UNIT 7crime. Types of Crime. Redactata [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

UNIT VII CRIME. TYPES OF CRIME.

Motto: “All crime is a kind of disease and should be treated as such” 1

Key words: Criminal intent-____intentie criminala___ ;_Ion are intentii criminale de mic ________________________ Juvenile delinquency_delicventa juvenila;____ consumul de către unii minori de substanţe halucinogene şi alcool pentru creşterea unei stări euforice este delicvent juvenil_________ Felonies-_infractiuni_;____Oleg a comis multe infracyiuni__________ Larceny-__furt; Oleg a comis 3 furturi timp de 2 saptamini ___________________ Forgery-_falsificare_____;___  Falsificarea de monede, timbre sau de alte valori ______ Bribery-_mita___________;__ Statul a întemeiat un caz, împotriva lui Sue Ellen pentru mituire. __ Conspiracy-__conspiratire_;____ Sigur.Pretinde ca nu exista și adaug-o la conspirația tăcerii. ______ Extortion-santaj____;____ Vargas a intrat la pușcărie pentru crimă, șantaj și delapidare. __________ Arson-__incendiere_;___ Anchetatorul a spus că a fost un caz clar de incendiere _____ White-collar crimes-infractiune in afaceri_;_ Vă veți alătura agenților federali, în timp ce vom investiga totul de la infracțiuni în afaceri  _______ Read the key words and give the Romanian equivalents. What is your understanding of these words? Write a sentence with each of them. Starting up: A. Define “crime” in your own words B. Name as many crimes as you can remember. What do you think would be a reasonable punishment in each case? Work in teams and compare your lists with those of other teams. C. What steps can the society take to cope with crime? What can law enforcing institutions do in order to prevent crimes? Vocabulary: A: End the sentences using the following words: a statute; the suspect; a murderer; the innocent; a code; a thief. a) Someone who steals a lot is___________________________. b) Someone who killed a person is________________________. c) Someone who is suspected of a crime is__________________. d) Someone who is found not guilty is______________________. e) A document which regulates legal behaviour is_____________. f) A document which details elements of a crime is ___________. B: S t u d y the following list o f o f f e n c e s . Rate them on a scale f r o m 1 to 10 ( 1 is a minor o f f e n c e , 10 is a v e r y serious c r i m e ) . T h e y are in no particular order. You don't have t o a p p l y your knowledge o f existing laws — your own opinion i s necessary:  driving in excess of the speed limit  common assault (e.g. a fight in a disco-club)  drinking and driving  malicious wounding (e.g. stabbing someone in a fight)  murdering a policeman during a robbery  murdering a child  causing death by dangerous driving  smoking marijuana  selling drugs (such as heroin)  stealing £ 1,000 from a bank by fraud  stealing £ 1,000 worth of goods from someone's home  rape  grievous bodily harm (almost killing someone)  shop-lifting 2

 stealing £ 1,000 from a bank by threatening someone with a gun  possession of a gun without a licence C: Match each word on the l e f t with the appropriate definition on the right: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

an arsonist a shop-lifter a mugger an offender a vandal a burglar a murderer a kidnapper a pickpocket

10. an accomplice 11. a drug dealer 12. a spy 13. a terrorist 14. an assassin 15. a hooligan 16. a stowaway 17. a thief 18. a hijacker 19. a forger 20. a robber 21. a smuggler 22. a traitor 23. a gangster 24. a deserter 25. a bigamist 26. a drug smuggler

a) attacks and robs people, often in the street b) sets fire to property illegally c) is anyone who breaks the law d) breaks into houses or other buildings to steal e) steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer f) kills someone g) deliberately causes damage to property h) steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places i) gets secret information from another country j) buys and sells drugs illegally k) takes away people by force and demands money for their return l) helps a criminal in a criminal act m) uses violence for political reasons n) causes damage or disturbance in public places o) hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey p) takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course q) murders for political reasons or a reward r) is someone who steals s) makes counterfeit (false) money or signatures t) is a member of a criminal group u) steals money, etc. by force from people or places v) marries illegally , being married already w) is a soldier who runs away from the army x) brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax y) illegally carries drugs into another country z) betrays his or her country to another state

D: Continue the following table with the words f r o m C where possible. Here we have some examples. Consult the dictionary when necessary:

Crime

Criminal

Criminal Act

treason

traitor

to betray

theft

thief

to steal

murder

murderer

to murder

DEBATE All criminals are perverse people! 3

Prepare your arguments for or against the statement above. Use the active vocabulary from the Unit. Divide into two groups- pro and con, and conduct a debate. The chairperson of the debate will give the floor to the speakers of both teams. Lead-in  Write down the things you know about types of crime and ask questions about what you would like to find out. Then read the text to check your information and explain the underlined words and expressions: A) WHAT ARE CRIMES? It is very important to know which acts are criminal. Offenses Against Society The most fundamental characteristic of a crime is that it is a punishable offense against society. Consequently, when a crime occurs, society, acting through such employees as the police and prosecutors, attempts to identify, arrest, prosecute, and punish the criminal. These measures are designed to protect society rather than to aid the victim of the crime. Victims of almost all crimes can sue identified criminals for civil damages, but seldom do because it is costly and difficult to collect from such defendants. Elements of Crimes Before anyone can be convicted of a crime, three elements usually must be proved at the trial. They are: 1. a duty to do or not to do a certain thing, 2. a violation of the duty, and 3. criminal intent. Duty The duty to do or not to do a certain thing usually is described by statutes which prohibit certain conduct. Generally only conduct that is serious -involving violence or theft of property — is classified as an offense against society and therefore criminal. Violation of the Duty The breach of duty must also be proved in a criminal trial. This is the specific conduct by the defendant, which violates the duty. For example, battery is always a crime. Criminal battery is often defined in statutes as “the intentional causing of corporal harm”. Corporal harm means bodily harm. A breach of this duty could be established in a trial by the testimony of a witness who swore that she saw the defendant deliberately punch the victim. Criminal Intent The third element, criminal intent, must be proved in most cases. Criminal intent generally means that the defendant intended to commit the act and intended to do evil. A few crimes do not require criminal intent. These are generally less serious crimes, for which a jail sentence is very unlikely. Traffic offenses fall within this classification. You may not have intended to speed or have intended evil but you have still committed this crime. Today, statutes of most states fix the age of criminal liability at 18, but the figure ranges from 16 to 19. Statutes often provide that minors as young as 13 or 16 may be tried and punished as adults if they are accused of serious crimes such as murder. Generally, however, what is a crime for adults is juvenile delinquency for minors. Ignorance or mistake is generally no excuse for violating a law. A person is presumed to know what the law is. To have criminal intent, one must have sufficient mental capacity at the time one commits a crime to know the difference between right and wrong and to be capable of deciding what to do. Accordingly, insane persons are not held liable for their criminal acts. Normally neither voluntary intoxication nor drug abuse is a good defense against a criminal charge. 1.1. Answer the questions: 1. What is the most fundamental characteristic of a crime? 2. What is a criminal conduct? 4

3. What are the three elements of a crime? 4. What is the age of criminal liability? 5. What is the age of criminal liability for serious crimes? 6. What is the criminal intent? 7. What is the criminal juvenile delinquency? B) HOW ARE CRIMES CLASSIFIED? Crimes may be classified in various ways. One type of classification is given below. As you read the following list, however, keep in mind that human beings are the ultimate victims in all crimes: 1. crimes against a person (murder, assault and battery, kidnapping, rape), 2. crimes against property (larceny, robbery, hijacking loaded trucks, embezzlement, receiving stolen property), 3. crimes against the government and the administration of justice (treason, tax evasion, bribery, counterfeiting, perjury), 4. crimes against public peace and order (rioting, carrying weapons, drunk and disorderly conduct, illegal speeding), 5. crimes against buildings (burglary, arson, criminal trespass), 6.crimes against consumers (fraudulent sale of wild cat securities), or 7.crimes against decency (bigamy, obscenity, prostitution, sexual harassment). Crimes are classified in terms of their seriousness as felonies or misdemeanors. 1. Felonies A felony is a crime of a serious nature. It exists when the act: 1) is labeled so by law or 2) is punishable by death or confinement for more than one year in prison. Murder, kidnapping, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, larceny (also called theft) of large sums, and perjury are examples of felonies. A person who lies when under oath commits perjury. 2. Misdemeanors A misdemeanor is a crime of a less serious nature. It is usually punishable: 1) by confinement in a jail for less than one year 2) by fine, or 3) by both: confinement and fine. Crimes such as drunkenness in public, driving automobile at an illegal speed, shoplifting, and larceny of small sums are usually misdemeanors. A lesser misdemeanor is known as an infraction. Parking overtime on metered parking, failing to clear snow from sidewalks, and littering are examples of infractions. Ordinarily, a jury is allowed in cases involving infractions because the punishment is no more than a fine. 1.2. Answer the questions: 1. What are crimes against a person? 2. What are crimes against property? 3. What are crimes against the government and the administration of justice? 4. What are crimes against public peace and order? 5. What are crimes against consumers? 6. What are crimes against decency? 7. What is a felony? Give examples of felonies. 8. What is the punishment for felonies? 9. What is a misdemeanor? Give examples of misdemeanors. 10. What is the punishment for misdemeanors? 11. What is an infraction? Give examples of infractions. 12. What is the punishment for infractions? 5

C) WHAT ARE BUSINESS RELATED CRIMES? A business, like any person, is subject to general criminal law. Some crimes, however, are found more frequently in the business than elsewhere. Business firms are frequently the victims of crimes such as robbery, burglary, shoplifting, employee pilferage, passing bad checks, vandalism, receiving stolen property, and embezzlement. Less frequently, but often with much larger sums of money involved, business persons and firms may commit crimes. Because such criminals are generally well-educated, respected members of the community, the offenses are called white-collar crimes. These criminals exploit their victims through concealment and deceit. Common examples of white-collar crimes are: income tax evasion, consumer fraud, cheating with false weighing machines, conspiring to fix prices, bribery, and embezzlement. Normally no physical violence is involved in crimes of this nature. Thus, courts tend to be softer with

the criminals, punishing them with fines or short prison sentences. Here are some of the common business-related crimes: 1. Larceny Larceny (commonly known as theft) is the wrongful taking of money or personal property belonging to someone else. Variations of larceny include robbery (taking property person in immediate presence and against the victim's will, and by force or by causing fear) and burglary (entering a building with the intent to commit a crime). Other types of larceny include: shoplifting, pickpocketing, and purse snatching. Larceny may be either a felony or a misdemeanor. The classification is determined by the value of the property stolen and the circumstances surrounding the act. However, burglary is always a felony. In addition, if the burglar sells the stolen goods, he is guilty of two crimes — burglary and selling stolen property.

Looking at a door handle through a hole

2. Receiving Stolen Property Knowingly receiving stolen property is an offense separate from larceny. It consists of receiving, concealing, or buying property known to be stolen, with intent to deprive the rightful owner of the property. One who receives stolen property is known as a fence. Special statutes deal with the fencing of types of property that are commonly stolen, such as motor vehicles and valuable airplane, ship, or truck cargoes. 3. False Pretenses One who obtains money or other property from another person by lying about a past or existing fact is guilty of false pretenses (also known as false representation). This crime differs from larceny because the victim parts with the property voluntarily. False pretenses is a type of fraud. 4. Forgery Forgery is falsely making or altering any writing (for example the signature of another person).In forgery there must be intent to defraud either the person whose name is signed or someone else. The most common forgeries are found on checks when one has signed another's name without permission to 6

do so. Forgery also includes altering a check, such as when one changes “$7” to “$70” and “Seven” to “Seventy”. Forgery is usually a felony. 5. Bribery Bribery is offering or giving to a government official money or anything of value which the official was not authorized to receive in order to influence performance of an official duty. Accepting the money or offer is also bribery.

businessman bribing another businessman with a bundle of cash

6. Extortion Extortion (commonly known as blackmail) is obtaining money or other property from a person by wrongful use of force, fear, or the power of office. The extortionist (blackmailer) may threaten to inflict bodily injury on the victim or a close relative of the victim. Sometimes the extortionist threatens to expose a secret crime if payment is not made. Kidnapping is a related crime. 7. Conspiracy Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to do an unlawful criminal act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. Usually the agreement is secret. Depending on the circumstances, the crime may be either a felony or a misdemeanor. Business executives of competing corporations sometimes conspire to fix prices or to divide markets. 8. Arson Arson is the willful and illegal burning of a building. Under early common law, the courts sought primarily to protect human life. Therefore, arson was limited to the malicious burning of another's home. Arson has been committed when someone intentionally starts a fire or causes an explosion that results in any burning.

burning car

9. Selling and Buying Narcotic Drugs Narcotics, when abused, can cause serious mental and physical harm. There exist laws, which make certain “narcotic-related activities”- criminal offenses. The activities include selling or offering to sell, possessing, transporting, administering, or giving narcotics without a license, except by medical prescription. 10. Computer Crime As mentioned above larceny is «the wrongful taking of the personal property of others. This traditional definition of the crime made it difficult to prosecute those who steal computer data for two reasons. First, many courts concluded that there was no taking of “personal property “ but only the loss of electrical impulses, which no one really owns.

computer hacker

GOOD TO KNOWA crime is any act or omission (of an act) that violates the law and is punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society or the community. They include both felonies (more serious offences - like murder or rape) and misdemeanours (like petty theft, or speeding).

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1.3. Answer the questions: 1. Enumerate all business related crimes. 2. Give the definition of larceny. 3. What does “receiving stolen property” imply? 4. What are “false pretenses”? 5. Give the definition of forgery. 6. Define bribery. 7. What do you understand by extortion? 8. What is conspiracy? 9. Is arson a willful and illegal burning of a building? 10. Is the computer crime considered to be a larceny? 1.4. Match the following words and phrases to their definitions: 1. arson A. a punishable offence against society 2. bribery B. intentional, illegal burning of a building 3. burglary C. nonviolent crimes committed by generally respected persons 4. conspiracy D. crimes for which there may be no real victim 5. crime E. penalty imposed for committing a crime 6. assault F. punishment allowing liberty under court-ordered supervision 7. battery G. release from all punishment H. crime of a less serious nature punishable by fine and/or jail up to one year 8. false pretenses I. taking of property by force from the person or presence of another J. buying known stolen property with the intent to deprive the rightful owner 9. felony K. a threat which causes a well-founded fear of immediate bodily harm 10. forgery L. freedom from prosecution 11. immunity M. wrongful taking of another's personal property with intent to deprive the owner of possession 12. juvenile delinquency N. early release of a prisoner with suspension of the remainder of the prisoner’s sentence 13. larceny O. lying under oath 14. misdemeanor P. illegally entering a building with the intent to commit a crime 15. pardon Q. violation by minors of criminal and other laws 16. parole R. intentional causing of bodily harm 17. perjury S. making or materially altering any writing, with intend to defraud 18. probation T. serious crime punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one 8

19. punishment year 20. receiving stolen property U. obtaining property by lying 21. robbery 22. victimless crimes W. agreement to commit a crime 23. white-collar crimes X. offering, giving, or receiving money to influence official action 1.5. Match the criminals in the list with their correct description: Blackmailer, forger, hooligan, murderer, shoplifter, vandal, burglar, hijacker, kidnapper, pickpocket, smuggler, mugger. 1) A, hijacker takes control of a plane, train, bus or boat by force. 2) A mugger r assaults and robs people in the street. 3) A smuggler brings goods into the country illegally. 4) A shoplifter might steal food from a supermarket. 5) A, murderer kills someone on purpose. 6) A kidnapper takes people and demands money for their return. 7) A forger makes illegal copies of paintings, documents… 8) A vandal damages other people’s property. 9) A pickpocket might steal your wallet in a crowd. 10) A, burglar steals from houses. 11) A Blackmailer gets money from others by threatening to tell secrets. 12) A hooligan causes troubles at football matches. 1.6. Look at the list of crimes in the box, then look at the categories below. Decide which category each one comes under, and write the crime in the appropriate space in the table. Some crimes can be listed under more than one category. One of the words / expressions in the list is not a crime. 1. abduction 2. actual bodily harm 3. aiding and abetting (= assisting) an offender 4. arson 5. assault 6. battery 7. being equipped to steal 8. bigamy 9. blackmail 10. breach of the Official Secrets Act 11. breaking and entering 12. bribery 13. burglary 14. careless or reckless driving 15. committing a breach of the peace 16. conspiracy 17. contempt of court 18. criminal damage (vandalism, and sometimes also hooliganism) 19. deception or fraud in order to obtain property, services or pecuniary advantage 20. driving without a licence or insurance 21. drug dealing 22. drunk in charge / drink driving 23. embezzlement 24. espionage 25. forgery 26. grievous bodily harm 27. handling stolen goods 28. indecency 29. indecent assault 30. infanticide 31. manslaughter 32. misuse of drugs 33. money laundering 34. murder 35. obscenity 36. obstruction of the police 37. paedophilia 38. perjury 39. perverting the course of justice 40. piracy 41. possessing something with intent to damage or destroy property 42. possessing weapons 43. racial abuse 44. rape 45. robbery 46. sedition 47. suicide 48. terrorism 49. theft 50. treason 51. unlawful assembly 52. wounding

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Crimes against the person

Crimes against property

Public order offences

Road traffic offences

Sexual offences

Political offences

Offences against justice

Name the offence 1.7. Look at these situations, then decide which crime has been, or is being, committed in each case. These crimes can all be found in 1.6, but try to do this exercise first without referring back. In some cases, more than one option is possible. (Note that you do not need to use all of the crimes from 1.6). 1. TV Newsreader: Police believe the fire was started deliberately at around 2 o'clock this morning when burning paper was pushed through the letterbox. They are appealing for witnesses to the event. 2. Crown Prosecutor: Tell us in your own words exactly what happened. Witness: We were in the bar when a man walked up to the victim, pointed a gun at his head and said “You're a dead man”. Then he pulled the trigger three times. 3. Police constable: You were going in excess of 60, and this is a 30 zone. Man in car: I think you're mistaken, constable. I was well within the speed limit. 4. Woman: When I got home, I discovered that my back door had been broken open. Police officer: Had anything been stolen? Woman: Yes, my new laptop, £ 200 in cash and my pet parrot. 5. Police officer: I'm sorry sir, but I have to report your actions to the proper authorities. Man: Look, officer, here's £ 50. Let's just pretend this didn't happen, eh? 6. Extract from a newspaper article: The two men were arrested and detained after police checks revealed that they had been distributing pornographic material over the Internet. 10

7. Interviewing detective: All right, Dagsy. We know you didn't do the Cornmarket Street bank job yourself, but we know that you were involved somehow. Police suspect: I was just driving the car Mr Regan, honest. And I didn't know what the others were up to until they came back with bags of cash. 8. TV newsreader: The car bomb went off in a busy marketplace, injuring several shoppers. 9. Radio newsreader: The police raided a house in New Street this morning and recovered 250 illegal copies of the latest Harry Potter film, along with professional film copying equipment. 10. Man reading newspaper: I don't believe it. The Foreign Minister has been caught giving government secrets to another country! 11. Political agitator: Now is the time to rise up and overthrow the running dogs that call themselves our government. Death to the Prime Minister and his cronies! Death to the Royal Family! Death to the system that bleeds us dry and abandons us! Unwashed anarchist hordes: Hooray! 12. Shop assistant: I can't accept this £20 note, madam. It's a fake. Customer: What? You mean it's counterfeit? Shop assistant: I'm afraid so. Do you have any other means of payment? 13. Extract from a newspaper article: The investigation into the rail accident confirmed that it occurred because the rail company had failed to maintain the tracks properly over a five-year period. Eight people died when the train left the tracks and hit an embankment. 14. Police officer: Take your time and tell me what happened, dear. Pensioner: The man who came to my door said he had come to read the electric meter, so I let him in. I went to the kitchen to make him a cup of tea. When I returned he had gone, and so had my television. 15. TV newsreader: A journalist working in the city disappeared this morning. Police later received a note from a militant faction claiming that they had taken him and were holding him hostage. 16. Woman: The graffiti around here is getting really bad. Last week somebody wrote “Chelsea are rubbish” on our garden wall. Man: That's not good. It should say “Chelsea are complete rubbish”. 17. Man: Look at this note, Cheri. It arrived in the post today. It says “Leave £10,000 in cash in the bin by the bus stop, or I'll tell everyone your dirty secret”. Woman: Don't worry about it, Tony. It's probably another little joke from him next door. 18. Prosecuting lawyer: Tell us again what happened on the night of the incident, Mr Williams. And let me remind you that you are still under oath. Defendant: Like I told you, I was at home asleep, so I have no idea what happened. Prosecuting lawyer: Don't lie, Mr Williams. We have video evidence that you were in the nightclub until 3am. And you were seen by several witnesses. 19. Defendant: I don't recognise this court. This trial shouldn't be taking place. Judge: Sit down, Mr Dowling. You are out of order. Defendant: Oh shut up, you silly old woman. Go back home and do some washing up or something. 20. Accountant: We've audited these accounts very carefully, and they just don't add up. Office manager: What exactly are you saying? Accountant: I'm saying that someone in your office has been secretly helping themselves to company money. 21. TV presenter: Jimmy Bond, a former government intelligence agent, has just published a book about the Intelligence Service called “Lifting the Lid”. In it, he gives us a revealing insight into the life of a secret agent. The government have strongly condemned the book, claiming it contains classified information that should not be in the public domain. 22. Magistrate: Constable, could you explain what happened? Police constable: I was proceeding down Newland Street at approximately 8 o'clock last night when I heard a lot of shouting coming from The Newlands Inn public house. On entering, I saw the accused in a state of undress and dancing on a table. Magistrate: You mean he was naked? Police constable: Yes. As the day he was born. 11

23. Radio newsreader: The judge in the trial of notorious gangster Joe Pinko Pallino adjourned the court today after it was revealed that several members of the jury had been offered bribes and other incentives to pass a verdict of “not guilty” on Mr Pallino. 24. TV presenter: A bank account was opened in a false name in the Bahamas, and the cash deposited there. The funds were then sent by telegraphic transfer to another account in Switzerland, and the Bahamas account was closed. It was at this stage that the Metropolitan Police called in Interpol. 1.8. Below are 14 crimes. Firstly, link each crime to its definition and then classify each crime as violent (V) or non-violent (NV). VorNV

Name of crime

Definition of crime

v nv

homicide

v v

assault sexual assault

nv v nv

money laundering speeding parking

nv nv

drug dealing theft

nv v

battery burglary

v v

murder manslaughter

v

armed robbery

a generic term for the killing of another person any instance in which one party deceives or takes unfair advantage of another - attempt to use illegal force on another person attempt to use illegal force on another person in the absence of consent to sexual relations attempt to transform illegally acquired money into apparently legitimate money driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit leaving one's vehicle in an area or for a duration in contravention of the law possession of and/or trading in illegal substances taking the property of another without right or permission the actual use of illegal force on another person the crime of breaking into a private home with the intention of committing a felony the unlawful killing of a person with intent the unlawful killing of a person without malicious intent and therefore without premeditation the unlawful taking of another's property using a dangerous weapon

fraud

1.9. THE BOX BELOW contains the names of twenty-two crimes. The list gives the definitions of the same crimes. Match the crimes to their definitions. The first one has been done for you: the crime of assault is "acting in such a way as to make someone believe he or she will be hurt" arson assassination assault bigamy blackmail bribery burglary embezzlement espionage extortion forgery fraud libel manslaughter murder perjury piracy robbery slander smuggling theft treason 1. assault

acting in such a way as to make someone believe he or she will be hurt.

2. _____treason__betraying your country to a foreign power. 3. ___ piracy ____copying patented inventions or copyrighted works. 4. ___ burglary ____entering a building illegally and stealing things. 5. ____ blackmail ___ getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not want revealed. 6. ____ extortion ___getting money from people by using threats. 7. ____ fraud ___getting property or money from people by making them believe untrue things. 12

8. ___ bigamy ____going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to someone else. 9. __ assassination 10. ___ murder

_____killing a public figure illegally and intentionally.

____killing someone illegally and intentionally.

11. ___ manslaughter ____killing someone unintentionally or in mitigating circumstances. 12. ___ forgery ____making an illegal copy of a banknote or document. 13. ___ bribery ____offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you. 14. ___ slander ____saying something which damages someone's character. 15. ___ Arson ____setting fire to a building. 16. ____ Robbery ___stealing something by using force or threatening to use force. 17. ____ Theft ___stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else. 18. ____ Smuggling ___taking goods illegally into or out of a country. 19. ___ Perjury ____telling lies when you have sworn an oath to say what is true in court. 20. ___ Espionage ____trying to find out secrets by illegal means. 21. ___ Embezzlement ____using illegally or stealing money which you are looking after for someone else. 22. ___ Libel ____writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement which damages someone’s character. Extension. Work with a partner and test each other. One person turns the page over, the other asks questions. "What do you call the crime of acting in such a way as to make someone believe he or she will be hurt". Define “treason”. 1.10. Below are 9 statements by defendants. Read the statements and say what crime has each one been accused of. 1. "I arrived home late and found that I'd forgotten my keys. I didn't want to wake my wife up, and I saw there was a ladder in the garden of the house next door. I got the ladder and climbed in. We've just moved house and I didn't realise I was in the wrong street...” 2. "I was walking my dog when I saw the gun lying on the ground. I picked it up. It was still warm, and at that moment I saw the body lying in the long grass. I went across to look and it was my business partner. That's when the police arrived...” 3. "I opened the bank account in a false name as a way to help my employer pay less tax. It's perfectly legal. I kept meaning to tell him, but somehow I just forgot. I bought the villa in France with my own money. It was an inheritance...” 4. "OK, so there are a hundred and twenty-three copies of Four Weddings and a Funeral. That's perfectly true, but I had no intention of selling them. I'm a collector.” 5. "I didn't know she was still alive, I thought she'd died in a car accident. I couldn't believe it when I saw her walk into the room. Surely you don't think I did this just to get your money...”? 6. "You misunderstand me. When I offered him the money I meant it as a gift. I know that life can be difficult for a young man on a police salary, especially if he has a family, young children etcetera. It isn't easy and I know that. I just wanted to help. I didn't expect him to do anything in return...” 7. "After leaving the office I realised I'd forgotten my umbrella. I went back in to get it. When I went in I noticed that the photocopier was still turned on. It had been working very badly all day, and I decided to quickly see what was wrong with it before going home. I made a few test copies of documents that were in the office. I didn't even look at what I was copying. The machine seemed to be working much 13

better. I put the copies in my briefcase - intending to use the other side as notepaper. I don't believe in wasting paper. At that moment Mr. Sanders came out of his office...” 8. "I painted them for pleasure. I had no intention of deceiving people. I never said they were by other people. Yes, I did include the signatures of other artists but that's because I wanted them to be perfect copies...” 9. "Mr Wills sent me the money to help me in my business venture . I'm trying to start a design agency. He sent me cheques every month for $1200. A couple of times he sent extra when I had special expenses. It was always understood that he would participate in the profits of the business when it was running. We didn't write anything down, it was an oral agreement. The photographs I have of him with his secretary have no connection with these payments”. Role-Play There have been a string of bank robberies in the local area recently. The police are investigating the crimes and making the photofits of the suspects. Work in pairs. Each pair should consist of a police inspector and a witness. STEP 1. The police inspector is questioning the eyewitness to find out all the necessary details o f the suspect's appearance. (Look at the below list of adjectives used for describing a person). STEP 2. Using the information obtained they make u p a photofit by completing the drawings below

FACE — long, round, oval, thin, plump, fleshy, puffy, wrinkled, pasty, pimpled, pock-marked, cleanshaven FEATURES — clean-cut, delicate, forceful, regular / irregular, large, small, stern COMPLEXION — fair, pale, dark, sallow HAIR — curly, wavy, straight, receding (scanty), rumpled, shoulder-length, medium-length, short-cut, crew-cut, bobbed, dyed, bald, fair /dark-haired FOREHEAD — high, low, narrow, square, broad EYES — hollowed, bulging, close-set, deep-set, sunken, wide-apart, crossed-eyed EYEBROWS — thin, thick, bushy, arched, pencilled, shaggy EARS — small, big, jug-eared NOSE — prominent, straight, pointed, hooked, flat, aquiline, snub-nosed LIPS — full, thin, painted, cleft lip TEETH — even / uneven, sparse, artificial CHEEKS — plump, hollow, ruddy, stubby CHIN — square, pointed, double, massive, protruding BEARD — full, bushy, spade beard, grey-bearded, heavy-bearded MOUSTACHE — thin, thick, tooth brush HEIGHT — tall, short, of medium height 14

BUILT — average, medium built, well-built, plump, skinny DISTINGUISHING FEATURES — birth marks, freckles, scars, wooden leg, humpback, pot-belly

Case study Law life situation and its solving: Problem: The accused is a doctor who gave an overdose to an 87-year-old woman. She had a terminal illness, was in constant pain and had asked for the overdose. Her family is accusing the doctor of murder. 1. Comment on the doctor’s actions. 2. How would you behave being in the doctor’s place? 3. If you were a judge what sentence would you give to such kind of doctor? 4. How do you find the family’s decision of accusing the doctor of murder? Creative Writing Imagine that you were an eye-witness of a crime scene. Now you are at a police station and you are asked to make a photofit. After creating the photofit you should put down all the features of the criminal.

Time for fun  The judge asked a murder on trial: “Why did you break into the house and taking the box with jewels, return to kill the owner?” “I did it out of respect for the written word”,-pleaded the defendant. “What do you mean?”- “It was written on the box:”Open after my death”.

Final Vocabulary Record Sheet WORD

TRANSL .

NOTES Definition, example...

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