is the term referring to the use of technology to monitor and annoy a person?
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READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3. CONSERVATIONISTS ARE IGNORING CLIMATE CHANGE, RISKING MASS EXTINCTIONS Efforts to save many endangered animals from extinction are doomed to fail as conservationists are not taking climate change into account A. Climate change is the greatest threat humanity faces – and we aren’t the only ones at risk. Global warming will harm millions of other species, including iconic endangered animals such as polar bears and tigers. Despite this, conservationists often don’t take climate change into account, meaning plans to preserve these species are doomed to fail. B. “It’s astonishing,” says Miguel Araujo at the National Museum of Natural History of Spain. “I don’t really understand the lack of action.” The outlook for wildlife would be grim even if the world wasn’t warming. According to a major report last year, 1 million species could soon be wiped out – a sixth mass extinction. The main cause at present is the loss of habitat, but over this century the changing climate is expected to push ever more species over the brink. A warming world poses numerous challenges to wildlife. For many plants and animals, their current habitats will simply get too hot. Lots are already moving to stay in their comfort zone. In the oceans, some organisms have shifted their ranges by hundreds of kilometres. But on land, there are few spaces left for animals to relocate to, and those that do exist are highly fragmented, which makes it very hard for wildlife to adapt, says Araujo. In polar regions, the loss of sea ice is posing problems for the polar bear and other animals. C. At least one species has already been driven to extinction by climate change. Bramble Cay, a tiny, low-lying Australian island on the northern edge of the Great Barrier Reef, used to be home to a unique rodent called the Bramble Cay melomys. In 2016, a review found that the animals died out as rising sea levels led to the island being inundated during storms. There had been a recovery plan for the species – but it stated that climate change was unlikely to have a major effect, says Lesley Hughes of Macquarie University in Sydney. She describes the lack of conservation preparedness for climate change as lamentable. Such a disaster may already have been repeated and will certainly happen again on low-lying coasts and islands. Animals at risk include Bengal tigers clinging on in the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh. By 2070, there might be no suitable habitats for the tigers left there. It will be necessary to create new protected areas as the world warms and coasts flood, along with corridors that allow animals to 220 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
move between such places. That is costly and isn’t being done in rich places like Europe, let alone in poorer countries such as Bangladesh, says Araujo. D. Even plans to save high-profile species often fail to take warming into account. For instance, millions have been spent on attempts to save the Iberian lynx. It is now increasing in numbers, but efforts have focused on the southern part of the Iberian penisula where conditions will become too dry for the cats during this century. “It’s inevitable that a population crash will happen unless they are able to move,” says Araujo. The aim should be to reintroduce the cats in the north of the peninsula, where conditions will remain favourable, he says. This is far from an isolated case. When Aimee Delach at conservation organisation Defenders of Wildlife, based in Washington DC, analysed official plans for saving 459 animals in the US that could soon go extinct, she found only 18 per cent of the strategies included actions specifically designed to compensate for climate change. That is despite 60 per cent of the plans mentioning climate change as a threat. According to Delach’s analysis, warming is actually a threat to 99 per cent of the species. E. The picture is similar elsewhere. Hughes and her colleague Malin Hoeppner looked at the recovery plans for 100 threatened plants and animals in Australia. Just nine recommended any action to cope with a climate change-associated threat, despite climate change being regarded as a danger to 60 per cent of the species, they reported in 2018. “Our results show a gulf between knowledge about climate change risk and recovery planning,” they wrote. Another study looked at approved plans for saving 24 threatened plants in Australia. Nathalie Butt at the University of Queensland and her colleagues found just 30 per cent included actions that are crucial for helping species cope with climate change, such as moving specimens to areas where the climate remains suitable. F. Why are so many conservation plans so woefully inadequate on the climate front? “It’s a classic case of the ‘knowing-doing’ gap,” says Hughes. The reasons we may fail to act even when we know what needs to be done include a lack of resources, an inability to believe that things could get as bad as forecast, a reluctance to intervene and a focus on shortterm threats such as preventing invasive species, she says. That said, there is also a limit to what can be done. If the planet keeps warming, entire habitats could disappear along with all the species that rely on them. The outlook for most coral reefs is bleak, and there are fears the entire Amazon rainforest could perish. So, limiting further warming is vital.
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Questions 27-31 Look at the following statements and findings (Questions 27-31) and the list of people’s names below. Match each statement or finding with the correct person, A-D. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. NB
You may use any letter more than once.
27. The relocation of endangered plants samples to livable places is important for preserving those species from global warming. 28. Although humans are aware of climate change risk, conservation plans are still doomed to failure because of several factors. 29. Climate change was underestimated in a recovery strategy for one specific species. 30. A very small proportion of studied plans with the aim of conserving endangered animals took climate change into account. 31. It is impractical to create safe habitats for animals in underdeveloped areas. List of people A. Miguel Araujo B. Lesly Hughes C. Aimee Delach D. Nathalie Butt
Questions 32-36 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32-36 in your answer sheet, write:
YES
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
32. Climate change is now the major reason why many species become extinct. 33. Some marine creatures have found new places to cope with climate change. 34. Conservation plans are not at the ready to fight climate change. 35. The number of recovery plans including actions to compensate for climate change in the US was smaller than that in Australia. 36. We fail to save threatened species because we have no awareness of doing necessary things.
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Questions 37-40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
Although climate change brings risks to not only humans but also animals, it is not always taken into account when scientists plan to preserve these species. The extinction of Bramble Cay melymys due to 37 ........................ was an example of the results of global warming. Bengal tigers are the next species that may suffer from the lack of 38 ........................ by 2070. Plans to save the Iberian lynx cannot be guaranteed because the climate in the area will 39 ........................ this century. If global warming continues, the natural environment of animals could 40 .................... together with all depending creatures.
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Giải thích
Key Explanation
Câu
Vị trí
Giải thích
1.B
Đoạn B “The terminology can be a little confusing, but most experts these days use the term "cacao" to refer to the plant or its beans before processing, while the term "chocolate" refers to anything made from the beans, she explained. "Cocoa" generally refers to chocolate in a powdered form, although it can also be a British form of "cacao”.”
Thông tin cần tìm là những thuật ngữ dùng để mô tả các sản phẩm tương tự nhau. Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Thuật ngữ cacao là từ dùng để chỉ cây hoặc hạt của cây trước khi chế biến, trong khi thuật ngữ chocolate chỉ bất kỳ thứ gì làm từ hạt cacao và thuật ngữ cocoa thường dùng để chỉ sô cô la ở dạng bột,…”
2.A
Đoạn A “When most of us hear the word chocolate, we picture a bar, a box of bonbons, or a bunny. The verb that comes to mind is probably "eat," not "drink," and the most apt adjective would seem to be "sweet." But for about 90 percent of chocolate's long history, it was strictly a beverage, and sugar didn't have anything to do with it.”
Thông tin cần tìm là những sự nhận thức phổ biến nhưng chưa đúng đắn của mọi người về sô cô la. Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Mọi người khi nhắc đến sô cô la thường nghĩ chúng là đồ ngọt và hình dung đến các loại đồ ăn như sô cô la thanh, hộp kẹo sô cô la hay sô cô la hình con thỏ chứ không phải bất kỳ loại đồ uống nào. Tuy nhiên, trong suốt chiều dài lịch sử thì sô cô la thực chất là một loại đồ uống và không hề có thành phần nào là liên quan tới đường.”
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3.D
Đoạn D
Thông tin cần tìm là sự đề cập
“According
to
Chloe
về việc dùng sô cô la trong nghi
Doutre-Roussel's book The
thức văn hoá của người Aztec.
Chocolate
Connoisseur,
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Những nạn
Aztec sacrifice victims who
nhân bị đem hiến tế người Aztec
felt too melancholy to join
mà cảm thấy quá u sầu thường
in ritual dancing before their
được ban tặng 1 quả sô cô la có
death were often given a
nhuốm máu của nạn nhân bị hiến
gourd of chocolate (tinged
tế trước đó với mục đích cổ vũ
with the blood of previous
tinh thần họ.”
victims) to cheer them up.” 4.G
5.H
Đoạn G
Thông tin cần tìm là sự mô tả
“The creation of the first
ngắn gọn về phương pháp được
modern chocolate bar is
dùng để làm ra thanh sô cô la
credited to Joseph Fry, who
đầu tiên.
in
that
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Vào năm
he could make a moldable
1847, Joseph Fry đã tạo ra sô cô
chocolate paste by adding
la có thể ép khuôn bằng cách trộn
melted cacao butter back
bơ cacao tan chảy với bột cacao
into Dutch cocoa.”
Hà Lan.”
Đoạn H
Thông tin cần tìm là các yếu tố
“But
1847
discovered
more
recently,
yếu tố được quan tâm nhiều mà
there's been a "chocolate
góp phần tạo ra sự chuyển đổi
revolution," Leaf said, marked
về phương pháp sản xuất sô cô
by an increasing interest
la gần đây.
in high-quality, handmade
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Một cuộc
chocolates and sustainable,
cách mạng sô cô la gần đây được
effective cacao farming and
đánh dấu bằng sự quan tâm ngày
harvesting methods.”
càng tăng đối với sô cô la chất lượng cao được sản xuất thủ công và những giải pháp canh tác bền vững cũng như thu hoạch hiệu quả.” Cụm a “chocolate revolution” trong câu bên chính là a movement trong câu 5.
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6.G
Đoạn G
Thông tin cần tìm là số liệu cho
“Chocolate manufacturing is
thấy tầm quan trọng và phổ
a more than 4-billion-dollar
biến của sô cô la ở Mỹ.
industry in the United States,
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Ở nước Mỹ,
and the average American
ngành công nghiệp sản xuất sô cô
eats at least half a pound of
la trị giá hơn 4 tỉ đô la và một người
the stuff per month.”
Mỹ tiêu thụ trung bình ít nhất nửa pound sô cô la mỗi tháng.”
7. cherished
Đoạn D
Đáp án cần điền là một động từ
“It's hard to pin down exactly
ở thì quá khứ chỉ thái độ đón
when chocolate was born,
nhận của mọi người đối với sô
but it's clear that it was
cô la từ khi nó xuất hiện.
cherished from the start.”
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Khó để xác định chính xác sô cô la có từ khi nào nhưng rõ ràng là nó được yêu thích từ những ngày đầu.”
8. currency
Đoạn D
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
“For several centuries in
chỉ công dụng của cacao ở các
pre-modern Latin America,
nước Mỹ Latinh cận đại.
cacao beans were considered
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Hạt cacao ở
valuable enough to use as a
các nước Mỹ Latinh cận đại rất có
form of currency.”
giá trị và được sử dụng như một đơn vị tiền tệ.” Cụm a form of trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng với cụm a unit of trong câu 8.
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9. cane sugar
Đoạn E
Đáp án cần điền là một cụm
“Chocolate didn't suit the
danh từ chỉ một loại gia vị bên
foreigners' taste buds at
cạnh mật ong mà được thêm
first –one described it in his
vào để khiến sô cô la dễ uống
writings as "a bitter drink
và trở nên phổ biến hơn.
for pigs" – but once mixed
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Sô cô la
with honey or cane sugar,
ban đầu không hợp khẩu vị của
it quickly became popular
người Tây Ban Nha nhưng sau
throughout Spain.”
đó nó nhanh chóng phổ biến khi được uống kèm với mật ong hoặc đường mía.” Từ popular trong câu bên gần nghĩa với cụm all the rage trong câu 9.
10. the steam engine
Đoạn F
Đáp án cần điền là một danh
“But it remained largely
từ chỉ một phát minh mà đã
a privilege of the rich
làm cho sô cô la trở nên dễ
until the invention of the
mua hơn dành cho mọi người.
steam engine made mass
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Sô cô la
production possible in the
chủ yếu chỉ dành cho người
late 1700s.”
giàu cho đến khi động cơ hơi nước được phát minh ra làm cho việc sản xuất hàng loạt dễ dàng hơn.”
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11. solid
Đoạn F
Đáp án cần điền là một danh
chocolate
“In 1828, a Dutch chemist
từ chỉ loại sản phẩm được sản
found a way to make
xuất từ bột cocoa Hà Lan.
powdered
by
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Một nhà
removing about half the
hoá học Hà Lan đã tạo ra bột
natural fat (cacao butter)
sô cô la bằng cách bỏ đi 1 nửa
from
liquor,
lượng bơ cacao từ rượu sô cô
pulverizing what remained
la, nghiền thành bột phần còn
and treating the mixture
sót lại và sử dụng muối kiềm để
with alkaline salts to cut
giảm bớt vị đắng. Loại bột này
the bitter taste. His product
được biết đến với tên gọi là bột
became known as "Dutch
cocoa Hà Lan và đóng vai trò
cocoa," and it soon led
trong việc tạo ra sô cô la cứng
to the creation of solid
sau này.”
chocolate.”
Cụm led to the creation of
chocolate
chocolate
trong đoạn bên tương ứng với cụm formed the basis for trong câu 11.
12. Rations
Đoạn G “In
America,
Đáp án cần điền là một danh chocolate
từ chỉ định lượng giá trị của
was so valued during the
sô cô la bên cạnh việc được
Revolutionary War that it
dùng làm tiền lương cho binh
was included in soldiers'
lính Mỹ trong chiến tranh cách
rations and used in lieu of
mạng Hoa Kỳ.
wages.”
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Trong chiến tranh cách mạng Hoa Kỳ, sô cô la có giá trị đến mức được đưa vào khẩu phần ăn của binh lính và được sử dụng thay cho tiền lương.” Chi tiết the Revolutionary War trong câu bên chính là the American War of Independence trong câu 12.
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13. sugar and addictives
Đoạn H
Đáp án cần điền là một danh
“In the 20th century, the
từ chỉ những nguyên liệu có
word "chocolate" expanded
hàm lượng cao hơn cocoa ở
to
trong hầu hết các loại sô cô la
include
a
range
of
affordable treats with more
ngày nay.
sugar and additives than
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Ở thế kỷ
actual cacao in them, often
20, sô cô la bao gồm các loại
made from the hardiest but
đồ ăn có giá cả phải chăng với
least flavorful of the bean
nhiều đường và các chất phụ
varieties (forastero).”
gia hơn so với lượng cacao thực tế,…”
14. YES
Đoạn A
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Theo
“Infidelity is easier these
HelloSpy, ngoại tình ngày nay
days because of online
trở nên dễ dàng hơn bởi sự xuất
social networks and mobile
hiện của các mạng xã hội và
phones,…”
điện thoại di động”. Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 14 (Sự phổ biến của các trang mạng xã hội và điện thoại di động khiến cho các cặp vợ chồng có thể lừa dối bạn đời của mình dễ dàng hơn). Từ infidelity trong câu bên gần nghĩa với cụm cheat on trong câu 14.
15. YES
Đoạn A
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Việc mua
“The sale of such apps is
bán những ứng dụng theo dõi
permitted in both the US
được cho phép ở Anh và Mỹ”.
and UK,…”
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin ở câu 15 (Việc bán các ứng dụng theo dõi là hợp pháp ở Mỹ). Cụm is permitted trong câu bên gần nghĩa với từ legitimate trong câu 15.
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16. NO
Đoạn B
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Một khi
“Once installed, stalkerware
đã được cài đặt thì phần mềm
can be set up so as to be
giám sát sẽ được lập trình để
practically invisible to the
tránh bị phát hiện bởi chủ nhân
phone’s owner.”
của chiếc điện thoại”. Chi tiết này trái ngược với nhận định ở câu 16 (Mọi người có thể dễ dàng phát hiện ra các phần mềm giám sát ở trên điện thoại của họ). Từ invisable trong câu bên trái nghĩa với cụm easy for people to notice trong câu 16.
17. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn C
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Một sự
““We’re seeing a marked
tăng mạnh về việc phát hiện sự
increase,” says David Emm,
xuất hiện của các phần mềm
a researcher at the firm.
giám sát đang diễn ra và một
Another
firm,
công ty an ninh có tên là Avast
eight
đã phát hiện 8 ứng dụng theo
stalkerware apps on the
dõi trên cửa hàng ứng dụng
Google Play app store in
Google Play ...”
July.”
Đoạn này không hề đề cập tới
Avast,
security detected
sự phổ biến rộng rãi của các ứng dụng theo dõi là nhờ vào công ty an ninh Avast, do đó người đọc không có đủ dữ kiện để kết luận tính đúng-sai cho nhận định trong câu 17.
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18. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn D
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Nhiều
“Many
notorious
ứng dụng theo dõi nổi tiếng
stalkerware apps are built
được tạo ra cho hệ điều hành
for
Android,
there
Android, nhưng cũng có những
are
variants
can
ứng dụng theo dõi có thể chạy
be installed on iPhones
được trên những chiếc iPhones
running iOS as well.”
chạy hệ điều hành iOS”.
but that
Câu này không hề đề cập đến việc phần mềm giám sát có thể được cài đặt trên tất cả các dòng điện thoại.
19. YES
Đoạn E
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Những
“Tactics like this can mean
ứng dụng theo dõi chỉ bị chú
that some stalkerware apps
ý bởi pháp luật khi những
only come to the attention
người là mục tiêu của các ứng
of law enforcement when
dụng này báo cáo về chúng”.
their targets report them -
Chi tiết này xác nhân thông
…”
tin trong câu 19 (Các ứng dụng theo dõi chỉ bị phát hiện và kiểm soát bởi luật pháp khi có những báo cáo về chúng).
20. E
Đoạn B
Lucy Purdon cho rằng: “những
“These tools go way beyond
ứng dụng theo dõi mà bố mẹ
checking
ban đầu muốn dùng để xác định
location,”…
your
child’s
vị trí của con trẻ còn làm được nhiều hơn thế“. Cụm go way beyond trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm can do more than trong đáp án E.
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21. A
Đoạn C “An
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Một analysis
by
phân tích của công ty an ninh
company
mạng Kaspersky đã chỉ ra trong
Kaspersky found that, in
8 tháng đầu tiên của năm 2019,
the first eight months of
có hơn 37500 khách hàng của
2019, more than 37,500 of
công ty này phát hiện các phần
its customers encountered
mềm giám sát ít nhất một lần,
spyware or stalkerware at
cao hơn 35% so với cùng kỳ
least once – a 35 per cent
năm ngoái”.
rise on the same period
David Emm cho rằng: “một
in 2018. “We’re seeing
sự tăng mạnh về việc phát
a marked increase,” says
hiện sự xuất hiện của các phần
David Emm, a researcher at
mềm giám sát đang diễn ra.”
the firm.”
Cụm a marked increase trong
cybersecurity
đoạn bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm a significant growth trong đáp án A.
22. F
Đoạn D “Parsons
Parsons cho rằng: “các cơ says
law
quan thực thi pháp luật ở các
enforcement agencies in
nước nên hợp tác để ngăn chặn
different countries could
những công ty quảng cáo các
collaborate to shut down
ứng dụng theo dõi của mình với
firms that market their
những mục đích sai trái”.
products for purposes that
Cụm purposes that are abusive
are abusive”.
trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng từ misue trong đáp án F.
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23. C
Đoạn G
Dardis cho rằng: “một vài nạn
“Some victims fear that
nhân lo sợ rằng bạn tình sẽ sử
their partners will use the
dụng những thông tin lấy được
information
obtain
từ việc theo dõi họ để phục vụ
from their surveillance to
mục đích tống tiền hoặc nhục
blackmail or shame them,”…
mạ”.
they
Cụm blackmail or shame trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm being harassed and threatened trong đáp án C.
24. D
Đoạn G “There’s
Erica Olsen cho rằng: “mọi kind
of
an
người thường ngộ nhận về việc
with
chỉ cần loại bỏ đi các công nghệ
technology misuse that if
bị sử dụng sai mục đích thì sẽ
you remove the technology
giúp dừng được việc bị lạm
you stop the abuse,” …
dụng”.
assumption
Cụm remove the technology và stop the abuse trong câu bên lần lượt được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm stopping using spy apps và an end to harassment trong đáp án D.
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25. snooping partners
Đoạn C
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Các ông
“Employers, parents and
chủ, bố mẹ và những cặp tình
snooping
have
nhân lén lút là 3 đối tượng
emerged as the three main
khách hàng chính của các ứng
targets for spy apps”.
dụng theo dõi”.
partners
Từ đoạn trên, người đọc có thể kết luận rằng thì những cặp tình nhân lén lút là đối tượng khách hàng mà các phần mềm theo dõi nhắm đến bên cạnh các ông chủ và bố mẹ. Từ targets trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm aiming at trong
26. cyberstalking
câu
25.
Đoạn F
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Christina
“Christina Dardis at Towson
Dardis at Towson University đã
University in Maryland has
nghiên cứu các ảnh hưởng về
studied the mental health
sức khỏe tinh thần gây ra việc
effects of stalking, including
bởi theo dõi lén lút, bao gồm các
cases where stalkers turn
trường hợp những kẻ theo dõi
to technology to spy on or
lén dùng công nghệ để giám sát
harass their target, broadly
hoặc làm phiền các đối tượng,
known as cyberstalking.
việc làm mà được biết đến rộng rãi như là cyberstalking”. Từ đoạn trên, người đọc có thể kết luận rằng cyberstalking chính là thuật ngữ để chỉ việc dùng công nghệ để giám sát và quấy rối người khác. Cụm spy on or harass trong câu bên tương đương với cụm monitor and annoy trong câu 26.
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27. D
Đoạn E
Natahlie Butt và đồng nghiệp
“Nathalie
Butt
at
the
đã phát hiện ra rằng chỉ
University of Queensland
khoảng 30% hoạt động của
and her colleagues found
các chiến dịch bảo tồn là hiệu
just 30 per cent included
quả trong việc giúp các loài
actions that are crucial for
thực vật đương đầu với biến
helping species cope with
đổi khí hậu, ví dụ như việc
climate change, such as
di chuyển các mẫu vật đến
moving specimens to areas
những khu vực có khí hậu phù
where the climate remains
hợp.
suitable.”
Từ crucial trong câu bên gần nghĩa với từ important trong câu 27.
28. B
Đoạn F “Why
Hughes cho rằng: “việc có ít are
many
các kế hoạch bảo tồn trên mặt
so
trận biến đổi khí hậụ là một ví
woefully inadequate on the
dụ điển hình của khoảng cách
climate front? “It’s a classic
giữa những điều mà chúng ta
case of the ‘knowing-doing’
biết là nên làm với những việc
gap,” says Hughes. The
mà chúng ta thực sự đã và đang
reasons we may fail to act
làm. Những lý do khiến chúng
even when we know what
ta không bắt tay hành động
needs to be done include
dù biết cần làm gì bao gồm sự
a lack of resources, an
thiếu nguồn lực, việc không tin
inability to believe that
rằng mọi thứ có thể trở nên tồi
things could get as bad as
tệ hơn như dự báo, sự lưỡng lự
forecast, a reluctance to
trong việc can thiệp và sự ưu
intervene and a focus on
tiên tập trung vào các mối đe
short-term threats such as
doạ ngắn hạn như ngăn chặn
invasive species, she says.”
các loài xâm lấn.”
conservation
so plans
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29. B
Đoạn C
Lesley Hughes cho rằng: “điều
“There had been a recovery
cốt lõi của kế hoạch phục hồi
plan for the species – but it
dành cho loài chuột Melomy bị
stated that climate change
chết bởi mực nước biển dâng
was unlikely to have a major
cao không tập trung vào ảnh
effect, says Lesley Hughes
hưởng của biến đổi khí hậu vì
of
University
nó không có tác động quá đáng
in Sydney. She describes
kể mà là tập trung vào sự thiếu
the lack of conservation
chuẩn bị đối với biến đổi khí
preparedness for climate
hậu.”
change as lamentable.”
Chi tiết was unlikely to have a
Macquarie
major effect ở đoạn bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm was underestimated trong câu 29. 30. C
Đoạn D
Aimee Delach đã phát hiện
“When Aimee Delach at
ra chỉ có 18% trong các chiến
conservation organisation
lược bảo vệ 459 loài động vật
Defenders
Wildlife,
ở Mỹ sắp bị tuyệt chủng có
based in Washington DC,
các hoạt động được thiết kế
analysed official plans for
đặc biệt để bù đắp hậu quả
saving 459 animals in the
của biến đổi khí hậu.
US that could soon go
Số liệu 18% ở đoạn bên được
extinct, she found only 18
diễn đạt bằng cụm a small
per cent of the strategies
proportion trong câu 30.
of
included actions specifically designed to compensate for climate change.”
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31. A
Đoạn C
Araujo cho rằng: “việc xây
“That is costly and isn’t
dựng những nơi trú ngụ an toàn
being done in rich places
cho các loài động vật quý hiếm
like Europe, let alone in
đang có nguy cơ bị tuyệt chủng
poorer countries such as
là rất tốn kém và không khả thi
Bangladesh, says Araujo.”
dù ở những nơi giàu có như châu Âu hay những nước nghèo như Bangladesh.” Cụm poorer countries tương ứng với cụm underdeveloped areas trong câu 31.
32. NO
Đoạn B
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Nguyên
“The main cause at present
nhân chính cho sự biến mất của
is
1 triệu loài sinh vật hiện tại là
but
the
loss
over
of habitat, this
century
do sự mất đi môi trường sống,
the changing climate is
nhưng trong thế kỷ này, biến
expected to push ever more
đổi khí hậu dự kiến sẽ đẩy nhiều
species over the brink.”
loài vật đến bờ vực tuyệt chủng hơn.” Chi tiết này trái ngược với nhận định trong câu 32 (Biến đổi biến hậu hiện giờ là nguyên nhân chính khiến nhiều loài sinh vật bị tuyệt chủng)
33. YES
Đoạn B “In
the
organisms
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Một số oceans, have
some
sinh vật biển đã và đang thay
shifted
đổi phạm vi sinh sống của chúng
their ranges by hundreds of
ra xa hàng trăm ki lô mét.”
kilometres.”
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 33 (Một số loài sinh vật biển đã và đang tìm được những nơi giúp chúng đương đầu với biến đổi khí hậu).
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34. YES
Đoạn C
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Hughes
“She describes the lack of
mô tả sự thiếu chuẩn bị cho việc
conservation preparedness
bảo tồn các loại động và thực
for
vật trước biến đổi khí hậu thật
climate
change
as
lamentable.”
đáng bị chỉ trích.” Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 34 (Các kế hoạch bảo tồn chưa được chuẩn bị sẵn sàng để ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu).
35. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn D “When Aimee Delach at conservation organisation Defenders of Wildlife, based in Washington DC, analysed official plans for saving 459 animals in the US that could soon go extinct, she found only 18 per cent of the strategies included actions specifically designed to compensate for climate change.” Đoạn E “Another study looked at
Hai đoạn bên đều nhắc tới số liệu của các kế hoạch bảo tồn động vật trước biến đổi khí hậu ở Mỹ và Úc, nhưng không hề có sự so sánh ở đây.
approved plans for saving 24 threatened plants in Australia. Nathalie Butt at the University of Queensland and her colleagues found just 30 per cent included actions that are crucial for helping species cope with climate change, such as moving specimens to areas where the climate remains suitable.” 238 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
36. NO
Đoạn F
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Mặc
“The reasons we may fail
dù chúng ta đã biết cần hành
to act even when we know
động cần như thế nào để bảo
what needs to be done
tồn động vật trước biến đổi khí
include a lack of resources,
hậu, nguyên nhân khiến chúng
…”
ta thất bại bao gồm sự thiếu nguồn lực, ...” Chi tiết này trái ngược với nhận định trong câu 36 (Chúng ta thất bại trong việc cứu những loài vật đang gặp nguy hiểm bởi vì ta không biết những điều cần thiết phải làm là gì.)
37. rising sea levels
Đoạn C
Đáp án cần điền là một danh
“In 2016, a review found
từ chỉ hậu quả của biến đổi khí
that the animals died out
hậu dẫn đến sự tuyệt chủng
as h led to the island being
của loài chuột melomys.
inundated during storms.”
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Một đánh giá vào năm 2016 cho thấy mực nước biển dâng cao khiến hòn đảo Bramble Cay bị ngập lụt trong những cơn bão đã giết chết loài chuột melomys.”
38. suitable habitats
Đoạn C “Animals at risk include Bengal tigers clinging on in the mangrove swamps of
the
Sundarbans
Bangladesh.
By
in
2070,
there might be no suitable habitats for the tigers left there.”
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ chỉ những thứ bị thiếu hụt trong tương lai mà gây ra sự đe doạ đối với loài hổ Bengal. Câu bên chỉ ra “Đến năm 2070, môi trường sinh sống thích hợp cho loài hổ Bengal ở khu rừng ngập mặn Sundarban, Bangladesh sẽ biến mất hoàn toàn.” Chi tiết there might be no được diễn đạt bằng cụm the lack of trong đoạn tóm tắt.
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39. become too dry
Đoạn D
Đáp án cần điền là một động
“For instance, millions have
từ ở thể nguyên mẫu miêu
been spent on attempts to
tả khí hậu của bán đảo Iberia
save the Iberian lynx. It is
trong thế kỉ này.
now increasing in numbers,
Đoạn bên chỉ ra “Những nỗ lực
but efforts have focused
bảo tồn loài linh miêu Iberian
on the southern part of the
đã và đang giúp số lượng của
Iberian
where
chúng tăng lên, nhưng sự tập
conditions will become too
trung trong công tác bảo tồn
dry for the cats during this
đã và đang chỉ diễn ra ở vùng
century.”
phía nam của bán đảo Iberia,
peninsula
nơi điều kiện khí hậu sẽ trở nên quá khô đối với chúng trong thế kỷ này.” 40. disappear
Đoạn F “If
the
Đáp án cần điền là một động planet
keeps
từ chỉ hệ quả của sự nóng lên
warming, entire habitats
toàn cầu sẽ diễn ra đối với môi
could disappear along with
trường sống của các loài động
all the species that rely on
vật.
them.”
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Sự nóng lên toàn cầu tiếp diễn sẽ có thể làm biến mất toàn bộ môi trường sống và chính bản thân các loài động vật sống ở đó.”
SOURCE:
• A Brief History of Chocolate - Smithsonianmag Magazine • Stalkerware: The secret apps people use to spy on their partners Newscientist • Conservationists are ignoring climate change, risking mass extinctions Newscientist
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IELTS Practice 2 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. INNOVATIONS IN RECYCLING Scientists are looking for new ways to recycle plastic in an endless loop, so it never becomes waste. Now, revolutionary technology is advancing the movement. A. PLASTIC WASTE IS one of the most urgent environmental issues of our time. Less than 10 percent of the plastic we use is recycled, and there’s currently an estimated 100 million tons of plastic in oceans around the world. But what would happen if we stopped thinking of plastic as waste, and instead as a valuable renewable resource? Scientists around the world want to find out. The plastic “end-of-life challenge” calls for new ways to recycle and reuse plastics endlessly in a closed loop system, so they never become waste. Innovation on that scale would convert the current “make-take-dispose” linear economy into a circular economy, where recycling plastic for eternity is possible. B. One scientist has made a significant advancement. John Layman, head of material science at Procter & Gamble and chief technologist and founding inventor of PureCycle Technologies, developed a revolutionary process to remove color, odor, and contaminants from polypropylene plastic waste and transform it into a “virgin-like” resin, which is the basis for plastic products. PureCycle’s technology presents a major development in recycling capabilities, and focusing on polypropylene is especially notable. It’s the secondmost used plastic in the world, yet only 1 percent is currently recycled. C. Layman’s colleague and former classmate Scott Trenor, a senior polymer scientist at Milliken & Company, contributed a key set of plastic additives to increase the viability of PureCycle materials. Additives are chemical substances that modify the properties of plastics so they can be used in different types of products. For example, a car bumper would need to be more durable and impact-resistant, while a yogurt cup would need to 241 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
be more flexible. Now Milliken and PureCycle are working together to scale and advance the technology, with plans to start commercial-scale production at PureCycle’s first plant, in Ohio, in 2021. D. Trenor says the collaboration is a natural fit, partly because “both companies have a very strong environmental purpose.” Milliken’s first recycling policy dates back to 1901, and the company just launched ambitious sustainability goals that include creating circular economies and zero waste to landfill by 2025. PureCycle’s technology supports P&G’s vision of using 100 percent recyclable or renewable materials in its packaging. Trenor’s motivation is closer to home. He often takes his 4-year-old son to ride mountain bikes near his home in South Carolina, and he’s been disheartened to see an increase in plastic litter in natural spaces. “It’s not the way I want to leave things for the future generation,” he says. Layman agrees. While studying plastics in graduate school, he was amazed at the volume of material being produced, and horrified by how much was ending up in the environment. “Since the day you were born, there’s a pile of trash with your name on it,” he says. “The first diaper you wore as a newborn is likely still on this planet somewhere.” E. He got interested in recycling in 2008, when he was tasked with buying plastic waste from recyclers and surveying its usefulness for P&G’s products and packaging. “You quickly realize there’s a lot of issues when it comes to the quality of recycled material,” he says. Currently, only two kinds of plastic, PET and HDPE, are economically viable for recyclers, and even those are hard to upcycle into high-quality products. F. Layman focused on polypropylene because it’s one of the three largest plastic resins used in the world. Its super powers include flexibility and impact resistance. It’s found in most caps on most bottles. It’s in luggage and carpets, computers and phones. In the grocery store, it’s everywhere—yet it’s hardly the favorite of recyclers looking to make a profit. It holds onto pungent smells and contaminants, and it can only be made into black or gray products. For those reasons, the little that’s recycled is usually made into park benches or car bumpers—important but limited applications. G. To recycle polypropylene into higher-value products, Layman knew he would first have to purify the plastic waste, and in an energy-efficient way. He worked on the discovery phase with financial backing from an internal seed fund program at P&G. The resulting PureCycle technology relies on a physical solvent-based process that uses less energy than a chemical process because it doesn’t have to break down and build up the molecule. “It’s the combination of the solvent choice, plus specific process steps, that enable us to 242 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
purify this material in a way that nobody’s been able to do before,” he says. Once the material has been purified, the question is what to do with it. Trenor explains that when scientists create plastic products from scratch, “they have a lot of knobs they can turn to select the exact set of properties they need for a certain application.” Working with recycled material is more challenging. That’s where Milliken’s additives come in— they can modify PureCycle’s polypropylene resin for use in a diverse set of applications. For the first time, recycled polypropylene doesn’t have to become a car bumper. Purified and modified, the resin can be molded into different products with different properties in a closed loop. H. The first PureCycle plant is expected to purify and recycle 119 million pounds of polypropylene and produce 105 million pounds each year. Those numbers sound huge, but Layman puts it in perspective by pointing out that 120 billion pounds of polypropylene were produced globally in 2018 alone. “You can see we have a long way to go,” he says. He compares PureCycle with wind and solar energy technology before they scaled up. “We have an ambition to build 25 plants around the world, each one bigger than the last,” he says. “This is plant number one.” Eventually, he hopes to PureCycle at least 10 to 20 percent of all polypropylene plastic. “For all of these technologies, it's really more of a marathon than a sprint,” says Trenor. He also notes that the plastic end-of-life challenge doesn’t concern technology alone. For PureCycle or any other initiative to succeed, consumers need to change their behavior and recycle more, and recyclers need the ability and financial incentive to process more than PET and HDPE.
Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
- if the statement agrees with the information
- if the statement contradicts the information - if there is no information on this
1. Most of plastics used end up in the Earth’s ocean floors. 2. The fact that Layman’s new technology places emphasis on recycling polypropylene makes it remarkable. 3. Additives are to help maintain plastics’ distinctive attributes 4. Milliken and PureCycle both aim at protecting the environment. 5. Trenor tries to raise his son’s awareness of environmental protection. 6. It took Layman a long time to recognize various problems with regard to recycled materials’ quality. 243 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Questions 7-12 Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet. Polypropylene, which is chosen as Layman’s focus, is incredible due to its 7 …………………… as well as………………... This type of plastic can be easily found in a wide range of daily products. However, it is not really profitable because after being recycled, it can only be used to produce dark-colored goods, such as benches or car bumpers. These are 8………………………which are significant, yet small in number. In order to filter out plastic waste with minimum amount of energy needed, Layman sought 9……………………….. from a seed fund program. The energy-saving process that PureCycle technology bases on is called a 10……………………………. process. The purification process is followed by the stage of selecting plastic’s desired properties where 11……………………… are added to change PureCycle’s polypropylene. After that, purified and modified propylene can be used in the production of various goods in a continuous 12 ……………….
Question 13 Choose no more than ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER to answer the question below. Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet. 13. How many plants does Layman expect to establish worldwide in the future?
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READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2. WHAT MAKES A PERSON ATTRACTIVE? A. Understandably enough, our societies pay vast attention to the idea of ‘sexiness’; far more questionably, they tempt us to believe that it might be easy to understand what this quality consists of. The leading suggestion takes its starting point from the biological sciences: we learn that sex aims at successful reproduction and genetic fitness in the coming generation. Therefore ‘sexiness’ must logically comprise a host of signals of fertility and of resistance to disease: bilateral facial symmetry, large bright pupils, full lips, youthful skin and melanin-rich hair. B. But this analysis too quickly assumes that it might be simple to know what sex really aims at. Unlike most other living beings, our biological drives sit alongside, and at points take second place to, a range of emotional priorities. Chief among these is the desire to overcome loneliness and share our vulnerability within the arms of a safe and intimate other. We seek, through a physical act, to overcome our customary psychological alienation and a host of painful barriers to being known and accepted. Viewed through such a lens, the erotic is not so much a promise of reproductive health as a suggestion of a redemptive capacity for closeness, connection, understanding and an end to shame and isolation. C. The people whom we call sexy despite, or aside from, the raw facts of their appearance are those whose features and manner suggest an unusual ability to fulfill the underlying emotional purpose of love-making. The way they respond to a joke, the curve of an eyebrow, the characteristic motion of their forehead, the way of holding their hands convey in an unconsciously understood but hugely eloquent language, that one is in the presence of a kindly being who is liable to understand our broken and confused aspects, to help us overcome our loneliness and submerged sadness and reassure us of our basic legitimacy and worth; someone with whom we can at last reduce our normal suspicions, cast aside our armour and feel safe, playful and accepted. Whatever the quality of their skin or balance of their proportions, it is these aspects that have a true power to excite us; in a melancholy and avoidant world, this is the real turn on. D. We hear so much about what we might need to do to increase our physical appeal. But by getting more detailed about the psychological traits that drive desire, we could learn to pay as much, if not more, attention to the foundations of an exciting mindset. Armed 245 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
with a broader understanding of the aims of sexuality, some of the following might also – henceforth – deserve to be counted as valuable sources of sexiness: E. Whether at work, with friends or around family, we are too often hemmed in by exhausting requirements to fit in and subscribe to dominant notions of what it means to be good and acceptable, which nevertheless leave behind, or censor a lot of our internal reality; there ends up being a lot we mustn’t say and even more we shouldn’t even really feel. What a relief then to note that we are in the presence of someone who knows how to adopt a sceptical perspective on prevailing assumptions – someone who would be able to express personal doubts about popularly revered ideas and cast a sceptical gaze on the normal rules of life. F. The more we are honest with, and exploratory about ourselves, the more we realise that there is much inside our characters that might surprise or horrify outsiders: that we possess alarming features such as vulnerability, meanness, strangeness, waywardness and folly. Our standard response may be shame and embarrassment – and yet we always quietly hunger to be properly witnessed and accepted as we really are. What may prove supremely sexy therefore are suggestions that another person has explored their own deeper selves with courage, has a handle on their darkness – and may on this basis be capable of extending an uncensorious perspective on our own. G. Someone who paid no attention to decency and scoffed at all propriety might be merely alarming. Yet what can prove uniquely appealing is a person alive both to personal responsibility and temptation. In addition, it might come a potential for anger that they managed to keep very sanely under control in daily life, but they knew how to release at points in private; someone whose capacity for a little cruelty was all the more moving because it stood out against a customary habit of extreme consideration and gentleness. H. A lot of our reality deserves compassion and sympathy. How compelling, therefore, to come across someone whose features would show a willingness to extend charity towards a lot that is less than perfect in human nature, someone who could know how much we stand in need of forgiveness and who could laugh generously with and at us – because they knew how to do the same in relation to themselves.
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Questions 14-19 Reading passage 2 has eight sections A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-19 of your answer sheet. 14. examples of shockable qualities that may emerge when we explore our deeper selves 15. attractiveness coming from the good management of a particular feeling that involves harm to other people 16. behaviors that show slight disagreements with normal society 17. acts of kindness of a warm-hearted person towards imperfect ones or those making mistakes 18. sexily powerful features of a person that could fulfill others’s emotional needs 19. what sets human beings apart from other creatures
Questions 20-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE
FALSE
if the statement contradicts with the text
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information about this in the text
if the statement agrees with the text
20. An attractive person is conscious of being responsible rather than fulfilling personal desire. 21. Emotional satisfactions are always more important than our biological drives. 22. From the angle of biological sciences, attractiveness includes the showing of features of being able to produce young and fight against illnesses. 23. We usually desire our deep horrifying characteristics to be viewed acceptable by other people. 24. It is true that our thoughts and feelings are negatively affected by expectations of acceptable behaviors from our family, friends and colleagues. 25. A sexy person is not judgmental to others’ unpleasant characteristics. 26. We have always been able to discover negative qualities inside each one of us.
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READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3. The Gory Origins of Valentine’s Day On Feb. 14, sweethearts of all ages will exchange cards, flowers, candy, and more lavish gifts in the name of St. Valentine. But at the root of our modern holiday is a beautiful fiction. St. Valentine was no lover or patron of love. A. Ancient sources reveal that there were several St. Valentines who died on Feb. 14. Two of them were executed during the reign of Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus in 269-270 A.D. How do we know this? Because, an order of Belgian monks spent three centuries collecting evidence for the lives of saints from manuscript archives around the known world. Since then, successive generations of monks continued the work until the last volume was published in 1940. They dug up every scrap of information about every saint on the liturgical calendar and printed the texts arranged according to the saint’s feast day. Valentine’s Day, in fact, originated as a liturgical feast to celebrate the decapitation of a third-century Christian martyrr, or perhaps two. B. The volume encompassing Feb. 14 contains the stories of a handful of “Valentini,” including the earliest three of whom died in the third century. The earliest Valentinus is said to have died in Africa, along with 24 soldiers. According to an ancient legend reprinted in the “Acta,” a Roman priest named Valentinus was arrested during the reign of Emperor Gothicus and put in jail with the observation of a man named Asterius. As the story goes, Asterius made a bargain with Valentinus: If the Christian could cure Asterius’s daughter of blindness, he would convert. Valentinus put his hands over the girl’s eyes and chanted: “Lord Jesus Christ, enlighten your handmaid because you are God, the True Light.” Easy as that, the child could see, according to the medieval legend. Unfortunately, when Emperor Gothicus heard the news, he ordered them all to be executed, but Valentinus was the only one to be beheaded. Later, a church was built over the saint’s remains. C. The third third-century Valentinus was a minister of Terni in the province of Umbria, Italy. According to his equal legend, Terni’s minister got into a situation like the other Valentinus by debating a potential convert and afterward healing his son. The rest of the story is quite similar as well. Indeed, African, Roman or Umbrian, none of the Valentines seems to have been a romantic. Nonetheless, ancient legends, repeated in modern media, had St. Valentine performing Christian marriage ceremonies or passing notes between Christian lovers jailed by Gothicus. Other stories romantically involved him with the blind girl whom he allegedly healed. Yet none of these ancient tales had any basis in third248 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
century history, as the Bollandists pointed out. D. Many scholars have deconstructed Valentine and his day in books, articles and blog postings. Some suggest that the modern holiday is a Christian cover-up of the more ancient Roman celebration of Lupercalia in mid-February. Lupercalia originated as a ceremony in a rural area involving the sacrifice of goats and dogs and evolved later into an urban festival. During the festivities half-naked young men ran through the streets of Rome, streaking people with thongs cut from the skins of newly killed goats. Pregnant women thought it brought them healthy babies. In 496 A.D., however, Pope Gelasius supposedly denounced the disorderly festival. Still, there is no evidence that the pope purposely replaced Lupercalia with the calmer ceremony for the sacrificed St. Valentine or any other Christian celebration. E. The love connection probably appeared more than a thousand years after the saints’ death, when Geoffrey Chaucer, author of “The Canterbury Tales” declared the February celebration of St. Valentinus to the mating of birds. It seems that, in Chaucer’s day, English birds paired off to produce eggs in February. Soon, nature-minded European nobility began sending love notes during bird-mating seasons. English audiences embraced the idea of February mating. Shakespeare’s lovestruck Ophelia spoke of herself as Hamlet’s Valentine. F. In the following centuries, Englishmen and women began using Feb. 14 as an excuse for penning verses to their love objects. Industrialization made it easier with mass-produced illustrated cards with poetry. Then along came Cadbury, Hershey’s, and other chocolate manufacturers marketing sweets for one’s sweetheart on Valentine’s Day. Today, shops everywhere in England and the U.S. decorate their windows with hearts and banners proclaiming the annual Day of Love. Merchants stock their shelves with candy, jewelry, and Cupid-related trinkets begging “Be My Valentine.” For most lovers, this request does not require beheading. G. It seems that the ancient saint behind the holiday of love remains as elusive as love itself. Still, as St. Augustine, the great fifth-century theologian and philosopher argued in his treatise on “Faith in Invisible Things,” someone does not have to be standing before our eyes for us to love them. And much like love itself, St. Valentine and his reputation as the patron saint of love are not matters of verifiable history, but of faith.
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Questions 27-31 Reading passage 3 has seven sections A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 of your answer sheet. 27. a habit in bird-mating seasons 28. the early origin of Valentine’s Day 29. current ways to celebrate love 30. a misbelief that Valentine was related to romantic tales 31. several similarities between love and the reputation of Valentine
Questions 32-36 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage to answer the question. 32. How much time did the monks in Belgium spend on proving the existence of the saints Valentine? 33. What condition did Asterius’s daughter have? 34. In which country did the third Valentinus’s story happen? 35. When was the bird mating season in English during Chaucer’s day? 36. What did industrialization make easier with mass-produced illustrated cards?
Question 37-40 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each sentence. 37. The ceremony of Lupercalia was held in …………………. 38. The ancient Roman originally celebrated Lupercalia by offering …………….. 39. During the ancient festival, the skins of newly killed goats were thought to bring …………….. healthy babies. 40. The celebration of St. Valentine was ………….. than the ceremony for Lupercalia.
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Giải thích
Key Explanation
Câu 1. Not given
Vị trí
Giải thích
Đoạn A
Ít hơn 10% nhựa chúng ta sử
“Less than 10 percent of the
dụng được tái chế, và hiện tại
plastic we use is recycled, and
ước tính có khoảng 100 triệu
there’s currently an estimated
tấn nhựa trong các đại dương
100 million tons of plastic in
trên toàn thế giới.
oceans around the world.”
Đoạn này không nhắc tới thông tin “Hầu hết nhựa đã qua sử dụng sẽ nằm lại ở các đại dương”, do đó người đọc không có đủ dữ liệu để kết luận tính đúng – sai cho nhận định trong câu 1.
2. True
Đoạn B “PureCycle’s
Công nghệ của PureCycle thể technology
hiện một bước phát triển lớn
presents a major development
trong khả năng tái chế, và việc
in recycling capabilities, and
tập trung vào poplypropylene là
focusing on polypropylene is
đặc biệt đáng chú ý.
especially notable”
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 2 (Sự thật rằng công nghệ mới của Layman tập trung vào việc tái chế polypropylene khiến nó đáng chú ý). Từ “notetable” và cụm “focus on”
tương
đương
với
từ
“remarkable” và cụm “place emphasis
on”.
Ngoài
ra,
“PureCycle’s technology” cũng chính là Layman’s technology. 251 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
3. False
Đoạn C
Chất phụ gia là những chất hóa
“Additives
are
chemical
học làm thay đổi đặc tính của
substances that modify the
nhựa để chúng có thể được sử
properties of plastics so they
dụng trong nhiều loại sản phẩm
can be used in different types
khác nhau.
of products”
Chi tiết này trái ngược với nhận định trong câu 3 (Chất phụ gia là để giúp duy trì các đặc tính của nhựa) Từ “properties” trong câu bên tương đương với “distinctive attributes” trong câu 3.
4. True
Đoạn D
Trenor nói rằng sự hợp tác (giữa
Trenor says the collaboration
Milliken và PureCycle) là một sự
is a natural fit, partly because
tương hợp tự nhiên, một phần
“both
do “cả hai công ty đều có mục
companies
have
a
very strong environmental
tiêu bảo vệ mỗi trường”.
purpose.”
Chi tiết này đồng ý với nhận đinh trong câu 4 (Milliken và PureCycle đều nhắm tới việc bảo về môi trường). Từ “purpose” trong câu bên tương đương với từ “aim” trong câu 4.
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5. Not given
Đoạn D
Ông ấy thường đem them cậu
“He often takes his 4-year-
con trai 4 tuổi của mình trong
old son to ride mountain
mỗi lần leo dãy núi gần nhà
bikes
in
bằng xe đạp địa hình, và ông
he’s
cảm thấy chán nản khi nhìn thấy
been disheartened to see
lượng rác thải nhựa tăng lên ở
an increase in plastic litter in
những không gian tự nhiên.
natural spaces. “It’s not the
Câu trên không đề cập tới việc
way I want to leave things
Trenor (he) cố gắng nâng cao
for the future generation,” he
nhận thức của cậu con trai về
says”
việc bảo vệ môi trường”
South
near
his
Carolina,
home and
Do đó người đọc không có đủ thông tin để kết luận tính đúngsai của nhận định trong câu 5. 6. False
Đoạn E
Layman (he) nói rằng ông ấy
“You quickly realize there’s a
nhanh chóng nhận ra có nhiều
lot of issues when it comes
vấn đề liên quan tới chất lượng
to the quality of recycled
của vật liệu tái chế.
material,” he says
Chi tiết ngày trái ngược với nhận định trong câu số 6 (Layman mất một thời gian dài mới có thể nhận ra nhiều vấn đề về chất lượng của vật liệu tái chế)
7. flexibility, impact resistance
Đoạn F
Đáp án cần điền là hai danh từ
“Its super powers include
chỉ tính chất của Polyprolylene
flexibility
khiến chất này đặc biệt, đáng
resistance”
and
impact
kinh ngạc. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng: “Siêu năng lực của nó (polypropylene) bao gồm sự mềm dẻo và khả năng chịu tác động”. Cụm từ “super powers” được diễn đạt lại bằng từ “incredible”.
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8. applications
Đoạn F
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
“For those reasons, the little
số nhiều chỉ những thứ quan
that’s
trọng nhưng lại ít về số lượng.
recycled
is
usually
made into park benches or
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng: “Vì những
car bumpers—important but
lý do này, lượng nhựa ít ỏi được
limited applications”.
tái chết thường được dùng để làm ghế ngồi công viên hay thiết bị hãm xung ở ô tô – đây là những ứng dụng quan trọng nhưng hạn chế về số lượng. Từ “important” và “limited” được diễn đạt lại bằng “significant” và “small in number”.
9. financial backing
Đoạn G
Từ cần điền là một danh từ chỉ
He worked on the discovery
thứ mà Layman nhận từ một
phase with financial backing
chương trình gây quỹ (khi ông
from an internal seed fund
ấy đang tìm cách loại bỏ tạp
program at P&G
chất trong nhựa). Câu bên chỉ ra rằng: “Ông ấy tìm kiếm (cách để lọc tạp chất trong nhựa mà vẫn tiết kiệm năng lượng) với hỗ trợ tài chính từ một chương trình gây quỹ của P&G.”
10. physical solventbased
Đoạn G The
Từ cần điền là một tính từ chỉ tên
resulting
technology physical
PureCycle
relies
on
a
solvent-based
gọi của quá trình tiết kiệm năng lượng mà công nghệ PureCycle dựa vào.
process that uses less energy
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng: “Thành quả
than a chemical process
công nghệ của PureCycle phụ thuộc vào một quá trình vật lý dạng dung môi – vốn sử dụng ít năng lượng hơn một quá trình hóa học”.
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11. additives
Đoạn G That’s
where
additives can
Từ cần điền là một danh từ chỉ Milliken’s
một thứ được thêm vào để
in—they
thay đổi polypropylene của
come
modify
PureCycle’s
PureCycle.
polypropylene resin for use in
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “các chất
a diverse set of applications
phụ gia (they) có thể thay đổi các hạt polypropylene để có thể sử dụng cho nhiều ứng dụng khác nhau”. Từ “modify” tương đương tới từ “change”.
12. loop
Đoạn G
Từ cần điền là một danh từ chỉ
“Purified and modified, the
một thứ có tính liên tục.
resin can be molded into
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng: “sau khi
different
products
được làm sạch và thay đổi đặc
different
properties
with in
a
closed loop.”
tính, các hạt nhựa có thể được đúc thành các mặt hàng khác nhau với các đặc tính khác nhau theo một vòng lặp khép kín. Từ “closed” được diễn đạt lại bằng từ “continuous”.
13. 25
Đoạn H
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng Layman có
“We have an ambition to
tham vọng xây 25 nhà máy trên
build 25 plants around the
toàn thế giới, càng ngày càng
world, each one bigger than
lơn hơn về quy mô.
the last,” he says.
Từ “build” tương đương với từ “establish”.
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14. F
Đoạn F
Thông tin cần tìm là những
“The more we are honest
đặc điểm tính cách gây sốc
with, and exploratory about
mà sẽ xuất hiện khi chúng ta
ourselves, the more we realise
khám phá sâu hơn về bản thân.
that there is much inside
Câu bên liệt kê ra những đặc
our characters that might
điểm tính cách bất ngờ khi
surprise or horrify outsiders:
chúng ta khám phá sâu hơn về
that we possess alarming
bản thân như: vulnerability (dễ bị
features such as vulnerability,
tổn thương), meanness (hèn hạ),
meanness,
strangeness (lập dị), …
strangeness,
waywardness and folly.”
Cụm exploratory about ourselves và
cụm
surprise
or
horrify
outsiders trong câu bên lần lượt được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm explore our deeper selves và từ shockable trong câu 14.
15. G
Đoạn G
Thông tin cần tìm là sức hấp dẫn
“In addition, it might come a
đến từ việc kiềm chế một loại
potential for anger that they
cảm xúc có thể làm hại người
managed to keep very sanely
khác.
under control in daily life, but
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Sức hấp
they knew how to release at
dẫn của một người có thể có thể
points in private;…”
đến từ sự tức giận mà họ cố kiểm soát hằng ngày nhưng cũng sẽ được giải toả một cách riêng tư; ...” Từ anger (sự tức giận) ở câu bên chính là a particular feeling that involves harm to other people (loại cảm xúc mà có thể làm hại người khác) trong câu 15.
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16. E
Đoạn E
Thông tin cần tìm là những cách
“What a relief then to note
hành xử thể hiện sự bất đồng với
that we are in the presence of
xã hội.
someone who knows how to
Câu bên liệt kê ra nhiều cách hành
adopt a sceptical perspective
xử thể hiện sự bất đồng với xã hội
on prevailing assumptions –
như: adopt a sceptical perspective
someone who would be able
on prevailing assumptions (có một
to express personal doubts
cái nhìn đầy nghi ngờ về những
about popularly revered ideas
giả định phổ biến), express doubts
and cast a sceptical gaze on
about popularly revered ideas (thể
the normal rules of life.”
hiện những sự ngờ vực về những ý niệm được tôn sùng rộng rãi), … Các cụm skeptical perspective, sceptical gaze, personal doubts và các cụm prevailing assumptions, popularly revered ideas và the normal rules of life lần lượt là những biểu hiện của slight disagreements và normal society trong câu 16.
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17. H
Đoạn H “How compelling, therefore, to come across someone whose features would show a willingness to extend charity towards a lot that is less than perfect in human nature, someone who could know how much we stand in need of forgiveness and who could laugh generously with and at us – ...”
Thông tin cần tìm là những hành động thể hiện sự tử tế của một người tốt bụng đối với những người không hoàn hảo hoặc mắc phải lỗi lầm. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Việc bắt gặp một người có những hành động thể hiện thể hiện sự rộng lượng với những người không hoàn hảo về tính cách, một người biết khi nào chúng ta cần sự vị tha từ họ và có thể trao cho chúng ta những nụ cười đầy hào phóng … sẽ thật là hấp dẫn.” Cụm less than perfect trong câu bên gần nghĩa với từ imperfect trong câu 17.
18. C
Đoạn C “The way they respond to a joke, the curve of an eyebrow, the characteristic motion of their forehead, the way of holding their hands convey in an unconsciously understood but hugely eloquent language, that one is in the presence of a kindly being who is liable to understand our broken and confused aspects, to help us overcome our loneliness and submerged sadness and reassure us of our basic legitimacy and worth; someone with whom we can at last reduce our normal suspicions, cast aside our armour and feel safe, playful and accepted.”
Thông tin cần tìm là những biểu hiện một người đầy cuốn hút mà có thể làm cho người khác cảm thấy thoải mái về mặt tình cảm hoặc tinh thần. Đoạn bên liệt kê ra nhiều biểu hiện của một người ta có thể tin tưởng như: the way they respond to a joke (cách một người phản hồi lại 1 câu nói đùa), the curve of an eyebrow (đường cong của lông mày), … Cụm who is liable (đáng tin) trong câu bên giúp khẳng định việc những biểu hiện ở trên có thể làm cho chúng ta cảm thấy thoải mái về mặt tình cảm hoặc tinh thần (to understand our broken and confused aspects, to help us overcome our loneliness and submerged sadness and …).
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19. B
Đoạn B
Thông tin cần tìm là điều khiến
“Unlike most other living
con người chúng ta khác biệt với
beings, our biological drives
các loài khác.
sit alongside, and at points
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Con người
take second place to, a range
khác biệt là do những ham muốn
of emotional priorities.”
về mặt sinh học ngang hàng, và đôi khi không quan trọng bằng những sự thoả mãn về mặt cảm xúc.”
20. FALSE
Đoạn G
Một người sống cả vì trách nhiệm
“Yet what can prove uniquely
của bản thân và với những sự cám
appealing is a person alive
dỗ thì hết sức hấp dẫn.
both to personal responsibility
Chi tiết này trái ngược với thông
and temptation.”
tin trong câu 20 (một người hấp dẫn ý thức được việc thực hiện trách nhiệm của mình hơn là việc thoả mãn những ham muốn của bản thân). Cụm alive both to và từ temptation trong câu bên lần lượt gần nghĩa với cụm is conscious of và desire trong câu 20.
21. FALSE
Đoạn B
Con người khác biệt là do những
“Unlike most other living
ham muốn về mặt sinh học ngang
beings, our biological drives
hàng, và đôi khi không quan trọng
sit alongside, and at points
bằng những sự thoả mãn về mặt
take second place to, a range
cảm xúc.
of emotional priorities.”
Chi tiết này trái ngược với thông tin trong câu 21 (những sự thoả mãn về mặt cảm xúc thì luôn quan trọng hơn sự những ham muốn về mặt sinh học). Cụm at points take second place to trong câu bên trái nghĩa với cụm always more important than trong câu 21.
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22. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn A “The
Theo khoa học sinh học, tình dục leading
suggestion
nhắm đến việc sinh sản thành công
takes its starting point from
và sự khoẻ mạnh về di truyền đối
the
sciences:
với các thế hệ tiếp theo. Do đó,
we learn that sex aims at
sự cuốn hút bao gồm những dấu
successful
hiệu về khả năng sinh sản và kháng
biological
reproduction
and genetic fitness in the
bệnh …
coming generation. Therefore
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin
‘sexiness’
logically
trong câu 22 (dưới góc nhìn của
comprise a host of signals of
khoa học sinh học thì sự cuốn
fertility and of resistance to
hút được thể hiện qua những
disease:…”
biểu hiện thể hiện khả năng
must
sinh sản và chống lại bệnh tật). Từ fertility và cụm resistance to disease lần lượt được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm being able to
produce
và
young
fight
against illnesses trong câu 22.
23. TRUE
Đoạn F
Chúng ta khao khát việc được
“… – and yet we always
nhìn
quietly hunger to be properly
đắn và được người khác chấp
witnessed and accepted as
nhận con người thật của mình.
we really are.”
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin
nhận
một
cách
đúng
trong câu 23 (chúng ta luôn mong muốn những đặc điểm tính cách đáng sợ của mình được chấp nhận bởi những người khác). Từ hunger và
cụm
properly
witnessed and accepted trong câu bên lần lượt gần nghĩa với từ desire và cụm viewed acceptable
trong
câu
23.
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24. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn E
Chúng ta thường xuyên bị vây
“Whether
at
work,
with
quanh bởi những yêu cầu về cách
friends or around family, we
ứng xử chuẩn mực và điều này làm
are too often hemmed in by
mất đi tính chân thật trong chính
exhausting requirements to fit
bản thân mỗi chúng ta thông qua
in and subscribe to dominant
việc không được thể hiện lời nói
notions of what it means
hay cảm xúc trong nhiều trường
to be good and acceptable,
hợp.
which
leave
Câu này không nhắc đến việc
behind, or censor a lot of our
suy nghĩ và cảm xúc của chúng
internal reality; there ends
ta bị ảnh hưởng tiêu cực bởi
up being a lot we mustn’t say
những kỳ vọng về những cách
and even more we shouldn’t
hành xử được do gia đình, bạn
even really feel.”
bè và đồng nghiệp coi là chuẩn
nevertheless
mực, do đó người đọc không có đủ dữ kiện để kết luận tính đúngsai cho nhận định trong câu 24. Cụm notions of what it means to be good and acceptable trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm expectations of acceptable behaviors trong câu 24.
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25. TRUE
Đoạn F
Một người hấp dẫn sẽ dũng cảm
“What may prove supremely
khám phá sâu hơn về bản thân để
sexy
are
có thể kiểm soát những góc khuất
another
trong con người họ và nhờ đó đưa
person has explored their
ra một góc nhìn không mang bất
own
kỳ sự phê phán nào đối với chúng
therefore
suggestions deeper
that
selves
with
courage, has a handle on their
ta.
darkness – and may on this
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin
basis be capable of extending
trong câu 25 (một người hấp dẫn
an uncensorious perspective
thì không phán xét những đặc
on our own.”
điểm tính cách gây khó chịu của người khác). Từ darkness và uncensorious trong câu bên lần lượt gần nghĩa với cụm unpleasant characteristics và từ uncritical trong câu 25.
26. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn F
Chúng ta càng khám phá sâu
“The more we are honest
hơn về bản thân, chúng ta sẽ
with, and exploratory about
càng có thể nhận ra rằng chúng
ourselves, the more we realise
ta sở hữu những đặc điểm
that there is much inside
tính cách gây sốc như: dễ bị
our characters that might
tổn thương, xấu tính, lập dị, …
surprise or horrify outsiders:
Câu này không nhắc đến việc
that we possess alarming
chúng ta luôn có thể khám phá
features such as vulnerability,
được những đặc điểm tính cách
meanness,
tiêu cực của bản thân trong câu
strangeness,
waywardness and folly.”
26. Vulnerability,
meanness,
strangeness, … chính là những đặc điểm tính cách tiêu cực được đề cập trong câu 26.
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Câu 27. E
Vị trí
Giải thích
Đoạn E
Thông tin cần tìm là một tập
“The love connection probably
tính trong mùa sinh sản của
appeared
chim.
more
than
a
thousand years after the saints’
“Mối liên hệ tình yêu có lẽ đã
death, when Geoffrey Chaucer,
xuất hiện hơn một ngàn năm
author of “The Canterbury
sau cái chết của các vị thánh,
Tales” declared the February
khi Geoffrey Chaucer, tác giả
celebration of St. Valentinus to
của The Canterbury Tales tuyên
the mating of birds. It seems
bố lễ kỷ niệm tháng hai của
that, in Chaucer’s day, English
Thánh Valentinus cùng với mùa
birds paired off to produce
giao phối với các loài chim. Có
eggs in February.”
vẻ như vào thời kỳ của Chaucer, chim ở Anh thường kết đôi và đẻ trứng vào tháng 2”
28. A
Đoạn A “Valentine’s
Thông tin cần tìm là nguồn gốc Day,
in
fact,
ban đầu của ngày Valentine.
originated as a liturgical feast
Câu trên chỉ ra “Ngày lễ
to celebrate the decapitation
Valentine, trên thực tế, có
of a third-century Christian
nguồn gốc từ một bữa tiệc
martyr.”
phụng vụ để kỷ niệm sự tàn sát của một vị tử đạo Kitô giáo ở thế kỷ thứ ba.” Từ originate trong câu bên được đổi thành từ origin trong câu 28.
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29. F
Đoạn F
Thông tin cần tìm là những cách
“Today, shops everywhere in
hiện nay để thể hiện không khí
England and the U.S. decorate
tình yêu.
their windows with hearts
Câu trên chỉ ra “Ngày nay, các
and banners proclaiming the
cửa hàng ở khắp mọi nơi ở Anh
annual Day of Love.”
và Hoa Kỳ trang trí cửa sổ của họ bằng trái tim và biểu ngữ tuyên bố Ngày Tình yêu hàng năm.” Từ today trong câu bên đồng nghĩa với từ current, và từ proclaiming the Day of Love được thay cho cụm express love trong câu 29.
30. C
Đoạn C “Other
Thông tin cần tìm là một sự stories
romantically
tin tưởng lầm rằng Valentine
involved him with the blind
có liên quan đến những câu
girl whom he allegedly healed.
chuyện lãng mạn.
Yet none of these ancient tales
Đoạn bên chỉ ra “Những câu
had any basis in third-century
chuyện lãng mạn khác liên quan
history,
đến thánh Valentine và cô gái bị
as
pointed out.”
the
Bollandists
mù. Tuy nhiên, trong những câu chuyện cổ xưa này không có bất kỳ cơ sở nào như trong lịch sử của thế kỷ thứ ba, như những người Bollandist đã chỉ ra. Tức là theo lịch sử, Valentine không hề mang ý nghĩa lãng mạn, mà đã có một sự tin tưởng lầm trong các câu chuyện.
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31. G
Đoạn G
Thông tin cần tìm là những điểm
““It seems that the ancient
giống nhau giữa tình yêu và
saint behind the holiday of love
danh tiếng của thánh Valentine.
remains as elusive as love itself.
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Đoạn bên
… And much like love itself, St.
chỉ ra rằng “Dường như vị thánh
Valentine and his reputation as
cổ xưa về ngày lễ tình yêu cũng
the patron saint of love are not
khó hiểu như chính tình yêu…
matters of verifiable history,
Và cũng giống như tình yêu,
but of faith.”
Thánh Valentine và danh tiếng của ông là vị thánh bảo trợ của tình yêu không phải là vấn đề của lịch sử có thể kiểm chứng, mà là về niềm tin” Đoạn bên dùng hai cấu trúc so sánh “as...as” và “like…,”
32. 3 centuries
Đoạn A
Câu trên chỉ ra “các nhà sư Bỉ đã
“an order of Belgian monks
dành ba thế kỷ để thu thập bằng
spent
chứng cho cuộc sống của các vị
three
centuries
collecting evidence for the
thánh …”
lives of saints …”
Từ Belgian monks được đổi thành cụm đồng nghĩa trong câu 34 là monks in Belgium.
33. blindness
Đoạn B
Câu trên chỉ ra rằng “Câu chuyện
“As the story goes, Asterius
tiếp tục diễn ra khi Asterius
made
with
thương lượng với Valentinus
Valentinus: If the Christian
rằng nếu ngài có chữa mù cho
could cure Asterius’s daughter
con gái của Asterius …”
of blindness …”
Từ câu trên, người đọc có thể
a
bargain
kết luận con gái của Asterius bị mù.
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34. Italy
Đoạn C “The
Câu trên chỉ ra rằng “Vị third
Valentinus
was
third-century a
minister
Valentinus thứ ba trong thế kỉ 3 là một bộ trưởng của Terni, tỉnh
of Terni in the province of
Umbria, nước Ý.”
Umbria, Italy.”
Câu hỏi cần tên của một đất nước.
35. (in) February
Đoạn E
Câu trên chỉ ra rằng “Vào thời
“It seems that, in Chaucer’s
Chaucer, những con chim ở
day, English birds paired off to
nước Anh đã bắt cặp để tạo ra
produce eggs in February.”
trúng vào tháng Hai.” Câu hỏi cần thời gian chỉ mùa sinh sản của loài chim ở Anh trong thời Chaucer.
36. penning verses
Đoạn F
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “
“In the following centuries,
Trong các thế kỷ tiếp theo,
Englishmen and women began
người Anh bắt đầu sử dụng ngày
using Feb. 14 as an excuse for
14 tháng 2 như một cái cớ để
penning verses to their love
viết những câu thơ cho người
objects. Industrialization made
yêu của họ. Công nghiệp hóa đã
it easier with mass-produced
làm cho điều này dễ dàng hơn
illustrated cards with poetry.
với các tấm thiệp được sản xuất hàng loạt cùng với thơ ca.” Câu hỏi cần điền là một sự việc mà công nghiệp hóa đã khiến nó trở nên dễ dàng.
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37. mid-
Đoạn D
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
February
“Some suggest that the modern
chỉ thời gian hoặc địa điểm diễn
holiday is a Christian cover-up
ra của lễ hội Lupercalia.
of the more ancient Roman
Câu trên chỉ ra rằng “Một số
celebration of Lupercalia in
người cho rằng ngày lễ hiện đại
mid-February.”
của Kitô giáo là sự thay thế cho lễ kỷ niệm Lupercalia thời La Mã cổ đại vào giữa tháng Hai.” Từ celebration được thay thế bằng ceremony trong câu 36. Trong bài chỉ nhắc đến thời gian của buổi lễ Lupercalia.
38. goats
Đoạn D
and dogs
“Lupercalia
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ originated
as
chỉ vật mà người La Mã cổ đại
a ceremony in a rural area
dâng hiến trong lễ Lupercalia.
involving the sacrifice of goats
Câu trên chỉ ra rằng “Lupercalia
and dogs and evolved later
có nguồn gốc từ một buổi lễ ở
into an urban festival.”
nông thôn liên quan đến sự hy sinh của dê và chó và sau đó phát triển thành một lễ hội đô thị.” Cụm từ the sacrifice of goats and dogs được thay bằng từ offering trong câu 37.
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39.
Đoạn D
pregnant women
“...streaking
Đáp án cần điền danh từ chỉ people
with
người có được những em bé
thongs cut from the skins of
khỏe mạnh từ lễ hội.
newly killed goats. Pregnant
Câu trên chỉ ra rằng “Phụ nữ
women thought it brought
mang thai nghĩ rằng những vết
them healthy babies.”
cắt được cắt từ da của những con dê mới bị giết mang lại cho họ những đứa trẻ khỏe mạnh.”
40. calmer
Đoạn D
Đáp án cần điền là tính từ ở
“... there is no evidence that
dạng so sánh hơn giữa lễ hội
the pope purposely replaced
Valentine và lễ Lupercalia.
Lupercalia with the calmer
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “...không
ceremony for the sacrificed St.
có bằng chứng nào cho thấy
Valentine…”
giáo hoàng đã cố tình thay thế Lupercalia bằng nghi thức bình yên hơn của lễ Thánh Valentine.”
SOURCE:
• Innovations in recycling - National Geographic
• What Makes a Person Attractive? - The school of life
• The Gory Origins of Valentine’s Day - Smithsonian magazine
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IELTS Practice 3 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. How Asian tramp snails could save your coffee from destruction An orange trail of poop reveals an unlikely ally against one of coffee’s worst threats. A. If you think Daylight Saving Time is the biggest drag on your morning alertness, you may want to consider coffee leaf rust. Coffee leaf rust is the most economically significant coffee pest in the world. Since the 1980s, occasional outbreaks of this fungus have crippled coffee production in the Americas, at times doubling or tripling its price. And the problem has escalated since 2008, as have the massive resources invested in fighting it. B. A new discovery raises an intriguing possibility for controlling coffee’s costliest pest, and it comes packed inside a small shell. According to research from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Asian tramp snails, Bradybaena similaris, can consume large amounts of coffee rust before the disease can damage the plant. Leave one snail on a rust-covered leaf, and it can hoover up 30 percent of the fungus in 24 hours. While coffee leaf rust has known predators and pathogens, gastropods—snails and slugs— have never been among them. There is also limited evidence of slugs eating other types of plant fungus at all. This also appears to be the first time that Asian tramp snails have been recorded changing their diet from plants to fungus. C. Yet this potential biocontrol, a tactic of managing pests with other organisms, comes with a catch. Asian tramp snails are typically invasive and a crop pest in their own right. But the researchers may have stumbled upon a way to keep the snails’ diets focused on coffee rust. Zachary Hajian-Forooshani, a doctoral student at the University of Michigan, and his advisors John Vandermeer and Ivette Perfecto, were conducting field research in 269 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Puerto Rico’s verdant central mountains in 2016, when they spotted thin trails of bright orange snail poop clinging to the underside of broad, green coffee leaves. The color of the excrement perfectly matched that of the coffee leaf rust. Curious, the researchers collected samples of both Asian tramps snails and the native Caribbean snail, Bulimulus guadalupensis, which often shared the coffee leaves. The group left each snail overnight with leaves bearing coffee leaf rust in a controlled lab environment. After 24 hours, only the tramp snails had cleared the coffee leaf rust from the leaves. D. The following year, the group returned to the same coffee plantation to conduct additional experiments. While collecting the snails this time, they noticed a high abundance of Lecanicillium lecanii, a fungal parasite and known enemy of the rust. The co-occurrence led them to wonder if Asian tramp snails consumed both the fungal rust and its pathogen, which is known as a mycoparasite. But deciphering this three-way relationship is tricky. Coffee leaves with more rust spots also have more L. lecanii mycoparasites. So, the snail’s hunger could be focused on the rust, while the L. lecanii mycoparasites are just bystanders, or it could have a taste for both. E. So the team collected coffee leaves infected with rust, but this time included some leaves that also harbored the L. lecanii mycoparasites. Once again, they left individual snails with single coffee leaves in dark containers for 24 hours. A statistical analysis of the snails eating habits indicated a significant preference for leaves that contained both the rust fungus and L. lecanii mycoparasites. Moreover, the snails appeared to consume more rust when the leaves had a higher abundance of the mycoparasites. HajianForooshani explains that many organisms can change what they do and how they do it, when placed in a novel situation. “This is generally accepted as a reality, given the spontaneous emergence of pests around the world,” Hajian-Forooshani says, “as well as the unforeseen interactions of invasive species and biological control agents within ecological communities around the world.” F. The relationship between coffee leaf rust, Asian tramp snails, and L. lecanii mycoparasites might be an example of a phenomenon called “intraguild predation,” in which a predator consumes prey that has been infected with a pathogen. Theoretical research has suggested that intraguild predation can work to prevent pest outbreaks. The intraguild interaction may stabilize the mycoparasite population, so that it provides better long-term control or suppression of the coffee leaf rust, says Stacy Philpott, a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz who specializes in agroecology, biodiversity, and biocontrols for coffee pests. “That could be an important ecological role played by the snail” says Philpott, who was not part of this study. Her lab has witnessed a similar intraguild for 270 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
coffee protection, via a relationship between ants and two plant-eating insects, aphids and scales. G. Scales and aphids both feed on coffee plants. Ants, in turn, harvest sugar from these insects and protect them from other predators. While this sounds bad for coffee and even though farmers often mistake these bugs as being harmful, the ants are often aggressive towards other more damaging herbivores, resulting in a net benefit to the plant. The irony of Asian tramp snails providing an agricultural service by eating coffee leaf rust is that the snail itself is considered a severe agricultural pest, munching on citrus crops, grapes, legumes, cabbage, and mustard greens around the world. For this reason, among others, the researchers interviewed for this story all advised great caution in exploring the use of the invasive snails as a biological pest control agent. H. At the moment, too little is known concerning what Asian tramp snails might bring to the ecosystem. For example, the snail is eating the mycoparasites along with the rust, but what happens if it consumes too many? Could it permit the rust to grow faster and farther than before, destabilizing the coffee plantation ecosystem? “Classic approaches to pest control have often failed to understand this complexity, causing major natural disasters,” said Estelí Jiménez-Soto, an agroecologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, whose work often focusen both coffee and biocontrol measures. It also remains unknown whether this intraguild predation would be applicable as a biocontrol across or outside of Puerto Rico. J. Hajian-Forooshani says future field surveys will be conducted to assess how widespread the gastropod consumption of coffee rust is on farms on the island and across Latin America. During their last visit to Puerto Rico, the researchers noticed a few other, asyet-unidentified slugs with what appeared to be coffee leaf rust spores inside them and which also left bright orange excrement. It remains possible that coffee leaf rust is more widely eaten by gastropods than previously thought and that this phenomenon has simply escaped scientific notice until now. Another major question is whether the coffee leaf rust spores eaten by the snails remain viable after being excreted. If the spores can survive and propagate, then the snail’s predation may provide little benefit to coffee farmers (and drinkers). But if this discovery does result in a viable form of biological pest control, it would certainly be welcome. Other control methods for rust must be constantly fine-tuned to keep up with the fungus evolving resistance to pesticides and fungicides. That’s where the snails may have an advantage. “It is challenging to develop resistance to being eaten,” Hajian-Forooshani says. 271 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Questions 1-6 Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. 1. What does the writer say about coffee leaf rust in paragraph A?
A. it is the pest that brings about the most economic benefits to the world. B. It is a type of fungus that has exerted a detrimental effect on the production of coffee
C. Too much investment in the war against it has made matter worse.
D. There has been little investment in the war against it
2. According to a study from the university of Michigan, what is true about Asian tramp snails?
A. Their shells can protect coffee leaves from the rust B. They eat a considerable amount of coffee rust, which helps to protect coffee trees from the disease
C. A snail can eat more than a third of the fungus on a leaf within a day
D. They are the most common snails in the world
3. Why is the use of Asian tramp snails can be disadvantageous?
A. Because it can produce harmful chemicals B. Because many researchers have already figure out how to focus the snails on eating only coffee rust C. Because these snails themselves also can spread very quickly and destroy crops
D. Because it may cost too much to implement
4. What is the writer’s purpose when mentioning Zachary Hajian-Forooshani’s study in paragraph C? A. To demonstrate that only the Asian tramp snail eats rust on coffee leaf in the experiment
B. To exemplify Zachary’s theory about Asian tramp snails’ excrement C. To show that Asian tramp snails often excrete on the underside of coffee leaves D. To show that Asian tramp snail is the only type of snail that eats coffee leave rust
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5. What is the purpose of the research in paragraph E? A. To find out whether the Asian tramp snail eats both the rust and the mycoparasites or not
B. To investigate the eating habit of the mycoparasites C. To find out if the leaves with more mycoparasites attract the Asian tramp snails
D. To investigate a new type of mycoparasite
6. According to the author, what is true about “intraguild predation”?
A. It is a phenomenon in which predators consume healthy preys B. Its practical use in terms of outbreak preventions has already become widespread C. it can be illustrated by the relation between Asian tramp snails, coffee leaf rust, and L. lecanii mycoparasites
D. It is a phenomenon that has caused lots of arguments among scientists
Questions 7-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
NOT GIVEN
7. It turns out that ants are beneficial to coffee plants. 8. It is suggested that Asian tramp snails can be used as a biological pest control method with little caution. 9. People know very little about the impact of Asian tramp snails on the ecosystem. 10. In the future, intraguild predation will be applied outside Puerto Pico. 11. The Asian tramp snail does not seem to be the only gastropod that consumes coffee leaf rust. 12. The spores of coffee leaf rust can survive for several years in Asian tramp snails’ excrement. 13. The use of snails can be advantageous because it is difficult for the rust to develop resistance against their predators.
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READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2. ELEVATORS ARE GOING GREEN Lifts are becoming more sustainable, as the percentage of the world’s population living in cities grows. A. Each day, more than seven billion elevator journeys are taken in tall buildings a number expected to jump to 70 percent by the year 2050 - efficient vertical transportation has become a pressing challenge. To keep pace with an influx of urban dwellers and rising sea levels, developers will not only need to build higher, they will also need to devise greener vertical transport: that is, safe and sustainable ways to move residents from the ground up into the sky. Newer elevators already incorporate green features such as LED lights, water soluble paint and recycled construction materials, but many companies have begun to explore a wide and somewhat outlandish array of alternatives to the traditional rope-and-pulley systems of a hundred years ago. From diagonal travel to destination dispatch to something called magnetic motors, the world of vertical transport is one of high hopes and higher stakes. B. We generally don’t give much thought to elevators, except during the brief moments we’re inside them. They may make us feel claustrophobic, awkward or impatient, but these vertical conveyances are in fact a marvel of engineering: not only do elevators shuttle passengers and freight up and down hundreds of stories - to hotel rooms and apartments, lobbies and basements - they also carry tons of steel cable each trip they make. The shafts in which they operate are essential to the structural integrity of a building, and their design can mean the critical difference between sustainable use of space and return on investment. Unfortunately, many elevators in the United States rely on aging technology, clunky cabs and harmful lubricants, at significant environmental and financial cost. Consider that an elevator inside a typical skyscraper might weigh 80,000 pounds; hoisting all that mass requires a tremendous amount of energy. The taller the building, the more elevator shafts needed, each with their own motor. In fact, elevators typically account for between 2 percent and 10 percent of a building’s energy use. That includes materials - interior paints, carpet, control panels, lighting, ventilation systems - and the mechanical technology used to operate the cab itself.
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C. Green vertical-transportation initiatives began as early as the 1990s. Machine-roomless (MRL) technology, for instance, eliminated the room that houses hydraulic oil and pumps - one of the biggest advances in elevator design since they went electric a century earlier. The room-less elevator consumes less vertical and horizontal space; without a machine room, a building’s flat roof can more easily accommodate expansive green areas with plantings and solar panels. These days, manufacturers are chiefly interested in regenerative drive systems: elevators that recover some of the energy they consume. For the vertical transport industry, that means fostering an economy where sustainability is profitable. In 2017, Thyssenkrupp Elevator became the first company to retrofit an existing elevator to achieve netzero energy. The project, which took place in Boston’s historic district, tested energygenerating lifts that divert power back to the electrical grid. Engineers wanted to find ways to conserve energy when the elevator was running - and, more critically, when the elevator was not running. D. “We’re actually producing more energy than we’re consuming,” says Brad Nemeth, vice president of sustainability at Thyssenkrupp Elevator Americas. A pioneer in vertical technology, the company found a way to turn off the elevator’s lights, fan, and even to de-energize its drive: they created a sleeping elevator, so to speak (but one that wakes upon command). Paradoxically, elevators require energy even when they aren’t in use: when cabs sit idle after the morning rush, for example, elevator systems must be left energized so that they’re ready for the next passenger call. In an effort to reduce wasted energy and improve efficiency, Otis Elevator, the world’s largest manufacturer of vertical transportation systems, devised a system called Compass Plus Destination Dispatching, which removes elevators from service when traffic is light. Another device, their patented Gen2 Switch battery-powered elevator, works on solar and wind power, and uses less power than a hairdryer. E. Modern elevator engineers, however, are faced with a uniquely modern problem: the struggle to eliminate toxic runoff that results when an elevator cab is submerged by tidal floodwater. Mounting climate change means more severe storm surges, which can inundate elevator shafts. When the water drains, it picks up lubricants, which can travel directly into our water supply, threatening aquatic life. In response, Thyssenkrupp developed a petroleum substitute - a canola-based, biodegradable fluid. 275 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
When developers adopt sustainable vertical technology, they spur innovation. An innovation like Thyssenkrupp’s “TWIN,” a double deck elevator with independent cabs that travel on the same guide rails, allows for seamless movement between the top and bottom zones of 30-plus-story buildings - potentially freeing up an entire floor for business or residence. Smaller elevator mechanisms, like those devised by Otis, replace conventional ropes with flat belts, which decreases weight and reduces air resistance and heat friction. These solutions appeal to consumers, but they can also offer building owners significant reductions in energy expenses, and a more elegant aesthetic indoors. F. Many companies are testing even newer technology offsite. Helsinki-based elevator manufacturer Kone Oyj, for example, drilled 350 meters into a limestone mine to create a technology lab where it conducts experiments with patented hoisting materials, robotics, vibrational resonance and free falls. And in Germany, Thyssenkrupp is testing its new “MULTI,” which relies on magnetic fields instead of cables and can run inside or outside a building, vertically or horizontally, offering architects a new range of possibilities. But the epicenter of the high-rise frenzy might be the Middle East. In Dubai, home to 18 of the tallest towers in the world, panoramic elevators, ergonomic braking systems and noisecancelling technology are hallmarks of a new frontier in vertical technology. The day will come when a passenger can ride up to the 300th story of a cloud-covered tower, her upward journey propelled by rope-less cabs and solar power. Elevators will then be free to journey any which way, Willy Wonka-style, and architects will no longer be limited by the vertical direction of upward travel, or by the constraints of the ground below. On a planet where land resources are finite, sustainable elevation is paramount.
Questions 14-18 Reading passage 2 has six sections A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 of your answer sheet. NB
You may use any letter more than once
14. an example of how advanced vertical technology is in an Asian country nowadays 15. products that are developed to achieve reductions in energy consumption and efficient vertical transportation 16. current trials on improving and developing new generations of elevators 17. common feelings of a person standing inside elevators 18. a new alternative to traditional elevator ropes invented to improve efficiency and cut down energy consumed when transporting passengers vertically 276 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
Questions 19-22 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
if the statement agrees with the text
if the statement contradicts with the text
if there is no information about this in the text
19. An increasing rate of the global population in cities is travelling by elevators. 20. Old elevator systems in America are having damaging effects on the country’s economy and environment. 21. The operation of elevators takes up more than half of total energy use of a building. 22. A sleeping elevator consumes more energy than one in use.
Questions 23-26 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet. 23. The design of machine-room-less elevators saves much building’s vertical and horizontal …………………… for the expansion of green roofs and solar panels. 24. Thyssenkrupp Elevator pioneered in installing elevators whose ……………… consumed was converted into electricity that can be fed back into the building’s electrical grid. 25. When elevators are left idle, they still …………………… energy to be on standby ready for another call. 26. Water from tidal flooding and storms releasing elevators’ …………………… is a threat to all creatures living in water.
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READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3.
Questions 27-33 Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 27 - 33 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings i. The negative effects of bad sleep ii. Not everyone can adopt a short sleep technique iii. The success of a book on sleep deprivation iv. The career path of a sleep coach v. The benefits of caring for employees’ sleep vi. The most important contributors to good sleep vii. It is unnecessary to sleep for at least 8 hours viii. Keep your mind away from irrelevant concerns ix. Different methods to apply the short sleep technique x. The underlying reason why many employees suffer from sleep deprivation
27. Paragraph A 28. Paragraph B 29. Paragraph C 30. Paragraph D 31. Paragraph E 32. Paragraph F 33. Paragraph G
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HOW TO BECOME A SUPER-SLEEPER A. Floris Wouterson, based in Flanders, Belgium, comes from an entrepreneurial family himself and since 2002, he and his wife have set up a number of sleeping comfort stores. Over the past sixteen years, as he spoke to thousands of customers and he too had struggled with poor sleep for a period of time, Wouterson became increasingly intrigued by sleep. His book "Superslapen" was published in mid-September and is already in its second edition, with nearly 2,000 books already having been sold. He then started coaching, with athletes and top managers claiming to benefit greatly from Wouterson's approach. In Europe, Wouterson is the first self-proclaimed "sleep performance coach". B. Wouterson has acknowledged that the consequences of bad sleep are hugely underestimated. "Fatigue, irritability, loss of concentration, forgetfulness... it works against you in your work as well as in your relationships. The risk of injuries or accidents also increases by 40%." The long-term effects of bad sleep can also be severe — depression and burn-out can take hold if you don't relax. C. According to Wouterson, the rigid notion that you must sleep for eight hours can actually cause sleep stress. "If you think you should sleep eight hours every night, it can work against you," said the expert. Lying awake and staying in bed because you have to reach eight hours in bed is illogical according to Wouterson. You have to find your own sleep rhythm, go to sleep at a fixed time, and get up at a fixed time as much as possible. "Don't stay lying down — it's a misconception that sleep will come naturally." D. Stories about CEOs or politicians who only need a few hours of sleep make them sound tough, but according to Wouterson, only a small percentage of people can genuinely cope with little sleep. It's possible to train to temporarily sleep less, he said. Wouterson coached Sanne Haarhuis, a pilot in hot-air balloon competitions, to regulate her sleeping pattern and endure heavy, multi-day races with a minimum of sleep. Wouterson also sees top athletes who can quickly refuel with napping. "You can recharge your batteries with a 12-minute power nap for two hours," said the sleep expert however, you have to wake up in time before you sink into a very deep sleep. According to Wouterson, you can achieve this by, for example, holding a bunch of keys in your hand while taking a short nap. "As soon as you sink too deeply, your hand relaxes, the keys fall to the ground and you're awake again." E. Wouterson is convinced there isn't just one quick fix to sleep better; there are several areas that demand your attention. "80% of the five main sleeping problems are learned," 279 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
he said. You can achieve an enormous amount by taking small steps to alter your diet, exercise, and sleep routine, for example. But self-examination, looking at your own attitude to sleep, is also important according to Wouterson. F. Letting your mind drift is one thing but, of course, brooding and pondering won't help if you want to sleep — negative media reports about "the state of affairs in the world" can keep you feeling worrisome, tossing and turning. Wouterson advises you to focus on your own circle of influence — what are some challenges in your life you can influence yourself? Focus mainly on those things and try not to keep worrying too much about problems you can't do much about. A media diet can bring peace — make sure to put your smartphone away in the evening, a few hours before you go to sleep. G. Keep going, slog away, work through lunch, soldier on, stay an extra hour — it may seem logical to squeeze as much as you can out of your employees but it's actually counterproductive, according to Wouterson. Businesses may see a drastic improvement in the performance of their employees when they've slept better. The number of mistakes decreases, while better decisions will take the company further. "As an employer, you don't exactly want to be in your employees' bedrooms, but offering sleep training or sleeping facilities can actually be a good investment," said Wouterson. According to the sleep performance coach, this is already a common phenomenon in Japan.
Questions 34 and 35 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 34 and 35 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following are given in the text as the reasons why Floris Wouterson became interested in “sleep”?
A. his family background
B. his struggle with bad sleep
C. customers from his sleeping comfort stores
D. his book “Superslapen”
E. feedback from athletes and managers
Questions 36 - 40 Complete the note below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet
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Here are the five tips Wouterson gave us to become a super-sleeper. ●
go to bed and get up at 36 ________________
●
super-short sleep requires a lot of training
●
take diet, exercise, sleep routine and 37 _________________ into
consideration ●
think about your own 38 _____________ instead of focusing too much on
problems beyond your control. ●
avoid using 39 _____________ before bedtime
●
employers should see their employees’ sleep as a 40 ____________
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Giải thích
Key Explanation
Câu hỏi 1. B
Vùng thông tin
Giải thích
Đoạn A
Đối với câu 1, người đọc cần
Coffee leaf rust is the most
tìm thông tin đúng về coffee
economically
leaf rust mà tác giả đề cập trong
significant
coffee pest in the world.
đoạn văn A.
Since the 1980s, occasional
• Phương án A sai vì theo đoạn
outbreaks of this fungus
bên thì coffee leaf rust là loại sâu
have
coffee
bệnh trên cây cà phê mà có tầm
production in the Americas,
ảnh hưởng về mặt kinh tế lớn
at times doubling or tripling
nhất, tầm ảnh hưởng ở đây có
its price. And the problem
thể tích cực hoặc tiêu cực.
has escalated since 2008, as
• Thông tin tiếp theo trong đoạn
have the massive resources
chỉ ra rằng nó có tầm ảnh hưởng
invested in fighting it.
tiêu cực lên việc sản xuất cà
crippled
phê “kể từ năm 1980s, một vài sự bùng nổ của loại nấm này đã làm què quặt (cripple) việc sản xuất cà phê ở châu Mỹ , và làm tăng gấp đôi gấp ba giá cà phê”. Suy ra phương án B đúng.
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• Phương án C sai vì theo đoạn bên thì vấn đề gây ra bởi coffee leaf rust càng trở nên nghiêm trọng từ năm 2008 khi rất nhiều nguồn lực đã được đầu tư vào việc xử lý nó (coffee leaf rust). Việc đầu tư khủng để xử lý coffee leaf rust không phải lý do khiến các vấn đề nghiêm trọng hơn từ năm 2008. • Phương án D sai vì việc xử lý loài nấm này đã được đầu tư rất nhiều tiền.
2. B
Đoạn B “According research
Đối với câu 2, người đọc cần tìm to from
recent
thông tin đúng về Asian tramp
the
snails, theo một nghiên cứu từ
University of Michigan at
đại học Michigan.
Ann Arbor, Asian tramp
• Phương án A sai vì trong bài
snails, Bradybaena similaris,
đọc không đề cập tới thông tin
can consume large amounts
nào chỉ ra rằng “vỏ của những con
of coffee rust before the
ốc này có thể bảo vệ những lá cà
disease can damage the
phê khỏi coffee leaf rust”
plant. Leave one snail on a
• Phương án B sai vì thông tin
rust-covered leaf, and it can
trong đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng trong
hoover up 30 percent of the
vòng 24h (1 ngày) thì một con ốc
fungus in 24 hours”
chỉ có thể ăn được 30% lượng nấm trên một lá cà phê, không phải là hơn một phần ba (>33%)
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• Phương án C đúng vì đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Asian tramp snails có thể tiêu thụ một lượng lớn coffee rust trước khi căn bệnh (gây ra bởi coffee rust) có thể phá hoại các cây cà phê (bảo vệ các cây cà phê khỏi căn bệnh)” • Phương án D sai vì trong bài không có thông tin nào chỉ ra rằng đây là loài ốc sên phổ biến nhất thế giới.
3. C
Đoạn C “Yet
Đối với câu 3, người đọc cần tìm this
biocontrol,
potential a
tactic
of
được lý do vì sao việc sử dụng Asian tramp snails có thể mang
managing pests with other
lại bất lợi.
organisms, comes with a
• Phương án A sai vì đoạn bên
catch. Asian tramp snails
không có thông tin nào chỉ ra
are typically invasive and
rằng đây chỉ là biện pháp kiểm
a crop pest in their own
soát sinh học tiềm năng nên nó
right. But the researchers
có thể mang lại bất lợi.
may have stumbled upon a
• Phương án B cũng tương tự
way to keep the snails’ diets
như vậy, mặc dù có thông tin
focused on coffee rust”
chỉ ra rằng “những nhà nghiên cứu có thể đã tìm ra một cách để khiến cho Asian tramp snails chỉ tập trung ăn coffee rust” nhưng không có thông tin nào chỉ ra rằng đây là lý do khiến phương pháp này trở nên bất lợi.
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• Phương án C đúng vì đoạn bên chỉ ra mặt bất lợi (a catch) của việc dùng Asian tramp snails
đó là “Asian tramp
snails có thể lan tràn rất nhanh và bản thân chúng cũng là một loài sinh vật hại cây trồng” • Phương án D sai vì trong đoạn C không đề cập tới chi phí thực hiện biện pháp này. 4. A
Đoạn C
Đối với câu 4, người đọc cần tìm
“Zachary Forooshani,
a
Hajian-
hiểu mục đích của tác giả khi đề
doctoral
cập tới những nghiên cứu trong
student at the University of
đoạn C là gì.
Michigan, and his advisors
• Phương án B sai vì không
John Vandermeer and Ivette
có thông tin nào trong bài đề
Perfecto, were conducting
cập tới giả thuyết của Zachary
field research in Puerto
Hajian-Forooshani về chất thải
Rico’s
của Asian tramp snails.
verdant
central
mountains in 2016, when
• Phương án C sai vì mặc dù có
they spotted thin trails of
thông tin trong đoạn chỉ ra rằng
bright orange snail poop
“hai nhà nhiên cứu phát hiện ra
clinging to the underside of
những vệt phân màu cam sáng
broad, green coffee leaves.
của ốc bám ở mặt dưới của những
The color of the excrement
lá cà phê xanh và to” nhưng đây
perfectly
that
không phải mục đích của tác
of the coffee leaf rust.
giả khi nhắc đến các thí nghiệm,
Curious,
researchers
mà chỉ đơn thuần là một sự thật
collected samples of both
được các nhà nghiên cứu phát
Asian tramps snails
hiện ra.
matched the
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and the native Caribbean
• Phương án A đúng vì ở nghiên
snail,
Bulimulus
cứu đầu tiên (2016), hai nhà
guadalupensis, which often
nghiên cứu phát hiện ra phân
shared the coffee leaves.
của một loài ốc có màu trùng
The group left each snail
với màu của coffee leaf rust. Họ
overnight
leaves
tò mò liệu đó có phải phân của
bearing coffee leaf rust in a
Asian tramp snails hay không
controlled lab environment.
nên đã thực hiện nghiên cứu thứ
After 24 hours, only the
2, để hai loài ốc (Asian tramp
tramp snails had cleared
snails và native Cribbean snail)
the coffee leaf rust from the
qua đêm cùng với những lá cà
leaves”
phê có rust, và người ta phát
with
hiện ra rằng: chỉ có Asian tramp snails ăn rust trên lá cà phê. Vậy có thể suy ra rằng Asian tramp snails đã ăn những phần rust và chúng chỉ ăn rust nên màu phân và màu của rust mới trùng nhau như vậy. • Phương án D sai vì thí nghiệm không chứng minh rằng Asian tramp snails là loài sên duy nhất ăn coffee leaf rust.
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5. A
Đoạn D “So,
Đối với câu 5, người đọc cần tìm
the
snail’s
hunger
hiểu mục đích của nghiên cứu đề
could be focused on the
cập trong đoạn E là gì.
rust, while the L. lecanii
• Phương án B sai vì trong đoạn
mycoparasites
không đề cập tới tập quán ăn
are
just
bystanders, or it could have
uống của mycoparasites.
a taste for both”.
• Phương án C sai vì đây chỉ là
Đoạn E
một kết quả của nghiên cứu, chứ
“So
the
team
collected
không phải mục đích thực hiện
leaves
infected
nghiên cứu “Hơn thế nữa, những
with rust, but this time
con ốc dường như tiêu thụ nhiều
included some leaves that
rust hơn khi những chiếc lá có
also harbored the L. lecanii
lượng mycoparasites cao hơn”.
mycoparasites.
Once
• Phương án A đúng vì ở đầu
again, they left individual
đoạn E có chỉ ra rằng “vì vậy, nhóm
snails with single coffee
nghiên cứu đã thu gom những lá cà
leaves in dark containers
phê bị ảnh hưởng bởi rust, nhưng
for 24 hours. A statistical
lần này họ thêm những lá mà cũng
analysis
snails
có chứa mycoparasites”, có nghĩa
indicated
là mục đích của nghiên cứu này
preference
nằm ở đoạn trước đó (đoạn D).
for leaves that contained
Câu cuối của đoạn D chỉ ra rằng:
both the rust fungus and
“cơn đói của Asian tramp snails có
L.
thể tập trung vào rust trong khi
coffee
eating a
of
the
habits
significant
lecanii
Moreover,
mycoparasites. the
snails
mycoparasites chỉ là kẻ đứng cạnh,
appeared to consume more
hoặc loài ốc này đã ăn cả hai”. Vậy
rust when the leaves had
suy ra mục đích của nghiên cứu
a higher abundance of the
là để xem liệu Asian tramp snails
mycoparasites”
có ăn cả hai loại hay không.
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• Phương án D sai vì trong đoạn không đề cập tới thông tin nào chỉ ra rằng mục đích của những nghiên cứu này là để nghiên cứu một loài mycoparasites mới. L. lecanii mycoparasites có được đề cập trong đoạn bên nhưng không có thông tin nào về việc đây là một loài mới.
6. C
Đoạn F
Đối với câu 6, người đọc cần tìm
“The relationship between
hiểu thông tin đúng được tác giả
coffee
nói về “intraguild predation”.
leaf
rust,
Asian
tramp snails, and L. lecanii
• Phương án A sai vì theo đoạn
mycoparasites might be an
bên thì khái niệm “intraguild
example of a phenomenon
predation” chỉ hiện tượng một
called
“intraguild
loài săn mồi tiêu thụ con mồi
which
a
đã bị nhiễm một mầm bệnh
prey
(pathogen), chứ không phải con
predation,” predator
in
consumes
that has been infected with
mồi khoẻ mạnh
a
Theoretical
• Phương án B sai vì đoạn bên
suggested
chỉ ra rằng “các nghiên cứu
that intraguild predation
mang tính lý thuyết đã gợi ý rằng
can work to prevent pest
intraguild predation có thể giúp
outbreaks.”
ngăn chặn sự bùng nổ các loài sâu
pathogen.
research
has
bọ”, chứ không có dẫn chứng nào cho thấy ứng dụng thực tiễn (practical use) của phương pháp này đã trở nên phổ biến.
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• Phương án C đúng vì đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng mối quan hệ giữa Asian tramp snails, coffee leaf rust và L. lecanii mycoparasites có thể là một ví dụ cho hiện tượng gọi là “intraguild predation” • Phương án D sai vì trong đoạn không có thông tin nào chỉ ra rằng hiện tượng này gây tranh cãi giữa các nhà khoa học. 7. True
Đoạn G
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “Điều này
“While this sounds bad for
nghe có vẻ tệ đối với cà phê và
coffee and even though
những người nông dân thường
farmers
mistake
nhầm tưởng những con bọ này là
being
có hại. Tuy nhiên, chúng (the ants)
harmful, the ants are often
lại thường hung hãn với những
aggressive towards other
loài ăn cỏ khác, và mang lại lợi ích
more damaging herbivores,
cho cây cà phê”.
resulting in a net benefit to
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin
the plant.”
trong câu 7.
these
often bugs
as
Từ “beneficial” trong câu 7 tương đương với cụm “resulting in a net benefit” trong đoạn bên.
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8. False
Đoạn G
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “Vì lý do
“For this reason, among
đó, những nhà nghiên cứu được
others,
researchers
phỏng vấn về câu chuyện này đều
interviewed for this story
khuyên nên thật thận trọng trong
all advised great caution
việc khám phá cách dùng những
in exploring the use of the
con ốc có tính lây lan nhanh (Asian
invasive snails as a biological
tramp snails) như một biện pháp
pest control agent”
kiểm soát sâu bọ sinh học”
the
Chi tiết này trái ngược với thông tin trong câu 8 (Asian tramp snails có thể được sử dụng như một biện pháp kiểm soát sâu bọ sinh học mà không cần thận trọng) Từ “suggested” ở câu 8 tương đương với từ “advised” ở đoạn bên.
9. True
Đoạn H
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “ở thời
“At the moment, too little
điểm hiện tại, chúng ta biết quá
is known concerning what
ít về những ảnh hưởng mà Asian
Asian tramp snails might
tramp snails có thể mang lại cho
bring to the ecosystem”
hệ sinh thái” Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 9 (Mọi người biết rất ít về những ảnh hưởng của Asian tramp snails lên hệ sinh thái) Từ “impact” trong câu 9 tương đương với cụm “what …. might bring about …” trong đoạn bên.
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10. Not given
Đoạn H
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “Chúng ta
“It also remains unknown
vẫn chưa biết được liệu intrguild
whether
predation có thể được áp dụng
predation
this
intraguild
would
be
như một biện pháp kiểm soát sinh
applicable as a biocontrol
học trên toàn lãnh thổ hoặc ngoài
across or outside of Puerto
Puerto Rico hay không”.
Rico.”
Đoạn
này
không
nhắc
tới
việc trong tương lai intraguild predation có chắc chắn được áp dụng ngoài lãnh thổ Puerto Rico, do đó người đọc không có đủ thông tin để kết luận tính đúng sai của khẳng định trong câu 10. Từ
“applicable”
trong
đoạn
bên được diễn đạt lại bằng từ “applied” trong câu 10.
11. True
Đoạn J
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “Trong suốt
“During their last visit to
chuyển thăm tới Puerto Rico gần
Puerto Rico, the researchers
đây nhất, những nhà nghiên cứu
noticed a few other, as-
nhận thấy một vài loài sên chưa
yet-unidentified slugs with
xác định danh tính cùng với một
what appeared to be coffee
thứ gì đó giống như bào tử của
leaf rust spores inside them
coffee leaf rust bên trong và chúng
and which also left bright
cũng để lại chất thải màu cam
orange excrement”
sáng”. Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 11 (Asian tramp snail không phải loài sên duy nhất ăn coffee leaf rust).
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12. Not given
Đoạn J “If the spores can survive and propagate, then the snail’s predation may provide little benefit to coffee farmers (and drinkers)”
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “Nếu những bào tử này có thể tồn tại và sinh sản, thì sự tấn công của loài ốc có thể chỉ mang lại rất ít lợi ích đối với những người trồng cà phê (cũng như người uống cà phê)” Đoạn này không đề cập tới khả năng tồn tại của các bào tử coffee leaf rust trong phân của Asian tramp snails, do đó người đọc không có đủ thông tin để kết luận tính đúng sai của nhận định trong câu 12.
13. True
Đoạn J “That’s where the snails may have an advantage. “It is challenging to develop resistance to being eaten,” Hajian-Forooshani says”
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng: “Đó là khi những con ốc có lợi thế. HajianForooshani khẳng định: rất khó để sinh vật có thể phát triển sức kháng cự đối với việc bị ăn ” Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 13 (những con ốc có thể có lợi hơn vì những con rust rất khó kháng lại những kẻ ăn chúng) Từ “challenging” và cụm “resistance to being eaten” trong đoạn bên được diễn đạt lại bằng từ “difficult” và cụm “resistance against their predators” câu 13.
14. F
Đoạn F “In Dubai, home to 18 of the tallest towers in the world, panoramic elevators, ergonomic braking systems and noise-cancelling technology are hallmarks of a new frontier in vertical technology.”
Thông tin cần tìm là một ví dụ minh hoạ về sự tân tiến của công nghệ thang máy ở một nước thuộc châu Á ngày nay. Câu bên liệt kê ra những đặc điểm nổi bật của thang máy ở Dubai như: panoramic elevators (thang máy toàn cảnh, ergonomic braking systems (hệ thống phanh công thái học) và noise-cancelling technology (công nghệ chống ồn)
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15. D
Đoạn D
Thông tin cần tìm là những sản
“In an effort to reduce
phẩm được phát triển để giúp
wasted
energy
and
giảm năng lượng, đồng thời tăng
improve
efficiency,
Otis
hiệu quả trong quá trình thang
Elevator, the world’s largest
máy vận hành.
manufacturer
vertical
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Otis
systems,
Elevator đã phát minh ra hệ thống
devised a system called
có tên là CompassPlus Destination
CompassPlus
Destination
Dispatching với chức năng giữ
Dispatching, which removes
thang máy không hoạt động khi
elevators from service when
không có nhiều người sử dụng; và
traffic
Another
thang máy chạy bằng pin Gen2
device, their patented Gen2
Switch không những sử dụng năng
Switch
battery-powered
lượng gió và mặt trời mà còn tiêu
elevator, works on solar and
thụ ít năng lượng hơn cả 1 cái máy
wind power, and uses less
sấy tóc.”
power than a hairdryer.”
Các cụm reduce wasted energy
of
transportation
is
light.
và improve efficiency trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng chi tiết achieve reductions in energy consumption and efficient vertical transportation trong câu 15.
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16. F
Đoạn F “Many
Thông tin cần tìm là những cuộc companies
testing
are
thử nghiệm ở thời điểm hiện tại
newer
mới mục tiêu phát triển và cải
offsite.
thiện các thể hệ thang máy mới.
elevator
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Kone Oyj
even
technology Helsinki-based manufacturer
Oyj,
đang tiến hành các thí nghiệm với
for example, drilled 350
các vật liệu dùng để cẩu thang
meters into a limestone
máy lên, công nghệ rô-bốt, sự cộng
mine to create a technology
hưởng rung và những cú rơi tự
lab
conducts
do; trong khi Thyssenkrupp đang
experiments with patented
thử nghiệm hệ thống thang máy
hoisting materials, robotics,
“MULTI” hoạt động trên từ trường
vibrational
thay vì dây cáp và có thể hoạt
and
where
free
Kone
it
resonance falls.
And
in
động ở bên trong lẫn bên ngoài
Germany, Thyssenkrupp is
ngoài của toà nhà theo chiều
undergoing tests on its new
ngang hoặc dọc.”
“MULTI,” which relies on
Các từ experiments và tests trong
magnetic fields instead of
đoạn bên gần nghĩa với từ trials
cables and can run inside or
trong câu 16.
outside a building, vertically or
horizontally,
offering
architects a new range of possibilities.”
17. B
Đoạn B
Thông tin cần tìm là những
“They may make us feel
cảm giác thông thường của
claustrophobic, awkward or
một người khi đang đứng trong
impatient, but …”
thang máy. Câu bên chỉ ra rằng những cảm giác xuất hiện khi ta đúng trong tháng máy sẽ là: claustrophobic (ngột ngạt), awkward (lúng túng) hoặc impatient (thiếu kiên nhẫn).
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18. E
Đoạn E
Thông tin cần tìm là một loại vật
“Smaller
elevator
liệu dùng để thay thế cáp thang
those
máy truyền thống giúp cải thiện
devised by Otis, replace
tính hiệu quả và giảm thiểu năng
conventional
lượng tiêu thụ.
mechanisms,
like ropes
with
flat belts, which decreases
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Cơ chế
weight
air
thang máy nhỏ gọn mới sử dụng
resistance and heat friction.”
dây đai phẳng thay vì dây thừng
and
reduces
thông thường giúp giảm trọng lượng và sức cản không khí cũng như ma sát nhiệt.” 19. NOT GIVEN
Đoạn A
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Duy trì việc
“Considering that half the
di chuyển bằng thang máy hiệu
world’s population live in
quả để đáp ứng sự tăng dân số
cities - a number expected
sống trong các đô trên phạm vi
to jump to 70 percent by the
toàn cầu thị từ 50% ở hiện tại đến
year 2050 - efficient vertical
70% vào năm 2050 là một thách
transportation has become
thức mang tính cấp bách.”
a pressing challenge.”
Câu này không nhắc đến việc tỉ lệ dân số toàn cầu sống trong thành phố di chuyển bằng thang máy đang tăng lên, do đó do đó người đọc không có đủ dữ kiện để kết luận tính đúng-sai cho nhận định trong câu 19.
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20. TRUE
Đoạn B
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Việc nhiều
“Unfortunately,
many
thang máy ở Mỹ hoạt động dựa
elevators in the United
vào những công nghệ đã cũ như
States
rely
on
aging
hệ thống cáp kéo cồng kềnh và
clunky
cabs
dầu bôi trơn độc hại gây ra những
and harmful lubricants, at
tổn thất đáng kể về tài chính và
significant
môi trường.”
technology,
environmental
and financial cost.”
Chi tiết này xác nhận thông tin trong câu 20 (Hệ thống thang máy cũ kỹ ở Mỹ đang gây ra những ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến nền kinh tế và môi trường). Cụm significant environmental and financial cost trong câu bên được diễn đạt lại bằng chi tiết damaging effects on the country’s economy and environment trong câu 20.
21. FALSE
Đoạn B
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Thang máy
“In fact, elevators typically
thường chiếm 2-10% mức tiêu
account for between 2
dùng năng lượng của một tòa
percent and 10 percent of a
nhà.”
building’s energy use.”
Chi tiết này trái ngược với thông tin trong câu 21 (Việc vận hành của thang máy chiếm hơn 1 nửa tổng năng lượng tiêu thụ của một tòa nhà). Cụm account for trong câu bên gần nghĩa với cụm take up trong câu 21.
22. NOT
Bài đọc không hề đề cập tới việc
GIVEN
thang máy không hoạt động tiêu thụ nhiều năng lượng hơn thang máy đang hoạt động.
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23. space
Đoạn C
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
“The room less elevator
chỉ thứ có thể được tiết kiệm cho
consumes less vertical and
việc trồng cây và lắp đặt các tấm
horizontal space; without a
năng lượng mặt trời ở trên mái
machine room, a building’s
của toà nhà khi lắp đặt hệ thống
flat roof can more easily
thang máy không phòng máy.
accommodate
expansive
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Thang máy
green areas with plantings
không có phòng máy ở trên mái
and solar panels.“
của toà nhà giúp tiết kiệm không gian cả về chiều ngang lẫn dọc và cung cấp thêm diện tích cho việc trồng cây xanh và lắp đặt các tấm năng lượng mặt trời.” Từ consumes less ở câu bên gần nghĩa với từ saves trong câu 23.
24. energy/ power
Đoạn C “In
2017,
Thyssenkrupp
Elevator became the first company
to
retrofit
an
existing elevator to achieve net-zero
energy.
The
project, which took place in Boston’s historical district, tested
energy-generating
lifts that divert power back to the electrical grid.”
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ chỉ thứ được tiêu thụ khi thang máy đang hoạt động mà được chuyển đổi thành điện năng có thể được đưa trở lại vào lưới điện của toà nhà. Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Thyssenkrupp Elevator đã thử nghiệm thang máy có khả năng sản sinh ra năng lượng có thể được đưa trở lại vào lưới điện và cũng là công ty đầu tiên trang bị thêm các công nghệ để những thang máy đang hoạt động có thể đạt được mức sử dụng năng lượng trung bình bằng 0.” Cụm became the first company và divert power back to the electrical grid trong đoạn bên lần lượt được diễn đạt lại bằng từ pioneered và can be fed back into the building’s power grid trong câu 24.
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25. require
Đoạn D
Đáp án cần điền là một động từ
“Paradoxically,
elevators
chỉ sự cần năng lượng của thang
require energy even when
máy khi đang ở trạng thái chờ.
they aren’t in use: when
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Thang máy
cabs
after the
đòi hỏi năng lượng ngay cả khi nó
morning rush, for example,
không được sử dụng để sẵn sàng
elevator
cho những chuyến vận chuyển
sit
idle
systems
must
be left energized so that
hành khách tiếp theo.”
they’re ready for the next
Cụm aren’t in use và are ready for
passenger call.”
trong câu bên lần lượt gần nghĩa với cụm are left idle và be on standby ready trong câu 25.
26. lubricants
Đoạn E
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
“… the struggle to eliminate
chỉ một chất mà sẽ gây hại cho
toxic runoff that results
các sinh vật sống dưới nước nếu
when
thang máy bị ngập trong nước lũ
is
an
elevator
submerged
floodwater.
by
cab tidal
hoặc bão.
Mounting
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Nước lũ từ
climate change means more
thuỷ triều và bão sẽ cuốn theo dầu
severe storm surges, which
bôi trơn chảy trực tiếp vào nguồn
can
nước và đe doạ các sinh vật sống
inundate
elevator
shafts. When the water
dưới nước.”
drains, it picks up lubricants,
Các cụm tidal floodwater và
which can travel directly
aquatic life trong đoạn bên lần
into
lượt gần nghĩa với water from
our
water
supply,
threatening aquatic life.”
tidal flooding và all creatures living in water trong câu 26.
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27. iv
In Europe, Wouterson is the
Đoạn A nói về con đường trở
first self-proclaimed "sleep
thành sleep coach (thầy dạy ngủ)
performance coach"
của Floris Wouterson. Cẩn thận tiêu đề iii nói đến sự thành công của cuốn sách về việc thiếu ngủ, nhưng đây chỉ là chi tiết nhỏ trong đoạn.
28. i
“The
long-term
effects
Đoạn B nói về những tác hại của
of bad sleep can also be
giấc ngủ không ngon.
severe”
Từ effects trong câu là dạng danh từ của động từ affects ở tiêu đề iii.
29. vii
“...the rigid notion that you
“...the rigid notion that you must
must sleep for eight hours
sleep for eight hours can actually
can actually cause sleep
cause sleep stress.”
stress.” 30. ii
Đoạn D đầu tiên đưa ra các đối tượng người đã sử dụng short sleep technique (kĩ thuật ngủ ngắn) làm ví dụ. Tiêu đề ix nói về các phương pháp ngủ trong thời gian ngắn, nhưng trong đoạn chỉ gợi ý một cách duy nhất, nên đây là đáp án sai.
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31. vi
“Wouterson is convinced
Đoạn E đưa ra các yếu tố cần
there isn't just one quick fix
được quan tâm để có giấc ngủ
to sleep better; there are
ngon hơn – nội dung này trùng
several areas that demand
với tiêu đề vi - (những yếu tố
your attention.”
quan trọng nhất để có giấc ngủ ngon)
32. viii
“A media diet can bring
Đoạn F nói về việc ta nên lựa
peace — make sure to put
chọn thông tin và đảm bảo tránh
your smartphone away in
xa điện thoại trước giờ ngủ để
the evening, a few hours
có giấc ngủ ngon – nội dung
before you go to sleep.”
này trùng với tiêu đề viii - Keep your mind away from irrelevant concerns (tránh xa những mối bận tâm không quan trọng)
33. v
“Businesses
a
Đoạn G liệt kê những lợi ích mà
in
doanh nhân đạt được khi giấc
the performance of their
ngủ của nhân viên trở nên tốt
employees when they've
hơn. Wouterson kết luận rằng “...
slept better. The number
việc đào tạo phương pháp ngủ
of
decreases,
đúng hoặc những cơ sở vật chất
decisions
phục vụ cho việc ngủ thực sự là
company
một khoản đầu tư tốt.”
drastic
see
improvement
mistakes
while will
may
better take
the
further. "As an employer,
Tiêu đề x không khớp với đoạn
you don't exactly want
G vì đoạn này không đưa ra lí do
to be in your employees'
vì sao “employees thiếu ngủ”
bedrooms,
but
offering
sleep training or sleeping facilities can actually be a good investment," said Wouterson.”
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34-35. B, C
Đoạn A
Ở câu 21-22, người đọc cần
“Over
the
past
sixteen
years,
as
he
spoke
thousands
of
customers
to
tìm 2 nguyên nhân tại sao Floris Wouterson trở nên hứng thú về giấc ngủ.
and he too had struggled
Đoạn bên chỉ ra rằng “Trong
with poor sleep for a period
suốt 16 năm qua, bởi anh đã
of time, Wouterson became
nói chuyện với hàng ngàn khách
increasingly intrigued
hàng và anh cũng từng gặp khó
by
sleep.”
khăn trong việc ngủ một thời gian, Wouterson càng trở nên hứng thú về giấc ngủ.” Trong những nguyên nhân được nhắc tới ở bài đọc, chỉ có 2 yếu tố là khách hàng và việc khó ngủ xuất hiện trong danh sách đáp án đã cho.
36. a fixed time
Đoạn C
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
“You have to find your own
chỉ thời gian đi ngủ và thức dậy/
sleep rhythm, go to sleep
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Bạn phải
at a fixed time, and get up
tìm một nhịp ngủ riêng, đi ngủ ở
at a fixed time as much as
một thời điểm nhất định và thức
possible.”
dậy ở một thời điểm nhất định nhất có thể.” Cụm từ go to sleep được diễn đạt lại bằng cụm go to bed trong câu 23.
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37. selfexamination
Đoạn E “You
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ can
achieve
an
chỉ điều cần lưu tâm để có giấc
enormous amount by taking
ngủ ngon.
small steps to alter your
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Bạn có thể
diet, exercise, and sleep
đạt được nhiều bằng những
routine, for example. But
bước nhỏ như thay đổi chế độ
self-examination, looking at
ăn, tập thể dục và thói quen ngủ.
your own attitude to sleep,
Nhưng tự đánh giá, hay là xem
is also important according
lại thái độ của bản thân về việc
to Wouterson.”
ngủ có lẽ rất quan trọng đối với Wouterson.” Trong câu 24 đã nhắc đến diet, exercise, sleep routine nên yếu tố còn lại đó là self-examination.
38. circle of
Đoạn F
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
influence/
“Wouterson advises you to
chỉ việc chúng ta cần quan tâm
challenges
focus on your own circle of
thay vì những vấn đề nằm ngoài
influence — what are some
tầm kiểm soát.
challenges in your life you
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “Wouterson
can
khuyên bạn nên tập trung vào
influence
yourself? those
vòng ảnh hưởng của mình –
things and try not to keep
những thách thức trong cuộc
worrying too much about
sống có thể ảnh hưởng bạn”
Focus
mainly
on
problems you can't do much about.”
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39. (your) smartphone
Đoạn F
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
“make sure to put your
chỉ vật cần phải tránh sử dụng
smartphone away in the
trước giờ đi ngủ.
evening, a few hours before
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “đảm bảo
you go to sleep”
tránh xa điện thoại vào buổi tối, vài tiếng trước khi bạn đi ngủ.” Cụm từ put away được diễn đạt lại thành avoid trong câu 25.
40. good investment
Đoạn G “"As
an
don't be
Đáp án cần điền là một danh từ
in
employer,
exactly your
bedrooms,
want
you
chỉ việc các ông chủ nên xem
to
việc ngủ của nhân viên như thế
employees'
but
nào.
offering
Câu bên chỉ ra rằng “người chủ
sleep training or sleeping
không phải muốn ở trong phòng
facilities can actually be
ngủ của nhân viên, nhưng cung
a good investment," said
cấp dịch vụ đào tạo giấc ngủ
Wouterson.”
hoặc những tiện ích để ngủ thực sự là một khoản đầu tư tốt.”
SOURCE: • How this invasive snail could save your coffee from destruction National Geographic
• Elevators Are Going Green - Smithsonian magazine • Bad sleep may be affecting your health more than diet or exercise. Here's how you can get a better night's rest. - Business Inside
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Nguồn bài đọc Ancient Egyptian Culture - Ancient History Encyclopedia; Why doing more exercise won’t help you burn more calories - New Scientist; Do human have a breeding season – Real clear science; Lemurs May Be Making Medicine Out of Millipedes - National Geographic; Woman's pain is different from men's - The drugs could be too – Wired; Bermuda Triangle – History; Taoism and Confucianism — Ancient Philosophies - US History; Angkor Wat: History of Ancient; Temple - Live Science; Why investors are careful buyers but careless sellers – economist; Meet the super-smeller who can diagnose Parkinson's at a sniff – new scientist; How insect eating plants persuade insects to pollinate them – BBC; How teabags became a secret weapon in the fight against climate change – newscientist, Leopard seal – travelwild, Cinderella biography – allmusic; You brain activity can be used to measure how well you understand a concept – sciencedaily; Alexander Flemming – Britannica; Sibling rivalry: how birth order affects your personality and health; Cranberries – whfoods; Don’t go banana, should we be cutting down on the fruit we eat? – newscientist; Winning at work: how to stay focused and avoid distractions – newscientist; Winning at work: why hot-desking and open plan offices are bad for you – newscientist; The misunderstood personality trait that is causing anxiety and stress – newscientist; Depression may reduce the amount of white matter in the brain – newscientist; Can people change? – the school of life; How to decide – the school of life; Families first-keys to successful family functioning: family roles – Virginia cooperative extension; 4 quick tips to improve your business writing – Havard business review; don’t let perfection be the enemy of productivity - Havard business review; coal formation – minersmuseum; what are the 4 segments of the hospitality industry – hospitalitynet; plate tectonics – Britannica
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IELTS Reading Strategies Tác giả: Anh Ngữ ZIM --NHÀ XUẤT BẢN DÂN TRÍ Số 9 - Ngõ 26 - Phố Hoàng Cầu - Q.Đống Đa - TP.Hà Nội VPGD: Số 347 Đội Cấn - Quận Ba Đình - TP Hà Nội ĐT: (024). 66860751 - (024). 66860752 Email: [email protected] Website: nxbdantri.com.vn Chịu trách nhiệm xuất bản: BÙI THỊ HƯƠNG Chịu trách nhiệm nội dung: LÊ QUANG KHÔI
Biên tập:
Nguyễn Thảo Nguyên
Vẽ bìa:
Anh Ngữ ZIM
Trình bày sách: Anh Ngữ ZIM
Liên kết xuất bản: Công ty Cổ phần EDUVATOR ---
In 1000 cuốn, khổ 17.6x25 tại Công ty Cổ phần In và Dịch vụ thương mại Kinh Bắc, Địa chỉ: Tổ dân phố Viên 2, phường Cổ Nhuế 2, quận Bắc Từ Liêm, Hà Nội. Số xác nhận đăng ký xuất bản số: 2900-2020/CXBIPH/12-95/DT. Quyết định xuất bản số: 951/QĐXB/NXBDT do Nhà xuất bản Dân trí cấp ngày 27/07/2020 Mã ISBN: 978-604-304-296-2. In xong, nộp lưu chiểu Quý III năm 2020.
305 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]
306 This publication's user rights are given to Mã đơn hàng: 026220213 | Phone: 0905569551 | Email: [email protected]