The Works of the Lord Bacon in Four Volumes; Opera omnia Quatuor Voluminibus [2] [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

FRANCISCI BACONI de VERULAMIO,

B aroni s

Vicecomitis

Sanffii Albani,

Magni Angliae Cancellarii,

O P E R A O MN I A , Quatuor Voluminibus \

COMPREHENSA: Hadtenus Edita, ad Autographorum maxime fidem, emen­ dantor; Nonnulla etiam, ex MSS Codicibus deprompta, nunc primum prodeunt.

VOL. II. In quo continetur Inftaurationis Magnae Pars tertia: five I. Parafceve ad Hiftoriam Natura­ lem, &c. Ii. Abecedarium Naturae. III. Praefatio ad Hiftoriam Naturalem. IV. Hiftoria Ventorum. V. Hiftoria Denfi & Rari. VI. Hiftoria Gravis & Levis. VII. Hiftoria Sympathiae & Antipa­ thiae. VIII. Hiftoria Sulphuris, Mercurii & Salis. IX. Hiftoria Vitae & Mortis. X . Hiftoria Soni & Auditus. XI. Articuli circa Mineralia. XII. Inquifitio de Magnete.

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XIII. Inquifitio de Verftonibus, &c. Corporum. X IV. Topica Inquifitionis de Luce & Lumine. X V . Scripta Philofophica Gruteriana. X V I. Sapientia Veterum. XVII. Imago civilis Julii & Augufti Caefaris. XVIII. In felicem Memoriam Elizabethae. X IX . Meditationes Sacrae. X X . Epiftolae. XXI. Advancement of Learning. XXII. Proceedings in Parliament, &V. XXIII. His laft Will.

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o s l i n g ad Infigne Mitrae & Coronae in Vico vulgo

vocato Fleet-Jlreet. Et proflant venales apud T ho . O sborne in Hojpitio Grayenfi, M D C C X X X .

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HI STORI A VENTORUM.

4. A t nobis in Britannia eurus pro malefico habetur, ut in proverbio fit, eurum neque homini neque beftiae propitium die. 5. A u s t e r a praelentia lolis, boreas ab ablentia lpirat in hemilphaerio noftro : Eurus in conlecutione motus aeris, zephyrus in contrarium ubique : zephyrus a mari, eurus a continente ; plerumque in Europa 8t Afia occi­ dentali. Hae fiunt differentiae ventorum, maxime radicales, unde plurimae ex qualitatibus poteftatibus ventorum revera pendent. 6. A u s t e r minus anniverlarius & flatus eft quam boreas, led magis vagus 6C lib e r; SC quando eft ftatus, tam lenis eft ut vix percipiatur. 7. A u s t e r magis humilis eft & lateralis, boreas celfior & fipirans ex alto j neque hoc de elevatione & depreftione polari dicimus, de qua fiupra; led quod origines luas habeat plerumque magis in vicino aufter, magis in lublimi boreas. 8. A u s t e r nobis pluviofius (ut jam didum eft,) Africae vero ferenus, led magnos immittens fervores, non frigidus, ut alii dixerunt. E ft tamen Africae latis falubris; at nobis, fi flaverit paulo diutius in ludo, abique plu­ via aufter valde peftilens eft. 9. A u s t e r bC zephyrus non generant vapores, led fpirant a partibus, ubi maxima eft copia iplorum propter audum calorem lolis, qui vapores elicit, idcoque lunt pluviofi. Quod fi Ipiraverint a locis ficcioribus je­ junis a vaporibus fiunt lercni • led tamen aliquando puri aliquando aeftuofi. 10. V i d e n t u r hic apud nos aufter & zephyrus foederati, funtque te­ pidi & humidi j at ex altera parte affines fiunt boreas & eurus, funtque fri­ gidi & ficci. 11. A u s t e R & boreas (quod & antea attigimus) frequentius fpirant quam eurus & zephyrus, quia magna eft inaequalitas vaporum ex illis par­ tibus propter abfentiam praelentiam lolis ; at orienti occidenti tanquam adiaphorus eft. 12. A u s t e r faluberrimus marinus, a continente magis morbidus ; con­ tra boreas a mari fiuipedus, a terra fianus; etiam frugibus & ftirpibus aufter marinus valde benignus, fugans rubigines alias pernicies. 13. A u s t e r lenior non admodum cogit nubes, fed faepe ferenus eft, praeiertim fi fit brevior \ led flans commotius aut diutius, facit coelum nu­ bilum £t inducit pluviam ; led potius cum definat aut flaccelcere incipiat, quam a principio aut in iplo vigore. 14. C um aufter aut oritur aut defiftit, fiunt fere mutationes tempeftatum, a lereno ad nubilum, aut a calido ad frigidum \ Sc e contra, boreas fae­ pe oritur definit, priore tempeftate manente & continuata. 15. P o s t pruinas, atque etiam nives paulo diuturniores, non alius fere ventus quam aufter lpirat, tanquam fad a concodione frigorum, quae tum demum lolvuntur, neque propterea temper lequitur pluvia, led fit hoc etiam in rcgelationibus terenis. 16. A u s t e r & frequentius oritur fortius lpirat nodu quam interdiu, praeiertim noctibus hybernis. A t boreas, fi nodu oriatur (quod contra lu­ am conluctudinem eft) non ultra triduum fere durat. 17. A u s t r o flante majores volvuntur fludus quam borea, etiam quan­ do pari aut minore impetu fpirat. 1 8. S pirante auftro fit mare coeruleum fre magis lucidum, borea contra atrius 8C obteurius.

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19. C u m aer fubito fit tepidior, denotat interdum p luviam : rurfus alias, cum aura fubito fit gelidior, pluviam praemonftrat. Sequitur vero hoc na­ turam ventorum : nam fi flante auftro aut euro intepelcit aer, pluvia in pro­ pinquo eft, itidemque cum flante feptentrione aut zephyro refrigelcit. 20. A u s t e r flat plerumque integer St lolitarius. A t borea, St praeci­ pue caecia St coro flantibus, laepe contrarii St alii diverfi venti fimul lpirant, unde refringuntur St turbantur. 2 1 . B o r e a s fementi faciendae, aufter infitionibus St inoculationibus ca­ vendus. 22. A p a r t e auftri folia ex arboribus citius decidunt; at palmites vi-* tium ab ea parte erumpunt St eo fere Ipcclant. 2 j . I n latis palcuis videndum eft palloribus (ut ait Plinius) ut greges ovium ad feptentrionale latus adducant, ut contra auftrum pafcant. N am fi contra boream, claudicant St lippiunt St alvo moventur : Quinetiam bo­ reas coitum illis debilitat, adeo ut fi in hunc ventum lpe&antes coeant oves, foemellae ut plurimum gignantur ; led in hoc Plinius (utpote tranlcriptor) libi non conftat. 24. V e n t i tribus temporibus frumento St legetibus nocent ; in flore aperiente, St deflorefeente, St fub maturitatem : tum enim exinaniunt ariftas dejeclis granis, at prioribus duobus temporibus florem aut in calamo conftringunt aut decutiunt. 25. F l a n t e auftro anhelitus hominum magis foetet, appetitus anima­ lium dejicitur magis, morbi peftilentes graflantur, gravedines incumbunt, homines magis pigri lunt St hebetes : at flante borea, magis alacres, fani, avidiores cibi. Phthificis tamen nocet boreas, St tulficulofis, St podagricis, St omni fluxui acuto. 26. E u r u s ficcus, mordax, mortificans; zephyrus humidus, clemens, almus. 27. E u r u s fpirans vere adulto, calamitas frucluum, inducendo erucas S t vermes, ut vix foliis parcatur ; nec aequus admodum legetibus : Z ep h y­ rus contra, herbis, floribus St omni vegetabili maxime propitius St amicus. A t eurus quoque circa aequino&ium autumnale fatis gratioliis. 28. V e n t i ab occidente fpirantes Hint vehementiores quam illi ab ori­ ente, St magis curvant St contorquent arbores. 29. T e m p e s t a s pluviofa, quae incipit lpirante euro, longius durat quam quae lpirante zephyro, St fere ad diem integrum extenditur. 30. E u r u s iple St boreas, poftquam inceperint flare, conftantius flant: Aufter St zephyrus magis mutabiles. 31. F l a n t e euro vifibilia omnia majora apparent : A t flante zephyro audibilia : Etiam longius deferuntur Ioni. 32. C a e c i a m nubes adfe trahere, apud Graecos in proverbium tranfiit, comparando ei foeneratores, qui pecunias erogando lorbcnt : vehemens eft ventus St latus, ut non polfit liimmovcre nubes tam cito quam illae reni­ tantur St le vertan t; quod fit etiam in majoribus incendiis, quae contra ventum invalelcunt. 3 3 - V e n t i cardinales, aut etiam femicardinales, non lunt tam procellofi quam mediani. 34. M e d i a n i , a borea ad euro-boream, magis leren i; ab euro-borea ad eurum, magis procellofi. Similiter ab euro ad euro-auftrum, magis fereni; ab euro-auftro ad auftrum, magis procellofi. Similiter ab auftro ad zephy. V o l . II. K ro-auftruin

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ro-auftrum, magis fcrcn i; a zephyro-auftro ad zephyrum, magis procellofi. Similiter a zephyro ad zephyro-boream, magis fereni; a zephyro-borea ad boream, magis procellofi: Ita ut progrediendo fecundum ordinem coeli, lemper mediani prioris lemicardinis difiponantur ad ierenitatcm ; pofterioris, ad tempeftates. 35. T o n i t r u a , & fulgura, St ecnephiae fiunt, fpirantibus ventis frigi­ dis, quique participant ex borea, quales funt corus, thrafcias, circius, me­ les, caecias : Ideoque fulgura laepius comitatur grando. 3< . E t i a m nivales venti a feptentrione veniunt, led ab iis medianis qui non funt procellofi, veluti corus St mefes. 37. O m n i n o venti quinque modis naturas luas St proprietates nancifcuntur. V el ab abfentia aut praefentia lolis ; vel a confenlii St dilfenfu cum naturali motu aeris : vel a diverfitate materiae fomitum fuorum a qui­ bus generantur, maris, nivis, paludum, Stc. vel a tinttura regionum per quas pertranfeunt : vel ab originibus localibus luis, in alto, fub terra, in medio ; quae omnia fequentes articuli melius explanabunt. 38. V e n t i omnes habent poteftatem deficcandi, etiam magis quam iple lo l; quia lol vapores elicit, led nifi admodum fervens fuerit, non diffipat; at ventus eos St elicit St abd u cit: Attamen aufter minime omnium hoc facit; quinetiam laxa St trabes ludant magis flante nonnihil auftro, quam in tran­ quillo. 39. M a r t i i magis longe deficcant, quam a eftivi; adeo ut artifices inftrumentorum muficorum ventos martios expe&ent ad materiam inftrumentorum Iliorum deficcandam, eamque reddendam porofam St lonoram. 40. V e n t i omnis generis purgant aerem, eumque a putredine vindicant, ut anni, in quibus venti frequentius lpirent, fint maxime lalubres. 41. S ol principum fortunam lu b it; quibtrfcum ita laepe agitur, ut praefides in provinciis remotis magis obnoxios habeant lubditos, St quibus oblequia praeftentur magis quam principi ipfi. Certe venti, qui poteftatem St originem habent a Iole, aeque aut plus gubernant temperaturas regionum St affe&us aeris quam ipfe lol, in tantum ut Peruvia (quae propter propin­ quitatem oceani, vaftitatem amnium, St altiflimos St maximos montes nivales maximam habet copiam ventorum St aurarum lpirantium) cum Europa de temperamento St clementia aeris certet. 42. N i l mirum fi ventorum tantus fit impetus quantus invenitur, quan­ doquidem venti vehementes fint tanquam inundationes, atque torrentes, St flu£his magni aeris. Neque tamen, fi attentius advertas, magnum quiddam eft eorum potentia. Poflunt dejicere arbores, quae cacuminum onere, tan­ quam velis expanfis, iildem commoditatem praebent, St fe iplae onerant; poflunt etiam aedificia infirmiora; led ftructuras lolidiores, nifi fiant cum terrae motibus, non iubvertunt. Nives quandoque tanquam integras deji­ ciunt ex montibus, ut planitiem lubjacentem fere lepeliant, quod accidit Solymanno in campis Sultaniae : Etiam magnas quandoque immittunt inun­ dationes aquarum. 43. A m n e s quandoque tanquam in ficco ponunt venti, St fundos iplo— rum dilcooperiunt: Si enim poft magnam ficcitatem, ventus robuftus in conlecutione fili aquae, pluribus diebus lpirarit, ita ut aquas amnis, tanquam everrendo, devexerit in mare, aquas marinas prohibuerit, fit ficcatio amnis in multis locis infolitis.

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Monitum. V e r t e polos, & verte fimul oblervationes, quatenus ad auftrum & boream. Cum enim ablentia & praelentia lolis in caufa fit, vari­ at pro ratione polorum. A t illud, conflans res efle poflit, quod plus fit maris verfius auftrum, plus fit terrae verius boream, quod etiam ad ventos non parum facit. Monitum. M i l l e modis fiunt venti, ut ex inquifitione fequenti patebit: Itaque in re tam varia figere obfervationes haud facile eft. Attamen quae a nobis polita liint pro certo plerumque obtinent.

Origines locales Ventorum. Ad

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C O N N E X I O . E N T O R U M origines locales nofle arduae eft inquifitionis, cum illud Unde Quo ventorum, ut res abdita, etiam in lcripturis notata fit. N eq u e loquimur jam de fontibus ventorum particularium, (de quibus poftc a ) led de matricibus ventorum in genere. A lii ex alto eas petunt, alii in profundo rimantur; in medio autem, ubi ut plurimum generantur, vix eas quaerun t; ut eft mos hominum quae ante pedes pofita liint praeterire, obfcuriora malle. Illud liquet, ventos aut indigenas aut advenas efle ; funt enim venti tanquam mercatores vaporum, eolque in nubes colle&os & im­ portant in regiones 8t exportant, unde iterum venti tanquam per permuta­ tionem. Sed inquiramus jam de nativis. Qui enim aliunde advenae, alibi n a tiv i: Tres igitur origines locales ; aut expirant SC fcaturiunt e terra; aut dejiciuntur ex lu blim i; aut conflantur hic in corpore aeris. Qui autem de­ jiciuntur ex alto, duplicis generationis ; aut enim dejiciuntur antequam for­ mentur in nubes, aut poftea ex nubibus rarefactis &. diflipatis. Videamus quae fit harum rerum hiftoria. 1. F i n x e r u n t poetae, regnum Aeoli in antris cavernis fub terram fuifle collocatum, ubi career eflet ventorum qui liibinde emittebantur. 2. E t i a m theologos quofdam eofdemque philofophos movent lcripturae verba : Q u i producit ventos de thefauris f u i s ; tanquam venti prodirent ex locis thelaurariis, fubterraneis fcilicet, ubi liint minerae : led hoc nihil eft. Nam loquitur etiam feriptura de thelauris nivis & grandinis, quas in lublimi generari nemo dubitat. 3. I n fubterraneis proculdubio magna exiftit aeris copia, eamque & expirare lenfim verifimite, &C emitti confertim aliquando, urgentibus caufis, necefle eft. (Phaenomenon obliquum. I n magnis ficcitatibus media aeftate, cum magis rimola fit terra, lolet erumpere in locis aridis & arenofis magna vis aquarum. Quod fi faciant aquae (corpus crafliim) raro • aerem (corpus tenue St liibtile) hoc fre­ quenter facere probabile eft. 4- S i

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4. S i expirat aer e terra lenfim St fparfim, parum percipitur primo; led poftquam aeris illius emanationes multae minutae confluxerint, tum lit ven­ tus ; ut ex fcaturiginibus aquarum rivus : H oc vero ita fieri videtur ; quo­ niam notatum eft ab antiquis, ventos complures in ortu luo, St in locis a quibus oriuntur, primo lpirare exiguos, deinde in progreflii invalelcere prorlus more fluviorum. 5. I n v e n i u n t u r quaedam loca in mari, ac etiam lacus, qui nullis flan­ tibus ventis majorem in modum tumclcunt, ut hoc a iiibterraneo flatu fieri appareat. 6. M a g n a vis requiritur lpiritus fubterranei, ut terra concutiatur aut fcindatur : levior, ut aqua lublevetur. Itaque tremores terrae ra ri; tu­ mores St iublevationes aquarum frequentiorcs. 7. E t i a m ubique notatum eft, nonnihil attolli St tumcfcere aquas ante tempeftates. 8. S p i r i t u s fubterraneus exilis qui Iparfim efflatur, non percipitur fuper terram, donec coierit in ventum, ob porofitatem terrae; led exiens lubter aquas, ob continuitatem aquae, ftatim percipitur ex tumore nonnullo. 9. A s s e c l a s efle ventos terrarum cavernofarum antea poliiimus, ut prorlus videantur venti illi habere origines luas locales e terra. 10. I n montibus magnis St laxeis inveniuntur venti St citius fpirare, (antequam fcilicet percipiantur in vallibus,) St frequentius (cum icilicet valles fint in tranquillo:) A t omnes montes St rupes cavcrnofi fiunt. 1 1 . I n comitatu Denbigh in Britannia, montofa regione St lapidola, ex cavernis quibufdam tam vehementes (ait Gilbertus) Hint ventorum eruptio­ nes, ut injefta veftimenta pannique, rurfus magna vi efflentur St altius in aerem efferantur. 12. I n Aber Barry juxta Sabrinam in W allia, in quodam clivo fiaxolb in quo Hint foramina, fi quis aurem appofiuerit, lonitus varios St murmur fla­ tuum fub terra exaudiet. Phaenomenon obliquum. N o t a v i t Acofta, oppida Piatae St Potolae in Peruvia, non longe efle diftantia, St utrumque litum efle in terra elevata aut montana, ut in hoc non differant; St nihilominus habere Potolam temperaturam acris frigidam St hyemalem, Piatam clementem St vernam : id quod videtur argentifodinis ju xta Potolam attribui p ofle; quod demonftrat efle Ipiracula terrae, quate­ nus ad calidum St frigidum. 13. S i terra fit primum frigidum, ut voluit Parmenides, (non contemnen­ da ufus lententia, cum frigus St denfitas artto copulentur vinculo) non mi­ nus probabile eft, ejici halitus calidiores a frigore centrali terrae, quam deji­ ci a frigore aeris liiblimioris. 14. S u n t quidam putei in Dalmatia St regione Cyrenaica, ut quidam ex antiquis memorant, in quibus, fi dejiciatur lapis, excitantur paulo poft tempeftates, ac fi lapis perfringeret operculum aliquod in loco ubi vis ven­ torum erat incarcerata. Phaenomenon obliquum. F l a m m a s evomunt Aetna, St complures montes; fimiliter St aerem, erumpere pofle confentaneum eft, praelertim calore in lubterraneis dilata­ tum St in motu politum.

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1 5. IN terrae motibus, ventos quofdam noxios St peregrinos, St ante eruptionem St poftea flare, oblervatum e ft ; ut fumi quidam minores 1'olent emitti ante St poft incendia magna. Monitum. A e r in terra conclufus erumpere ob varias caulas compellitur. Quandoque maffa terrae male coagmentata in cavum terrae decidit: quan­ doque aquae le ingurgitant: quandoque expanditur aer per ignes lubterraneos, ut ampliorem locum quaerat : quandoque terra, quae antea lolida erat St concamerata per ignes, in cineres verfa, fe amplius fuftinere non poteft, led d ecidit; St complura id genus. A T a u e de prima origine locali ventorum, videlicet e liibterraneis, haec inquilita lirnt j lequitur origo lecunda ex fublimi, nempe media, quam ap­ pellant, regione aeris. Monitum. A r nemo tam male quae d id a liint intelligat, quali negemus, St reliquos ventos e terra St mari per vapores educi; led hoc prius genus erat ventorum, qui exeunt e terrajam venti formati. 16. I n c r e b e s c e r e murmur lylvarum antequam manifefto percipiantur venti notatum eft ; ex quo conjicitur ventum a fuperiore loco delcendere; quod etiam obfervatur in montibus (ut dictum eft) fed caufa magis ambi­ gua propter cava montium. 17 . S t e l l a s fagittantes (ut loquimur) St vibratas fequitur ventus $ atque etiam ex ea parte ex qua fit jaculatio; ex quo patet, aerem in alto commotum efle antequam ille motus perveniat ad nos. 18. A p e r t i o coeli St diigregatio nubium praemonftrat ventos, ante­ quam flent in terra ; quod itidem oftendit ventos inchoari in alto. 19. S t e l l a e exiguae, antequam oriatur ventus, non cernuntur, licet node ferena; cilm lcilicet (ut videtur) dcnletur, St fit minus diaphanus aer, propter materiam quae poftea lolvitur in ventos. 20. C i r c u l i apparent circa corpus lunae ; lol quandoque occidens confpicitur fanguineus ; luna rubicundior eft in ortu quarto; St complura alia inveniuntur prognoftica ventorum in lu blim i; (de quibus luo loco di­ cemus ;) quae indicant materiam ventorum ibi inchoari St praeparari. 2^1. I n iftis phaenomenis notabis illam de qua diximus differentiam, de duplici generatione ventorum in lu blim i; nimirum ante congregationem vaporum in nubem St poft. Nam prognoftica halonum St colorum lolis St lunae habent aliquid ex nube : at jaculatio illa St occultatio ftellarum exi­ guarum fiunt in lereno. 22. C u m ventus prodit a nube formata, aut totaliter diflipatur nubes St vertitur in ventum ; aut fecemitur partim in pluviam, partim in ventum • aut fcinditur St erumpit ventus ut in procella. 23. P l u r i m a funt phaenomena obliqua ubique in natura rerum de repercuffione per frigidum ; itaque cum conftet efle in media regione aeris, frigora valde intenla, planum fit, vapores maxima ex parte ea loca per­ fringere non pofle, quin aut coagulentur aut vibrentur; lecundum opinio­ nem veterum in hac parte lanam. T e r t i a origo localis ventorum eft eorum qui hic in inferiore aere ge­ nerantur, quos etiam tumores live luperonerationes aeris appellamus. Res maxime familiaris, & tamen filentio tranlmifla. Commentatio. H o r u m ventorum, qui conflantur in aere infimo, genera­ tio abftrufior aliqua res non eft, quam haec ipla. Quod lcilicet aer noviter f actus ex aqua St vaporibus attenuatis St relolutis, conjundus cum acre priore, non poteft contineri iildem quibus antea Ipatiis; fed excrefcit St V o l . II. L volvitur,

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HISTORIA

VENTORUM.

volvitur, & ulteriora loca occupat. Hujus tamen rei duo Hint aflumpta. Unum, quod gutta aquae in aerem verla (quicquid de decima proportione elementorum fabulentur) centuplo ad minus plus fpatii defiderat quam prius ; alterum, quod parum aeris novi & moti, luperadditum aeri veteri totum concutit St in motu ponit: ut videre eft ex pufillo vento, qui ex fol­ libus aut rima feneftrae efflat, qui tamen totum aerem in cubiculo in motu ponere poffit; ut ex flammis lucernarum facile apparet. 24. Q u e m a d m o d u m rores & nebulae hic in aere infimo generantur nunquam fattae nubes nec ad mediam regionem penetrantes; eodem modo & complures venti. 25. A u r a continua lpirat circa maria & aquas, quae eft ventus pufillus noviter fadus. 26 I ri s , quae eft ex meteoris quafi humillima, & generatur in proxi­ m o; quando non confpicitur integra, led curtata, & quafi frufta.ejus tant mi n cornibus, folvitur in ventos, aeque ac in pluviam & magis. 27. N o t a t u m eft, elfe quoldam ventos in regionibus, quae difterminantur & feparantur per montes intermedios ; qui ex altera parte montium fpirant familiares, ad alteram non perveniunt. E x quo manifeftum, eos generari infra altitudinem iplorum montium. 28. I nfiniti liint venti qui ipirant diebus lerenis, atque etiam in regioni­ bus ubi nunquam p lu it: qui generantur ubi flant, nec unquam erant nubes aut in mediam regionem alcenderunt.

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Phaenomena obliqua. Q u i c u n a u E norit quam facile vapor folvatur in aerem, & quam in­ gens fit copia vaporum, & quantum lpatium occupet gutta aquae verfa in aerem prae eo quod antea occupabat, (ut dichim eft,) & quam modicum fuftineat le comprimi aer, non dubitabit quin necefle fit, etiam a fuperficie terrae ufque ad fublimia aeris, ubique generari ventos : Neque enim fieri poteft, ut magna copia vaporum, cum coeperint expandi, ad mediam aeris regionem attollantur ablque fuperoneratione aeris & tumultu in via.

Accidentales Generationes Ventorum. Ad

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C O N N E X I O . C C I D E N T A L E S generationes ventorum eas vocamus quae non efficiunt aut gignunt motum impulfivum ventorum, led eum compreflione acuunt, repercullione vertunt; finuatione agitant & volvu n t; quod fit per caulas extrinfecas & polituram corporum adjun&orum. 1. I n locis ubi funt colles minus elevati, & circa hos lubfidunt valles, & ultra iplos rurlus colles altiores, major eft agitatio aeris 6c lenius ventorum quam aut in montanis aut in planis. 2. I n urbibus, fi fit aliquis locus paulo latior & exitus anguftiores, aut angiportus & plateae le invicem lecantes, percipiuntur ibi flatus & aurae. 3. I n

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3. I n aedibus refrigeratoria per ventos fiunt aut occurrunt, ubi aer eft perflatilis, St ex una parte introit aer, ex adverlo e x i t ; led multo magis, fi aer intrat ex diverfis partibus, St facit concurfum aurae ad angulos, St habet exitum illi angulo communem : Etiam concameratio coenaculorum St rotun­ ditas plurimum facit ad auras j quia repercutitur aer commotus ad omnes li­ neas; etiam finuatio porticuum magis ju va t quam fi exporrigantur in recto; flatus enim in recto, licet non concludatur fed liberum habeat exitum, tamen non reddit aerem tam inaequalem St voluminofum St undantem, quam confluxus ad angulos, St anfractus, St glomerationes in rotundo, St hujulmodi. 4. P o s t magnas tempeftates in mari continuatur ventus accidentalis ad tempus poftquam originalis rclederit, fadtus ex collifione St percufiione ac­ ris per undulationem flu&uum. 5. R e f e r i t u r vulgo in hortis rcpercuffio venti a parietibus St aedibus St, aggeribus, ita ut putaret quis, ventum in contrariam partem ipirare eju3 a qua revera lpirat. 6. S i montes regionem aliqua ex parte cingant, St ventus' paulo diutius e x plano contra montem fpiraverit, fit ut ipla repercuflione montis, aut contrahatur ventus in pluviam fi fuerit humidior, aut vertatur in ventum contrarium, fed qui brevi tempore duret. 7. I n flexionibus promontoriorum experiuntur nautae laepius mutationes ventorum.

Venti extraordinarii & flatus repentini. Ad

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X.

C O N N E X I O . E ventis extraordinariis lermocinantur quidam St caulantur ; ecnephia five procella, vortice, typhone, preftere : fed rem non nar­ rant, quae certe ex chronicis St hiftoria fparla peti debet. 1. R e p e n t i n i flatus nunquam coelo lereno fiunt, led lcmper nubilo St cum imbre : ut eruptionem quandam fieri St flatum excuti, aquas concuti, recte putetur. 2. P r o c e l l a e , quae fiunt cum nebula aut caligine, quas bclluas vo­ cant, quaeque fie fuftinent inftar columnae, vehementes admodum lunt St dirae navigantibus. 3. T y p h o n e s majores, qui per latitudinem aliquam notabilem corripi­ unt St correpta lorbent in lurlurn, raro fiu n t; at vortices five turbines exi­ gui, St quafi ludicri, frequenter. 4. O m n e s procellae, & typhones, & turbines majores, habent manifeftum motum praecipitii aut vibrationis deorliim, magis quam alii v e n ti; ut, torrentum modo, ruere videantur St quafi per canales defluere, St poftea a terra reverberari. 5. F 1 t in pratis, ut cumuli foeni quandoque in altum ferantur, St tum inftar conopei fpargantur ; etiam in agris, ut caules pilarum involuti, St ariftae legetum demelfae, quin etiam lintea ad exficcandum expolita, attol­ lantur

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lantur a turbinibus ulque ad altitudinem arborum,aut fupra faftigia aedium j haecque fiunt ablque aliquo majore venti impetu aut vehementia. 6. A t quandoque fiunt turbines leves, & admodum angufti, etiam in fereno; ita ut equitans videat pulveres vel paleas corripi & verti prope le, neque tamen iple magnopere ventum len tiat; quae proculdubio fiunt hic prope ex auris contrariis le mutuo repellentibus & circulationem aeris ex concuflione facientibus. 7. C e r t u m eft, efle quoldam flatus qui manifefta veftigia relinquunt aduftionis & torrefaclionis in planis. A t prefterem, qui eft tanquam ful­ gur caecum atque aer fervens, led line flamma, ad inquifitionem de fulgu­ re rejicimus.

Confacientia ad ventos, originales f c i l i c e t ; nam de accidentalibus fupra inquifitum cjl.

Ad A r t i c u l u m XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV. C O N N E X I O . U A E a veteribus de ventis eorumque caulis di£la limt, confula plane »lunt & incerta, nec maxima ex parte vera : Neque mirum fi non cer­ nant clare, qui non Ipe&ant prope. Loquuntur ac fi ventus aliud quippiam eflet leparatum ab aere moto, atque ac fi exhalationes generarent &C conficerent corpus integrum ventorum, atque ac fi materia ventorum eflet exhalatio tantum calida £t ficca, atque ac fi origo motus ventorum elfct tantummodo dejeftio & perculfio a frigore mediae regionis • omnia phantaftica & pro arbitrio. Attamen ex hujulmodi filis magnas conficiunt telas; operas lcilicet aranearum. A t omnis impulfio aeris eft ventus, & exhala­ tiones permiftae aeri plus conferunt ad motum quam ad materiam ; & va­ pores humidi ex calore proportionato etiam facilius lolvuntur in ventum quam exhalationes ficcae, Sc complures venti generantur in regione infima aeris 2C ex terra expirant, praeter illos qui dejiciuntur & repercutiuntur. Videamus qualis fit ferino ferum ipfarum. i. R o t a t i o naturalis aeris (ut dictum eft in articulo de ventis genera­ libus) ablque caula alia externa gignit ventum perceptibilem intra tropicos, ubi aeris converfio fit per circulos majores. 2. P o s t motum aeris naturalem, antequam inquiramus de Iole, qui eft genitor ventorum praecipuus, videndum, num quid fit tribuendum lunae aliis aftris ex experientia clara. 3. E x c i t a n t u r venti magni & fortes nonnullis ante eclipfin lunae horis ; ita ut, fi luna deficiat medio no&is, flent venti vefperi praecedente; fi luna deficiat mane, flent venti medio nottis praecedente. 4. I n Peruvia, quae regio eft admodum flatilis, notat Acofta maxime flare ventos in pleniluniis. Mandatum. D i g n u m certe eflet obfervatione, quid poflint fuper ventos motus tempora lunae cum liquido poflint fuper aq u as: Veluti, utrum venti

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venti non fint paulo commotiores irt pleniluniis St noviluniis quam in dimi­ diis, quemadmodum fit in aeftibus aquarum ; licet enim quidam commode fingant imperium lunae e fle fupcr aquas ; lolis vero St aftrorum fuper ae­ rem : tamen certum eft aquam St aerem efle corpora valde homogenea, St lunam poft lolem plurimum hic apud nos pofle in omnibus. 5. C i r c a conjunctiones planetarum nonlugit hominum oblervationem flare ventos majores. 6. E x o r t u Orionis lurgunt plerumque venti St tempeftates variae; led videndum annon hoc fiat, quia exortus ejus fit eo tempore anni quod ad ge­ nerationem ventorum eft maxime efficax; ut fit potius concomitans quid­ dam quam caula ; quod etiam de ortu hyadum St pleiadum quoad imbres, St arduri quoad tempeftates, fimiliter merito dubitari p o flit: De luna St llellis hadenus. 7. S o l proculdubio eft efficiens primarius ventorum plurimorum, ope­ rans per calorem in materiam duplicem : Corpus Icilicet aeris, St vapores liv e exhalationes. 8. S o l , cum eft potentior, aerem, licet purum St ablque immiftione ulla, dilatat fortafle ad tertiam partem, quae res haud parva eft. Itaque per fimplicem dilatationem, necefle eft ut oriatur aura aliqua in viis lolis, praelertim in magnis fervoribus ; idque potius duas aut tres horas poft exor­ tum ejus quam iplo mane. 9. I n Europa nodes Hint aeftuofiores, in Peruvia tres horae matutinae, o b unam eandemque caulam ; videlicet, ceflationem aurarum St ventorum illis horis. 1 o* I n vitro calendari aer dilatatus deprimit aquam tanquam flatu ; at in vitro pileato aiire tantummodo impleto, aer dilatatus inflat veficam ut ventus manifeftus. 11. E x p e r i m e n t u m fecimus, in turri rotunda undique claula, hujus generis v e n ti: Nam foculum in medio ejus locavimus, cum prunis penitus ignitis, ut minus effiet fu m i; at a latere foculi in diftantia nonnulla filum jfulpendimus cum cruce ex plumis, ut facile moveretur. Itaque poft par­ vam moram, au do calore St dilatato aere, agitabatur crux plumea cum filo lu o hinc inde motu v a rio ; quin etiam fad o foramine in feneftra turris exi­ bat flatus calidus, neque ille continuus, led per vices St undulans. 12. E t i a m receptio aeris per frigus a dilatatione creat ejulmodi ventum, led debiliorem ob minores vires frigoris; adeo ut in Peruvia fub quavis parva umbra non lolum majus percipiatur refrigerium, quam apud nos (per antiperiftafin,) led manifefta aura ex receptione aeris quando fiubit umbram. A T a u e de vento per meram dilatationem aut receptionem aeris fado, hadenus. i} . V e n t 1 ex meris motibus aeris, ablque immiftione vaporum, lenes St molles fiunt. Videndum de ventis vaporariis (eos dicimus qui generantur a vaporibus) qui tanto illis alteris poliunt efle vehementiores, quanto diIatatio guttae aquae verlae in aerem excedit aliquam dilatationem aeris jam fadi : quod multis partibus facit, ut fuperius monltravimus. 14. V E n T o R u m vaporariorum (qui funt illi qui communiter flant) ef­ ficiens eft lol, St calor ejus proportionatus : Materia, vapores St exhalatio­ nes qui vertuntur St relolvuntur in aerem ; aerem inquam (non aliud quippiam ab aere) led tamen ab initio minus fincerum. 15. S oli s calor exiguus non excitat vapores, itaque nec Yentum. VoLrl l . M 16. S oli s

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1 6. S o l i s calor medius excitat vapores, nec tamen cos continuo diffipat. Itaque fi magna fuerit iplorum copia, coeunt in pluviam, aut fim plicem aut cum vento conjunctam • fi minor, vertuntur in ventum fimpliccm. 17. S o l i s calor in incremento inclinat magis ad generationem vento­ rum ; in decremento, pluviarum. 18. S o l 1 s calor intenfus St continuatus attenuat St diffipat vapores, eolque lublimat, atque interim aeri aequaliter immilcet St incorporat, unde aer quietus fit St lerenus. 19. C a l o r iolis magis aequalis St continuus, minus aptus ad genera­ tionem ventorum ; magis inaequalis St alternans, magis aptus. Itaque in navigatione ad Rufliam, minus afflictantur ventis quam in mari Britannico, propter longos dies ; at in Peruvia l'ub acquinodtio crebri venti, ob mag­ nam inaequalitatem caloris, alternantem noctu St interdiu. 20. I n vaporibus St copia lpetlatur St qualitas : Copia parva gignit au­ ras lenes j media ventos fortiores ; magna aggravat aerem, St gignit pluvi­ as vel tranquillas vel cum ventis. 21. V a p o r e s ex mari, St amnibus, St paludibus inundatis, longe majorem copiam gignunt ventorum quam halitus terreftres : Attamen, qui a terra St locis minus humidis gignuntur venti, funt magis obftinati St diutius durant, St lunt illi fere qui dejiciuntur ex a lto ; ut opinio veterum in hac parte non fuerit omnino inutilis; nifi quod placuit illis, tanquam divila haereditate, aflignare vaporibus pluvias, St ventis iolummodo exhalationes, St hujufmodi pulchra dictu, re inania. 22. V e n t i ex reiolutionibus nivium jacentium fuper montes funt fere medii inter ventos aquaticos St terreftres, led magis inclinant ad aquaticos j fed tamen lunt acriores St mobiliores. 23. S o l u t i o nivium in montibus nivalibus (ut prius notavimus) femper inducit ventos ftatos ex ea parte. 24. E T 1 a m anniverfarii aquilones circa exortum caniculae exiftimantur venire a mari glaciali, St partibus circa circulum ar&icum, ubi ferae lunt folutiones glaciei St nivium, aeftate tum valde adulta. 25. M o l e s , five montes glaciales, quae devehuntur verius Canadam St terram Pilcationis, magis gignunt auras qualdam frigidas quam ventos mo­ biles. 26. V e n t i , qui ex terris fabulofisaut cretaceis proveniunt, Hint pauci St ficci; iidem in regionibus calidioribus aeftuofi St lumei St torridi. 27. V e n t i ex vaporibus marinis facilius abeunt retro in pluviam, aqua jus fuum repetente St vindicante • aut fi hoc non conceditur, milcentur pro­ tinus aeri St quietem agunt : A t halitus terrei St fumei St un&uofi, St lolvuntur aegrius, St alcendunt altius, St magis irritati funt in luo motu, St faepe penetrant mediam regionem aeris, St 'unt aliqua materia meteororum ignitorum. 28. T r a d i t u r apud nos in Anglia, temporibus cum Galconia effet hujus ditionis, exhibitum fuilfe regi libellum lupplicem per fubditos fuos Burdegaliae St confinium ; petendo ut prohiberetur incenfio ericae in agris SulTexiae St Hamptoniac, quia gigneret ventum circa finem Aprilis vineis fuis exitiabilem. 29. C o n c u r su s ventorum ad invicem, fi fuerint fortes, gignunt ven­ tos vehementes St vorticofos • fi lenes St humidi, gignunt pluviam St ledant ventos.

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30. S e d a n t u r . St coercentur venti quinque m odis: Cum aut aer, va­ poribus oneratus tumultuans, liberatur, vaporibus le contrahentibus in pluviam ; aut cum vapores diflipantur & fiunt fubtiliores, unde permifcentur aeri, & belle cum iplo conveniunt & quiete d egu nt; aut cum vapores five halitus exaltantur 6t lublimantur in altum, adeo ut requies fit ab ipfis, donec a media regione aeris dejiciantur aut eam penetrent j aut cum vapo­ res, coadi in nubes, ab aliis ventis in alto fpirantibus, transvehuntur in alias regiones, ut pax fit ab ipfis in regionibus quas praetervolant • aut denique, cum venti a fomitibus luis fpirantes, longo itinere nec fuccedente nova ma­ teria langueficunt, & impetu luo deftituuntur quafi expirant. 31. I m b r e s plerumque ventos ledant, praelertim procellolbs, ut 8C venti contra faepius detinent imbrem. 32. C o n t r a h u n t le venti in pluviam (qui eft primus ex quinque ledandi modis, iique praecipuus) aut iplb onere gravati cum vapores fint copiofi, aut propter contrarios motus ventorum modo fint placidi, aut propter obices montium & promontoriorum quae fiftunt impetum ventorum, eolque paulatim in le vertunt, aut per frigora intenfiora unde condenlantur. 33. S o l e n T plerumque venti, minores & leviores, mane oriri &C cum fole decumbere, liifficiente condenlatione aeris nodurna ad receptionem eorum. Aer enim nonnullam comprelfionem patitur ablque tumultu. 34. S o n i t u s campanarum exiftimatur tonitrua & fulguradilfipare j de ventis non venit in oblervationem. Monitum. C o n s u l e locum de prognofticis ventorum 5 eft enim nonnul­ la connexio caularum & lignorum. 35. N a r r a t Plinius turbinis vehementiam, alperfione aceti in occurlum ejus, compelci.

LIMITES VENTORUM. Ad A r t i c u l u m XVI, XVII, XVIII. i. r |

R A D I T U R de monte Atho, fimiliter de Olym po, confuevifle lacrificantes in aris fuper faftigia iplorum extrudis literas exarare in cineribus lacrificiorum, poftea redeuntes elaplo anno (nam anniverlaria erant lacrificia) eafdem literas reperifie neutiquam turbatas aut confulas j ctiamfi arae illae non ftarent in templo aliquo, led lub dio. Unde manifeftum erat in tanta altitudine, neque cecidifle imbrem neque Ipirafle ventum. 2. R e f e r u n t in faftigio Pici de Tenariph, atque etiam in Andibus in­ ter Peruvian! £t Chilem, nives lubjacere per clivos & latera montium ; at in ipfis cacuminibus nil aliud efle quam aerem quietum, vix fpirabilem prop­ ter tenuitatem \ qui etiam acrimonia quadam, os ftomachi, fiC oculos pungat, inducendo illi nauleam, his luffufionem SC ruborem. 3. \ e n t i vaporarii non videntur in aliqua majore altitudine flare j cum tamen probabile fit, aliquos iplorum altius alcendere quam pleraeque nubes. D e altitudine hadenus, de latitudine videndum. 4. C e r t u m

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4. C e r t u m eft, lpatia quae occupant venti admodum varia efle, inter­ dum ampliffima, interdum pufilla St angufta. Deprehenfi lunt venti occupafle lpatium centenorum milliarium cum paucarum horarum differentia. 5. S p a t i o s i venti (fi fint ex liberis) plerumque vehementes liint, non lenes $ liint etiam diuturniores fit fere 24 horas durant : Sunt itidem minus pluviofi. Angufti contra aut lenes liint aut procelloli, at Temper breves. 6. S t a t i venti funt itinerarii, St longiftima lpatia occupant. 7. V e n t i procellofi non extenduntur per larga lpatia, licet lemper evagentur ultra fpatia ipfius procellae. 8. M a r i n i venti intra lpatia anguftiora multo quam tcrreftres ip iran t; in tantum, ut in mari aliquando confpicere detur, auram latis alacrem ali­ quam partem aquarum occupare, (id quod ex crifpatione aquae facile cer­ nit ur,)~cum undique Iit malacia, St aqua inftar lpeculi plana. 9. P u s i l l i (ut di&um eft) turbines ludunt quandoque coram equitan­ tibus, inftar fere ventorum ex follibus. D e latitudine hadenus, de duratione videndum. 10. D u r a t i o n e s ventorum valde vehementium in mari longiores funt, liifficiente copia vaporum, in terra vix ultra diem fit dimidium exten­ duntur. 1 1 . V e n t i valde lenes nec in mari nec in terra ultra triduum conftanter flant. 12. N o n lolum eurus zephyro magis eft durabilis, (quod alibi poluimus) led etiam quicunque ille ventus fit, qui mane lpirare incipit, magis durabilis iolet efle illo qui furgit vefperi. 13. C e r t u m eft, ventos infurgere fit augeri gradatim, (nili fuerint me­ rae procellae; ) at decumbere celerius, interdum quafi liibito.

SUCCESSI ONES VENTORUM. Ad A

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i . C I ventus le mutet conformiter ad motum lolis, id eft, ab euro ad au^ ftrum, ab auftro ad zephyrum, a zephyro ad boream, a borea ad eurum, non revertitur plerum que} aut fi hoc facit, fit ad breve tempus. Si vero in contrarium motus lolis, Icilicet ab euro ad boream, a borea ad zephyrum , a zephyro ad auftrum, ab auftro ad eurum, plerumque reftituitur ad plagam priorem, laltem antequam confecerit circulum integrum. -a. S i pluvia primum inceperit, fit poftea coeperit flare ventus ; ventus ille pluviae luperftes erit. Quod fi primo flaverit ventus, poftea a pluvia occiderit, non reoritur plerumque ven tu s; fit fi facit, fequitur pluvia nova. 3. Si venti paucis horis varient fit tanquam experiantur, St deinde coe­ perint conftanter flare, ventus ille durabit in dies plures. 4. S 1 aufter coeperit flare dies duos vel tres, boreas quandoque poft eum lubito fpirabit : Quod fi boreas fpiraverit totidem dies, non Ipirabit aufter donec ventus paulilper ab euro flarit. C um

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5. C u m annus inclinant, St poll autumnum hyems inceperit, fi incipi­ ente hyeme fpiraverit aufter,£t poftea boreas, erit hyems glacialis • fin liib initiis hyemis lpiraverit boreas, poftea aufter, erit hyems clemens St te­ pidus. 6. P l i n i u s citat Eudoxum, quod feries ventorum redeat poft quadri­ ennium, quod verum minime videtur ; neque enim tam celeres funt revolu­ tiones. Illud ex aliquorum diligentia notatum eft, tempeftates grandiores St infigniores (fervorum, nivium, congelationum, hyemum tepidarum, aeftatum gelidarum) redire plerumque ad circuitum annorum triginta.

MOTUS VENTORUM. Ad A R T I c. XXII, XXIII, XXIV, X XV, XXVI, XXVII. C O N N E X I O . O Q U U N T U R homines, ac fi ventus eflet corpus aliquod per le, at­ que impetu fuo acrem ante fe ageret St impelleret; etiam cum ven­ tus locum mutet, loquuntur, ac fi idem ventus fe in alium locum transferret. H a c c vero cum loquuntur plebeii, tamen philolophi ipfi remedium hujufimodi opinionibus non praebent; fed St illi quoque balbutiunt, neque erro­ ribus iftis occurrunt. r. I nq . u i r e n d u m igitur St de excitatione motus in ventis, St d ed ire£tione ejus, cum de originibus localibus jam inquifitum fit. Atque de iis ventis, qui habent principium motus, in fua prima impulfione, ut in iis qui dejiciuntur ex alto, aut efflant e terra, excitatio motus eft manifefta : alteri fu b initiis fuis defeendunt, alteri afeendunt, St poftea ex refiftentia aeris fi­ unt voluminofi, maxime fecundum angulos violentiae fuae. A t de illis, qui conflantur ubique in aere inferiore, (qui funt omnium ventorum frequentififimi) oblcurior videtur inquifitio ; cum tamen res fit vulgaris, ut in com­ mentatione liib articulo octavo declaravimus. 2. E t i a m hujus rei imaginem reperimus in illa turri occlufa, de qua paulo ante : tribus enim modis illud experimentum variavimus. Primus erat is, de quo lupra diximus, foculus ex prunis ante ignitis St claris. Se­ cundus erat lebes aquae ferventis, remoto illo foculo, atque tum erat motus crucis plumeae magis hebes St piger quam ex foculo prunarum, haerente in aere rore vaporis aquei, nec diffipato in materiam venti propter imbecillita­ tem caloris. A t tertius erat ex utrifque fimul, foculo St lebete; tum vero longe maxima erat crucis plumeae agitatio, adeo ut quandoque illam in lur— fum verteret, inftar pufilli turbinis; aqua fcilicet praebente copiam vaporis, St foculo qui aftabat eum diflipante. 3. I taque excitationis motus in ventis caufa eft praecipua fuperoneratio acris, ex nova acceffione aeris fa&i ex vaporibus. Jam de dire&ione motus videndum, St de verticitate, quae eft directionis mutatio. 4. D i r e c t i o n e m motus progreflivi ventorum regunt fomites fui, qui funt fimiles fontibus amnium ; loca lcilicet, ubi magna reperitur copia va V o l . II. N porum ;

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porum ; ibi enim eft patria venti. Poftquam autem invenerint currentem, ubi aer minime refiftit, (ficut aqua invenit declivitatem,) tum quicquid in­ veniunt fimilis materiae in via, in conlortium recipiunt, St luo currenti m ifcent; quemadmodum faciunt St amnes. Itaque venti lpirant lemper a parte fomitum luorum. 5. U b i non funt fomites infignes in aliquo loco certo, vagantur admodum venti, St facile currentem fuum mutant, ut in medio mari St campeftribus terrae latis. 6. U b x magni lunt fomites ventorum in uno loco, fed in locis progrefilus fui parvae acceffiones, ibi venti fortiter flant fub initiis, St paulatim flaccelcunt; ubi contra, fomites magis continui leniores funt liib initiis, St. poftea augentur. 7. S u n T fomites mobiles veritorum, lcilicet in nubibus ; qui laepe a ventis in alto lpirantibus tranfportantur in loca procul diftantia a fomitibus vaporum, ex quibus generatae funt illae nubes: tum vero incipit elfe fomes venti ex parte, ubi nubes incipiunt lolvi in ventum. 8. A t verticitas ventorum non fit eo, quod ventus prius flans le transfe­ rat ; led quod ille aut occiderit, aut ab altero vento in ordinem redaCtus fit. Atque totum hoc negotium pendet ex variis collocationibus fomitum ven­ torum St varietate temporum, quando vapores ex hujulinodi fomitibus ma­ nantes lolvuntur. 9. S i fuerint fomites ventorum a partibus contrariis, veluti alter fomes ab auftro, alter a borea; praevalebit lcilicet ventus fortior, neque erunt venti contrarii, led ventus fortior continuo fpirabit; ita tamen ut a vento imbecilliore nonnihil hebetetur St dometur ; ut fit in amnibus accedente fluxu maris; nam motus maris praevalet, St eft unicus ; led a motu fluvif nonnihil fraenatur. Quod fi ita acciderit, ut alter ex illis ventis contrariis, qui primum fortior fuerat, fuccumbat, tum lubito fpirabit ventus a parte contraria, unde St ante fpirabat, led latitabat lub poteftate majoris. 10. S i fomes (exempli gratia) fuerit ad euro-boream, fpirabit lcilicet euro-borcas. Quod fi fuerint duo fomites ventorum, alter ad eurum, alter ad boream, ii venti ad aliquem traftum lpirabunt leparatim ; at poft angu­ lum confluentiae lpirabunt ad euro-boream, aut cum inclinatione, prout al­ ter fomes fuerit fortior. 1 1 . S i fit fomes venti ex parte boreali, qui diftet ab aliqua regione 20 milliaribus St fit fortior, alter ex parte orientali, qui diftet 1 o milliaribus St fit debilior; fpirabit tamen ad aliquas horas.eurus, paulo poft (nimirum poft cmenlum iter) boreas. 12. S i lpiret boreas, atque occurrat ab occidente mons aliquis, fpirabit paulo poft euro-boreas, compofitus fcilicet ex vento originali repercuflb. 13. S i fit fomes ventorum in terra a parte boreae, halitus autem ejus feratur re&a lurliim, t inveniat nubem gelidam ab occidente, quae eam in advcrlum detrudat, fpirabit euro-boreas. Monitum. F o m i t e s ventorum in terra & mari funt flabiles, ita ut fons St origo iplorum melius percipiatur: at fomites ventorum in nubibus Hint mobiles ; adeo ut alibi luppeditetur materia ventorum, alibi vero ipfi for­ mentur : id quod efficit directionem motus in ventis magis conftilam St incertam.

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H a e c exempli gratia adduximus; fimilia fimili modo le habent. A t­ que de dire&ione motus ventorum hadenus. A t de longitudine & tanquam itinerario ventorum videndum ; licet de hoc iplb paulo ante fub no­ mine latitudinis ventorum inquifitum videri poflit. N am & latitudo pro longitudine ab imperitis haberi poffit, fi majora fpatia venti ex latere occu­ pent, quam in longitudine progrediantur. 14. S i verum fit Columbum ex oris Lufitaniae, per ventos flatos ab oc­ cidente, de continente in America judicium fecifle, longo certe itinere poffint commeare venti. 15. S i verum fit lolutionem nivium circa mare glaciale &C Scandiam ex­ citare aquilones, in Italia & Graecia, 6Cc. diebus canicularibus, longa certe flint fpatia. 16. Q u a n t o citius in confecutione in qua ventus movet, (exempli gratia fi fit eurus) veniat tcmpeflas ad locum aliquem ab oriente quanto vero tardius ab occidente nondum venit in. obfervationem. De motu ven­ torum in progrefTu hactenus • videndum jam de undulatione ventorum. 17. U n d u l a t i o ventorum ad parva momenta f i t : adeo ut centies in hora ad minus ventus (licet fortis) fe fufeitet, $C alternatim remittat. E x quo liqueat inaequalem effe impetum ventorum ; nam nec flumina, licet rapida, nec currentes in mari, licet robufti, undulant, nifi accedente flatu ventorum ■ neque ipfa illa undulatio ventorum aliquid aequalitatis habet in fe ; nam inflar pulfus manus aliquando intercurrit, aliquando intermittit. rS. U n d u l a t i o aeris in eo differt ab undulatione aquarum, quod in aquis, poflquam fluctus iublati fuerint in altum, i ponte rurfus decidant ad planum : ex quo fit, ut (quicquid dicant poetae exaggerando tcmpeftatcs, quod undae attollantur in coelunfSt delcendant in tartarum) tamen defcenfus undarum non multum praecipitetur ultra planum SC fuperficiem aquarum. A t in undulatione aeris, ubi deeft motus gravitatis, deprimitur attollitur aer fere ex aequo. De undulatione ha&enus : jam de motu conflictus inqui­ rendum eft. 19. D e conflictu ventorum & compofitis currentibus jam partim inquifi­ tum eft. Plane conflat ubiquetarios effe ventos, praeiertim leniores: id quod manifeftum etiam ex hoc, quod pauci funt dies aut horae, in quibus non lpirent aurae aliquae lenes in locis liberis, idque fatis inconftanter varie. Nam venti, qui non proveniunt ex fomitibus majoribus, vagabundi flint St volubiles, altero cum altero quafi ludente, modo impellente, modo fugiente. 20. V i s u m eft nonnunquam in mari advenifle duos ventos finnil ex contrariis partibus, id quod ex perturbatione fuperficici aquae ab utraque parte, atque tranquillitate aquae in medio inter eos, facile erat conlpicere ; poflquam autem concurriffent illi venti contrarii, alias lecutam effe tran­ quillitatem in aqua undique, cum fcilicet venti fe ex aequo fregiflent, alias continuatam effe perturbationem aquae, cum lcilicct fortior ventus praevaluiflet. 2 1. C e r t u m eft in montibus Peruvianis iaepe accidere, ut venti eodem tempore fliper montes ex una parte fpirent, in vallibus in contrarium. 22. I t i d e m certum apud nos nubes in unam partem ferri, cum ventus a contraria parte flet, hic in proximo. 23. Q u i n & illud certum, aliquando cerni nubes altiores fupervolare nubes humiliores ; atque ita ut in diverlas, aut etiam in contrarias partes ab­ eant tanquam currentibus adverfis. 24. I t i d e m

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24. I t i d e m certum quandoque in fuperiore aere ventos nec diftrahi,nec promoveri \ cum hic infra ad femimilliare infano ferantur impetu. 25. C e r t u m etiam e contra efle aliquando tranquillitatem infra, cum fuperne nubes ferantur latis alacriter; led id rarius eft. Phaenomenon obliquum. E t 1 a m in fludibus quandoque fupernatans aqua, quandoque demerla, incitatior e ft ; quinetiam fiunt (led raro) varii currentes aquae, quae vo lv i­ tur fupra, & quae labitur in imo. 26. N EQ.UE prorliis contemnenda illa teftimonia Virgilii, cum naturalis philolophiae non fuerit ipfe omnino imperitus:

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Una eurus notufque ruunt creberque procellis A fricu s.

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Et rurlus t Omnia ventorum concurrere proelia vidi. De motibus ventorum in natura rerum inquifitum e f t : videndum de moti­ bus eorum in machinis humanis ; ante omnia in velis navium. 1

Motus ventorum

velis navium.

i . T N navibus majoribus Britannicis (eas enim ad exemplum delegimus) quatuor funt mali, aliquando quinque; omnes in linea recta per medium navis dud a, alteri poft alteros eredi : eos fic nominabimus. 2. M a l u m principem, qui in medio navis eft ; malum prorae ; malum puppis, (qui aliquando eft geminus •) £t malum roftri. j . H a b e n t finguli mali plures portiones, quae fuftolli, & per certos no­ dos aut articulos figi, & fimiliter auferri pofliint j alii tres, alii duas tantum. 4. M a l u s roftri ftat ab inferiori nodo inclinatus verius m are; a iuperiori redus, reliqui omnes mali ftant redi. 5. H i s malis fuperimpendent vela decem, & quando malus puppis ge­ minatur, duodecim. Malus princeps 8t malus prorae tres habent ordines velorum. Eos fic nominabimus : Velum ab infra, velum a liipra, & ve­ lum a fummo. Reliqui habent duos tantum, carentes velo a lummo. 6. V e l a extenduntur in tranfverfum juxta verticem cujulque nodi mali, per ligna quae antennas vel virgas dicimus, quibus fuprema velorum aflu­ untur ; ima ligantur funibus ad angulos tantum ; vela lcilicet ab infra ad la­ tera navis, vela a liipra aut a fummo ad antennas contiguas. Trahuntur etiam aut vertuntur iifdem funibus in alterutrum latus ad placitum. 7. A n t e n n a five virga cujulque mali in tranfverliim porrigitur. Sed in malis puppis ex obliquo, altero fine ejus elevato, altero depreflb; in caeteris in redo ad fimilitudinem literae T au. 8. V e l a ab infra, quatenus ad vela principis prorae St roftri funt figu­ rae quadrangularis, parallelogrammae: vela a liipra St a fummo nonnihil acuminata five furgentia in ardum ; at ex velis puppis quod a fupra acu­ minatum, quod ab infra triangulare. 9. I n

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9. I n navi, quae erat mille 8fc centum amphorarum, atque habebat in lon­ gitudine, in carina, pedes 11 2 ; in latitudine, in alveo, 40 ; velum ab in­ fra mali principis continebat in altitudine pedes 42, in latitudine pedes 87. 10. V n u M a fupra ejufdem mali habebat in altitudine pedes 5 o, in la­ titudine pedes 84 ad bafim, pedes 42 ad faftigium. 11* V n u M a l u m m o in altitudine pedes 27, in latitudine pedes42 ad bafim, 21 ad faftigium. 12. I n malo prorae, velum ab infra, habebat in altitudine pedes 40 cum dimidio, in latitudine pedes 72. 13. V u u M a lupra in altitudine pedes 4 6 cum dimidio, in latitudine pCdes 69 ad bafim, 36 ad faftigium. 14. V e l u m a lummo in altitudine pedes 243 in latitudine pedes 36 ad bafim, 1 8 ad faftigium. 15» I N malo puppis, velum ab infra, habebat in altitudine, a parte an­ tennae elevata, pedes 51 ; in latitudine, qua jungitur antennae, pedes 72, reliquo delinente in acutum. 16. V e l u m a fupra in altitudine pedes 30, in latitudine pedes 37 ad ba­ fim, 30 ad cacumen» 17 . S i geminetur malus puppis in pofteriore, vela minuuntur ab anteri-» ore ad partem circiter quintam. 18. I n malo roftri, velum ab infra, habebat in altitudine pedes 28 cum dimidio, in latitudine pedes 60. T9* V e l u m a fupra in altitudine pedes 25 cum dimidio, in latitudine pedes 60 ad bafim, 30 ad faftigium. 20. V a r i a n t proportiones malorum 8C velorum, non tantum pro mag-» nitudine navium, verum etiam pro variis earum ufibus ad quos aedificantur; ad pugnam, ad mercaturam, ad velocitatem, Sc caetera. Verum nullo modo convenit proportio dimenfionis velorum ad numerum amphorarum* cum navis quingentarum amphorarum aut circiter, portet velum ab infra principis mali* paucos pedes minus undique, quam illa altera qtiae erat du­ plicis magnitudinis. Unde fit, ut minores naves longe praeftent celeritate majoribus, non tantum propter levitatem, led etiam propter amplitudinem velorum., habito relpe&u ad corpus naris : nam proportionem illam con­ tinuare in navibus majoribus nimis vafta res eflet 8t inhabilis. 21. C u m lingula vela per lumma extendantur, per ima ligentur tantum ad angulos; ventus neceflario facit vela intumelcere, praefertim verfus ima ubi funt laxiora. 22. L o n g e autem major eft tumor veli, in velis ab infra, quam in caeteris; quia non lolum parallelogramma funt, caeteta acuminata ; verum etiam quia latitudo antennae tanto excedit latitudinem laterum navis ad quae alligantur : unde necefle eft, propter laxitatem magnum dari receptum ventis ; adeo ut in illa magna, quam exempli loco fumpfimus, navi, tumor in vento re£k> polfit efle ad 9 aut 10 pedes introrfum. 23. F i t etiam ob eandem caulam, quod vela omnia a vento tumefaDcn-'Lapidis Lydii Den. 3. Gra.i Succini lucidi D en.i. Gra. 3 Marmoris D e n .T . Den.2. Gra.2 2.d.q. U r in a e Gra. 3 S ilic is Den.2. Gra.22.d. Aquae communis D.i.G.3.paulom in. V itri Den.2. Gra.2o.d. Olei caryophyl n r . . lorum chymici | D -'-G.J.paulomm. C ryftalli Den.2. Gra. 18 Alabaftri Den.2. Gra. 12 Vini clareti Den. 1. Gra. 2.d.qu. Salis gemmae Den.2. Gra. 1 o Pulveris lacchari ] ^ Gra.z.d. L u ti communis Den.2. albi > Dcn-[Gra.8.d. L u ti albi Den.2. Gra.s.d. Cerae flavae D en .i. Gra.2 N itri Den.2. Gra. 5 Radicis Chinae Den. 1. Gra.2 Ollis bovis Den. a* Gra. 5 Carnis pyri b ru -1 n ^ Gra.z Pulveris marga-1 ^ malis cmdi j" Cn' 1 ’ Gra.2 ritarum / Den.2. Aceti diftillati D en.i. Gra.i Sulphuris Den.2. Gra.2 Aquae rolaceae "j Gra. i' Gra. 1 .d. Terrae communis Den.2. diftillatae j ‘ Den' 1' Vitrioli albi Den. 1. Gra. 2 2 Cineris communis Den.t Gra.d. Eboris D en.i. Gra.2 i.d. Myrrhae Den. 1 Gra.o Aluminis D en.i. Gra.21 Benjovin D en.i. Gra.o Olei vitrioli D en.i. G ra.21 Butyri Den. 1. Gra.o Arenae albae D en .i. Gra. 20 Adipis Den. 1. Gra.o Cretae D en .i. Gra.i 8.d. Olei amygdalini Den 0 Gra.2 3.d. Olei fulphuris Gra. 1 Den. 1. dulcis j Pulveris falis Olei maceris vi- 1 _ ... ;>Den.o Gra.2 3.d. >Dcn. 1. Gra. 1 o communis ridis exprelh Ligni vitae D en.i. Gra. 10 Pulveris herbae \ Den.o. Gra.2 3 Carnis ovillae Den. r. Gra. 1 o fampluchi Aquae fortis Gra. 2 3 Den.o. D en .i. Gra. 7 Petrolei Cornu bovis D en.i. Gra. 6 Pulveris florum Gra. 2 2 j> Den.o. Baliami Indi rofae D en.i. Gra. 6 Gra. 2 2 Cerebri vitulini 1 ^ _ . . Den.o. Spiritus vini crudi j> D. 1 .G. 5. paul.mm. Gra.i 9Den.o. Gagatis D en .i. Gra. 5 camino Den.o. Gra.i 5 Cepae recentis D en .i. Gra.j Ligni abietis Modus V o l . II. S

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M odus experim enti circa tabulam fuprafcriptam . Y I

N T E L L I G U N T U R pondera,quibus ufi fumus,ejus generis & computationis quibus aurifabri utuntur, ut libra capiat uncias 1 2, unda 20 denarios, denarius grana 24. Delegimus autem corpus auri puri; ad cujus exporredionis menfuram reliquorum corporum rationes applicare­ mus ; non tantum quia gravilfimum, led quia maxime unum lui fimile, nihil habens ex volatili. Experimentum fuit tale : Unciam auri puri in fi­ guram aleae live cubi efformavimus; dein fitulam parvam, quadratam, ex argento paravimus, quae cubum illum auri caperet, atque ei exacte conve­ niret ; nifi quod fitula elTet nonnihil altior ; ita tamen ut locus intra fitulam, quo cubus ille auri afcenderat, linea confpicua fignaretur. Id fecimus li­ quorum &C pulverum g ra tia ; ut cum liquor aliquis intra eandem fitulam immittendus elfet, non difflueret, led paulo interius fe contineret. Simul autem aliam fitulam fieri fecimus, quae cum altera illa, pondere 8t conten­ to, prorfus par e lfetj ut in pari fitula corporis contenti tantum ratio appa­ reret. Tum cubos ejuldem magnitudinis five dimenfi fieri fecimus, in om­ nibus materiis in tabula lpecificatis, quae tectionem pati poffent • liquori­ bus vero ex tempore ufi fumus, implendo lcilicet fitulam, quoufque liquor ad locum illum linea lignatum alcenderet : Pulveribus eodem modo. Sed intelligantur pulveres maxime & fortiter comprelli. H oc enim potiflimum ad aequationem pertinet, nec calum recipit. Itaque non alia fuit pro­ batio, quam ut una ex fitulis vacua in una lance, altera cum corpore in altera lance poneretur ; & ratio ponderis corporis contenti per le ex­ ciperetur. Quanto vero pondus corporis pondere auri eft minus, tan­ to exporredio corporis eft exporredione auri major. Exempli gratia, cum auri ille cubus det unciam imam, myrrhae vero denarium unum ; li­ quet, exporredionem myrrhae ad exporredionem auri habere rationem v icecuplam : ut vicies plus materiae fit in auro quam in myrrha, in fimili lpatio ; rurfiis, vicies plus exporredionis fit in myrrha quam in auro, in limili pondere. Monita. 1. P a r v i t a s vafis quo ufi fumus, Sc forma etiam (licet ad cubos illos recipiendos habilis & apta) ad rationes exquifitas verificandas minus propria fuit. Nam nec minutias infra grani quadrantem facile exci­ pere liceb at; nec quadrata illa liiperficies in parvo, nec ienfibili afcenfu live altitudine, notabilem ponderis differentiam trahere potuit : contra quam fit in vafis in acutum lingentibus. 2. M i n i m e dubium eft, etiam complura corpora quae in tabula ponun­ tur intra luam lpeciem magis & minus recipere, quoad pondera & lpatia • nam & vina, ligna ejuldem fpeciei, & nonnulla e reliquis, funt certe alia aliis graviora. Itaque quoad calculationem exquifitam, calum quendam ifta res recipit; neque ea individua, in quae experimentum noftrum inci­ dit, naturam fpeciei exade referre, neque cum aliorum experimentis fortaffe omnino in minimis conlentire poffunt. 3. I n tabulam luperiorem conjecimus ea corpora, quae Ipatium live menfuram commode implere, corpore integro St tanquam fimilari, p offen t; quaeque etiam pondus habeant, ex cujus rationibus de materiae coacerva­ tione judicium fecimus. Itaque tria genera corporum huc retrahi non po­ terant :

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terant: Primo, ea quae dimenfioni cubicae latisfacere non poterant: ut folia, flores, pelliculae, membranae: fecundo, corpora inaequaliter cava St.porofa; ut fpongia, fuber, vellera: tertio, pneumatica, quia pon­ dere non dotantur; ut aer, flamma. 4. V i d e n d u m , num forte contra&io corporis ardior ex vi unita nancifcatur majorem rationem ponderis, quam pro quantitate materiae. Id, utrum fiat necne, ex hiftoria propria ponderis inquiratur. Quod fi fiat, fallit certe lupputatio : St quo corpora iunt tenuiora, eo paulo plus habent materiae in fimili exporredione, quam pro calculo ponderis St menfurae quae ex eo pendet. 5. H a n c tabulam multis abhinc annis confeci, atque (ut memini) bo­ na ufos diligentia. Verum poffit proculdubio tabula multo exadior com­ poni ; videlicet, tum ex pluribus tum ampliore quapiam menlura : Id quod ad exadas rationes plurimum fa c it; St omnino paranda eft, cum res fit ex fundamentalibus. Objervattones, i . L i c e t , atque adeo ju vat, animo prolpicere, quam fi­ nita St comprehenfibilis fit natura rerum in tangibilibus. T abula enim naturam claudit tanquam in pugno. Nemo itaque expatietur, nemo fingat aut lomniet. N on invenitur in tabula ens, quod aliud ens in copia materiae iuperet, ultra proportionem tricefimam duplam : tanto enim liiperat au­ rum lignum abietis. De interioribus autem terrae nihil decernimus; cum nec ien fu i nec experimento fubjiciantur. Illa,cum a calore coeleftium primo lon­ giu s, deinde penitus, femota fint, poflint efTe corporibus nobis notis denfiora. 2. O P 1N1 o de compofitione iublunarium ex quatuor elementis non bene cedit. Aurum enim in fitula illa tabulari eft ponderis Den. 20 ; terra communis Den. 2. paulo plus; aqua Den. 1. Gran. 3 3 ; aer, ignis, longe tenuiora St minus materiata ; ponderis vero nullius. A t forma materiam non auget. Videndum igitur, quomodo ex corpore 2 Den. & corporibus longe tenuioribus educatur per formam, in pari dimenlb, corpus 20. Den. D u o funt effugia: unum quod elementa tenuiora compingant denfiora in majorem denfitatem quam fimplicis elementi ; alterum, quod non intelligant Peripatetici hoc de terra communi, led de terra elementari omni ente compofito graviore. A t ignis St aer non condenlant, nili per accidens, ut luo loco dicetur. Terra autem illa, quae foret auro St omnibus gravior, ita lita eft, ut vix adfit ad miftionem. Melius igitur foret, ut plane nu­ gari delinant, St ceffet di&atura. 3. D i l i g e n t e r notanda eft leries live feala coacervationis materiae; St quomodo afeendat a coacervatione majore ad minorem : idque interdum per gradus, interdum per laltum. Si quidem utilis eft haec contemplatio, St ad judicium St ad pradicam. Coagmentatio metallica St fubterranea maxi­ ma eft ; ita ut ex 3 2 illis partibus occupet duodecim : Tantum enim diftat aurum a ftanno. In illo defcenfu ab auro St argento vivo magnus ialtus ad plumbum. A plumbo ad ftannum gradatio. Rurfus magnus liiltus a me­ tallis ad lapides : nili quod fe interponat magnes, qui inde convincitur efle lapis metallicus. A lapidibus vero ad reliqua uique ad levilfimum, conti­ nui St pulilli gradus. Mandata. 1. C u m fons denfitatis videatur effe in profundo terrae, adeo ut verfus luperficiem ejus corpora eximie extenuentur ; illud notatu dignum eft, quod aurum, (quod eft ex metallis graviflimum,) nihilominus reperiatur quandoque in arenulis St ramentis fluviorum ; etiam fere purum. Itaque inquirendum diligenter de litu ejuimodi locorum ; utrum non fint ad pedes monti lm,

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montium, quorum fundi St radices aequiparari poiTmt mineris profundiffimis, St aurum inde eluatur ; aut quid tandem fit quod pariat tantam condenlationem verius lummitatcs terrae. 2. D e mineris in genere quaerendum, quae ex iis foleant effe deprefliores, St quae propius ad fuperficiem terrae j St in quali litu regionum, St in qua gleba nafcantur ; St quomodo fe habeant ad aquas ; St maxime, in quibus cubilibus decumbant St jacean t; St quomodo circundentur aut mifceantur lapide, aut aliquo alio fo flili: Denique omnes circumflandae examinandae, ut per iftas explorari poflit, qua ratione fucci St fpiritus terrae in condenlationem iflam metallicam (quae reliquas longe luperat) coeant aut com­ pingantur. Objervationes. 4. D ubium minime efl, quin St in vegetabilibus, atque etiam in partibus animalium, le oflendant corpora complura ligno abietis longe leviora. Nam St lanugines nonnullarum plantarum, alae mufcarum St lpolia ferpentum ; atque artificialia quoque diverfa, ut lineus pannus extinclus (quali utimur ad fomites flammarum) St folia rolarum, quae fuperfunt a difiillatione St hujulinodi, luperant levitate (ut putamus) ligna leviflima. 5. C o h i b e n d a St corrigenda efl illa cogitatio in quam intelle&us hu­ manus propendet, nempe, dura effe maxime denfa. Nam argentum vivum fluit, aurum molle efl St plumbum. Illa vero duriflimis metallis (ferro St aere) funt denfiora St graviora ; lapidibus vero adhuc multo magis. 6. I n tabula multa cadunt praeter opinionem : veluti quod metalla lapi­ dibus tanto graviora ; quod vitrum (corpus lcilicct excoctum) cryflallo (corpore conglaciato) gravius; quod terra communis tam parum ponderofa • quod olea, aqua diflillata vitrioli St fulphuris, ad pondus crudorum tam prope accedant; quod tam parum interfit inter pondus aquae St vini • quod olea chymica (quae fubtiliora videri poflint) oleis expreflis ponderofiora j quod os fir dente St cornu tanto gravius; St alia fimiliter haud pauca. Mandatum. 3. N a t u r a denfi St rari, licet caeteras naturas fere per­ currat, neque fecundum earum normas regatur, videtur lolummodo mag­ num habere confenfum cum gravi St levi. A t fulpicamur etiam eam poffe habere confenfum cum tarda St celeri exceptione St depofitione calidi St frigidi. Fiat igitur experimentum, fi rarius corpus non admittat St amit­ tat calorem aut frigus celerius, denfius vero tardius. Idque probetur in auro, plumbo, lapide, ligno, Stc. Fiat autem in fimili gradu caloris, fimili quanto St figura corporis. Vellicationes de Trattica. 1. M i s t u r a omnis corporum per tabulam St pondera revelari St de­ prehendi potefl. Si enim quaeratur quantum aquae fit admiflum vino, vel quantum plumbi auro, St fic de reliquis • ponderato compofitum, St confule tabulam de pondere fimplicium ; St mediae rationes compofiti, compa­ ratae ad fimplicia, dabunt quantum miflurae. Arbitror hoc elfe eZemn il­ lud Archimedis ; fed utcunque ita res efl. 2. C o n f e c t i o auri, aut tranfmutatio metallorum in illud, omnino pro iulpe&a habenda efl. Aurum enim omnium corporum ponderofiflimum St denfifTimum. Igitur, ut aliud quippiam vertatur in aurum, prorlus condenfatione opus efi. Condenlatio autem (praelertim in corporibus valde materiatis, qualia funt metalla) apud nos homines in fuperficie terrae degentes vix fuperinducitur : Pleraeque enim ignis denfationes pfeudodenfitiones funt, fi totum refpicias ; (ut poflea videbimus :) hoc efl, corpora in partibus aliquibus fuis condenlant, totum minime. 3. V erum

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3, V e r u m verfio argenti vivi aut plumbi in argentum* (cum argentum {k illis rarius,) habenda eft pro iperabili j cum tantum fixationem, St alia quaedam innuat, non denlationem. 4. A t t a m e n fi argentum vivum , aut plumbum, aut aliud metallum, yerti poflet in aurum, quatenus ad caeteras auri proprietates, dempto pon­ dere } ut, Icilicct, fierent magis quam funt fixa, magis malleabilia, magis fequacia, magis durabilia, St minus expolita rubigini, magis Iplendida, etiam flava, St hujufmodi j clfet proculdubio res utilis St lucrativa, licet pondus auri non explerent. Obfervatio. 7. N e a u e auro cft ponderofius quicquam j neque ipliim aurum purum per artem, (quatenus adhuc innotuit) redditur lele ponde* rolius. H i flor ia. i . P l u m b u m tamen notatum eft St mole St pondere au geri ; praeiertim fi condatur in cellis fubterraneis, ubi res litum facile colligunt. Id quod maxime deprehenfum efh in ftatuis lapideis, quarum pedes plum­ beis vinculis erant alligati} quae vincula inventa funt intumuilfe, ut por­ tiones illorum ex lapidibus penderent, quali verrucae. Utrum vero hoc fuerit audio plumbi, an pullulatio vitrioli, inquiratur plenius. ‘fabula exporreblionis materiae fe r idem fpatium fiv e dimenfum} in corporibus iifdem integris & comminutis. Mercurius in corpo­ re, quantus impleat >Den. 19. Gra. 9. menluram tabula­ rem, ponderat

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Viventibus & pofteris Salutent U M hiftoriam vitae & mortis, inter lex defignationes menftruas, ultimo loco poluerimus j omnino hoc praevertere vifum eft, 6C fecundam edere, propter eximiam rei utilitatem j in qua, vel mi­ nima temporis ja d u ra pro pretiola haberi debet. Speramus etiim 6t cupimus futurum, ut id plurimorum bono fiat; atque ut medici nobiliores animos nonnihil erigant, neque toti lint in curarum Ibrdibus; neque Iblum propter neccfTitatem honorentur, led fiant demum omnipoten­ tiae 6C clementiae divinae adminiftri, in vita hominum proroganda & inftauranda ; praefertim cum hoc agatur, per vias tutas & commodas & ci­ viles, licet intentatas. E tfi enim nos Chriftiani ad terram promiflionis per­ petuo afpiremus & anhelemus; tamen interim itinerantibus nobis, in hac mundi eremo, etiam calceos iftos tegmina (corporis Icilicet noftri fragi­ lis) quam minimum atteri, erit lignum favoris divini.

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E vita brevi, St arte longa, vetus eft cantilena fit querela. Vi­ detur igitur effe tanquam ex congruo, ut nos qui pro viribus in­ cumbimus ad artes perficiendas, etiam de vita hominum pro­ ducenda cogitationem lufcipiamus, favente fit veritatis fit vi­ tae Authore. E tfi enim vita mortalium, non aliud fit quam cumulus, fit acceflio peccatorum St aerumnarum, quique ad aeternitatem afpirant, iis leve fit lucrUm vitae 5 tamen non defpicienda eft, etiam nobis Chriftianis, operum charitatis continuatio. Quinetiam dilcipulus amatus caeteris fuperftes fu it; St complures ex patribus, praefertim monachis fandis St eremi­ tis, longaevi fuerint; ut ifti benedici ioni, (toties in lege veteri repetitae,) minus detra&um videatur poft aevum Servatoris, quam reliquis benedici ionibus terrenis. Verum ut hoc pro maximo bono habeatur, proclive eft. De modis affequendi ardua inquifitio; eoque magis, quod fit St opinioni­ bus falfis St praeconiis vanis depravata. Nam St quae a turba medico­ rum de humore radicali St calore naturali dici folent, funt ledu d oria: fit laudes immodicae medicinarum chymjcarum, primo inflant hominum Ipes, deinde deftituunt. A T a u e de morte, quae lequitur ex fuffocatione, putrcfadione, & va­ riis morbis, non inftituitur praeiens inquifitio; pertinet enim ad hiftoriam medicinalem ; led de ea tantum morte, quae fit per refolutionem ac atro­ phiam lenilem. Attamen de ultimo paflu mortis, atque de ipfa extinflione vitae, quae tot modis, St exterius St interius, fieri poteft, (qui tamen habent quafi atriolum commune, antequam ad articulum mortis ventum fit) inquirere ; affine quiddam praelenti inquifitioni effe cenlem us: led illud poftremo loco ponemus. v Q u o d reparari poteft lenfim, atque primo integro non deftru&o, id po­ tentia aeternum eft, tanquam ignis Veftalis. Cum igitur viderent medici S t philofbphi, ali prorfus animalia, eorumque corpora reparari fit refici ; ne­ que tamen id diu fieri, led paulo poft fenelcere ea, fit ad interitum propeic deduci ; mortem quaefiverunt in aliquo, quod proprie reparari non poflit ; exiftimantes humorem aliquem radicalem fit primigenium non reparari ia folidum, led fieri jam ulque ab infantia, appofitionem quandam degenerem, non reparationem ju fta m ; quae fenfim cum aetate depravetur, fit demuin pravum deducat ad nullum. Haec cogitarunt imperite latis fit leviter: Omnia enim in animali, fub adolelcentia fit juventute, reparantur integre; quinetiam ad tempus, quantitate augentur, qualitate meliorantur ; ut ma­ teria.

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teria reparationis, quafi aeterna elTe poflet, fi modus reparationis non inter­ cideret. Sed revera hoc fit: Vergente aetate, inaequalis admodum fit re­ paratio; aliae partes reparantur fatis feliciter, aliae.aegre St in pejus; ut alf eo tempore, corpora humarta fubire incipiant tormentum illud M ezentii, Ut v iv a in amplexu m ortuorum im m o ria n tu r , atque facile reparabilia, prop­ ter aegre reparabilia copulata, deficiant. Nam etiam poll declinationem, 6C decurlum aetatis, fpiritus, languis, caro, adeps, facile reparantur ; at quae ficciores, aut porofiores Hint partes, membranae, St tunicae omnes, nervi, arteriae, venae, ofla, cartilagines, etiam vilcera pleraque, denique organi­ ca fere omnia, difficilius reparantur, St Cum ja&ura. Illae auterri iplac partes, cum ad illas alteras reparabiles partes, a£tu reparandas, omnino offi­ cium fuum praeftare debeant; adivitate fua, ac viribus imminutae, fun&iones liias aniplius exequi non polfilnt. Ex quo fit, ut paulo poll, omnia ruere incipiant, St ipfae illae partes, quae in natura fua funt valde repara­ biles, tamen deficientibus organis reparationis, nec iplae fimiliter amplius commode reparentur, fed minuantur, St tandem deficiant. Caufa autem periodi ea eft; quod Ipiritus, inftar flammae lenis, perpetuo praedatorius, St cum hoc confpirans aer externus, qui etiani corpora fugit, St arefacit, tandem officinam corporis, St machinas, St organa perdat, St inhabilia red­ dat ad munus reparationis. Hae funt verae viae mortis naturalis bene St diligenter animo volvendae : Etenim qui naturae vias rton noverit, quomo^ do is illi occurrere poflit, eamque vertere ? I tauue duplex debet efle inquifitio, altera de confUmptione, aut de­ praedatione corporis humani; altera de ejufdem reparatione aut refedione: eo intuitu, ut altera, quantum fieri poflit, inhibeatur, altera confortetur. At que prior illarum pertinet praecipue ad fpiritus St aerem externum, per quos fit depraedatio; fecunda ad univerlum procelfum alimentationis, per quem fit rellitutio. Atque quoad primam inquifitionis partem, quae eft de conlumptione, omnino illa cum corporibus inanimatis, magna ex parte, communis eft. Etenim quae fpiritus innatus (qui omnibus tangibilibus, li­ ve vivis live mortuis, ineft) St aer ambiens operatur iuper inanimata, eadem St tentat fuper animata; licet fuperadditus fpiritus vitalis, illas ope­ rationes partim infringat St compefcat, partim potenter admodum intendat St augeat. Nam manifeftiflimum eft inanimata complura, ablque reparati­ one, ad tempus bene longum durare polfe: at animata abfque alimento St reparatione liibito concidunt St extinguuntur, ut St ignis. Itaque in­ quifitio duplex efle debet; primo contemplando corpus humanum, tanquam inanimatum St inalimentatum; deinde tanquam animatum St alimentatum. Verum haec praefati, ad topica inquifitionis jam pergamus.

TOPICA

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E natura durabilis & minus durabilis, in corporibus inanima­ tis atque fimul in vegetabilibus, inquifitionem habeto- non copiofam, aut legitimam, led ftriftim & per capita & tanquam in tranfitu. r ’

rnm S E ^ ccadone’ arefaaione, & confumptione corporum inanimato­ rum, & vegetabilium, & de modis & proceffu per quos fiunt; atque infuper de deficcationis, arefa&ionis, & confumptionis prohibitione & retar datione, corporumque in fuo ftatu confervatione; atque rurfus de corno! rum, poftquam fcmel arefieri coeperint, intcneratione & emollitione & revirefcentia, dihgentius inquirito. w' N e Q- ue tamen bis P erfera aut accurata facienda eft inquifitio cum ex proprio titulo durabilis haec depromi debeant, cumque non fint £ mquifitione praefenti principalia, fed lumen tantummodo praebeant ad p r £ Iongationem & inftaurationem vitae, in animalibus. In quibus infis P/w jam difium eft) eadem fere ufu veniunt, fed fuo modo. A b i n S i o t terhonSirem manimata5 & ve6etabUia> tranfeat inquifitio ad animalia prae-

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. D e animalium longaevitate, & brevitate vitae, cum circumftantiis debitis, quae ad hujulmodi aevitates videantur facere, inquirito. . Q u o n i a m vero duplex eft duratiocorporum, altera in identitatefimplici altera per reparationem j quarum prima in inanimatis tantum obtinet, fecunda in vegetabilibus, & animalibus, & perficitur per alimcntationem ideo de alimentatione, ejufque vm , & proceffu inquirito: neque id ipfum exacte (pertinet enim ad titulos ailimilatioms, St alimentationis) led ut re­ liqua m tranfitu. '

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A b mquifitione circa animalia, atque alimentata, tranfeat illa ad horninem : cum vero jam deventum & ad fubjcaum inquifitionis principale, debet effe in omnibus inquifitio magis exa&a, St numeris fuis abloluta. m„5\.DE ° ngaeVl atei’ & brc" it1ate vitac i" hominibus, fecundum aetates mund, repones, & climata, & loca nativitatis, & habitationis, inquirito „ long^ vitate IS brevitate vitae in hominibus, fecundum propatrines & ftirpes fuas (tanquam effet haereditaria;) atque etiam lia n d u m complexiones conllttutiones, & habitus corporis, flaturas, necnon mod ™ C fpatia grandefeendi, atque fecundum membrorum facturas, Sc comnaees mquinto. *

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7. D e longaevitate St brevitate vitae in hominibus, fecundum temnora nativitatis, ita inquirito, ut aftrologica & ichemata coeli, in p r a e L t i f o mittas, recipito tantum obfervationes (fi quae fint) plebeias, & manifeftas, de

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de partUbus feptimo, odavo, nono, di decimo menfe ; etiam noctu, interd iu , di quo menle anni ? 8. D e longaevitate di brevitate vitae in hominibus, fecundum victum, diaetas, regimen vitae, exercitia, di fimilia, inquirito; nam quatenus ad acrem, in quo vivunt, & morantur homines, de eo, in articulo lupcriore de locis habitationis, inquiri debere intelligimus. 9. D h longaevitate d i brevitate vitae in hominibus, lecundum lludia di genera vitae, di affectus animae, & varia accidentia, inquirito. 10. D e medicinis, quae putantur vitam prolongare, feorlum inquirito. 1 1 . D e fignis & prognofticis vitae longae & brevis, non illis quae mortem denotant in propinquo, (id enim adhiftoriam medicinalem pertinet;) led de iis quae etiam in fanitate apparent & obfervantur, inquirito, five fint phyfiognomica, five alia. H a c t e n u s inftituta eft inquifitio de longaevitate di brevitate vitae, tanquam inartificialis d i in co n fu lo; huic adjicere vifiim eft inquifitionem artificialem, atque innuentem ad praxim, per intentiones. Eae genere funt tres. Diftributiones autem magis particulares intentionum earum propone­ mus, cum ad ipfam inquifitionem ventum erit. Tres illae intentiones gene­ rales fu n t: prohibitio confumptionis; perfedio reparationis; renovatio veterationis. 12. D e iis quae corpus in homine ab arefadione & confumptione con­ fer van t di eximunt; aut faltem inclinationem ad eas remorantur di dif­ ferunt, inquirito. 13. D e iis quae pertinent ad univerfum procefliim alimentationis, (unde fit reparatio in corpore hominis) ut fit proba, di minima cum jad u ra, inqui­ rito. 14. D e iis quae purgant inveterata di reponunt nova, quaeque etiam ea, quae jam arefacta di indurata funt, rurfus intenerant & humedant, in­ quirito. Q u o n i a m vero difficile eft vias ad mortem nolle, nifi ipfius mortis fedem & domicilium, ( v e l antrum potius) perlcrutatus fis di inveneris ; de hoc facienda eft inquifitio ; neque tamen de omni genere mortis, led tantum de iis mortibus, quae inferuntur per privationem 5i indigentiam, non per violentiam ; illae enim liint tantum, quae ad atrophiam lenilem fpedant. 15. D e articulo mortis, & de atriolis mortis, quae ad illum ducant, ab omni parte (fi modo id fiat per indigentiam di non per violentiam,) in­ quirito. P ostremo , quoniam expedit noffe charaderem di formam fenedutis, quod fiet optime, fi differentias omnes in ftatu corporis & fundionibus, inter juventutem di fenedutem, diligenter collegeris; ut ex iis perlpicere polfis, quid fit illud tandem, quod in tot effedus frondelcat; etiam hanc inquifiti­ onem ne omittito. 16. D e differentiis ftatus corporis, di facultatum in juventute, atque in fen ed u te; di fi quid fit ejufmodi, quod in fenedute maneat, neque minu­ atur, diligenter inquirito.

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i . Tk WT E T A L L A in tantum aevum durant, ut tempus durationis l\ /I iplorum, hominum obiervationem fugiat. Etiam quando I Y I lolvuntur per aetatem, in rubiginem iblvuntur, non per perIpirationem ; aurum autem per neutrum. 2. A r g e n t u m vivum , licet humidum fit St fluidum, atque per ignem facile fiat volatile ; tamen (quod novimus) ablque igne per aetatem folam, nec confumitur nec contrahit rubiginem. 3. L a p i d e s , praelertim duriores, & complura alia ex foflilibus, longi funt a e v i; idque licet exponantur in aerem ; multo magis dum conduntur fub terra: Attamen nitrum quoddam colligunt lapides, quod illis eft inftar rubiginis: gemmae autem St cryftalla, metalla ipfa aevo fuperant; atta­ men clarore fuo nonnihil a longa aetate mulftantur. 4. O b s e r v a t u m eft, lapides ex parte boreae, citius temporis edacita­ te conlumi, quam auftro expolitos, idque St in pyramidibus St in templis St aliis aedeficiis manifeftum e lfe : ferrum contra, ad auftrum expolitum, citius rubiginem contrahere, ad feptentrionem tardius, ut in bacillis illis fer­ reis aut cratibus, quae ad feneftras apponuntur, liquet. N ec mirum, cum in omni putrefactione (qualis eft rubigo) humiditas acceleret dilfolutionem, in are factione fimplici, ficcitas. 5. I n vegetabilibus (loquimur de avulfis nec vegetantibus) ftemmata ar­ borum duriorum, five trunci, atque ligna, St materies ex ipfis, per laccula nonnulla durant. Partes autem ftemmatis varie le habent; lunt enim quae­ dam arbores fiftulolae, ut fambucus, in quibus pulpa in medio mollior fit, exterius durius; at in arboribus lolidis, qualis eft quercus, interius, (quod cor arboris vocant,) durat magis. 6. F o l i a plantarum St flores, etiam caules, exiguae Hint durationis, fed folvuntur in pulverem, feleque incinerant, nili putrefiant: radices au­ tem Hint magis durabiles. 7. O s s a animalium diu durant, ut videre eft in ofluariis, Icilicet repofitoriis olfium defunctorum : Cornua etiam valde durant ; necnon dentes, ficut in ebore, St dentibus equi marini. 8. P e l l e s etiam St corium valde durant, ut cernere eft in Pergamenis antiquorum librorum : quinetiam papyrus complura laecula tolerat, licet Pergamenae duratione cedat. 9. I g n e m palfa diu durant, ut vitrum, lateres; etiam carnes, St fru&us ignem pafli, diutius durant quam crudi; neque ob id tantum, quod hujulmodi coctio arceat putredinem ; fed etiam quod emiflb humore aqueo, hu­ mor oleofus diutius le luftineat. 10. A q. u a omnium liquorum citiflime lorbetur ab aere, oleum contra tardius evaporat; ut cernere eft, non folum in liquoribus ipfis, verum eti­ am in m iftis: etenim papyrus aqua madefa&a, atque inde nonnihil diaphancitatis na&a, paulo poll albelcit, St diaphaneitatem luam deponit, exha­ lante

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lante fcilicet vapore aquae; at contra, papyrus oleo tin&a, diu diaphaneitatem lervat, minime exhalante oleo : unde qui chirographa adulterant, pa­ pyrum oleatam autographo imponunt, atque hac induftria lineas trahere tentant. 1 1 . G u m m i omnia valde diu durant; etiam cera & mei. 12. A t aequalitas di inaequalitas eorum, quae corporibus accidunt, non minus quam res iplae, ad durationem aut diffolutionem valent. Nam lig­ na, lapides, alia vel in aqua, vel in aere perpetuo manentia, plus durant, quam li quandoque alluantur quandoque afflentur. Atque lapides eruti, di in aedificiis politi, diutius durant, fi eodem fitu, di ad ealdem coeli pla­ gas ponantur, quibus jacebant in mineris : id quod plantis etiam e loco mo­ tis, 6i alio tranlplantatis, accidit.

OBSERVATI ONES MAJORES. I . T " O C O aliumpti ponatur, quod certiffimum e ft ; ineffe omni tangibiJ _j li fpiritum five corpus pneumaticum, partibus tangibilibus obteftum, 6C incluliim ; atque ex illo fpiritu initium capi omnis dilTolutionis &C cortlumptionis ; itaque earundem antidotum elt detentio lpiritus. 2. S p i r i t u s detinetur duplici m odo; aut per comprelfionem ardam, tanquam in carcere ; aut per detentionem tanquam lpontaneam : Atque ea manfio etiam duplici ratione invitatur ; videlicet, fi lpiritus ipfe non fit mo­ bilis admodum, aut a cer; atque fi infuper ab aere ambiente minus folicitetu r ad exeundum. Itaque duo liint durabilia ; durum, di oleofum ; durum conftringit lpiritum ; oleofum partim demulcet fpiritum , partim hujufmodi eft, ut ab aere minus lolicitetur: aer enim aquae confubftantialis, flamma autem oleo. Atque de natura durabilis di minus durabilis in ina­ nimatis, haec inquilita fint. H i flo ria. 13. H e r b a e quae habentur ex frigidioribus annuae fiint, di quotannis moriuntur, tam radice quam cau le: ut lactuca, portulaca; eti­ am triticum, di frumenti omne genus: funt tamen etiam ex frigidis, quae per tres aut quatuor annos durant, ut viola, fragaria, pimpinella, primula veris, acetola; at borago, di buglolfa, cum videantur vivae tam fimiles, morte differunt; borago enim annua, buglolfa anno llipcrftes. 14. A t herbae calidae plurimae aetatem di annos ferunt; hyffopus, thymus, latureia, majorana altera, meliffa, abfynthium, chamaedrys, lalv ia , &c. A t foeniculum caule moritur, radice repullulat: Ocymum vero d i majorana (quam vocant) fuavis, non tam aetatis quam hyemis 1'unt im­ patientes ; fatae enim in loco valde munito & tepido, luperftites fu n t: cer­ te notum eft lchema, (qualibus in hortis utuntur ad ornamentum;) ex hyffopo, quotannis bis tonfum, ulque ad quadraginta annos duraffe. 15. F r u t i c e s & arbores humiliores, ad iexagefimum annum aliae etiam duplo magis vivunt. Vitis fexagenaria effe poteft, & ferax eft etiam in 1'eneclute. Rofinarinus feliciter collocatus, etiam Iexagefimum annum com plet: at acanthus di hedera ultra centefimum durant. Sed rubi aetas non percipitur, quia Acciendo caput in terram novas nancifcitur radices, ut veterem a nova diftinguere haud facile fit. 16. Ex-

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1 6. E x arboribus grandioribus annofilfimae funt quercus, ilex, ornus, Ulmus, fagus, caftanea, platanus, ficus ruminalis, lotos, oleafter, olea, palma, morus : cx his nonnullae uique ad oShngentcfimum annum ; etiam earum minus vivaces, uique ad ducentefimum perveniunt. 17. A t arbores odoratae St refinofae, materia fua five ligno, etiam illis, quas diximus, magis durabiles; aetate paulo minus vivaces- cuprelfus, abies, pinus, buxus, juniperus ; at cedrus corporis magnitudine adju­ tus, etiam fuperiores fere aequat. i g. F r a x i n u s proventu alacris St velox,aetatem ad centefimum annum, aut nonnihil ultra producit; quod etiam quandoque facit ferula, St acer, St forbus ; at populus St tilia St falix, St ( quam appellant ) lycomorus, St juglans, non adeo vivaces funt. 19. M a l u s , pyrus, prunus, malus Punica, malus Medica, St citria, melpilus* cornus, cerafus, ad quinquagefimum, aut iexagefimum annum pervenire p olfu n t; praefertim fi a mulco nonnullas ipfarum veftiente ali­ quando purgentur. 20. G e n e r a l 1T e r magnitudo corporis in arboribus, cum diuturnita­ te vitae, (caeteris paribus) nonnihil habet commune; St fimiliter duiities materiae : quin St arbores glandiferae, St nuciferae, fruSli feris St bacciferis lunt plerunque vivaciores: atque etiam praecocibus, vel frudu, vel foliis, ferotinae St tardius fondelcentes, atque tardius etiam folia deponen­ tes, aetate diuturniores fu n t: quin St lylveftres cultis; St in eadem lpecie, quae acidum frudum ferunt, illis quae dulcem.

O B S E R V A T I O MAJ OR. 3. | ) E N E admodum notavit Ariftotcles, dilcrimen inter plantas St a\ j nimalia, quoad alimentationem St renovationem; quod fcilicet corpus animalium fuis clauftris circumfeptum m anet; atque inluper poftquam ad juftam magnitudinem pervenerit, alimento continuatur St conlervatur, led nihil novum Cxcreicit, praeter capillos St ungues, quae pro excrementis habentur ; adeo ut necclfe fit liiccos animalium citius veterafcere : at in arboribus, quae novos lubinde ramos, nova vimina, novas frondes, novos frudus emittunt, evenit ut St iplae, quas diximus, partes novae fint, nec aetatem p alfae; cum vero, quicquid viride fit, St adolelcens, fortius St alacrius alimentum ad fe trahat, quam quod inceperit deficcari; evenit una St fimul, ut truncus iple, per quem hujufmodi alimen­ tum tranfit ad ramos, uberiore St laetiore alimento in tranfitu irrigetur, perfundatur, St recreetur : id quod etiam infigniter patet, ex hoc ( licet illud non annotaverit Ariftotelcs, qui nec ea ipla, quae jam diximus, tam perlpicue explicavit) quod in lepibus, fylvis caeduis, arboribus tonfis, amputatio ramorum aut Hirculorum caulem ipfum aut truncum confor­ tat, illumque efficit longe diuturniorem.

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D e s i c c a t terram, & lapides, & lignum, & pannos, & pelles, Sc quaecunque non fluunt: colliquat m etalla, & ceram, & gummi, & buty­ rum, & fevum, & hujufmodi. 2. A t t a m e n in illis ipfis quae colliquat ignis, fi vehementior fuerit, e a in fine d eficcat; nam & m etalla, ex igne fortiore, emi fio volatili, mi­ nuuntur pondere ( praeter aurum ,) & deveniunt magis fra g ilia ; atque oleofa illa & pinguia, ab igne fortiore deveniunt frixa & tofia & magis ficc a & cruftata. 3. A e r , praecipue apertus, manifefto deficcat, nunquam colliquat i velu ti cum viae & fuperficies terrae, imbribus madefa&ae deficcantur; lin­ te a lota, quae ad aerem exponuntur, ficcantur; herbae & folia & flores in umbra ficcantur. A t multo magis, hoc facit aer, fi aut folis radiis illuftretur, ( modo non inducat putredinem ) aut moveatur; ut flantibus ven­ tis, & in areis perflatilibus. 4 . A e t a s maxime, fed tamen lentiflime, deficcat; ut fit in omnibus cor­ poribus, quae vetuftate ( modo non intercipiantur a putredine) arefiunt: aetas autem, nihil eft per fe ( cum fit menfura tantum temporis ; ) fed effeCtus producitur, a fpiritu corporum innato, qui corporis humorem exug it, & una cum ipfo e v o la t; & ab aere circumfufo, qui multiplicat fe fuper fpiritus innatos & fuccos corporis, eofque depraedatur. 5. F r 1 g u s omnium maxime proprie exiccat ; fiquidem deficcatio non fit nifi per contractionem; quod eft opus proprium frigoris. Quoniam vero nos homines calidum potentiflhnum habemus in igne; frigidum autem infirmum admodum,- nihil aliud fcilicet quam hyemis, aut fortafie glaciei, aut nivis, aut nitri; ideo deficcationes frigoris funt imbecillae & facile diflolubiles: videmus tamen deficcari faciem terrae ex gelu, at­ que ex ventis martiis, plus quam ex foie > cum idem ventus qui humorem lam bit, etiam frigus incutiat. 6. F u m u s foci deficcat, ut in laridis, & linguis boum, quae in caminis fufpenduntur; quinetiam fuffitus ex olibano, aut ligno aloes, & fimilibus, deficcat cerebrum & catarrhis medetur. 7. S a l , mora paulo longiore, deficcat, non tantum in extimis, fed etiam in profundo; ut fit in carnibus, aut pifcibus falitis; quae per diutur­ nam falitionem manifefto etiam intrinfecus indurantur. 8. G u m m i calidiora applicata ad cutem, eam deficcant & corrugant; quod faciunt etiam aquae nonnullae conftringentes.

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1 1 . G r a n a r 1 a in ufu funt hodie, ad partes Germaniae orientales, in cellis fubterraneis, in quibus triticum & alia grana confervantur, fubftrato & circumpofito undique ftramine, ad nonnullam altitudinem, quod humiditatem cavernae arceat & fo rb e a t: qua induftria fervantur grana etiam ad vicefimum, aut tricelimum annum; neque fervantur tantum a pu­ tredine, fed (quod adpraefenteminquifitionem pertinet,) in tali viriditate, ut panibus conficiendis optime fufficiant; idemque fuilie in ufu, in C appa­ docia & Thracia, & nonnullis locis Hifpaniae, perhibetur. 12. G r a n a r 1 a , in faftigiis aedium,cum feneftris ad orientem & feptentrionem commode collocantur; quinetiam conftituunt qu dam duo folaria, fuperius & inferius; fuperius autem foraminatum eft, ut granum per fora­ men, ( tanquam arena in clep fyd ra,) continue defcendat, & fubinde palis, poft aliquot dies, reponatur; ut granum fit in contmuo motu. Notandum autem eft, etiam hujufmodi res, non tantum putredinem cohibere, verum etiam viriditatem confervare & deficcationem retardare; cujus caufa eft ea, quam etiam fuperius notavimus; quod evolatio humoris aquei, quae motu & vento acceleratur, humorem oleofum in fuo elfe confervat; qui alias in confortio humoris aquei fuilfet una evolaturus. Etiam in quibufdam montibus ubi aer eft purus, cadavera ad plures dies manent, non mul­ tum deflorefcentia. 13 . F r u c t u s , veluti granata, citria, m ala, pyra, & hujufmodi; etiam & flores, ut rofa, lilium, in vafis fictilibus bene obturatis, diutius fervan­ tur ; neque tamen non officit aer ambiens ab extimis, qui etiam per vas inaequalitatesfuas defert & infinuat; ut in calore & frigore manifeftum eft: itaque fi & vafa diligenter obturentur, atque obturata fub terram infuper condantur, optimum e r it; neque minus utile eft, fi non fub terra, fed fub aquis condantur, modo fint umbrofae, ut putei & ciftemae in dom ibus; fed quae fub aquis conduntur, melius reponuntur in vafis vitreis quam in Adibilibus. 14. G e n e r a l i t e r quae fub terra & in cellis fubterraneis, aut in profundo aquarum reponuntur, virorem fuum diutius tuentur, quam quae fupra terram. 15. T r a d u n t in confervatoriis nivium ( five fint in montibus in fo­ veis naturalibus, five per artem in puteis ad hoc fadis ) obfervatum fuifle, uod aliquando malum, aut caftanea, aut nux, aut fimile quippiam ind­ ent, quae poft plures menfes liquefada nive, aut etiam intra nivem ipfam, inventa funt recentia & pulchra, ac fi pridie elfent decerpta. 1 6. U v a e apud rufticos fervantur in racemis coopertis intra farinam; quod licet guftui eas reddat minus gratas, tamen humorem & viriditatem confervat; etiam omnes frudus duriores, non tantum in farina, fedinfcobe lignorum, etiam inter acervos granorum integrorum diu fervantur.

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1 7 . I n v a l u i t opinio, corpora intra liquores fuae fpeciei, tanquam menftrua fua, confervari recentia; ut uvas in vino, olivas in oleo, & c. 18. S e r v a n t u r mala granata & cotonea tin&a paulifper in aquam marinam, aut falfam, & paulo poft extracta; & in aere aperto ( modo fue­ rit in umbra) ficcata. 19. I n vino, oleo, aut amurca, fufpenfa diu fervantur; multo magis in m eile & fp iritu vin i; atque etiam omnium maxime (u t quidam tradunt) in argento vivo. 20. I n c r u s t a t i o etiam fru&uum, cera, pice, gypfo, pafta, aut aliis oblinimentis, aut capfulis, diutius eos virides confervat. 21. M a n i f e s t u m eft mufcas & araneas & formicas, & hujufmodi, cafu in elettro, aut etiam arborum gummis immerfas & fepultas, nunquam poftea marcefcere ; licet lint corpora mollia & tenera. 22. U v a e fervantur penfiles; & fic de aliis fruCtibus; duplex eft enim ejus rei commoditas,- una, quod abfque ulla contufione aut compreflione fiat, qualis contra fit cum fuper dura collocantur ; altera, quod aer undequaque ipfas aequaliter ambit. 23. N o t a t u m eft, tam putrefa&ionem, quam deficcationem in ve­ getabilibus, non fimiliter, ex omni parte, incipere; fed maxime ex ea parte, per quam folebant, cum elfent viva, attrahere alimentum ; itaque jubent aliqu i pediculos malorum aut fruCtuum, cera aut pice liquefaCta, ob­ ducere. 24. F i l a candelarum aut lampadum majora citius abfumunt fevum au t oleum, quam nlinora etiam flamma ex goflipio citius quam ex fcirpo aut ftramine aut vimine ligneo; atque in baculis cereorum, citius ex junipero aut abiete, quam ex fra x in o : etiam omnis flamma mota & ven to agitata, citius abfumit, quam tranquilla; itaque intra cornu minus c ito , quam in aperto : tradunt quoque lychna in fepulchris, admodum diu durare. 25. A l i m e n T i etiam natura & praeparatio non minus facit ad diu­ turnitatem lychnorum, quam natura flammae : nam cera fevo diuturnior ; & fevum paulo madidum, fevo ficciore; & cera dura, cera molliore. 2 6. A r b o r e s , fi quotannis circa radices earum terram moveris, bre­ vius durant; fi per luftra aut decennia, diutius; etiam germina & furculos decerpere, facit ad longaevitatem ; item ftercoratio aut fubftratio cre­ tae & fimilium, aut multa irrigatio, feracitati confert, aetatem minuit; atque de prohibitione deficcationis & confumptionis, haec inquifita fint. I n t e n e r a t i o deficcati, ( quae res eft praecipua ) experimenta prae­ b e t p a u ca ; ideoque nonnulla quae in animalibus fiunt, atque etiam in hom ine, conjungemus. 2 7 . V i m i n a falicis, quibus ad ligandas arbores utuntur, in aqua infufa , fiunt magis flexibilia ; fimiliter virgarum ferulae extremitates in urceis cum aqua imponuntur, ne ficcefcant; quin & globuli luforii, licet per liccitatem rimas collegerint, pofiti in aqua rurfus implentur & confolidantur. 28. O c r e a e ex corio vetuftate durae & obftinatae, per illinitionem fevi ad ignem, molliuntur; etiam igni fimplici admotae, nonnihil: veficae & membranae, poftquam fuerint induratae, ab aqua calefa&a, adm ixto fevo aut aliquo pingui, intenerantur; melius autem, fi etiam paululum confricentur. 2 9 . A r b o r e s veteres admodum, quae diu fteterunt immotae, fodi­ *& aperiendo terram circa radices ipfarum, manifefto tanquam ju& emiffis. 30. B o v e s

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30* B o v e s aratores veteres, & laboribus penitus exhaufti, in laeta pafcua indudi, carnibus veftiuntur novis & teneris & juvenilibus, ut etiam ad guftum carnem juvencorum referant. 31. D 1 a e t a ftrida confumens & emacians, ex guaiaco, pane bis co d o , & fimilibus (quali ad curandum morbum Gallicum , & inveteratos catarrhos, & leucophlegmatiam utimur,) homines ad fummam macilentiam deducit, confumptis fuccis corporis ; qui poftquam coeperint inftaurari, & refici, manifefto cernuntur magis juveniles & virides; quinetiam exiftimamus morbos emaciantes, poftea bene curatos, compluribus vitam prolongafle.

O B S E R V A T IO N E S

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/ T I R I S modis homines, more noduarum, in tenebris notionum fujLVJ arum acute vident, ad experientiam, tanquam lucem diurnam, nidant & caecutiunt. Loquuntur de elementari qualitate liccitatis; & de deficcantibus; & de naturalibus periodis corporum, per quas corrumpuntur & confumuntur; fed interim, nec de initiis, nec de me­ diis, nec de extremis deficcationis & confumptionis, aliquid, quod valeat, obfervant. 2. D e s i c c a t 1 0 & confumptio, in proceflu fuo, tribus adionibus perficitur; atque originem ducunt adiones illae, a fpiritu innato corporum, ut didum eft. 3. P r i m a a d io eft, attenuatio humidi in fpiritum ; fecunda eft, exi­ tus aut e volat io fpiritus: tertia eft, contradio partium corporis craffiorum, ftatim poft fpiritum emiffum: atque hoc ultimum eft illa deficcatio & induratio de qua praecipue agim us: priora duo confumunt tantum. 4. D e attenuatione, res manifefta eft; fpiritus enim, qui in omni cor­ pore tangibili includitur, fui non oblivifcitur; fed quicquid nancifcitur in corpore ( in quo obfidetur) quod digerere polfit & conficere & in fe ver­ tere; illud plane alterat & fubigit; & ex eo fe multiplicat, & novum fpi­ ritum generat. Hoc ex probatione ea, inftar omnium, evincitur; quod quae plurimum liceantur, pondere minuuntur & deveniunt cava, porofa, & ab intus fonantia: certiftimum autem eft, fpiritum rei prae-inexiftentem , ad pondus nihil conferre, fed illud levare potius; ergo necelfe eft, ut fpiritus prae-inexiftens, humidum & fiiccum corporis, quae antea pon­ deraverant, in fe verterit; quo fad o pondus minuitur; atque haec eft pri­ ma ad io, fcilicet attenuationis humoris, & convcrfionis ejus in fpiritum. 5 . S e c u n d a a d io , quae eft exitus, live evolatio fpiritus, res etiam manifeftilfima eft. Etenim illa evolatio cum fit confertim, etiam fenfui p a tet; in vaporibus afpedui, in odoribus olfad u i; verum li fenlim fiat evolatio, ut fit per aetatem, tum demum peragitur line fenfu; fed eadem res e f t : quinetiam, ubi corporis compages, aut ita arda eft, aut ita tenax, ut fpi­ ritus poros & meatus non inveniat, per quos exeat, tum vero etiam par­ tes ipfas crafliores corporis, in nixu fuo exeundi, ante fe agit, eafque ultra corporis fuperficiem extru d it; ut fit in rubigine metallorum, & in carie omnium pinguium: atque haec eft fecunda a d io ; fcilicet exitus & evo3tioni$ fpiritus. . T E RJ I A

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C. T e r t i a a d io paiilo rtiagis obfcura, fed aeque 6erta e fi; ea dft contradio partium crafliorum poft fpiritum emifliim : atque primo videre eft corpora poft fpiritum emiftum manifefto ardari, & minorem locum com­ plere ; ut fit in nucleis nucium, qui ficcati non implent teftani ; & in tra­ bibus, & palis ligni qiiae primo contiguae funt ad invicem, ex deficcatidne autem hiant ; atque ex globulis luforiis, & fimilibus, qui per ficcitatem rimofi evadunt ; cum partes fe contrahant, & contradae neceflario fpatia inter fe relinquant: fecundo patet ex rugis corporum ficcatorum ; nixus enim fe contrahendi, tantum valet, ut partes contrahendo interim adducat & fu b le v e tj quae enim in extremitatibus contrahuntur, in mediis fliblevantur; atque haec cernere eft in papyris, & membranis vetuftis ; atque in cute animalium ; atque iii extimis cafei mollioris; quae omnia vetuftate corrugantur: atque tertio fe oftendit amplius haec contradio, in illis, quae a calore non tantum corrugantur, verum etiam complicantur, & in fe ver­ tuntur, & quafi rotulantur ; ut cernere eft in membranis, & papyris, & fo­ liis ad ignem admotis. Etenim contradio per aetatem, cum tardior fit, rugas fere parit j at contradio per ignem, quae feftina eft, etiam compli­ cationes. A t in plurimis, ubi non datur corrugatio, aut com plicatio ; fit fimplex contradio, & anguftatio, & induratio, & dcficcatio, ut primo pofitum eft i quod fi eoufque invalefcat evolatio fpiritus & abfumptio humidi, ut non relinquatur fatis corporis ad fe uniendum & contrahendum, tum vero ceflat contradio ex necelf' ‘ aliud quam pulvifculus cohaerens, rem; ut fit in corporibus eundis valde ablumptis, CC papyro linteo ad ul­ timum combuftis; St cadaveribus imbaliamatis poft plufa faecula. A tque haec eft tertia illa a d io ; Icilicet contradionis partium crafliorum poft fpiri­ tum emifliim. 7. N o T a n d u m eft ignem St calorem per accidens tantum deficcare; pro­ prium enim eorum opus eft, ut fpiritum & humida attenuent St dilatent; lequitur autem ex accidente, ut partes reliquae le contrahant; five ob fugam vacui tantum, five ob alium motum fim ul; de quo nunc non eft fermo. 8. C e r t u m eft etiam putrefadionem non minus quam arefadionem a fpiritu innato originem ducere, fed longe alia via incedere; nam in putrefadione lpiritus non emittitur fimpliciter, fed ex parte detentus, mira comminilcitur ; atque etiam partes crafllores non tam localiter contrahuntur, quam coeunt lingulae ad homogeniam.

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diuturnitate, St brevitate vitae in animalibus, tenuis eft infor­ Con‘ l T \ E diutu nex- I 1 matio cquae haberi poteft; obfcrvatio negligens; traditio fabuio. *■ —~ lola: lo la : iiin cicuribus vita degener corrumpit; in lylveftribus inju ria coeli intercipit. vot. n. H h N e ^ ue

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N e a u e quae concomitantia videri poilint, huic informationi multum auxiliantur (moles corporis ; tempus geftationis in utero ; numerus foetus ; tempus grandefcendi; a lia :) propterea quod complicata Hint ifta, atque alias concurrunt, alias disjunguntur. 1. H o m i n i s aevum caeterorum animalium omnium fuperat (quantum narratione aliqua certa conflare poteft) praeter admodum paucorum. Atque concomitantia in eo, fatis aequaliter le habent; flatura St magnitudo gran­ dis ; geftatio in utero novimeftris; foetus ut plurimum unicus; pubes ad annum decimum quartum : grandelcentia ad vigefimum. 2. E l e p h a s , fide haud dubia, curriculum humanae vitae ordinarium tranfeendit: geftatio autem in utero decennalis, fabulola; biennalis, a u tla ltem fupra annuam, certa: at moles ingens, St tempus grandefcendi ulque ad annum tricefimum, dentes robore firmiffimo: neque etiam obfervationem hominum fugit, quod languis elephanti omnium fit frigidilfimus: actas au­ tem ducentefimum annum nonnunquam complevit. 3. L e o n e s vivaces habiti font, quod complures ex iis reperti fint eden­ tuli ; figno nonnihil fallaci ; cum illud fieri poflit ex gravitate anhelitus. 4. U R s u s magnus dormitor e ft; animal pigrum, St iners, neque tamen vivacitatis notatum : illud autem iignum brevis a e v i; quod geftatio ejus in utero fit feftina admodum, vix ad quadraginta dies. 5. V u l p i multa le bene habere videntur ad longaevitatem; optime tec­ ta eft, carnivora, St degit in antris; neque tamen vivacitatis notata : certe eft generis canini, quod genus brevioris eft vitae. 6. C a m e l u s longaevus e ft; animal macilentum, S tn ervofom ; ita ut quinquaginta annos ordinario, centum quandoque compleat. 7. E a u i vita mediocris, vix quadragefimum annum attingit; ordinari­ um autem curriculum viginti annorum e ft : fed hanc brevitatem vitae fortafle homini debet; defont enim jam nobis equi lolis, qui in palcuis liberi St laeti degebant. Attamen crefcit equus ulque ad fextum annum, St ge­ nerat in fene&ute. Geftat etiam in utero equa diutius quam foemina, St in gemellis rarior eft. Afinus fimilis fere aevi ut equus; mulus utroque vi­ vacior. 8. C e r v o r u m vita celebratur vulgo ob longitudinem; neque tamen narratione aliqua certa : Neleio quid de cervo torquato, cooperta torque ipfa pinguedine carnis, circumferunt. E o minus credibilis eft longaevitas in cervo, quod quinto anno perficitur; atque non multo poll cornua (quae annuatim decidunt St renovantur) foccedunt magis conjuncta fronte St mi­ nus ramola. 9. C a n i s brevis eft aevi; non extenditur aetas ultra annum vicvfimum; neque faepe attingit ad decimum quartum : animal ex calidilfimis atque in­ aequaliter viven s; cum ut plurimum, aut vehementius moveat, aut dormi­ at. Etiam multiparujrn eft St novem feptimanas geftat in utero. 10. B o s quoque pro magnitudine St robore admodum brevis eft aevi, quafi fexdecim annorum; marelque foeminis nonnihil vivaciores : attamen unicum plerunque edit partum, St geftat in utero circa lex menles. Ani­ mal pigrum St carnofom, St facile pinguefeens St herbis lolis paftum. 1 1 . A t decennalis actas in ovibus etiam rara eft ; licet fit animal medior» eris magnitudinis St optime tectum ; atque quod mirum,, cum minimum in illis reperiatur bilis, capillitium habent omnium crilpillimum; neque enim pilus alicujus animalis tam tortus eft quam lana. Arietes ante tertium an­ num non generant, atque habiles diint ad generandum ulque ad o&avum ; foemellae

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HISTORIA VITAE ET MORTIS. foemellae pariunt quamdiu vivunt. Morboliim ovis animal nec aetatis luae euriiculum fere implet. 12. C a p e r etiam fimilis eft aevi cum ove, nec difpar multum in caeteris ; licet fit animal magis agile, & came paulo firmiore, eoque debuerit efle vivacius ; attamen falacius eft multo, eoque brevioris aevi. 13. S ue s ad quindecim annos quandoque vivunt, etiam ad v ig in ti; cum­ que fint carne, inter animalia omnia, humidiflima, tamen nihil videtur hoc proficere ad longitudinem v ita e ; de apro aut fue fylveftri, nil certi habe­ tur. 14. F e l i s aetas eft inter lextum annum decimum ; agile animal, & Ipiritu acri, cujus lemen (ut refert AElianus) foemellam adurit; unde in­ crebuit opinio; quod felis concipit in dolore & parit cum facilitate : vorax eft in cibis, quos potius deglutit quam mandit. 15. L e p o r e s , & cuniculi vix ad feptem annos perveniunt; animalia generativa, etiam iuperfoetantia ; in hoc dilparia, quod cuniculus fub ter­ ra vivit, lepus in aperto; quodque leporis carnes atriores fint. 16. A v e s mole corporis, quadrupedibus longe funt minores: pufilla enim res eft aquila aut cygnus, prae bove aut e q u o ; item ftruthio prae elephanto. 17. A v e s optime te&ae funt: pluma enim tepore &C incubitu preflo ad coipus & lanam capillitia excedit. 18. A v e s , cum plures pariant, eos fimul in alvo non geftant, led ova excludunt per vices : unde liberalius fufficit alimentum foetui. 19. A v e s parum aut nihil alimenta mandunt, ut integrum laepc reperiatur in gulis iplarum. Attamen frangunt fru&uum nuces, & nucleum excerpunt. Exiftimantur autem elfe concoctionis fortis &C calidae. 20. M o t u s avium, dum volant, mixtus eft, inter motum artuum 8C geftationem; faluberrimum exercitationis genus. 21. D e avium generatione Ariftoteles bene notavit, (fed male ad alia animalia traduxit; ) minus lcilieet conferre femen maris ad generationem; led activitatem potius indere, quam materiam; unde etiam ova foecunda 8t Herilia, in plurimis non dignolcuntur. 22. A v e s quali omnes, ad magnitudinem liiam juftam perveniunt,primo anno, aut paulo p o ft; verum eft, quoad plumas in nonnullis, quoad roftiu m in aliis, armos numerari; ad magnitudinem autem corporis, minime. 23. A q u i l a pro longaeva habetur; anni non numerantur: etiam in lignum trahitur longaevitatis, quod roftra renovet, unde ju v e n elca t; ex quo illud, aquilae fene&us. Attamen res fortalTe ita fe h a b e t; ut inftauratio aquilae non mutet roftrum, fed contra mutatio roftri inftauret aqui­ lam : poftquam enim roftrum aduncitate lua nimium increverit, pafeit aqui­ la cum difficultate. 24. V u l t u r e s etiam longaevi perhibentur, adeo ut vitam fere ad centefimum annum producant : milvi quoque, atque adeo omnes volucres car. nivorae C rapaces, diuturnioris funt aevi. De accipitre autem, quia vi­ tam degit degenerem & lervilem, ex ufu humano, minus certum fieri poflit judicium circa periodum ejus vitae naturalem. Attamen ex domelticis, deprehenfus eft accipiter aliquando ad annos triginta vixifle ; ex fy lveftribus, ad quadraginta. 25. C o r v u s traditur efle fimiliter longaevus, aliquando centenarius; carnivora avis, neque admodum frequens in volatu ; led magis fedentaria t L carnibus admodum atris. A t cornix, caetera (praeterquam magnitu­ dine

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dine St voce) fimilis, paulo minus diu vivit, fed tamen habetur ex viva­ cibus. 26. C y c n u s , pro certo, admodum longaevus invenitur, & centefimum annum, haud raro fuperat; avis optime plumata, idhyophaga, St perpe­ tuo in geftatione, idque in aquis currentibus. 27. A n s e r quoque ex longaevis ; licet herba St id genus pabulo nu­ triatur ; maxime autem fylveftris; adeo ut in proverbium apud Germanos Iit ; magis lenex quam anfer nivalis. 28. C i c o n i a e longaevae admodum eflfe deberent, fi verum effet, quod antiquitus notatum fu it ; eas Thebas nunquam accefliffe, quia urbs illa laepius capta effet: id fi caviffent, aut plulquam unius faeculi memoriam habebant, aut parentes pullos fuos hiftoriam edocebant: verum omnia fa­ bellis plena. 2 9. N a m de phoenice tantum accrevit fabulae, ut obruatur, fi qua in ea re fuit veritas. Illud autem, quod admirationi erat, eum, magno alia­ rum avium comitatu, volantem femper vifum, minus mirum ; cum hoc etiam in ulula interdiu volante, aut pfittaco e cavea emiflo, ubique cerne­ re detur. 30. P s i t t a c u s , pro c e ro , ulque ad lexaginta annos, cognitus eft vi­ vere apud nos, quotquot lupra habuilTet, cum huc effet tranfveftus. A vis cibi quafi omnigeni, atque etiam mandens cibos, atque mutans lubinde rollrum ; afpera St ferocula, carnibus atris. 31. P a v o ad Yiginti annos v iv it : oculos autem Argus non recipit ante trimatum : tardigrada avis, carnibus vero candidis. 32. G a l l u s gallinaceus, falax, pugnax St brevis a e v i: alacris admo­ dum ales St carnibus etiam albis. 33. G a l l u s Indicus, aut Turcicus (quem vocant) gallinacei aevum pa­ rum liiperat • iracundus ales St carnibus valde albis. 34. P a l u m b e s funt ex vivacioribus, u t quinquagefimum annum ali­ quando com pleant: aerius ales St in alto St nidificans St ledens. Co­ lumbae vero ac turtures, vita breves, ulque ad annum o&avum. 35. A t phafiani St perdices etiam decimum lextum annum implere polfunt. Aves numerofi foetus, carnibus autem paulo obfcurioribus, quam pullorum genus. 36. F e r t u r de merula, quod fit, ex avibus minoribus, maxime lon­ gaeva ; procax certe avis Sc vocalis. 37. P a s s e r notatur effe aevi breviffim i ; id quod ad falacitatem re­ fertur in maribus: at carduelis corpore haud major, deprehenliis eft vivere ad annos viginti. 38. D e ftruthionibus nihil certi habemus; qui domi nutriuntur, adeo infelices fuerunt, ut non deprehenfi fint diu v iv e re ; de ave Ibi conftat tantum quod fit longaeva,’ anni non numerantur. 39. P i s c i u m vita nugis incerta eft, quam terreftrium, quum lub aquis degentes minus obferventur : non refpirant ex ipfis plurim i; unde lpiritus vitalis magis conclulus eft ; itaque licet refrigerium excipiant per branchi­ as, haud tamen ita continua fit refrigeratio, quam per anhelitum. 40. In aquis cum degant, a deficcatione illa St depraedatione, quae fit per aerem ambientem, immunes fo n t; neque tamen dubium eft, quin aqua ambiens, atque intra poros corporis penetrans St recepta, plus noceat ad yitam quam aer. 41. S a n -

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4T. S a n g u i n i s perhibentur efle minus tepidi; luntque nonnulliiplo— rum voraciffimi, etiam Ipeciei propriae: caro autem iplorum mollior eft, quam terreftrium St minus tenax : attamen pingueicunt majorem in modum, ut ex balaenis infinita extrahatur quantitas olei. 42. D e l p h i n i traduntur vivere annos circa triginta; capto experimen­ to in aliquibus a cauda praecila; grandefcunt autem ad annos decem. 43. M i r u m eft, quod referunt de pifcibus, quod aetate, poft annos nonnullos, plurimum attenuantur corpore, manente cauda, St capite, in magnitudine priore. 44. D e p r e h e n s a e funt aliquando, in pilcinis Caefarianis, muraenae vixifle ad annum fcxagefimum. Certe redditae lunt longo ufu tam familia­ res, ut Craffus orator unam ex illis defleverit. 45. L u c i u s , c x pifcibus aquae dulcis, longiflime vivere r e p e r itu r a d annum quandoque quadragefimum; pileis vorax, St carnibus ficcioribus St firmioribus. 46. A t carpio, abramis, tinca, anguilla, St hujulmodi, non putantur vivere ultra annos decem. 47. S a l m o n e s cito grandefcunt, brevi v iv u n t; quod etiam faciunt trutae ; at perca tarde crefcit, St vivit diutius. 48. V a s t a illa moles balaenarum St orcarum, quamdiu Ipiritu regatur, n il certi habemus; neque etiam de phocis, aut porcis marinis, St aliis p if­ cibus innumeris. 49. C r o c o d i l i perhibentur elfe admodum vivaces, atque grandefcendi periodum itidem habere infignem; adeo ut hos lolos ex animalibus perpetuo, dum vivunt, grandefcere opinio fit. Animal eft oviparum, vo­ rax 6>Claevum St optime te&um contra aquas. A t de aliquo teftaceo ge­ nere, nihil certi, quod ad vitam iplorum attinet, reperimus.

OBSERVATIONES MAJORES. O R M A M aliquam longaevitatis St brevitatis vitae in animalibus, invenire difficile eft, propter oblervationum negligentiam St caufarum complicationem ; pauca notabimus. 1. I n v e n i u n t u r plures e x avibus longaevae, quam ex quadrupedi­ bus ; ( ficut aquila, vultur, milvus, pelicanus, corvus, cornix, cygnus, anfer, ciconia, grus, ibis, pfittacus, palumbis, Stc.) licet intra annum per­ ficiantur St minoris fint molis. Tegumentum certe iplarum avium, contra intemperies coeli, optimum e f t : cumque in aere libero plerunque degant, fimiles funt habitoribus montium puriorum, qui longaevi lunt. Etiam mo­ tus iplarum, qui ( ut alibi di&um eft ) mixtus eft ex geftatione atque motu artuum, minus fatigat aut concutit, St magis falubris eft : neque in utero matrum, compreflionem aut penuriam alimenti patiuntur initia vo­ latilium ; quia ova per vices excluduntur: maxime vero omnium, illud in caufa efle arbitramur ; quod fiant aves magis ex fubftantia matris quam patris; unde Ipiritum nancifcuntur minus acrem St incenium. 2. P o n i poflit, animalia, quae creantur magis ex fubftantia matris quam patris, efle longaeviora; quemadmodum aves, ut diftum eft : etiam, V o l. II. Ii quae

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quae longiore tempore geftantur in alvo, plus habere ex fubftantia matris, minus e femine patris ; ac proinde diuturnioris aevi efle : adeo ut exiftimemus etiam inter homines, ( quod in aliquibus notavimus ) eos qui fimiliores flint matribus, diutius .vivere ; necnpn liberos fenum, qui ex uxori­ bus adolefcentulis progignuntur, modo fuerint patres limi St nou mor­ bidi. 3. I n i t i a rerum St injuriae St auxilio maxime fubjiciuntur : itaque mi­ norem compreflionem St liberaliorem alimentationem foetus in utero, ad longaevitatem multum conferre par eft : id fit, aut cum exeunt foetus per vices, ut in avibus • aut cum pariuntur unici, ut in animalibus uniparis. 4. A t tempus longius geftationis in utero tripliciter facit an longitudi­ nem vitae. Primo, quod plus habet foetus ex lubftantia matris, ut diclum eft: deinde, quod prodit confirmatior : poftrcmo, quod acris vim prae­ datoriam tardius experitur. Quinetiam denotat periodos ipfius naturae, per majores fieri circulos. Atque licet St boves & oves, qui in utero ma­ nent circiter fex menles, brevibris fint aevi, tamen id ex aliis caufis ortum habet. , 5. C o m e s t o r e s graminis St herbae fimplicis, brevis flint a e v i; longi­ oris autem animalia carnivora, aut etiam leminum St fru&uum comcftores, ficut a ve s: nam etiam cervi, qui longaevi funt, quafi dimidium pabuli (ut vulgo loquuntur) fupra caput p etu n t; anler autem, praeter gramen, eti­ am aliquid invenit ex aquis, quod ju vet. 6. I n t e g u m e n t u m corporis ad longaevitatem multum conferre ar­ bitramur : aeris enim inaequalitates, ( quae miris modis corpus labefaciant St lubruunt ) propulfat St longius a rce t; id quod in avibus praecipue vi­ get ; at quod oves, licet bene tcclae fint, parum vivant • id morbis, (qui illud animal obfident) atque fimplici elui graminis, imputandum eft. 7. S r i r i t u u m ledes principalis proculdubio eft in capite ; atque licet ad animales fpiritus tantum, hoc vulgo referatur, tamen illud iplum ad omnia pertinet; neque illud dubium, quod fpiritus maxime corpus lam­ bunt St conliim unt; adeo ut aut major copia ipforum, aut major incenfio St acrimonia, plurimum vitam abbreviet : itaque exiftimamus magnam caufam longaevitatis in avibus effe, quod pro mole corporis, capita habeant tam minuta ; adeo ut etiam homines, qui valde magnum habent cranium, minus diu vivere exiftimemus. 8. G e s t a t i o n e m (ut prius notavimus) omne aliud genus motus, ad longitudinem vitae luperare arbitram ur; geftantur autem aves aquatiles, ut cy g n u s; atque aves omnes in volatu, led cum artuum motu fubinde contentiore ; St pilees, de quorum vitae longitudine, parum certi fumus. 9. Q u a E longiore tempore perficiuntur (non loquendo de grandelcentia lola, fed de aliis gradibus ad maturitatem; ficut homo primo emittit dentes, deinde pubem, deinde barbam, Stc.) longaeviora liin t; indicat enini periodos confici per majores circulos. 10. A n i m a l i a mitiora longaeva non funt, ut o\is, columba; bilis enim complurium fun&ionum in corpore veluti cos eft St ftimulus. 1 1 . A n i m a l i a , quorum carnes funt paulo atriores, longioris funt vi­ tae, quam quae carnibus funt candidis; indicat enim fuccum corporis, ma­ gis firmum St minus diflipabilem. 1 2. I n omni corruptibili, quantitas ipla multum facit ad conlervationem in teg ri: etenim ignis magnus longiore tempore extinguitur; aquae portio parva

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parva citius evaporat; truncus non tam cito arefcit, quam vimen ; itaque generaliter ( in fpeciebus dico, non in individuis) quae mole grandiora lunt animalia, pufiilis funt longaeviora; nifi aliqua alia caufa potens rem impediat.

A L l M E N T A T 10 & V I A J L I M E N T A N DI. H ijioria.

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A L I M E N T U M erga alimentatum debet elfe naturae inferioris & bmplicioris iubftantiae : plantae ex terra & aqua nutriuntur: ani­ malia ex plantis ; homines ex animalibus : funt & animalia carnivora at­ que homo lple plantas lumit in partem alimenti; homo vero & carnivora anima ha ex plantis folis aegre nutriuntur; pofTunt fortaffe ex frudibus j * lcmimbus igne codis, multo ufu nutriri, fed foliis plantarum aut her­ barum minime; ut ordo Foliatanorum experimento comprobavit. A t nimia proximitas aut conlubftantialitas alimenti erga alimenta­ tum, non fuccedit: etenim animalia, quae herbis vefcuntur, carnes non ta n g u n t; etiam ex carnivoris animalibus, pauca carnes propriae lpeciei la­ p iu n t; homines vero, qui anthropophagi fuerunt, ordinario tamen huma­ nis carnibus non velcebantur; led aut ex ultione in inimicos, aut pravis coniuetudinibus in illud defiderium lapfi fu n t: at arvum, grano ex ipfo proveniente, feliciter non leritur; neque in inlitione, liirculus aut virgul­ tum in proprium truncum immitti folet. r uA (^ ° al‘mcntum melius eft praeparatum & paulo propius accedit ad lubftantiam alimentati, eo & plantae feraciores lunt & animalia habitu funt pinguiora ; neque enim virgultum aut lurculus in terram immilTus, tam bene palcitur, quam fi idem immittatur in truncum, cum natura lua bene confentientem ubi invenit alimentum digeftum & praeparatum; neque etiam (ut tradunt) lemen cepae, aut fimilium, in terram immiffum, tam magnam producit plantam, quam 11 femen in aliam cepam indatur, infitione quadam in radicem & 1'ubterranea: quinetiam nuper inventum eft virgulta arborum fylveftrium, veluti ulmi, quercus, fraxini St fimilium, in truncos infita, longe majora proferre folia, quam quae fine infitione pro­ veniunt . etiam homines carnibus crudis nOn tam bene palcuntur, quam ignem pallis. 1 4. A n i m a l i a per os nutriuntur ; plantae per radices; foetus animaium in utero per umbilicum ; aves ad parum temporis, ex vitellis ovorum uorum; quorum nonnulla pars, etiam poftquam exclulae lunt in gulis earum invenitur. ’ s

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O m n e alimentum movet maxime a centro ad circumferentiam, five ab intra ad extra; attamen notandum eft, arbores St plantas potius per cor­ tices

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HISTORIA VITAE ET MORTIS.

tlces St extima, quam per medullas St intima, nutriri; etenim fi circum­ circa decorticatae fuerint, licet ad fpatium parvum, non vivunt amplius : atque languis in venis animalium non minus carnes fuh illis fitas nutrit, quam fupra illas. 6. IN omni alimentatione duplex eft actio, extrufio St attradio • qua­ rum prima a fundione interiore, altera ab exteriore procedit. 7 i V e g e T a b i l i a aflimilant alimenta lua fimpliciter, ablque excretione : etenim gummi St lacrymae potius exuberantiae, quam excretiones fu n t: tuberes autem morbi potius ; at animalium liibftantia magis fui fimilis eft perceptiva • itaque cum faftidio conjunda eft, St inutilia rejicit, uti­ lia affimilat. 8. M i r u m eft de pediculis fructuum ; quod omne alimentum, quod tantos quandoque producit fructus, per tam angufta collula tranfire cogi­ tur ", fructus enim nunquam trunco inhaeret, ablque pediculo aliquo. 9. N o t a n d u m femina animalium nutritionem non excipere, nili re­ centia ; at femina plantarum manent alimentabilia ad longum tempus : at­ tamen virgulta non germinant, nifi indantur recentia} neque radices iplae longius vegetant, nifi fint terra co-opertae. 10. IN animalibus gradus funt nutrimenti pro aetate • foetui in utero lu fficit fuccus maternus • a nativitate la c ; poftea cibi St potus • atque fub fenedute crafliores fere cibi St fapidiores placent. Mandatum. Praecipue omnium ad inquifitionem praelentem facit, diligen­ ter St attente indagare ; utrum non pollit fieri nutritio ab extra; aut laltem non per os? Certe balnea ex lade exhibentur in marafinis Stemaciationibus; neque delunt ex medicis,qui exiftimant alimentationem nonnullam fieri polle per clyfteria ; omnino huic rei incumbendum; fi enim nutritio fieri pollit, aut per extra, aut alias quam per ftomachum, tum vero debilitas concodionis, quae ingruit in lenibus, illis auxiliis compenlari polfit, St tanquam in integrum reftitui.

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A d J r tic . 5, notion, the other emblem. Prenotion difchargeth the indefinite feeking o f that we would remember, and diredteth us to leek in a narrow compafs ; that is, fomewhat that hath congruity with our place o f memory. Emblem reduceth conceits intellectual to images fenfible, which ftrike the memory m o re; out o f which axioms may be drawn much better pradtick than that in ufe; and belides which axioms, there are divers more touching the help o f memory, not inferior to them. But I did in the be­ ginning diftinguifh, not to report thofe things deficient, which are but only ill managed. T here remaineth the fourth kind o f rational knowledge, which is tranfitive, concerning the expreffing or transferring our knowledge to others, w hich I will term by the general name o f tradition or delivery. T radi­ tion hath three parts; the firft concerning the organs o f tradition ; the lecond, concerning the method o f tradition; and the third, concerning the illuftration o f tradition. F or the organ o f tradition, it is either fpeech or writing: For Arijlctle faith well, “ Words are the images o f cogitations, and letters are the images “ o f words; ” but yet it is not o f neceflity that cogitations be exprefled by the medium o f words For whatfoever is capable o f fufficient differences, and thofe perceptible by the fenfe, is in nature competent to exprefs cogita­ tions. And therefore we fee in the commerce o f barbarous people, that underfland not one anothers language, and in the pradtice o f divers that are dumb and deaf, that mens minds are expreffed in geftures, though not ex­ actly yet to ferve the turn. And we underhand farther, that it is the ufe o f China, and the kingdoms o f the high Levant, to write in characters real, which exprefs neither letters nor words in grofs, but things or notions; infomuch as countreys and provinces, which underhand not one anothers language, can neverthelefs read one anothers writings, becaufe the charadters are accepted more generally than the languages do extend; and therefore they have a vah multitude o f charadters, as many (I fuppol'e) as radical words. T hese notes o f cogitations are o f two forts; the one when the note hath fome fimilitude or congruity with rhe notion ; the other ad placitum, ha­ ving force only by contradi or acceptation. O f the former fort are hieroglyphicks and gehures. For as to hieroglyphicks, (things o f ancient ufe, and embraced chiefly by the AEgyptians, one o f the m oh ancient nations) they are but as continued impreffes and emblems. And as for geftures, they are as tranfitory hieroglyph icks, and are to hieroglyphicks as words fpoken are to words written, in that they abide n ot: but they have evermore as well as the other an affinity with the things fignified; as Periander being confulted with how to preferve a tyranny newly ufurped, bid the mellenger attend and report what he faw him do, and went into his garden and topped all the higheft flowers; fignifying, that it confifted in the cutting off and keeping low o f the nobility and grandees: ad placitum are the cha­ radters real before mention’d, and w ords: although fome have been w illing by curious inquiry, or rather by apt feigning, to have derived impofition o f names from reafon and intendment; a fpeculation elegant, and by reafon it fearcheth into antiquity reverent; but Sparingly m ix’d with truth, and o f De notis re fmall fruit. This portion o f knowledge, touching the notes o f things, and rum. cogitations in general, I find not inquired, but deficient. And although it may feem o f no great ufe, confidering that words and writings by letters, d o • fa r

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B. IT. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 497 far excel all the other w a ys; yet becaufe this part concerneth, as it were; the mint o f knowledge, (for words are the tokens current ?nd accepted for conceits, as monies are for values, and that it is fit men be not ignorant, that monies may be o f another kind thangold and filver) I thought good to propound it to better inquiry. C oncerning fpeech and words, the confideration o f them hath produ­ ced the fcience o f gtam m ar; for man ftill ftriveth to re-integrate him felf in thofe benedictions, from which by his fault he hath been deprived: and as he hath ftriven againft the firfl: general curfe, by the invention o f all other arts; fo hath he fought to come forth o f the fecond general curfe (which was the confufion o f tongues) by the art o f grammar, w hereof the ufe in a mother tongue is fm all; in a foreign tongue m ore; but molt in iuch fo­ reign tongues as have ceafed to be vulgar tongues, and are turned only to learned tongues. T h e duty o f it is o f two natures; the one popular, which is for the fpecdy and perfect attaining languages, as well for intercourfe o f fpeech, as for undemanding o f authors; the other philofophical, examin­ ing die power and nature o f words, as they are the footfteps and prints o f reafon : w hich kind o f analogy between words and reafon, is handledfpar-* f m , brokenly, though not entirely; and therefore I cannot report it defi­ cient, though I think it is very worthy to be reduced into a lcience by it felf. U n t o grammar alfo belongeth, as an appendix, the confideration o f the accidents o f words, which are meafure, found, and elevation or accent, and the fweetnefs and harfhnefs o f th em : whence hath ilfued fome curious obfervations in rhetorick, but chiefly poefy, as we confider it, in refpeCt o f the verfe, and not o f the argum ent; wherein though men in learned tongues do tye themfelves to the ancient meafures, yet in modern languages it feemeth to me, as free to make new meafures o f verfes, as o f dances; for a dance is a meafured pace, as a verfe is a meafured fpeech. In thefe things the fenfe is better judge than the a r t; C oenae fercula nojlrae,. Mallem convivis, quam placuijfe cocis.

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A nd o f the fervile exprefling antiquity in an unlike and unfit fubjett, it is well faid, £>uod tempore antiquum videtur, id incongruitate e f maxime no­ vum. F or ciphers, they are commonly in letters or alphabets, but m aybe in words. T h e kinds o f ciphers, (befides the Ample ciphers with changes# and intermixtures o f nulls and non-fignificants,) are many,' according to the nature or rule o f the infoulding : wheel-ciphers, key-eijihers, doubles, & c. But the virtues o f them, whereby they are to be preferred, are three; that they be not laborious to write and read; that they be impoflible to deci­ pher ; and in fome cafes, that they be without fufpicion. T h e highefl: de­ gree whereof is to write omnia per omnia; w hich is undoubtedly poflible, w ith a proportion quincuple at mofl:, o f the writing infoulding, to the writing infoulded, and no other reftraint whatfoever. This art o f cipher-, ing hath for relative an art o f deciphering, by fuppofition unprofitable, but, as things are, o f great ufe. For luppofe that ciphers were well managed, there be multitudes o f them which exclude the decipherer. But in regard o f the rawnefs and unfkilfulnefs o f the hands through which they pafs, the greateft matters are many times carried in the weakefl ciphers. V o l . II.

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498 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. B. II.

De methodo fincer.1, live ad filios fcientiarum. .

I n the enumeration o f thefe private and retired arts, it may be thought 1 feek to make a great mufter-roll o f fciences, naming them for Ihew and oftentation, and to little other purpofe. But let thofe w hich are fkilful in them judge, whether I bring them in only for appearance, or whether in that w hich I fpeak o f them, (though in few words) there be not fome feed o f proficience. And this muft be remember’d, that as there be many o f great account in their countries and provinces, which when they come up to the feat o f the eftate, are but o f mean rank, and fcarcely regarded: So thefe arts being here placed with the principal and fupreme fciences, feem petty things; yet to fuch as have chofen them to fpend their labours and ftudies in them, they feem great matters. F or the method o f tradition, I fee it hath moved a controverfy in our time. But as in civil bufmefs, i f there be a meeting, and men fall at words, there is commonly an end o f the matter for that time, and no pro­ ceeding at a ll: fo in learning, where there is much controverfy, there is ma­ ny times little inquiry. For this part o f knowledge o f method feemeth to me fo weakly inquired, as I fhall report it deficient. M e t h o d hath been placed, and that not amifs in logick, as a part o f judgment; for as the dodtrine o f fyllogifms comprehendeth the rules o f judgment upon that which is invented, fo the doctrine o f method containeth the rules o f judgment upon that w hich is to be delivered; for judg­ ment precedeth delivery, as it followeth invention. Neither is the method or the nature o f the tradition material only to the ufe o f knowledge, but likewife to the progreffion o f knowledge: for fince the labour and life o f one man cannot attain to perfection o f knowledge, the wifdom o f the tra­ dition is that which infpireth the felicity o f continuance and proceeding. And therefore the moft real diverfity o f method, is o f method referred to ufe, and method referred to progreffion, w hereof the one may be termed fnagiftral, and the other o f probation. T he later w hereof feemeth to be via dcferta & interclufa. For as know­ ledges are now delivered, there is a kind o f contract o f error, between the deliverer and the receiver; for he that delivered knowledge, defireth to de­ liver it in fuch form as may be beft believed, and not as may be bell exa­ mined : and he that receiveth knowledge, defireth rather prefent fatisfadtion than expediant inquiry; and fo rather not to doubt, than not to err; glory making the author not to lay open his weaknefs, and doth making the difciple not to know his ftrength. B u t knowledge, that is delivered as a thread to be fpun on, ought to be delivered and intimated, i f it were poffible, in the fame method wherein it was invented, and fo is it poffible o f knowledge induced. But in this fame anticipated and prevented knowledge, no man knoweth how he came to the knowledge which he hath obtained. But yet neverthelefs, fecundum majus & minus, a man may revifite and defcend unto the foundations o f his knowledge and confent; and fo tranfplant it into another, as it grew in his own mind. For it is in knowledges, as it is in plants, i f you mean to ule the plant, it is no matter for the roots; but i f you mean to remove it to grow, then it is more allured to reft upon roots than flips : So the delive­ ry o f knowledges (as it is now ufed) is as o f fair bodies o f trees without the roots; good for the carpenter, but not for the planter. But i f you w ill have fciences grow, it is lefs matter for the lhaft or body o f the tree, fo you look well to the taking up o f the roots: O f w hich kind o f delivery the method o f the mathematicks, in that fubjedt, hath fome lhadow ; but ge­ nerally

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B. II. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 499 nerally I fee it neither put in ure, nor put in inquifition; and therefore note it for deficient. A n o t h e r diverfity o f method there is, which hath fome affinity with the former, ufed in fome cafes by the diferetion o f the ancients, butdifgraced fince by the impoftures o f many vain perfons, w ho have made it as a falle light for their counterfeit merchandizes, and that is enigmatical and difclo-fed. T h e pretence w hereof is to remove the vulgar capacity from being admitted to die fecrets o f knowledges, and to referve them to leledted audi­ tors, or wits o f fuch lharpnefs as can pierce the veil. A n o t h e r diverfity o f method, w hereof the confequence is great, is the delivery o f knowledge in aphorifms, or in methods; wherein we may obferve, that it hath been too much taken into cuftom, out o f a few axioms or obfervations, upon any fubjedt, to make a folemn and formal art, filling it w ith fome difeourfes, and illuftrating it w ith examples, and digefting it into a fenfible m ethod; but the writing in aphorifms hath many excel­ lent virtues, whereto the writing in method doth not approach. F or firft it trieth the writer, whether he be fuperficial or folid: for aphorifms, except they ffiould be ridiculous, cannot be made but o f the pith and heart o f feiences; for difeourfe o f illuftration is cut off, recitals o f ex­ amples are cut o ff; difeourfe o f connexion and order is cut off; deferiptions o f practice are cut o f f ; fo there remaineth nothing to fill the aphorifms, but fome good quantity o f obfervation: and therefore no man can fuffice, nor in reafon w ill attempt to write aphorifms, but he that is found and grounded. But in methods, 'Tantum feries junSiuraque pollet, tantum de medio fumptis accedit honoris: As a man ffiall make a great ffiew o f an art, which i f it were disjointed, would come to little. Secondly, methods are more fit to win confent or belief, but lefs fit to point to adtion; for they carry a kind o f demonftration in orb or circle, one part illuminating another, and therefore fatisfy. But iarticulars being difperfed, do belt agree with difperfed directions. And aftly aphorifms, reprefenting a knowledge broken, do invite men to inquire farther; whereas methods carrying the Ihew o f a total do fecure men, as if they were at fartheft. A n o t h e r diverfity o f method, w hich is likewife o f great weight, is, the handling o f knowledge by affertions, and their proofs, or by queflions and their determinations ; the latter kind whereof, i f it be immoderatly followed, is as prejudicial to the proceeding o f learning, as it is to the pro­ ceeding o f an army, to go about to befiege every little fort or hold. For i f the field be kept, and the fum o f the enterprize purfued, thofe fmaller things will como in o f themfelves ; indeed a man would not leave fome important piece enemy at his back. In like manner, the ufe o f con­ futation in the delivery o f feiences ought to be very fparing; and to ferve to remove ftrong preoccupations and prejudgments, and not to miniffer and excite difputations and doubts. A n o t h e r diverfity o f methods, is according to, the fubjedt or matter which is handled ; for there is a great difference in delivery o f the mathematicks, which are the m oll abftradted o f knowledges, and policy, w hich is the m oll immerfed ; and howfoever contention hath been moved, touch­ ing an uniformity o f method in multiformity o f m atter: Y et we fee how that opinion, befides the weaknefs o f it, hath been o f ill defert, towards learning,

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yoo OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. B. II. learning, as that which taketh the way, to reduce learning to certain, empty and barren generalities ; being but the very hulks and fhells o f fciences, all the kernel being forced out and expulfed with the torture and prels o f the m ethod: And therefore as I did allow w ell o f particular topicks for invention, fo I do allow likewife o f particular methods o f tra­ dition. A n o th er diverfity ofjudgment in the delivery and teaching o f knowledge, is according unto the light and prefuppofitions o f that w hich is delivered ; for that knowledge, which is new and foreign from opinions received, is to be delivered in another form, than that that is agreeable and familiar j and therefore A rijiotk, when he thinks to tax Democritus, doth in truth, commend him ; where he faith, “ I f we fhall indeed difpute, and not follow “ after fimilitudes, & c. ” For thofe, whofe conceits are feated in popu­ lar opinions need only but to prove or difpute: but thofe, whofe conceits are beyond popular opinions, have a double labour ; the one to make themfelves conceived, and the other to prove and dem onflrate: So that it is o f neceffity with them to have recourfe to fimilitudes and tranflations to exprefs themfelves. And therefore in the infancy o f learning, and in rude times, when thofe conceits w hich are now trivial were then new, the world was full o f parables and fimilitudes; for elfe would men either have palfed over without mark, or elfe rejected for paradoxes that which was offer­ ed, before they had underflood or judged. So in divine learning, we fee how frequent parables and tropes are: for it is a rule, “ T h at what“ foever fcience is not confonant to prefuppofitions, muft pray in aid o f fi“ militudes. *■ ' T h e r e be alfo other diverfities o f methods vulgar and received; as that o f refolution or analyfis, o f conflitution or J ’yJiaJisy o f concealment or crypticks, & c. which I do allow well of, though I have flood upon thofe w hich D e prudentia are leaft handled and obferved. A ll w hich I have remember’d to this purtraditionis. pofe, becaufe I would eredl and conftitute one general inquiry (which feems to me deficient) touching the wifdom o f tradition. B u t unto this part o f knowledge concerning method, doth farther be­ long, not only the architecture o f the whole frame o f a work, but alfo the feveral -beams and columns thereof, not as to their fluff, but as to their quantity and figure: and therefore method confidereth, not only the difpofition o f the argument or fubjedt, but likewife the propofitions; not as to their truth or matter, but as to their limitation and manner. For herein Ramus merited better a great deal in reviving the good rules o f propofi­ tions, K A & lte Ts-fiuTov k$' •sravns, & c. than he did in introducing the can­ ker o f Epitomes; and yet, (as it is the condition o f human things, that ac­ cording to the ancient fables, “ T h e molt precious things have the m ofl “ pernicious keepers j ” ) it was fo, that the attempt o f the one, made him fall upon the other. For he had need be well condudled, that fhould defign to make axioms convertible; i f he make them not withal circular, and non promovent, or incurring into themfelves: but yet the intention was ex­ cellent. T he other confiderations o f method concerning propofitions, are chiefly touching the urmofl propofitions, which limit the dimenfions o f fciences; fo r every knowledge may be fitly faid, befidesthe profundity (which is the truth and lubftance o f it that makes it folid,) to have a longitude and a latitude, accounting the latitude towards other fciences, and the longitude towards 1 a clio n : 4

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B. II. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 50r adbion: that is, from the greateft generality, to the moft particular pre­ cept : T h e one giveth rule how far one knowledge ought to intermeddle within the province o f another, which is the rule they call aaQouTc • the other giveth rule, unto what degree o f particularity a knowledge fhould defcend: which later I find pafled over in lilence, being in my judgment the more material: for certainly there muft be fomewhat left to practice; but how much is worthy the inquiry. W e fee remote and fuperficial gene­ ralities do but offer knowledge to fcorn o f pradlical men, and are no more aiding to pradtice, than an Orteltus'%univerfal map is to diredt the way be­ tween London and Tork. T h e better fort o f rules have been not unfitly P>e Producompared to glaffes o f fteel unpoliih’d ; where you may fee the images o f 1'l'.’^rnaxi0 things, but firft they muft be filed: fo the rules will help, if they be la­ boured and polifhed by pradtice. But how cryftalline they may be made at the firft, and how far forth they may be polifhed aforehand, is the queftion; the inquiry whereof feemeth to me deficient. T h er e hath been alfo laboured, and put in pradtice, a method, which is not a lawful method, but a method o f impofture, which is to deliver knowledges in fuch manner as men may fpeedily come to make a {hew o f learning, who have it not; fuch was the travel o f Raymundus Lullius in ma­ king that art, which bears his name, not unlike to forne books o f typocofm y which have been made fince, being nothing but a mafs o f words o f all arts, to give men countenance, that thofe which ufe the terms, might be thought to underftand the art; which colledtions are much like a fripper’s or broker’s fhop, that hath ends o f every thing, but nothing o f worth. N o w we defcend to that part which concerneth the illuftration o f tra­ dition, comprehended in that fcience which we call rhetorick, or art o f e loquence; a fcience excellent, and excellently well laboured. For although in true value it is inferior to wifdom, as it is faid by God to Mofes, when he difabled him felf for want o f this faculty, Aaron Jhall be thy Jpeaker, and thouJhalt be to him as God. Y et with people it is the more mighty; For fo Solomon faith, Sapiens corde appellabitur prudens, fed dulcis eloquio ma­ jora repenet; fignifying, that profoundnefs o f wifdom will help a man to a name or admiration, but that it is eloquence that prevaileth in an adtive life; and as to the labouring o f it, the emulation o f Ariftotle, with the rhetori­ cians o f his time, and the experience o f Cicero, hath made them in their works o f rhetoricks exceed themfelves. Again, the excellency o f exam­ ples o f eloquence in the orations o f Demojlhenes and Cicero, added to the perfedlion o f the precepts o f eloquence, hath doubled the progrellion in this art: and therefore the deficiencies which I {hall note, will rather be in fome colledtions, which may as hand-maids attend the art, than in the rules or ufe o f the art it felf. N o t w it h s t a n d in g , to ftir the earth a little about the roots o f this fcience, as we have done o f the reft; the duty and office o f rhetorick is to apply reafon to imagination, for the better moving o f the w ill: for we lee reafon is difturbed in the adminiftration thereof by three means; by illaqueation or fophifm, which pertains to logick: by imagination or impreffion, which pertains to rhetorick; and by paffion or affedtion, which pertains to morality. And as in negotiation with others, men are wrought by cunning, by importunity, and by vehemence ; fo in this negotiation within our felves, men are undermined by inconfequences, folicited and importu­ ned by impreffions or obfervations, and tranfported by paffions: neither is VaL.ll 6 L the

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B.IT.

JO2 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING.

the nature o f man fo unfortunately built, as that thofe powers and arts fhould have force to difturb reafon, and not to eftablilh and advance it: for the end o f logick is to teach a form o f argument, to fecure reafon, and not to intrap it. T h e end o f morality, is to procure the affedtions to obey reafon, and not to invade it. T h e end o f rhetorick, is to fill the imagina­ tion to fecond reafon, and not to opprefs i t ; for thefe abufes o f arts come in but ex obliquo for caution. A nd therefore it was great injuftice in Plato, though fpringing out o f a juft hatred o f the rhetoricians o f his time, to efteem o f rhetorick but as a voluptuary art, refembling it to cookery, that did mar wholfome meats, and help unwholfome by variety o f fauces, to the pleafure o f the tafte. For we fee that fpeech is much more converfant in adorning that which is good, than in colouring that which is e v il; for there is no man but fpeaketh more honeftly than he can do or th in k; and it was excellently noted by ’Thucydi­ des in Cleon, that becaufe he ufed to hold on the bad fide in caufes o f eftate, therefore he was ever inveighing againft eloquence and good fpeech, knowing that no man can fpeak fair o f courfes fordid and bafe. And therefore as Plato faid elegantly, “ T h a t virtue, if fhe could be feen, would move great “ love and affedtion: ” fo feeing that file cannot be fiiewed to the fenfe by corporal fhape, the next degree is, to fiiew her to the imagination in lively reprefentation: for to fiiew her to reafon only in fubtilty o f argumenr, was a thing ever derided in Chryfippus, and many o f the ftoicks, w ho thought to thruft virtue upon men by {harp difputations and conclufions, w hich have no fympathy with the will o f man. A g a in , i f the affections in themfelves were pliant and obedient to rea­ fon, it were true, there fhould be no great ufe o f perfuaiions and infinuations to the will, more than o f naked propofition and proofs: but in regard o f the continual mutinies and feditions o f the affections: Video meliora, proboque j Deteriora Jequor; Reafon would become captive and fervile, i f eloquence o f perfuafions did not praCtife and win the imagination from the affeCtions part, and contract a confederacy between the reafon and imagination, againft the affeCtions: for the affeCtions themfelves carry ever an appetite to good, as reafon doth. T h e difference is, that the afteCtion beholdeth merely the prefenr, reafon beholdeth the future and fum o f time. And therefore the prefent filling the imagination more, reafon is commonly vanquiftied; but after that force o f eloquence and perfuafion hath made things future and remote appear as prefent, then upon the revolt o f the imagination reafon prevaileth. W e conclude therefore, that rhetorick can be no more charged w ith the colouring o f the worfe part, than logick with fophiftry, or morality with vice. For we know the doCtrinfes o f contraries are the fame, though the ufe be oppofite. It appeareth all'o, that logick differeth from rhetorick, not only as the fill from the palm, the one clofe, the other at large ; but much more in this, that logick handleth reafon exaCt, and in truth; and rheto­ rick handleth it as it is planted in popular opinions and manners. And therefore Arijlotle doth wifely place rhetorick as between logick on the one fide, and moral or civil knowledge on the other, as participating o f b o th : for the proofs and demonftrations o f logick, are toward all men indifferent and the fame: but the proofs and perfuafions o f rhetorick, ought to differ according to the auditors : Orpheus in S y his, inter Delphinas Arion:

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B.H. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. jo3 W hich application, in perfection o f idea, ought to extend fo far, that i f a man fliould fpeak o f the fame thing to feveral perfons, he fliould ipeak to them all refpe&ively, and feveral ways: though this politick part o f elo­ quence in private fpeech, it is eafy for the greateft orators to w a n t; whilft by the obferving their well graced forms o f fpeech, they lofe the volubility o f application ; and therefore it (hall not be amifs to recommend this to De prudenti» better inquiry, not being curious whether we place it here, or in that ^ar™oms pri' part which concerneth policy. N o w therefore will I defcend to the deficiences, which (as I faid) are Colores boni but attendances: and firft, I do not find the wifdom and diligence o f A r iC0™I Jlotle well purfued, w ho began to make a collection o f the popular figns parati, and colours o f good and evil, both fimple and comparative, which are as the fophifms o f rhetorick, (as I touched before.) For exam ple;

Sophisma. Quod laudatur, bonum; quod vituperatur, malum.

R e d a r g u t i o. Laudat vaenales qui vult extrudere merces. Malum ejl, malum ejl ('inquit emptor-,) fe d cum recejferit, tum gloriabitur. T h e defeCts in the labour o f Arijlotle are three: one, that there be but a few o f m any; another, that their Elencbs’s are not annexed; and the third, that he conceived but a part o f the ufe o f them: for their ufe is not only in probation, but much more in imprefiion. For many forms are equal in fignification, w hich are differing in im preflion; as the difference is great in the piercing o f that w hich is (harp, and that w hich is flat, tho’ the ftrength o f the percuilion be the fame : for there is no man but will be a little more raifed by hearing it faid; “ Your enemies will be glad o f this >” Hoc Ithacus velit, & magno mercentur Atridae-, than by hearing it faid only, “ This is evil for you.” S e c o n d l y , I do refume alfo that which I mentioned before, touch­ ing provifion or preparatory ftore, for the furniture o f fpeech and readinefs o f invention, which appeareth to be o f two forts; the one in refemblance to a fhop o f pieces unmade up, the other to a (hop o f things ready made up, both to be applied to that which is frequent and moft in requeft: the for­ mer o f thefe I will call antitheta, and the later formulae. A n t i t h e t a are tbefes argued pro G? contra, wherein men m aybe more Antitheta rcIarge and laborious; but (in fuch as are able to do it) to avoid prolixity o f rura‘ entry, I with the feeds o f the feveral arguments to be caff up into fome brief and acute fentences, not to be cited, but to be as fcanes or bottoms o f thread, to be unwinded at large when they come to be ufed; fupplying authorities and examples by reference. Pro verbis legis. Non efi interpretatio, fed divinatio, quae recedit a litera : Cum receditur a litera judex tranft in legiflatorem. Pro fententia legis. E x omnibus verbis ejl eliciendusfenfus, qui interpretatur fmgula.

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jt>4 OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING.

B.II.

F o m u l a e are but decent and apt paflages or conveniencies o f fpeech, w hich may ferve indifferently for differing fubjeCts; as o f preface, conclufion, digreffion, tranfition, excufation, & c. For as in buildings there is great pleafure and ufe in the well calling o f the flair-cafes, entries, doors, windows, and the lik e; fo in fpeech, the conveyances and paffages are o f fpecial ornament and effeCl. A conclufion in a deliberative. “ So may we redeem the faults paffed, and prevent the inconveniencies fu“ ture. T h er e remain two appendixes touching the tradition o f knowledge, the one critical, the other pedantical: for all knowledge is either deliver­ ed by teachers, or attained by mens proper endeavours: And therefore as the principal part o f tradition o f knowledge concerneth chiefly writing o f books, fo the relative part thereof concerneth reading o f books: whereunto appertain incidently thefe confiderations. T h e firfl is concerning the true correction and edition o f authors, wherein neverthelefs rafli diligence hath done great prejudice. For thefe criticks have often prefumed that that which they underfland not, is falfe fet down. As the priefl, that where he found it written o f St P a u l, DemifJ'us eft per Jportam, mend­ ed his book, and made it demiffus eft per portam, becaufe fporta was an hard word, and out o f his reading: and l'urely their errors, though they be not fo palpable and ridiculous, yet are o f the fame kind. And therefore as it hath been wifely noted, the m ofl corrected copies are commonly the leafl correCl. T he fecond is concerning the expofition and explication o f authors, w hich refleth in annotations and commentaries, wherein it is over ufual to blanch the obfcure places and difcourfe upon the plain. T he third is concerning the times, which in many cafes give great light to true Interpretations. T he fourth is concerning fome brief cenfure and judgment o f the authors, that men thereby may make fome election unto themfelves what books to read. A nd the fifth is concerning the fyntax and difpofition o f fludies, that men may know in what order or purluit to read. F or pedantical knowledge, it containeth that difference o f tradition which is proper for youth, whereunto appertain divers confiderations o f great fruit. As firfl the timing and feafoning o f knowledges; as with what to initiate them, and from what for a time to refrain them. S e c o n d l y , the confideration where to begin with the eafiefl, and fo proceed to the more difficult, and in what courfes to prefs the more diffi­ cult, and then to turn them to the more eafy; for it is one method to praClife fwimming with bladders, and another to praClife dancing with heavy fhoes. A t h i r d is the application o f learning according unto- the propriety o f the w its ; for there is no defeCt in the faculties intellectual but feemeth to have a proper cure contained in fome fludies: as for example, i f a child be bird-witted, that is, hath not the faculty o f attention, the mathematicks giveth a remedy thereunto, for in them if rhe w it be caught away but a moment, one is new to begin : and as fciences have a propriety towards fa­ culties for cure and help, fo faculties or powers have a fympathy towards ‘ 1 fciences

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B. II. OF THE ADVAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. 505 fciences for excellency or fpeedy profiting ; and therefore it is an inquiry o f great wifdom what kinds o f wits and natures are moft apt and proper for what fciences. F o u r t h l y , the ordering o f exercifes is matter o f great confequence to hurt or h elp : for, as is well obferved by Cicero, men in exercifing their fa­ culties, i f they be not well advifed, do exercife their faults and get ill habits as w ell as good; fo as there is a great judgment to be had in the continuance and intermiffion o f exercifes. It were too long to particularize a number o f other confiderations o f this nature; things but o f mean appearance, but o f Angular efficacy: for as the wronging or cheriffiing o f feeds or young plants, is that that is moft important to their thriving: and as it was noted, that the firft fix kings, being in truth as tutors o f the ftate o f Rome in the in­ fancy thereof, was the principal caufe o f the immenfe greatnefs o f that ftate which followed, fo the culture and manurance o f minds in youth hath fuch a forcible (though unfeen) operation, as hardly any length o f time or con­ tention o f labour can countervail it afterwards. And it is not amifs to obferve all'o, how fmall and mean faculties gotten by education, yet when they fall into great men or great matters do work great and important effe&s; where­ o f we fee a notable example in ‘Tacitus o f two ftage-players, Percennius and Vibulenus, who by their faculty o f playing put the Pannonian armies in­ to an extream tumult and combuftion; for there arifing a mutiny amongft them, upon the death o f Augujius CaeJ'ar, Blaefus the lieutenant had com­ mitted fome o f the mutineers, which were fuddenly refcued ; whereupon Vibuhius got to be heard fpeak, which he did in this manner: “ Thefe poor “ innocent wretches appointed to cruel death, you have reftored to behold “ the light: but who lhall reftore my brother to me, or life unto my bro“ ther, that was lent hither in melfage from the legions o f Germany, to “ treat o f the common caufe? And he hath murdered him this laft night by “ fome o f his fencers and ruffians, that he hath about him for his execu“ tioners upon foldiers. Anfwer, Blaefus, what is done with his body ? T h e “ mortalleft enemies do not deny burial; when I have performed my laft “ duties to the corps with kilfes, with tears, command me to be llain be“ fides him, fo that thefe my fellows for our good meaning, and our true “ hearts to the legions may have leave to bury us. ” W ith which fpeech he put the army into an infinite fury and uproar; whereas truth was he had no brother, neither was there any l'uch matter, but he play’d it merely as if he had been upon the ftage. B u t to return, we are now come to a period o f rational knowledges, where­ in if I have made the divifions other than thofe that are received, yet would I not be thought to difallow all thofe divifions which I do not u fe; for there is a double neceffity impofed upon me o f altering the divifions. T h e one, becaufe it differeth in end and purpofe, to fort together thofe things which are next in nature, and thofe things which are next in u fe; for i f a fecretary o f eftate, Ihould fort his papers, it is like in his ftudy, or general cabinet, he would fort together things o f a nature, as treaties, inftrudtions, & c. but in his boxes, or particular cabinet, he would fort together thofe that he were like to ufe together, though o f feveral natures; fo in this general cabinet o f knowledge it was neceflary for me to follow the divifions o f the nature o f things, whereas if my felf had been to handle any particular knowledge, I would have refpedted the divifions fitted: for ufe. T h e other, becaufe the bringing in o f the deficiences did by confequence alter the partitions o f the re ft; for let the knowledge extant (for demonftration fake) be fifteen, let V o l . II. 6M the

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506 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING.

B. II.

the knowledge with ihe deficiences be twenty, the parts o f fifteen are not the parts o f twenty, for the parts o f fifteen are three and five, the parts o f twenty are two, four, five and ten j fo as thefe things are without contra­ And could not otherwife be.

diction

W e proceed now to that knowledge w hich confidcreth o f the appetite and will o f man, whereof Solomon faith, Ante omnia, jili, cujlodi cor tuum, nam inde procedunt aBiones vitae. In the handling o f this fcience, thofe which have written feem to me to have done as i f a man that profefled to teach to write, did only exhibit fair copies o f alphabets, and letters joined, without giving any precepts or directions for the carriage o f the hand and framing o f the letters ; fo have they made good and fair exemplars and co­ pies, carrying the draughts and pourtraitures o f good, virtue, duty, felicity; propounding them well deferibed as the true objeCts and fcopes o f man’s w ill and defires; but how to attain thefe excellent marks, and how to frame and fubdue the will o f man to become true and conformable to thefe purfuits, they pafs it over altogether, or flightly and unprofitably ; for it is not the dilputing that moral virtues are in the mind o f man by habit and not by nature, or the diflinguifhing that generous fpirits are won by doCtrines and perfuafions, and the vulgar fort by reward and punifhment, and the like fcattered glances and touches that can excufe the abfence o f this part. T he reafon o f this omiflion I fuppofe to be that hidden rock whereupon both this and many other barks o f knowledge have been call aw ay; which is, that men have defpifed to be converfant in ordinary and common mat­ ters, the judicious diredion w hereof neverthelefs is the wileft doCtrine; (for life eonfiileth not in novelties nor fubtilities) but contrariwife they have com­ pounded foiences chiefly o f a certain refplendent or luflrous mafs o f matter, chofen to give glory either to the fubtlety o f difputations, or to the eloquence o f difcourles. But Seneca giveth an excellent check to eloquence: Nocet illis eloquentia, quibus non rerum cupiditatem fa c it, Jed J'ui: DoCtrine fhould be fuch as fhould make men in love with the leflbn, and not with the tea­ cher, being directed to the auditors benefit, and not to the author’s com­ mendation ; and therefore thofe are o f the right kind which may be con­ cluded as Demojlhenes concludes his counfel, Quae f i Jeceritis, non oratorem duntax-at in praej'entia laudabitis, fed vofmetipfos etiam, non it a multo pojl Jlatu rerum vejlrarum meliore. Neither needed men o f fo excellent parts to have defpaired o f a fortune, (which the poet Virgil promifed himfelf, and indeed obtained) w ho got as much glory o f eloquence, wir, and learning in the exprefling o f the obfervations o f hufbandry, as o f the heroical aCts o f AEneas. N ec fum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam f it , & angujlis hwic addere rebus honorem.

Georg, iii. 289.

A nd furely i f the purpofe be in good earned: not to write at leifure that which men may read at leifure, but really to inflruCt and fuborn aCtion and aCtive life, thefe georgics o f the mind concerning the hufbandry and til­ lage thereof, are no lefs worthy than the heroical deferiptions o f virtue, du­ ty, and felicity; wherefore the main and primitive divilion o f moral know ­ ledge feemeth to be into the exemplar or platform o f good, and the regiment or culture o f the m ind; the one deferibing the nature o f good, the other preferibing rules how to fubdue, apply and accommodate the will o f man thereunto. d T he

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fi.II. OF THE A D VA N CEM EN T OF LEARNING. 50? T h e dodtrine touching the platform or nature o f good confidereth it eh ther fimple or compared, either the kinds o f good or the degrees o f good; in the later w hereof thofe infinite difputations which were touching the lupreme degree thereof, which they term felicity, beatitude, or the higheft good, the dodtrines concerning which, were as the heathen divinity, are by the chriftian faith difcharged. And, as Arijtotlc faith, “ T h at young men “ may be happy, but not otherwife but by hope; ” fo we muft all acknow­ ledge our minority, and embrace the felicity which is by hope o f the future world. F r e ed therefore, and delivered from this dodtrine o f the philofophers heaven, whereby they feigned an higher elevation o f man’s nature than was (for we fee in what an heighth o f ftyle Seneca writeth, Fere magnum, habere fragilitatem hominis, fecuritatem D ei,) we may with more fobriety and truth receive the reft o f their inquiries and labours, wherein for the nature o f good, pofitive or fimple, they have fet it down excellently, in defcribing the forms o f virtue and duty with their fituations and poftures, in diftributing them into their kinds, parts, provinces, adtions, and adminiftrations, and the like: nay farther, they have commended them to man’s nature and fpirit, with great quicknefs o f argument and beauty o f perfuafions, yea, and fortified and entrenched them (as much as difcourfe can do) againft corrupt and popular opinions. Again, for the degrees and comparative na­ ture o f good, they have alfo excellently handled it in their triplicity o f good, in the companions between a contemplative and an active life, in the diftindtion between virtue with reludtation, and virtue fecured, in their en­ counters between honefty and profit, in their balancing o f virtue with vir­ tue, and the like, fo as this part deferveth to be reported for excellently la­ boured. N o t w it h s t a n d in g , i f before they had come to the popular and reeeh ved notions o f virtue and vice, pleafure and pain, and the reft, they had ftayed a little longer upon the inquiry concerning the roots o f good and evil, and the ftrings o f thofe roots, they had given in m y opinion a great light to that which followed, and fpecially if they had confulted with nature, they had made their dodtrines lels prolix and more profound, w hich being by them in part omitted and in part handled with much confufion, we will endeavour to refume and open in a more clear manner. T h e r e is formed in every thing a double nature o f good, the one as every thing is a total or fubftantive in itfelf, the other as it is a part or member o f a greater body; w hereof the later is in degree the greater and the worthier, becaufe it tendeth to the confervation o f a more general form : therefore we fee the iron in particular fympathy moveth to the loadftone, but yet i f it exceed a certain quantity, it forfaketh the affedtion to the load­ ftone, and like a good patriot moveth to the earth, w hich is the region and country o f mafly bodies; fo may we go forward and fee that water and maffy bodies move to the center o f the earth, but rather than to fufter a divulfion in the continuance o f nature they will move upwards from the centre o f the earth, forfaking their duty to the earth in regard o f their duty to the world. This double nature 6 f good, and the comparative thereof is much more engraven upon man, i f he degenerate not, unto whom the conferva­ tion o f duty to the publick ought to be much more precious than the confer­ vation o f life and being; according to that memorable fpeech o f Pompeius Magnus, when being in commiflion o f purveyance for a famine at Rome, and being dilfuaded with great vehemence and inftance by his friends about him, that

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5o 8 OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. B. II. that he fhould not hazard him lelf to fea in an extremity o f weather, he faid only to them, Necejfe eji ut earn, non ut vivam : But it may be truly affirm­ ed that there was never any philofophy, religion, or other difcipline, which did fo plainly and highly exalt the good which is communicative, and deprefs the good which is private and particular, as the holy faith: well declaring, that it was the fame God that gave the chriftian law to men, who gave thofe laws o f nature to inanimate creatures that we fpake o f be­ fore; for we read that the eledted faints o f God have wifhed themfelves anathematized and razed our o f the book o f life, in an ecftafy o f charity, and infinite feeling o f communion. T his being let down and ftrongly planted, doth judge and determine moft o f the controverfies wherein moral philofophy is converlant. For firft, it decideth the queftion touching the preferment o f the contemplative or adlive life, and decideth it zgainft. Arijlotle : for all the reafons which he brings for the contemplative are private, and refpedting the pleafure and dignity o f a man’s felf (in which refpects, no queftion, the contemplative life hath the preheminence:) not much unlike to that comparifon, which Py­ thagoras made for the gracing and magnifying o f philofophy and contem­ plation; who being afked what he was, anfwered, “ T h a t i f Hiero were “ ever at the Olympian games, he knew the manner, that fome came to try “ their fortune for the prizes, and fome came as merchants to utter their “ commodities, and fome came to make good chear and meet their friends “ and fome came to look on, and that he was one o f them that came to “ look on.” But men mult know, that in this theatre o f man’s life, it is referved only for God and angels to be lookers o n : neither could the like queftion ever have been received in the Church, notwithftanding their pretioj'a in oculis Domini mors fandiorum ejus; by which place they would exalt their civil death and regular profeffions, but upon this defence, that the monaftical life is not fim ply contemplative, but performeth the duty either o f inceflant prayers and fupplications, which hath been truly efteemed as an office in the church, or elfe o f writing or taking inftrudlions for writing concerning the law o f G o d ; as Mofes did when he abode fo long in the mount. And fo we fee Enoch the feventh from Adam, who was the firft contem­ plative and walked with G od ; yet did alfo endow the Church with pro­ phecy, which St Jude citeth. But for contemplation, which fhould be finifhed in it felf, without calling beams upon fociety, afluredly divinity knoweth it not. I t decideth alfo the controverfies between Zeno and Socrates, and their fchools and lucceflions on the one fide, who placed felicity in virtue fimply or attended; the actions and exercifes whereof do chiefly embrace and con­ cern fociety; and on the other fide, the Cyrenaicks and Epicureans, who placed it in pleafure, and made virtue (as it is ufed in fome comedies o f er­ rors, wherein the miftrefs and the maid change habits) to be but as a fer­ vant, without which pleafure cannot be ferved and attended, and the re­ formed fchool o f the Epicureans, which placed it in ferenity o f mind and freedom from perturbation ; as i f they would have depofed Jupiter again, and reftored Saturn and the firft age, when there was no fummer nor win­ ter, fpring nor autumn, but all after one air and feafon. And Herillus, which placed felicity in extinguifhment o f the difputes o f the mind, ma­ king no fixed nature o f good and evil, efteeming things according to the clearnels of the defires, or the reludlation; which opinion was revived in the herefy o f die anabaptifts, meafuring things according to the motions o f 1 the

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B. II.

OF THE A D VA N C E M E N T OF LEARNING: 509

the fpirit, and the conftancy or wavering o f belief, all which are manifed to tend to private repofe and contentment, and not to point o f fociety. I t cenfureth alfo the philofophy o f Epictetus, which prefuppofeth that felicity mull be placed in thofe things which are in our power, left we be liable to fortune and difturbance; as if it were not a thing much more hap­ py to fail in good and virtuous ends for the publick, than to obtain all that we can wi(h to our felves in our proper fortune; as Confalvo faid to his foldiers, (hewing them Naples, and protefting, “ H e had rather die one “ foot forwards, than to have his life fecured for long, by one foot o f re“ treat.” Whereunto the wifdom o f that heavenly leader hath (igned, who hath affirmed, “ T hat a good confcience is a continual feaft; ” (hewing plainly, that the confcience o f good intentions, howfoever fucceeding, is a more continual joy to nature, than all the provifion which can be made for fecurity and repole. I t cenfureth likewife that abufe o f philofophy, which grew general about the time o f Epiftetus, in converting it into an occupation or profeffion; as i f the purpofe had been not to refill: and extinguifh perturbations, but to fly and avoid the caufes o f them, and to (hape a particular kind and courfe o f life to that end, introducing fuch an health o f mind, as was that health o f body, o f Which Arijlotle fpeaketh o f Herodicus, w ho did no­ thing all his life long but intend his health: whereas i f men refer themfelves to duties o f fociety; as that health o f body is beft, which is ableft to endure all alterations and extremities: fo likewife that health o f mind is mod pro­ per, which can go through the greateft temptations and perturbations. So as Diogenes's opinion is to be accepted, w ho commended not them which abftained, but them which fuftained, and could refrain their mind in praeci­ pitio, and could give unto the mind (as is ufed in horfemaiiflfip) the (horteft ftop or turn. L a s t l y , It cenfureth the tendernefs and want o f application in fome o f the m od ancient and reverend philofophers and philofophical men, that did retire too eafily from civil bufinefs, for avoiding o f indignities and perturbations; whereas the refolution o f men truly moral, ought to be fuch as the fame Confalvo faid the honour o f a foldier (hould be, e tela crafjiore, and not fo fine, as that every thing (hoUld catch in it and en­ danger it. T o refume private or particular good, it falleth into the divifion o f good adtive and paffive: for this difference o f good, (not unlike to that which a-mongft the Romans was exprefled in the familiar or houfhold terms o f Pro­ mus and Condus,) is formed alfo in all things, and is beft difclofed in the two feveral appetites in creatures; the one to preferve or continue themfelves, and the other to dilate or multiply themfelves; w hereof the later feemeth to be the worthier: For in nature the heavens, w hich are the more wor­ thy, are the agent; and the earth, which is the lefs worthy, is the patient: In the pleafures o f living creatures, that o f generation is greater than that o f fo o d : In divine dodtrine, Beatius ejl dare quam accipere: and in life there is no man’s fpirit fo foft, but efteemeth the effedling o f fomewhat that he hath fixed in his defire, more than fenfuality: which priority o f the adtive good, is much upheld by the confideration o f our eftate to be mor­ tal and expofed to fortune: for if we might have a perpetuity and cer­ tainty in our pleafures, the date ,o f them would advance their price. Bur when we fee it is but magni aejlimamus mori tardius, and neglorieris de eraJlino, nefcis partum diei, it maketh us to defire to have fomewhat fecured V o l . II. 6N and

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5 io OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. B. IF. and exempted from time, which are only our deeds and w orks; as it is faid, Opera eorum fequuntur eos. T h e preheminence likewife o f this adtive good, is upheld by the affedtion which is natural in man towards variety and pro­ ceeding, which in the pleafures o f the fenfe, which is the principal part o f paflive good, can have no great latitude. Cogita quamdiu eadem feceris , ci­ bus, fomnus, ludus per hunc circulum curritur, mori velle non tantum fo rtis aut mifer aut prudens, fed etiam faftidiofus poteft. But in enterprizes, purfuits and purpofes o f life there is much variety, w hereof men are fenfible w ith pleafure in their inceptions, progreflions, recoils, re-integrations, ap­ proaches and attainings to their ends. So as it was well faid; Vita fin e propofeto languida & vaga eft. Neither hath this adtive good any identity w ith the good o f fociety, though in fome cafe it hath an incidence into i t : for although it do many times bring forth adts o f beneficence, yet it is with a refpedt private to a man’s own power, glory, amplification, continuance; as appeareth plainly, when it findeth a contrary fubjedt. For that gigantine Hate o f mind which poflefleth the troublers o f the world, fuch as was Lucius Sylla, and infinite other in fmaller model, who would have all men happy or unhappy as they were their friends or enemies, and would give form to the world according to their own humours, (which is the true theomachy,) pretendeth and afpireth to adtive good, though it recedeth fartheft from good o f fociety, w hich we have determined to be the greater. T o refume paflive good, it receiveth a fubdivifion o f confervative and perfedtive. For let us take a brief review o f that which we have faid; we have fpoken firll o f the good o f fociety, the intention whereof embraceth the form o f human nature, w hereof we are members and portions, and not our own proper and individual form ; we have fpoken o f adtive good, and fuppofed it as a part o f private and particular good. And righ tly; for there is imprefled upon all things a triple defire or appetite proceeding from love to themfelves; one o f preferving and continuing their form ; an­ other o f advancing and perfedting their form ; and a third o f multiplying and extending their form upon other things; w hereof the multiplying or fignature o f it upon other things, is that which w e handled by the name o f adtive good. So as there remaineth the conferving o f it, and per­ fedting or railing o f i t ; w hich later is the highell degree o f paflive good. For to preferve in Hate is the lefs, to preferve with advancement is the greater. So in man, Igneus eft ollis vigtr , & coeleftis origo. His approach or afliimption to divine or angelical nature, is the perfedtion o f his fo rm ; the error or falfe imitation o f which good, is that w hich is the tempefl: o f human life, while man upon the inltindt o f an advancement formal and eflential, is carried to feek an advancement local. For as thole w hich are lick, and find no remedy, do tumble up and down and change place, as i f by a remove local they could obtain a remove internal: fo is it with men in ambition, when failing o f the mean to exalt their nature, they are in a perpetual eftuation to exalt their place. So then paflive good is, as was faid, either confervative or perfedtive. T o refume the good o f confervation or comfort, which confifteth in the fruition o f that which is agreeable to our natures; it feemeth to be the m oft pure and natural o f pleafures, but yet the foftefl: and the lo w e lt: And this alfo receiveth a difference, which hath neither been Well judged of, w ell inquired. the good o f fruition or contentment, placed ei4 ther

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B. II. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 5 1 1 ther in rhe fincerenefs o f the fruition, or in the quicknefs and vigour o f i t ; the one fuperinduced by equality, the other by viciflitude, the one having lefs mixture o f evil, the other more impredion o f good. W hether o f thefe is the greater good, is a queftion controverted, but whether man’s nature may not be capable o f both, is a queftion not inquired. T he former queftion being debated between Socrates and a -fophift, So­ crates placing felicity in an equal and conftant peace o f mind, and the fo­ phift in much defiring and much enjoying, they fell from argument to ill words: the fophift faying that Socrates's felicity was the felicity o f a block or ftone, and Socrates faying that the fophift’s felicity was the felicity o f one that had the itch, who did nothing but itch and fcratch. And both thefe opinions do not want their fupports: for the opinion o f Socrates is much up­ held by the general confent even o f rhe epicures themfelves, that virtue beareth a great part in felicity; and i f fo, certain it is that virtue hath more ufe in clearing perturbations than in compafling delires. T h e fophifts opi­ nion is much favoured by the aflertion we laft fpake of, that good o f ad­ vancement is greater than good o f fimple prefervation; becaufe every ob­ taining a defire hath a fhew o f advancement, as motion though in a circle hath a Ihew o f progreflion. B u t the fecond queftion, decided the true way, maketh the former fuperfluous: for, can it be doubted but that there are fome who take more pleafure in enjoying pleafures than fome other, and yet neverthelefs are lefs trou­ bled with the lofs or leaving o f th em ; fo as this fame, Non uti, ut non ap­ petas; non appetere, ut non metuas; funt animi pufilli & diffidentis. And it feemeth to me, that moft o f the dodlrines o f the philofophers are more fearful and cautionary than the nature o f things requireth: fo have they encreafed the fear o f death in offering to cure i t ; for when they would have a man’s whole life to be but a difcipline or preparation to die, they muft needs make men think that it is a terrible enemy againft whom there is no end o f preparing. Better faith the Poet, Qui finem vitae extremum inter munera ponat N aturae: So have they fought to make mens minds too uniform and harmonical, by not breaking them fufficiently to contrary motions: the reafon whereof I fuppofe to be, becaufe they themfelves were men dedicated to a private, free, and unapplied courfe o f life. For as we fee, upon the lute or like inftrument, a ground, though it bo fweet and have (hew o f many changes, yet breaketh not the hand to fuch ftrange and hard flops and paflages as a fet fong or voluntary: much after the fame manner was the diverfity be­ tween a philofophical and a civil life. And therefore men are to imitate the wifdom o f jewellers, who i f there be a grain, or a cloud, or an ice which may be ground forth without taking too much o f the ftone, they help it; but if it fhould leflen and abate the ftone too much they w ill not meddle with i t ; fo ought men fo to procure ferenity as they deftroy not magnanimity. H a v in g therefore deduced the good o f man, which is private and par­ ticular, as far as feemeth fit, we will now return to that good o f man which refpedleth and beholdeth fociety, which we may term d u ty; becaufe the term o f duty is more proper to a mind well framed and difpofed towards others, as the term o f virtue is applyed to a mind well formed and compofed itfclf; though neither man underftand virtue without fome rela-

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512 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING.

B. II.

tion to fociety, nor duty without an inward difpofition: this part may feem at firft to pertain to fcience civil and politick, but not i f it be well obl'erved, for it concerneth the regiment and government o f every man over him felf and not over others. And as in architecture the direction o f the framing the ports, beams and other parts o f building, is not the fame with the man­ ner o f joining them and ereCting the building: and in mechanicals the di­ rection how to frame an inftrument or engine, is not the fame with the manner o f fetting it on work and employing i t ; and yet neverthelefs in ex­ prefling o f the one you incidently exprefs the aptnefs towards the other: fo the doCtrine o f conjugation o f men in fociety differeth from that o f their conformity thereunto. T his part o f duty is fubdivided into two parts; the common duty o f every man as a man or member o f a ftate, the other the refpeCtive or fpecial duty o f every man in his profeflion, vocation and place: the firft o f thefe is extant and well laboured, as hath been faid: the fecond likewife I may report rather difperfed than deficient; which manner o f difperfed wri­ ting in this kind o f argument I acknowledge to be beft: for who can take upon him to write o f the proper duty, virtue, challenge and right o f every feveral vocation, profeflion and place? For although fometimes a looker on may fee more than a gamefter, and there be a proverb more arrogant than found, “ T h at the vale beft difcovereth the hills;” yet there is fmall doubt but that men can write beft and molt really and materially in their own profeflions, and that the writing o f fpeculative men o f aClive matter, for the moft part doth feem to men o f experience as Phormio's argument o f the wars feemed to Hannibal, to be but dreams and dotage. Only there is one vice which accompanieth them that write in their own profeflions, that they magnify them in excefs; but generally it were, to be wiflied, (as that which would make learning indeed folid and fruitful) that active men would or could become writers. I n which kind I cannot but mention Honoris caufa, your majefty’s excel­ lent book touching the duty o f a king, a work richly compounded o f divi­ nity, morality and policy, with great afperfion o f all other arts; and being in mine opinion one o f the moft found and healthful writings that I have read, not diftempered in the heat o f invention, nor in the coldnefs o f negli­ gence ; not fick o f bufinefs as thofe are who lofe themlelves in their order, nor o f convulfions as thofe which cramp in matters impertinent; not fa­ vouring o f perfumes and paintings as thofe do who feek to pleafe the rea­ der more than nature beareth, and chiefly well difpofed in the fpirits there­ of, being agreeable to truth and apt for adtion, and far removed from that natural infirmity whereunto I noted thofe that write in their own profeflions to be fubjedt, w hich is, that they exalt it above meafure: for your majefty hath truly deferibed, not a king o f Ajfyria, or Perjia, in their extern glo­ ry, but a Mejes, or a D avid, paftors o f their people. Neither can I ever lole out o f my remembrance, what I heard your majefty in the fame facred fpirit o f government deliver in a great caufe o f judicature, which was, “ T h at kings ruled by their laws as God did by the laws o f nature, and “ ought as rarely to put in ufe their fupreme prerogative, as God doth his “ power o f working miracles.” And yet notwithftanding, in your book o f a free monarchy, you do well give men to underftand, that you know the plenitude o f the power and right o f a king, as well as the circle o f his of­ fice and duty. Thus have I prefumed to allege this excellent writing o f your majefty, as a prime or eminent example o f T radiates concerning ipecial 4

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t B. II- OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 513 cial and refpeftive duties, wherein I fhould have faid as much i f it had been written a thoufand years fince: neither am I moved with certain courtly decencies, which efteem it flattery to praife in prefence; no, it is flattery to praife in ablence, that is, when either the virtue is abl'ent, or the occaflon is abfent, and fo the praife is not natural but forced, either in truth or in time. But let Cicero be read in his Oration pro Marcello, which is nothing but an excellent table o f Caefar s virtue, and made to his fa ce ; befides the example o f many other excellent perfons wifer a great deal than fuch obfervers, and we will never doubt, upon a full occaflon, to give juft praifes to prefent or abfenc. B u t to return, there belongeth farther, to the handling o f this part touching the duties o f profeffions and vocations, a relative or oppofite touching the frauds, cautels, impoftures, and vices o f every profeflion, w hich hath been likewife handled. But how ? rather in a fatyr and cynically, than ferioufly and w ifely; for men have rather fought by wit to deride and traduce much o f that which is good in profefiions, than with judgment to difeoyer and fever that which is corrupt. For, as Solomon faith, he thac cometh to feek after knowledge with a mind to fcorn.and cenfure, {hall be fure to find matter for his humour, but no matter for his inftrudtion: Quae­ renti derifori feientiam , ipj'a Je abfeondit: fe d JludioJ'o f t obviam. But the De cautelis managing o f this argument with integrity and truth, which I note as d e fi-^ ‘,ulls 4tti' cient, feemeth to me to be one o f the beft fortifications for honefty and vir-* tue that can be planted. For, as the fable goeth o f the bafilifk, that i f he fee you firft you die for it, but if you fee him firft he dieth: fo is it with de­ ceits and evil arts, which, i f they be firft efpied, lofe their life, but if they prevent, they indanger. So that we are much beholden to Macbiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do; for it is not poflible to join ferpentine wifdom with the columbine innocency, except men know exadtly all the conditions o f the ferpent; his bafenefs and going upon his belly, his volubility and lubricity, his envy and fting, and the reft, that is, all forms and natures o f e v il; for without this, virtue lieth open and unfenced. N ay an honeft man can do no good upon thofe that are wicked to reclaim them, without the help o f the knowledge o f e v il: for men o f corrupted minds prefuppofe that honefty groweth out o f fimplicity o f manners, and believing o f preachers, fchoolmafters, and mens ex­ terior language. So as except you can make them perceive that you know the utmoft reaches o f their own corrupt opinions, they defpile all morali­ ty; Non recipit fu ltu s verba prudentiae, n if ea dixeris, quae verfantur in corde ejus. U n t o this part touching refpedtive duty, doth alfb appertain the duties between hufband and wife, parent and child, mafter and fervant: fo like­ wife the laws o f friendfhip and gratitude, the civil bond o f companies, col­ leges, and politick bodies, o f neighbourhood, and all other proportionate duties; not as they are parts o f government and fociety, but as to the fram­ ing o f the mind o f particular perfons. T he knowledge concerning good refpedting fociety doth handle it alfo not Amply alone, but comparatively, whereunto belongeth the weighing o f du­ ties between perfon and perfon, cafe and cafe, particular and publick: as we fee in the proceeding o f Lucius Brutus againft his own fons, which was fo much extolled; yet what was faid ? Infelix, utcunque ferent ea fa ta minores.

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514 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. B. II. So the cafe was doubtful, and had opinion on both fides. Again we lee when M. Brutus and Cafiius invited to a fupper, certain whofe opinions they meant to feel, whether they were fit to be made their aflociates, and caft forth the queftion touching the killing o f a tyrant being an ufurper, they were divided in opinion, fome holding that fervitude was the extream o f evils, and others that tyranny was better than a civil w ar; and a number o f the like cafes there are o f comparative duty: amongft which, that o f all others is the moft frequent, where the queftion is o f a great deal o f good to enfue o f a fmall injuftice, which JaJ'on o f Thejfalia determined againft the truth: Aliqua J'unt injujle facienda, ut multa ju jle fie ri pojjint. But the reply is good, Authorempraefentis jufiitiae babes, J'ponforemfuturae non habes-, men muft purfue things which are juft in prefent, and leave the future to the divine providence. So then we pafs on from this general part touching the exemplar and defcription o f good. N o w therefore that we have fpoken o f this fruit o f life, it remaineth to fpeak o f the hulbandry that belongeth thereunto, without which part the former feemeth to be no better than a fair image, orfiatua, which is beau­ tiful to contemplate, but is without life and m otion: whereunto Arifiotle Dc cultura him felf fubfcribeth in thefe words, Necejfe efi ficilicet de virtute dicere, & animi. quid f it , & ex quibus gignatur. Inutile enim fere fu erit, virtutem quidem noffe, acquirendae autem ejus modos & vias ignorare: Non enim de virtute tantum, qua fpecie fit, quaerendum efi, fed & quomodo fu i copiam fa c ia t ; utrunque enim volumus, £? remipfam nofie & ejus compotes fie r i: hoc autem ex voto nonJiiccedet, nif i jciarhus & ex quibus & quomodo. In fuch full words and with fuch iteration doth he inculcate this part: fo faith Cicero in great commendation o f Cato the ifecond, that he had applied him felf to philofbp h y ; Non it a difputandi caufa, fed it a vivendi. And although the negledt o f our times wherein few men do hold any confultations touching the re­ formation o f their life (as Seneca excellently faith, D e partibus vitae quifque deliberat, de fumma nemo) may make this part feem fuperfluous: yet I muft conclude with that aphorifm o f Hippocrates, %ui gravi morbo correpti dolores non fentiunt, iis mens aegrotat-, they need medicine not only to affwage the difeafe, but to awake the fenfe. And i f it be faid, that the cure o f mens minds belongeth to facred divinity, it is moft true: but yet moral philofophy may be preferred unto her as a wife fervant and humble hand­ maid. For as the Pfalm faith, That the eyes o f the handmaid look perpetual­ ly towards the mifirefs, and yet no doubt many things are left to the difcretion o f the handmaid, to diicern o f the miftrefs’s w ill; fo ought moral philo­ fophy to give a conftant attention to the dodtrines o f divinity, and yet fo as it may yield o f her felf (within due limits) many found and profitable diredtions. T his part therefore, becaufe o f the excellency thereof, I cannot but find exceeding ftrange that it is not reduced to written inquiry, the rather becaufe it confifteth o f much matter, wherein both fpeech and adtion is of­ ten converfant, and fuch wherein the common talk o f men (which is rare, but yet cometh fometimes to pafs) is wifer than their books: It is reafonable therefore that we propound it in the more particularity, both for the worthindfs, ‘and becaufe we may acquit ourfelves for reporting it deficient, which feem’eth alrrt'oft incredible, and is otherwile conceived and prefuppofed by thofe themfelves that have written. W e will therefore enumerate fome heads or points thereof, that it may appear the better what it is, and whether it be extant.

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B. II. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING, j 15 F ir s t therefore in this, as in all things which are practical, we ought to call up our account, what is in our power,"' and what not j for the one may be dealt with by way o f alteration, but the other by way o f applica­ tion only. T h e hufbandman cannot command, neither the nature o f the earth, nor the feafons o f the weather, no more can the phyfician the conftitution o f the patient, nor the variety o f accidents. So in the culture and cure o f the mind o f man, two things are without our com m and; points o f nature and points o f fortune: for to the bafis o f the one, and the conditions o f the other, our work is limited and tied. In thefe things therefore, it is left unto us to proceed by application; Vincenda ejl omnisfortuna ferendo: and fo likewife, Vincenda ejl omnis natura ferendo. B u t when that we fpeak o f fuffering, we do not fpeak o f a dull and negledled fuffering, but o f a wife and induftrious fuffering, w hich draweth and contriveth uie and advantage out o f that which feemeth adverfe and contrary, which is that properly w hich we call accommodating or apply­ ing. N ow the wifdom o f application refteth principally in the exact and diftindt knowledge o f the precedent ftate or difpofition, unto which we do apply> for we cannot fit a garment, except w e firft take meafure o f the body. So then the firft article o f this knowledge is to fet down found and true diftributions and defcriptions o f the feveral charadlers and tempers o f mens natufes and difpofitions, fpecially having regard to thofe differences which are moft radical in being the fountains and caufes o f the reft, or moft fre­ quent in concurrence or commixture ; wherein it is not the handling o f a few o f them in paffage, the better to defcribe the mediocrities o f virtues, that can fatisfy this intention; for i f it deferve to be confidered, that there are minds which are proportioned to great matters, and others to fmall, (which A rifotle handleth, or ought to have handled by the name o f mag­ nanimity,) doth it not deferve as well to be confidered, that there are minds proportioned to intend many matters, and others to few ? So that fome can divide themfelves, others can perchance do exactly well, but itm u ftb e b u t in few things at once; and fo there cometh to be a narrownefs o f mind, as well as a pufiilanimity. And again, T h at fome minds are proportioned to that which may be difpatched at once, or within a fhort return o f tim e; others to that which begins afar off, and is to be won with length o f purfuit, ------- Jam tum tenditque fovet que. So that there may be fitly faid to be a longanimity, which is commonly alfo afcribed to God, as a magnanimity. So farther deferved it to be confi­ dered by A rifotle, “ T h at there is a difpofition in converfation (fuppofing “ it in things which do in no fort touch or concern a man’s felf,) to footh ui f a p i t ,

in n u m e r is m o rib u s a p tu s e r it.

T hus have I ftaid fomewhat longer upon thefe fentences politick o f S o lo ­ m on, than is agreeable to the proportion o f an example, led with a defire to give authority to this part o f knowledge which I noted as deficient by fo excellent a precedent, and have alfo attended them with brief obfervations, fuch as to my underdanding offer no violence to the fenfe, though I know they may be applied to a more divine ufe: but it is allowed even in divinity, that fome interpretations, yea and fome writings, have more o f the eagle than others; but taking them as indrudtions for life, they might have re­ ceived large difcourfe if I would have broken them and illuftrated them by diducements and examples. N e it h e r w a s th is in u fe o n ly w i t h t h e H e b r e w s , b u t it is g e n e r a lly to b e fo u n d in t h e w if d o m o f t h e m o r e a n c ie n t t i m e s ; t h a t as m e n fo u n d o u t a n y o b fe r v a tio n t h a t t h e y t h o u g h t w a s g o o d fo r lif e , a n d e x p r e fs it in p a r a b le , o r a p h o r ifm o r fa b le .

t h e y w o u ld g a t h e r it

B u t f o r fa b le s t h e y w e r e

v ic e g e r e n ts a n d fu p p lie s , w h e r e e x a m p le s f a i l e d : n o w t h a t th e tim e s a b o u n d w i t h h if t o r y , t h e a im is b e tte r w h e n t h e m a r k is a liv e .

A n d t h e r e fo r e th e

f o r m o f w r it in g w h i c h o f a ll o th e r s is fitted : f o r th is v a r ia b le a r g u m e n t o f n e g o t ia t io n a n d o c c a fio n s ,

is t h a t w h i c h M a c h ia v e l c h o f e w i f e l y a n d a p t ly

f o r g o v e r n m e n t ; n a m e ly , d ifc o u r fe u p o n h iffo r ie s o r e x a m p l e s : f o r k n o w ­ le d g e d r a w n f r e fh ly a n d in o u r v i e w o u t o f p a r tic u la r s ,

k n o w e th th e w a y

b e d to p a r tic u la r s a g a i n ; a n d it h a t h m u c h g r e a t e r life f o r p r a c tic e w h e n t h e d ifc o u r fe a tte n d e th u p o n t h e e x a m p le , u p o n t h e d ifc o u r fe .

th a n w h e n t h e e x a m p le a tte n d e th

F o r th is is n o p o i n t o f o r d e r as it fe e m e th a t f ir d , b u t

o f f u b d a n c e : f o r w h e n t h e e x a m p le is t h e g r o u n d , b e in g fe t d o w n in a n h i d o r y a t la r g e , it is fe t d o w n w i t h a ll c ir c u m d a n c e s , w h i c h m a y fo m e t im e s c o n t r o u l t h e d ifc o u r fe th e r e u p o n m a d e , p a tte r n fo r a d t i o n ;

a n d fo m e tim e s fu p p ly it as a v e r y

w h e r e a s t h e e x a m p le s a lle g e d f o r th e d ifc o u r fe s fa k e ,

a r e c ite d fu c c in d tly , a n d w i t h o u t p a r t ic u la r it y , a n d c a r r y a fe r v ile a fp e d t to ­ w a r d s th e d ifc o u r fe w h i c h t h e y a re b r o u g h t in t o m a k e g o o d .

6R

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j i 6 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. B. II. B u t th is d iffe r e n c e is n o t a m ifs to b e r e m e m b r e d , t h a t as h if t o r y o f f u c h as M a c h ia v e l

tim e s is t h e b e ft g r o u n d f o r d ifc o u r fe o f g o v e r n m e n t , h a n d le t h ,

fo h if t o r y o f liv e s is t h e m o f t p r o p e r f o r d ifc o u r fe o f b u fin e fs,

b e c a u fe it is m o r e c o n v e r fa n t in p r iv a t e a c tio n s . le tte rs ; f u c h as a r e w i f e a n d w e i g h t y , a n d o th e r s . b u fin e fs ,

is a g r o u n d is d ifc o u r fe u p o n

N a y , th e r e

o f d ifc o u r fe f o r th is p u r p o fe fitte r th a n t h e m b o th , w h i c h

as m a n y a r e o f C ic e r o a d A t t ic u m ,

F o r le tte r s h a v e a g r e a t a n d m o r e p a r t ic u la r re p r e fe n ta tio n

t h a n e ith e r c h r o n ic le s o r liv e s .

T h u s have

w e lp o k e n b o th

of of

t h e m a t t e r a n d f o r m o f th is p a r t o f c i v i l k n o w le d g e t o u c h in g n e g o tia tio n , w h i c h w e n o te to b e d e fic ie n t.

B u t y e t th e r e is a n o t h e r p a r t o f th is p a r t, w h ic h d iffe r e th as m u c h f r o m J'apere a n d Jibi J ’apere-, t h e o n e m o v i n g as

t h a t w h e r e o f w e h a v e fp o k e n , as

it w e r e to t h e C ir c u m fe r e n c e , t h e o t h e r to th e c e n t e r : f o r t h e r e is a w if d o m o f c o u n fe l, a n d a g a in th e r e is a w i f d o m o f p r e ffin g a m a n ’s o w n fo r tu n e , a n d t h e y d o fo m e t im e s m e e t a n d o ft e n fe v e r : f o r m a n y a r e w i f e in th e ir o w n w a y s t h a t a r e w e a k f o r g o v e r n m e n t o r c o u n fe l,

lik e a n ts, w h i c h is a

w i f e c r e a tu r e f o r i t f e l f b u t v e r y h u r t f u l f o r th e g a rd e n .

T h i s w if d o m th e

Romans d id ta k e m u c h k n o w le d g e o f : Nam pol fapiens (fa ith rh e c o m ic a l p o e t) Jingit fortunam fib i y a n d it g r e w to a n a d a g e , Faber quij'que fortunae propriae: a n d L ivy a tt r ib u t e th it to Cato tire fir ft, in hoc viro tanta vis ani­ mi G? ingenii inerat, ut quocunque loco natus effet, f b i ipfe fortunam f a t i urus videretur. T his c o n c e it o r p o fitio n , i f it b e to o m u c h d e c la r e d a n d p r o fe fie d , hath b e e n t h o u g h t a t h in g i m p o li t ic k a n d u n lu c k y , a s w a s o b fe r v e d in Timotheus t h e Athenian; w h o h a v in g d o n e m a n y g r e a t fe r v ic e s t o t h e e fta te in h is g o ­ v e r n m e n t, a n d g iv in g a n a c c o u n t t h e r e o f to t h e p e o p le as th e m a n n e r w a s , d id c o n c lu d e e v e r y p a r t ic u la r w i t h d iis c la u fe , “ a n d in th is fo r tu n e h a d n o “ p a r t.”

A n d it c a m e fo to p a fs t h a t h e n e v e r p r o fp e r e d in a n y t h in g h e t o o k

in h a n d a f t e r w a r d s ; f o r th is is to o h ig h a n d to o a r r o g a n t, f a v o u r in g o f th a t

E zekiel fa ith o f Pharaoh, D icis, fu v iu s e f meus, & ego fe c i memetipJum : o r o f t h a t w h i c h a n o t h e r P r o p h e t l'p e a k e th , That men offerJ'acrifcesto their nets andJ'nares y a n d t h a t w h i c h th e P o e t e x p r e ffe th , w h ic h

D extra mihi Deus, & telum, quod mijjile libro, Nunc a d fn t: F o r th e fe c o n fid e n c e s w e r e e v e r u n h a llo w e d , a n d u n b le f ie d : an d th e r e fo r e t h o le th a t w e r e g r e a t p o litic ia n s in d e e d e v e r a fe r ib e d t h e ir fu c c e lfe s to t h e ir F o r fo Sylla fir n a m e d h i i n f e l f Fe­ lix, n o t Magnus: S o CaeJ'ar fa id to t h e m a fte r o f th e fh ip , Caefarem portas & fortunam ejus. B u t y e t n e v e r t h e le fs th e fe p o fitio n s , Faber quifque fortunae J'uaey Sapiens dominabitur afris-, Invia virtuti nulla ejlv ia , a n d t h e lik e , b e in g ta k e n a n d

f e li c i t y , a n d n o t to t h e ir f k i l l o r v ir tu e .

u fe d as fp u r s t o in d u f t r y , a n d n o t as ftir r u p s t o in fe ile n cy , r a th e r f o r fe fo lu r io n th a n f o r p r e fu m p t io n o r o u tw a r d d e c la r a tio n , h a v e b e e n e v e r th o u g h c fo u n d a n d g o o d , a n d a r e (n o q u e ft io n ) im p r in t e d in t h e g r e a t e ft m in d s , w h o a r e fo fe n fib le o f th is o p in io n , as t h e y c a n fc a r c e c o n t a in it w i t h i n : fee in

As we

Augujlus CaeJ'ar ( w h o w a s r a th e r d iv e r fe f r o m h is u n c le , th a n i n f e ­

r io r in v ir tu e ) h o w w h e n h e d ie d , h e d e f ir e d h is fr ie n d s a b o u t h i m t o g i v e h im a

Plaudite, as i f h e w e r e G o n fcien t to h i m f e l f t h a t h e h a d p l a y ’d h is

p a r t w e l l u p o n th e fta g e .

T h i s p a r t o f k n o w le d g e w e d o r e p o r t a lfo as d e ­

f i c i e n t ; n o t b u t th a t it is p ra d tife d t o o m u c h , b u t it h a t h n o t b e e n r e d u c e d to w r it in g .

And

t h e r e fo r e le ft it f h o u ld fe e m t o a n y t h a t it is n o t c o m i

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p r e h e n fib lc

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B.U. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 527 p r c h e n fib le b y a x io m , it is r e q u ifite , as w e d id in t h e f o r m e r , th a t w e fe t d o w n fo m e h ea d s o r p a fla g e s o f it.

W h er ein it m a y a p p e a r a t th e ftrft a n e w a n d u n w o n t e d a r g u m e n t t o ' 7*ber Fortn' te a c h m e n h o w to r a ile a n d m a k e th e ir f o r t u n e : a d o d b in e w h e r e in e v e ry a m b itu ^ iu r. m a n p e r c h a n c e w i l l b e r e a d y to y ie ld h i m f e l f a d ifc ip le t ill h e fe e th d iffi­ c u lt y j fo r fo r tu n e la y e t h as h e a v y im p o fit io n s a s v ir tu e , a n d it is as h a r d a n d fe v e r e a t h in g to b e a tru e p o lit ic ia n , as to b e t r u ly m o r a l. lin g h e r e o f c o n c e r n e th le a r n in g g r e a t ly , In

h on o u r,

B u t th e h a n d ­

b o th in h o n o u r a n d in f u b f t a n c e :

b e c a u fe p r a g m a t ic a l m e n m a y n o t g o a w a y w i t h a n o p in io n

t h a t le a r n in g is lik e a la r k t h a t c a n m o u n t , a n d fin g , a n d p je a fe h e r le lf, a n d n o th in g e l f e ;

b u t m a y k n o w t h a t f o e h a ld e t h a s w e l l o f th e h a w k t h a t

c a n fo a r a lo ft , a n d c a n a lfo d e fc e n d a n d ftr ik e u p o n th e p re y . b c c a u fe it is t h e p e rfe d t la w “ g lo b e o f m a tte r , “ fo rm ; ”

o f in q u ir y o f t r u t h ,

I n fu b ft a n c e ,

“ t h a t n o th in g b e in t h e

w h i c h ih o u ld n o t b e ljk e w ile in th e g lo h e o f c r y ft a l, o r

t h a t is, th a t th e r e b e n o t a n y t h in g in b e in g a n d affcion, w h i c h

fh o u ld n o t b e d r a w n a n d c o lle c te d in to c o n t e m p la t io n a n d d o d trin e .

N e i­

th e r d o th le a r n in g a d m ir e o r q fte e m o f th is a r c h it e c tu r e o f fo r tu n e , o t h e r w i le th a n as o f a n in fe r io r w o r k : f o r n o m a n ’s fo r t u n e c a n b e an e n d w o r ­ t h y o f h is b e in g , a n d m a n y tim e s t h e w o r t h ie ft m e n d o a b a n d o n t h e ir fo r ­ tu n e w i l l i n g l y fo r b e tte r re fp e d ts j

b u t n e v e r t h e le ls fo r t u n e as a n o r g a n o f

v ir t u e a n d m e r it d e fe r v e th t h e e o n fid e r a tio n .

F ir st th e r e fo r e th e p r e c e p t w h ic h

I c o n c e iv e

to b e m a f t f f im m a r y to ­

w a r d s th e p r e v a ilin g in fo r tu n e , is to o b ta in t h a t w i n d o w w h i c h

Momin d id

r e q u i r e ; w h o fe e in g in t h e fr a m e o f m a n ’s h e a r t fu c h a n g le s a n d re c e lle s , f o u n d f a u lt th e r e w a s n o t a w i n d o w to lo o k in to t h e m : t h a t is, to p r o c u r e g o o d in fo r m a tio n s o f p a r tic u la r s t o u c h in g p erfo n s, t h e ir n a tu re s,

t h e ir d e ­

fire s a n d en d s, t h e ir c u ft o m s a n d fa lh io n s , t h e ir h e lp s a n d a d v a n ta g e s , a n d w h e r e b y t h e y c h ie fly H a n d ;

fo a g a in

t h e ir w e a k n e lfe s a n d d ifa d v a n ta g e s ,

a n d w h e r e t h e y ly e m o f t o p e n a n d o b n o x io u s , t h e ir frie n d s , fa c tio n s a n d d e ­ p e n d e n c e s ; a n d a g a in t h e ir o p p o flte s , e n v ie r s , c o m p e tito r s , t h e ir m o o d s a n d tim e s ,

Sola v iri mclles aditus & tempora noras i t h e ir p r in c ip le s , r u le s, a n d

o b fe r v a tio n s , a n d th e li k e :

A n d th is n o t o n ly o f p e rfo n s,

b u t o f a c t io n s *

w h a t a r e o n fo o t f r o m t im e to tim e , a n d h o w t h e y a re c o n d u c te d , f a v o u r e d , o p p o fe d , a n d h o w t h e y im p o r t, a n d t h e lik e .

F o r t h e k n o w le d g e o f p r e -

fe n t ad tio n s is n o t o n ly m a t e r ia l in itfe lf, b u t w i t h o u t it a lfo t h e k n o w le d g e o f p erfo n s is v e r y e r r o n e o u s ; f o r m e n c h a n g e w i t h th e a d tio n s, a n d w h i l f t t h e y a re in p u r fu it t h e y a r e o n e , a n d w h e n t h e v r e tu r n to t h e ir n a t u r e t h e y a re a n o th e r .

T h e f e I n fo r m a tio n s o f

p a r t ic u la r s ,

t o u c h in g

p erfo n s a n d

a d tio n s, a re as th e minor p ro p o iir io n s in e v e r y a d tiv q fy t lq g jlijjj f o r n o e x ­ c e lle n c y o f o b fe r v a tio n s ( w h ic h a re t h e m a jo r p r o p o fltio n s ) c a p fo ffjc e tq g r o u n d a c o n c lu fio n , i f th e r e b e e r r o r a n d m ift a k in g in tfte m in o r s .

T ha t th is k n o w le d g e is p o ffib le , Solomon is o u r fu r e ty , w h o fa it h , C ohfiliutn in corde viri tanquam aqua profunda, Jed v ir prudens exhauriet illud: A n d a lt h o u g h th e k n o w le d g e i t f e l f f a lle t h n o t u n d e r p r e c e p t,

b e c a u fe it is

o f in d iv id u a ls , y e t th e in ftru d tio n s fo r d ie o b ta in in g o f it m a y . W

e

w i l l b e g in th e r e fo r e w i t h th is p r e c e p t, a c c o r d in g to t h e a n c ie n t o p i­

n io n , t h a t th e fin e w s o f w i f d o m a r e flo w n e fs o f b e l i e f a n d d i f t r u f t : t h a t m o r e t r u f t b e g iv e n to c o u n te n a n c e s a n d d e e d s t h a n to w o r d s : a n d in w o r d s , r a th e r to fu d d e n p a fla g e s a n d fu r p r iz e d w o r d s , th a n to fe t a n d p u r p q fe d w o r d s . N e i t h e r le t t h a t b e fe a r e d w h i c h is fa id , fron ti

nulla fdes-, w h i c h is m e a n t

o f a g e n e r a l o u tw a r d b e h a v io u r , a n d n o t o f t h e p r iv a t e a n d a n d la b o u r s o f t h e c o u n t e n a n c e a n d g e ft u r e ;

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m o tio n *

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52,8 OF THE ADVAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING.

B. II.

faith, is Anim i janua, the gate o f the mind: None more clofe than Tibe­ rius, and yet Tacitus faith o f Gallus, Etenim vultu offenfionem conjeBaverat. So again, noting the differing character and manner o f his commending Germanicus and Drufus in the fenate, he faith, touching his fafhion where­ in he carried his fpeech o f Germanicus, thus: Magis in fpeciem adornatis verbis, quam ut penitus Jentire videretur; but o f Drufus thus, Paucioribus, fed intentior, & fida oratione: and in another place, fpeaking o f this chara­ cter o f fpeech when he did any thing that was gracious and popular, he faith, that in other things he was velut eluBantium verborum: but then again, Solutius vero loquebatur quandofubveniret. So that there is no fuch ar­ tificer o f diflimulation, nor no fuch commanded countenance (vultus jujfus) that can fever from a feigned tale fomC o f thefe fafhions, either a more Height and carelefs fafhion, or more fet and formal, or more tedious and wandring, or coming from a man more dryly and hardly. N e it h e r are deeds fuch allured pledges, as that they may be trufted with­ out a judicious confideration o f their magnitude and nature: Fraus fib i in parvis fidem praefiruit, ut majore emolumento fa lla t: and the Italian thinketh him felf upon the point to be bought and fold, when he is better ufed than he was wont to be without manifeft caufe. For fmall favours, they do but lull men afleep, both as to caution and as to induftry, and are as Demofihenes calleth them, Alimenta J'ocordiae. So again we fee how falfe the nature o f fome deeds are, in that particular which Mutianus praftifed upon Antonius Prim us, upon that hollow and unfaithful reconcilement w hich was made between th em ; whereupon Mutianus advanced many o f the friends o f Antonius: Simul amicis ejus praefeBuras & tribunatus largi­ tur : wherein under pretence to ftrengthen him, he did defolate him, and won from him his dependences. A s for words, (though they be like waters to phyficians, full o f flattery and uncertainty) yet they are not to be defpifed, fpecially with the advan­ tage o f pafiion and affedtion. For fo we fee Tiberius upon a flinging and incenfing fpeech o f Agrippina, came a ftep forth o f his diflimulation, when he faid, “ you are hurt, becaufeyou do not reign” ; o f which Tacitus faith, Audita haec, raram occulti peBoris vocem elicuere: correptamque Graeco verfu admonuit: ideo laedi quia non regnaret. And therefore the poet doth elegantly call paflions, tortures, that urge men to confefs their fecrets. Vino tortus & ira. And experience fheweth, there are few men fo true to themfelves and fo fettled, but that fometimes upon heat, fometimes upon bravery, fometimes upon kindnefs, fometimes upon trouble o f mind and weaknefs, they open themfelves; fpecially i f they be put to it with a counter-diflimulation, ac­ cording to the proverb o f Spain, D i mentira, y facaras verdad, “ tell a lye, “ and find a truth. ” A s for the knowing o f men, which is at fecond hand from reports: mens weaknefs and faults are beft known from their enemies, their virtues and abilities from their friends, their cuftoms and times from their fervants, their conceits and opinions from their familiar friends, with whom they difcourfe moil. General fame is light, and the opinions conceived by fuperiors or equals are deceitful; for to fuch, men are more mafked, Vtrior f a ­ ma e domefiicis emanat. 1

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B. II. OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. 529 B u t the founded difclofing and expounding o f men is, by their natures and ends; wherein the weaked fort o f men are bpd interpreted by their natures, and the wifed by their ends. For it was both pleafantly and wife­ ly faid, (though I think very untruly) by a nuncio o f the pope, returning from a certain nation, where he ferved as leiger; whofe opinion being a(ked touching the appointment o f one to go in his p lace; he wifhed that in any cafe they did not fend one that was too w ife : becaufe no very wife man would ever imagine, what they in that countrey were like to d o : and cer­ tainly it is an error frequent for men to (hoot over, and to fuppofe deeper ends, and more compafs reaches than a r e : T h e Italian proverb being elegant, and for the m od part true. D i danari, di fentio, e di fede, Ce’ ne manco che non credi: There is commonly lefs money, lefs wifdom, and lefs good faith, than men do account upon. B u t princes, upon a far other reafon, are bed interpreted by their na­ tures, and private perfons by their ends: for princes being at the top o f human defires, they have for the mod part no particular ends whereto they afpire, by didance from which a man might take meafure and fcale o f the red o f their actions and defires; which is one o f the caufes that maketh their hearts more infcrutable. Neither is it fufficient to inform our felves in mens ends and natures o f the variety o f them only, but alfo o f the pre­ dominancy, what humour reigneth m od, and what end is principally fought. For fo we fee, when Tigellinus fo-w him felf out-dripped by Petro­ nius T'urpilianus in Nero’s humours o f pleafures; metus ejus rimatur, he wrought upon Nero’s fears, whereby he broke the other’s neck. B u t to all this part o f inquiry, the m od compendious way redeth in three things: the fird, to have general acquaintance and inwardnefs w ith thofe which have general acquaintance, and look mod into the w orld; and efpecially according to the diverfity o f bufinefs, and the diverfity o f perfons, to have privacy and converfation with fome one friend at lead, w hich is perfedt and well intelligenced in every feveral kind. T h e fecond is to keep a good mediocrity in liberty o f fpeech and fecrecy: in m od things liberty, fecrecy where it im porteth; for liberty o f fpeech inviteth and provoketh liberty to be ufed again, and fo bringeth much to a man’s knowledge; and fecrecy on the other fide induceth trud and inwardnefs. T h e lad is the reducing o f a man’s felf to this watchful and ferene habit, as to make ac­ count and purpofe in every conference and adtion, as w ell to obferve as to adt. For as EpiBetus would have a philofopher in every particular action to fay to himfelf, E t hoc volo, & etiam injlitutum Jervare : fo a politick man in every thing (hould fay to himfelf, E t hoc volo, ac etiam aliquid addifcere. I have day’d the longer upon this precept o f obtaining good in­ formation; becaufe it is a main part by it felf, w hich anfwereth to all the red. But above all things caution m ud be taken, that men have a good day and hold o f themfelves, and that this much knowing do not draw on much meddling; for nothing is more unfortunate than light and raffi in­ termeddling in many matters. So that this variety o f knowledge tendeth in conclufion but only to this, to make a better and freer choice o f thofe adtions which may concern us, and to condudt them w ith the lefs error, and the more dexterity. V o l . II. 6 S T he

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OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. B. II. T he fecond precept concerning this knowledge, is for men to take good information touching their own perfons, and well to underftand themfelves: knowing that as S. James faith, though men look oft in a glafs, yet they do fuddenly forget themfelves; wherein as the divine glafs is the word o f God, fo the politick glafs is the ftate o f the world, or times wherein we live; in the which we are to behold our felves. F or men ought to take an impartial view o f their own abilities and vir­ tues ; and again o f their wants and impediments; accounting thele with the moft, and thofe other with die lead:; and from this view and examination, to frame the confiderations following. F ir s t to confider how the conftitution o f their nature forteth with the general flate o f the tim es; w hich i f they find agreeable and fit, then in all things to give themfelves more fcopeand liberty; but if differing and diffonant, then in the whole courfe o f their life to be more clofe, retired and referved: as we fee in ’Tiberius, who was never feen at a play, and came not into the fenate in twelve o f his laft years; whereas Augufus Caefar lived ever in mens eyes, which Tacitus obferveth: A lia Tiberio morum via. S e c o n d l y , to confider how their nature forteth with profeffions and courfes o f life, and accordingly to make election i f they be free; and i f engaged, to make the departure at the firft opportunity: as we fee was done by duke Valentine, that was deiigned by his father to a facerdotal profeffion, but quitted it foon after in regard o f his parts and inclination; be­ ing fuch neverthelefs, as a man cannot tell well whether they were worfe for a prince or for a prieft. T h ir d l y , to confider how they fort with thofe whom they are like to have competitors and concurrents, and to take that courfe wherein there is moft folitude, and themfelves like to be moft eminent; as Julius CacJ’a r did, who at firft was an orator or pleader; but when he law the excellency o f C icero , H o r te n fu s , Catulus, and others for eloquence, and faw there was no man o f reputation for the wars but Pompeius, upon whom the ftate was forced to re ly ; he forfook his courfe begun toward a civil and popular greatnefs, and transferred his defigns to a martial greatnels. F o u r t h l y , in the choice o f their friends and dependences, to proceed according to the compolition o f their own nature ; as we may fee in Caefar, all whole friends and followers were men adtive and effectual, but not folemn, or o f reputation. F i f t h l y , to take fpecial heed how they guide themfelves by examples, in thinking they can do as they fee others d o ; whereas perhaps their natures and carriages arc far differing. In which error it feemeth Pompey was, o f whom Cicero faith, that he was wont often to fay, Sylla potuit, ego non po­ terof Wherein he was much abufed, the natures and proceedings o f him felf and his example, being the unlikeft in the world, the one being fierce, vio­ lent, and preffing the fadt; the other folemn, and full o f majefty and circumftance ; and therefore the lels effedtual. B u t this precept touching the politick knowledge o f our felves, hath many other branches whereupon we cannot infill. N e x t to the well underftanding and difeerning o f a man!s felf, there followeth the well opening and revealing a man’s felf, wherein we fee nothing more ufual than for the more able man to make the lefs ftiew. For there is a t

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B. II. OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. 5 31 k a great advantage in the well fetting forth o f a man’s virtues, fortunes, m erits; and again, in the artificial covering o f a man’s weaknefs, defeats, difgraces, flaying upon the one, Hiding from the other; cherifhing the one by circumftances, gracing the other by expofition, and the like; wherein we fee what Tacitus faith o f Mutianus, w ho was the greatefl politician o f his time, Omnium, quae dixerat, feceratque, arte quadam ojlentator; which requireth indeed fome art, left it turn tedious and arrogant; but yet fo, as oftentation (though it be to the firft degree o f vanity) feemeth to me ra­ ther a vice in manners than in policy; for as it is faid, A udatfercalumnia­ re, Jemper aliquid haeret. So except it be in a ridiculous degree o f deformi­ ty, Audafter te vendita, Jemper aliquid haeret. For it w ill flick with the more ignorant and inferior fort o f men, though men o f wifdom and rank do fmile at it and defpife it; and yet the authority won with many, doth countervail the difdain o f a few. But i f it be carried w ith decency and government, as with a natural, pleafant and ingenuous fafhion, or at times when it is mix’d with fome peril and unfafety, (as in military perfons,) or at times when others are moft envied; or with eafy and carelefs paffage to it and from it, without dwelling too long, or being too ferious; or with an equal freedom o f taxing a man’s felf, as well as gracing himfelf, or by occafion o f repelling or putting down others injury or infolence, it doth greatly add to reputation; and furely not a few folid natures that want this ventofity, and cannot fail in the height o f the winds, are not without fome prejudice and difadvantage by their moderation. B u t for thefe flourifhes and enhanfements o f virtue, as they are not perchance unneceflary, fo it is at leaft neceflary that virtue be not difvalued and imbafed under the juft price, which is done in three manners; by of­ fering and obtruding a man’s felf, wherein men think he is rewarded, when he is accepted: By doing too much, which will not give that which is well done leave to fettle, and in the end induceth fatiety: and by finding too foon the fruit o f a man’s virtue, in commendation, applaufe, honour, favour: wherein if a man be pleafed with a little, let him hear what is tru­ ly faid; Cave neinjuetus rebus majoribus videaris, Ji haecte res parva, ficuti magna, deleftat. B u t the covering o f defedls is o f no lefs importance than the valuing o f good parts: which may be done likewife in three manners, by caution, by colour, and by confidence. Caution is, when men do ingenioufly and dis­ creetly avoid to be put into thofe things for which they are not proper : whereas contrarywil'e, bold and unquiet fpirits will thruft themfelves in­ to matters without difference, and fo publifh and proclaim all their wants; colour is when men make a way for themfelves, to have a conftrudtion made o f their faults or wants; as proceeding from a better caufe, or in­ tended for fome other purpofe: for o f the one it is well faid, Saepe latet vitium proximitate boni. And therefore whatfoever want a man hath, he muft fee that he pretend the virtue that {hadoweth it; as if he be dull, he muft affedt gravity; i f a coward, mildnefs; and fo the reft. For the fecond, a man muft frame fome probable caufe w hy he fhould not do his beft, and w hy he fhould diflemble his abilities; and for that purpofe muft ufe to diflemble thofe abilities, which are notorious in him to give colour, that his true wants are but induftries and diflimulations; for confidence it is the laft, but fureft re­ medy;

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medy; namely, to deprefs and feem to defpife whatfoever a man cannot at­ tain, obferving the good principle o f the merchants, w ho endeavour to raife die price o f their own commodities, and to beat down the price o f others. But there is a confidence that paffeth this other, which is to face out a man’s own defeats, in feeming to conceive that he is beft in thofe things wherein he is failing; and to help that again, to feem on the other fide that he hath lead opinion o f himfelf, in thofe things wherein he is beft; like as we ftiall fee it commonly in poets, that i f they {hew their verfes, and you except to any, they w ill fay, “ T h a t that line coft them “ more labour than any o f the re ft;” and prefently will feem to difable and fufpedt rather fome other line, w hich they know well enough to be the beft in the number. But above all, in this righting and helping o f a man’s felf in his own carriage, he m ult take heed he (hew not himfelf dis­ mantled, and expofed to fcorn and injury, by too much dulcenefs, goodnefs, and facility o f nature, but ftiew fome Sparkles o f liberty, fpirit and ed ge: W hich kind o f fortified carriage, with a ready refcuing o f a man’s felf from fcorns, is fometimes o f necefiity impofed upon men by fomewhat in their perfon or fortune, but it ever fucceeded with good felicity. A n o t h e r precept o f this knowledge is by all poffible endeavour to frame the mind to be pliant and obedient to occafion; for nothing hindereth mens fortunes fo much as this; Idem manebat, neque idem decebat. M en are where they were, when occafions turn; and therefore to Cato, w hom L ivy maketh fuch an architect o f fortune, he addeth, that he had verfatile ingenium: and thereof it cometh, that thefe grave folemn wits w hich muft be like themfelves, and cannot make departures, have m ore dignity than felicity: but in fome it is nature to be fomewhat vifcous and inwrapped, and not eafy to turn: In fome it is a conceit, that is almoft a nature, which is that men can hardly make themfelves believe that they ought to change their courfe, when they have found good by it in former experience. For M achiavel noteth w ifely, how Fabius Maximus would have been temporizing ftill, according to his old biafs, when the nature o f the war was altered, and required hot purfuit; in fome other it is want o f point and penetration in their judgment, that they do not difcern when things have a period, but come in too late after the occafion: as DemoJthenes compareth the people o f Athens to countrey fellows, when they play in a fence fchool, that i f they have a blow, then they remove their wea­ pon to that ward, and not before. In fome other it is a loathneis to lofe labours paffed, and a conceit that they can bring about occafions to their ply, and yet in the end, when they fee no other remedy, then they com e to it with difadvantage, as 'Tarquinius that gave for the third part o f Sibylla’s books the treble price, when he might at firft have had all three for the fimple. But from whatfoever root or caufe this reftivenefs o f mind pro­ ceeded^ it is a thing moll: prejudicial, and nothing is more politick dian to. make the wheels o f our mind concentrick and voluble w ith the wheels o f fortune. A n o t h e r precept o f this knowledge, w hich hath fome affinity w ith that we laft fpoke of, but with difference, is that w hich is w ell expreffed, fa tis accede deifque, that men do not only turn w ith the occafions, but alfo run with the occafions, and not (train their credit or ftrength to over hard or extreme points; but chufe in their adtions that w hich is molt pa (Table; for

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B. II. OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING, j 3 3 this will preferve men from foil, not occupy them too much about one matter, win opinion o f moderation, pleafe the moft, and make a fhew o f a perpetual felicity in ail they undertake, w hich cannot but mightily increale reputation. A n o t h e r part o f this knowledge feemeth to have fome repugnancy with the former two, but not as I understand it, and it is that which Demojlhenes uttereth in high terms: E t quemadmodum receptum ejl, ut exercitum ducat imperator, Jic & a cordatis viris res ipfae ducendae; ut quae ipfis videntur, ea gerantur, & non ipfi eventus tantum perfequi cogantur. For i f we obferve, w e {hall find two differing kinds o f fufficiency in managing o f bufinefs, fome can make ufe o f occafions aptly and dexteroully, but plot little; fome can urge and purfue their own plots well, but cannot accommodate nor take in; either o f which is very imperfeCt without the other. A n o t h e r part o f this knowledge is the obferving a good mediocrity in the declaring, or not declaring a man’s felf: for although depth o f fecrecy, and making way (qualis ejl via navis in mari, which the French calleth Sourdes Menees, when men fet things in work without opening themfelves at all) be fometimes both profperous and admirable, yet many times DiJJimulatio errores parit, qui dijjimulatorem ipfum illaqueant. And therefore we fee the greatefl politicians have in a natural and free manner profeffed their defires, rather than been referved and difguifed in them : for fo we fee that Lucius Sylla made a kind o f profeffion, “ that he^vifhed all men happy or “ unhappy, as they flood his friends or enemies.” So Caefar, when he went firfl into Gaul, made no fcruple to profefs, “ that he had rather be “ firfl in a village, than Second at Rome. ” So again, as foon as he had be­ gun the war, we fee what Cicero faith o f him, A lter (meaning o f Caefar) non recufat, fed quodam modo pojlulat, ut, ut ejl, fic appelletur tyrannus. So we may fee in a letter o f Cicero to Atticus, that Augujlus Caefar in his very entrance into affairs, when he was a darling o f thefenate, yet in his harangues to the people, would fwear: It a parentis honores confequi liceat, (which was no lefs than the tyranny:) fave that to help it, he would flretch forth his hand towards a flatue o f Caefar s, the which was eretted in the fame place, whereat many men laughed and wondred and faid, is it poffible ? Or, did you ever hear the like to this ? And yet thought he meant no hurt, he did it fo handfomly and ingenuoufly; and all thefe were profperous: whereas Pompey, who tended to the fame ends, but in a more dark and diffembling man­ ner, as 'Tacitus faith o f him, Occultior, non melior, wherein Sallujl concurreth, ore probo, animo inverecundo, made it his defign by infinite Secret engines, to call the flate into an abfolute anarchy and confufion, that the flate might cafl itfelf into his arms for neceffity and protection, and fo the Sovereign power be put upon him, and he never feen in it: and when he had brought it (as he thought) to that point, when he was chofen conful alone, as never any was, yet he could make no great matter o f it, becaufe men underflood him n ot; but was fain in the end, to go the beaten track o f getting arms into his hands, by colour o f the doubt o f Caefar s defigns : fo tedious, cafual, and unfortunate are thefe deep diffimulations, whereof it feemeth Ta­ citus made this judgment, that they were a cunning o f an inferior form in regard o f true policy, attributing the one to Augujlus, the other to Tiberius, where Speaking o f L ivia, he faith, E t cum artibus mariti fmulatione filii bene compofita; for furely the continual habit o f diflimulation is but a weak and fluggifh cunning, and not greatly politick. 6T A nother

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5 3 4 OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. B . II. A n o th er precept o f this architedture o f fortune is, to accuftom our minds to judge o f the proportion or value o f things, as they conduce and are material to our particular ends; and that to do fubftan dally and not fiiperficially. For we lhall find the logical part (as I may term it) o f fome mens minds good, but the mathematical part erroneous; that is, they can w ell judge o f confequences, but not o f proportions and comparifons, pre­ ferring things o f Ihew and fenfe before things o f fubftance and effect So fome fall in love with accefs to princes, others with popular fame and applaufe, fuppofing they are things o f great purchafe; when in many cafes they are but matters o f envy, peril, and impediment. So fome meafure things according to the labour and difficulty, or affiduity, which are fpent about th em ; and think i f they be ever moving, that they muft needs advance and proceed, as CaeJ'ar faith in a defpifing manner o f Cato the fecond, when he defcribeth how laborious and indefatigable he was to no great purpofe: Haec omnia magno Jludio agebat. So in molt things men are ready to abufe themfelves in thinking the greateft means to be beft, when it Ihould be the fitted:. As for the true marlhalling o f mens purfuits towards their fortune, as they are more or lefs material, I hold them to Hand thus: Firft the amendment o f their own minds; for the remove o f the impediments o f the mind w ill fooner clear the paflages o f fortune, than the obtaining fortune will remove the impediments o f the mind. In fecond place fet down wealth and 'm eans, which I know m oll men would have placed firft, becaufe o f the general ufe which it beareth towards all variety o f occafions. But that opinion I may condemn with like realon as Machiavel doth that other, that monies were the finews o f the wars, whereas (faith he) the finews o f the wars are the finews o f mens arms, that is, a valiant, populous and military nation ; and he voucheth aptly the authority o f Solon, who when Croejus fhewed him his treafury o f gold, faid to him, that i f another came that had better iron, he would be mafter o f his g o ld ; in like manner it may be truly affirmed, that it is not monies that are the finews o f fortune, but it is the finews and fteel o f mens minds, wit, courage, audacity, refolution, temper, induftry, and the like. In third place I fet down reputation, becaufe o f the peremptory tides and currents it hath, w hich i f they be not taken in their due time are leldom recovered, it being extream hard to play an after-game o f reputation. And laftly I place ho­ nour, which is more eafily won by any o f the other three, much more by all, than any o f them can be purchafed by honour. T o conclude this pre­ cept, as there is order and priority in matter, fo is there in time, the prepofterous placing whereof is one o f the commoneft errors, while men fly to their ends when they Ihould intend their beginnings; and do not take things in order o f time as they come on, but marlhal them according to greatnels, and not according to inftance, not obferving the good precept, Quod nunc injlat agamus. A n o t h e r precept o f this knowledge, is not to embrace any matters which do occupy too great a quantity o f time, but to have that founding in a man’s ears, Sed Jugit interea, fu g it irreparabile tempus: and that is the caufe w hy u.ofe which take their courfe o f riling by profeffions o f burden, as lawyers, orators, painful divines, and the like, are not commonly fo politick for their own fortunes, otherwife than in their ordinary way, be­ caufe they want time to learn particulars, to wait occafions, and to devife plots. A nother

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B. II. OF THE AD VAN CEM EN T OF LEARNING. 53 j A n o t h e r precept o f this knowledge is to imitate nature, w hich doth nothing in vain, which furely a man may do i f he do well interlace his bufinels, and bend not his mind too much upon that w hich he principally in­ tended. For a man ought in every particular action fo to carry the motions o f his mind, and fo to have one thing under another, as i f he cannot have that he feeketh in the bell degree, yet to have it in a fecond, or fo in a th ird } and i f he can have no part o f that w hich he purpofed, yet to turn the ufe o f it to fomewhat elfe; and i f he cannot make any thing o f it for the prefent,. yet to make it as a feed o f fomewhat in time to com e; and if he can contrive no effedt or fubftance from it, yet to win fome good opinion by it, or the lik e ; fo that he fhould exadt an account o f him lelf o f every adtion, to reap fomewhat, and not to Hand amazed and confufed i f he fail o f that he chiefly meant: for nothing is more impolitick than to mind adtions wholly one by one. For he that doth fo, lofeth infinite occalions w hich intervene, and are many times more proper and propitious for fome­ what that he (hall need afterwards, than for that w hich he urgeth for the prefent; and therefore men muft be perfedt in that rule, Haec oportet fa cere, & ilia non omittere. A n o t h e r precept o f this knowledge is, not to ingage a man’s felf pe­ remptorily in any thing, though it feem not liable to accident, but ever to have a window to flie out at, or a way to retire, following the wifdom in the ancient fable o f the two frogs, which confulted when their plafh was dry whither they fliould go, and the one moved to go down into a pit becaufe it was not likely the water would dry there, but the other ani'wered, “ True, but i f it do, how (hall we get out again? ” A n o t h e r precept o f this knowledge is, that ancient precept o f Bias, conftrued not to any point o f perfidioufnefs, but only to caution and mode­ ration, E t ama tanquam inimicus futurus , & odi tanquam amaturus: for it utterly betrayeth all utility, for men to imbark themfelves too far into un­ fortunate friendships, troublefome fpleens, and childilh and humorous en­ vies or emulations. B u t I continue this beyond the meafure o f an example, led, becaufe I would not have fuch knowledges which I note as deficient to be thought things imaginative, or in the air; or an obfervation or two, much made of, but things o f bulk and mafs; w hereof an end is hardlier made than a be­ ginning. It muft be likewife conceived that in thefe points which I men­ tion and fet down, they are far from compleat tractates o f them, but only as fmall pieces for patterns: And laftly, no man I fuppofe will think, that I mean fortunes are not obtained without all this ado, for I know they come tumbling into fome mens laps, and a number obtain good fortunes by dili­ gence in a plain way, little intermedling, and keeping themfelves from grofs errors. B u t as Cicero when he fetteth down an idea o f a perfedt orator, doth not mean that every pleader Should be fuch; and fo likewife, when a prince or a courtier hath been defcribed by fuch as have handled thofe fubjedts, the mould hath ufed to be made according to the perfedtion o f the art, and not according to common pradtice: fo I understand it, that it ought to be done in the defcription o f a politick man, I mean politick for his own fortune. B u t it muft be remembred aU this while, that the precepts which we have fet down are o f that kind which may be counted and called bonae artes: i as

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as for evil arts, i f a man would fet down fof him felf that principle o f M acbidvel; “ that a man feek not to attain virtue itfelf, but the appearance on“ ly thereof, becaufe the credit o f virtue is a help, but the ufe o f it is “ cum ber: ” or that bther o f his principles; “ that he prefuppofe that men “ are not fitly to be wrought otherwife but by fear, and therefore that he “ feek to have every man obnoxious, low, and in (freight, ” which the Ita­ lians call J'eminar fpine, to fow thorns: or that other principle contained in the verfe which Cicero citeth Cadant amici, dummodo inimici intercidant, as the ‘trium virs which fold evCry one to other the lives o f their friends for the deaths o f their enemies: or that other proteftation o f L . Catilina to fet on fire, and trouble (fates, to the end to fi(h in droumy waters, and to un­ wrap their fortunes, Ego f i quid in fortunis meis excitatum f t incendium, id non aqua, Jed ruina refinguam ; or that other principle o f Lyfander; “ that “ children are to be deceived with comfits, and men with oaths,” and the like evil and corrupt pofitions, whereof (as in all things) there are more in number than o f the good: certainly with thefe difpenfations from the laws o f charity and integrity, the prefiing o f a man’s fortune may be more hafly and compendious. But it is in life as it is in ways, the (hortelf way is com­ monly the foulelt, and furely the fairer way is not much about. B u t men, i f they be in their own power, and do bear and iu(fain themfelves, and be not carried away w ith a whirlwind or temped o f ambition, ought in the purfuit o f their own fortune, to fet before their eyes, not only that general map o f the world, “ that all things are vanity and vexation o f “ fpirit, ” but many other more particular cards and directions: chiefly that, that being without well being is a curfe, and the greater being the greater curfe; and that all virtue is molt rewarded, and all wickednefs molt punilhed in it fe lf: according as the poet faith excellently ; Quae vobis quae digna viri, pro laudibus i f is Praemia pojfe rear J'olvi? pulcherrima primum D ii tnorej'que dabunt v e fr i: And fo o f the contrary. And fecondly they ought to look up to the eternal providence and divine judgment, which often fubverteth the wifdom o f evil plots and imaginations, according to that fcripture, he hath conceived mifchief, and f a l l bring forth a vain thing. And although men (hould re­ frain themfelves from injury and evil arts, yet this inceflant and fabbathlefs purfuit o f a man’s fortune leaveth not that tribute which we owe to G od o f our time, who (we fee) demandeth a tenth o f our fubflance, and a feventh, which is more ftriCf, o f our tim e: and it is to fmall purpofe to have an eredfed face towards heaven, and a perpetual groveling (pirit upon earth, eating dull, as doth the ferpent, Atque affigit humo divinae particulam aurae i And if any man flatter him felf that he will employ his fortune well, though he (hould obtain it ill, as was faid concerning Auguflus Caefar, and after o f Septimius Severus, “ that either they (hould never have been born, or elfe “ they (hould never have died, ” they did fo much m ifchief in the pur­ fuit and afcent o f their greatnefs, and fo much good when they were elfablifhed; yet thele compenfations and fatisfaCtions are good to be uled, but never good to be purpofed. And laftly, it is not amifs for men in their race toward their fortune, to cool themfelves a little w ith that conceit which is elegantly exprefled by the emperor Charles the fifth, in his inflru&ions to the king his fon, “ that fortune hath fomewhat o f the nature o f a woman, ** that Z

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B.II. OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 537 « that i f (he be too much wooed (he is the farther off. ” But this laft is but a remedy for thofe whofe taftes are corrupted; let men rather buildupon that foundation which is as a corner-ftone o f divinity and philofophy, wherein they join clofe, namely, that fame primum quaerite. For divinity faith, primum quaerite regnum D ei, & ijla omnia adjicientur vobis: and phi­ lofophy faith, primum quaerite bona animi, caetera aut aderunt, aut non oberunt. And although the human foundation hath fomewhat o f the fands, as we fee in M. Brutus when he brake forth into that fpeech; -------

Te colui (virtus) ut rem : ajl tu nomen inane es:

Y e t the divine foundation is upon the rock. But this may ferve for a tafte o f that knowledge which I noted as deficient. C oncerning government, it is a part o f knowledge, fecret and retired in both thefe refpeds, in which things are deemed fecret; for fome things are fecret becaufe they are hard to know, and fome becaufe they are not fit to utter; we fee all governments are obfcure and invifible. ------- Totamque infuj'a per artus, Mens agitat molem, & magno J ’e corpore mifcet.

Such is the defcription o f governments: we fee the government o f God over the World is hidden, infomuch as it feemeth to participate o f much irregularity and confufion: the government o f the foul in moving the body is inward and profound, and the paflages thereof hardly to be reduced to demonftration. Again, the wifdom o f antiquity (the lhadows whereof are in the poets) in the defcription o f torments and pains, next unto the crime o f rebellion which was the giants offence, dodi deteft the offence o f futili­ ty, as in Sijypbus and 'Tantalus. But this was meant o f particulars ; neverthelefs even unto the general rules and difcourfes o f policy and government, there is due a reverent and referved handling. B u t contrariwife in the governors towards the governed, all things ought as far as the frailty o f man permitted), to be manifefl and revealed. For fo it is expreffed in the Scriptures touching the government o f God, that this globe which feemeth to us a dark and fhady body, is in the view o f God as cryftal, E t in confpeBu Jedis tanquam mare vitreum fimile cryjlallo. So unto princes and dates, fpecially towards wife fenates and councils, the natures and difpofitions o f the people, their conditions and neceffities, their fadions and combinations, their animofities and difcontents ought to be in regard o f the variety o f their intelligences, the wifdom o f their obfervations, and the height o f their ftation where they keep centinel, in great part clear and transparent; wherefore, confidering that I write to a king that is a matter o f this fcience, and is fo well aflifted, I think it decent to pafs over this part in filence, as willing to obtain the certificate which one o f the ancient philofophers afpired unto; who being filent, when others con­ tended to make demonftration o f their abilities by fpeech, defired it might be certified for his part, “ that there was one that knew how to hold his “ peace. N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g for the more publick part o f government, which is laws, I think good to note only one deficience: which is, that all thofe which have written o f laws, have written either as philofophers, or as law­ yers, and none as ftatefmen. As for the philofophers, they make imagina­ ry laws for imaginary commonwealths, and their difcourfes are as the ftars, 6 U which

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advancement of learning, b. ii.

which give little light, becaufe they are fo high. For the lawyers, they Write according to the ftates where they live, what is received law, and not what ought to be law ; for the wifdom o f a law-maker is one, and o f a lawyer is another. For there are in nature certain fountains o f juftice, whence all civil laws are derived but as ftreams; and like as waters do take tindures and taftes from the foils through which they run, fo do civil laws vary according to the regions and governments where they are plant­ ed, though they proceed from the fame fountains. Again, the wifdom o f a law-maker confifteth not only in a platform o f juftice, but in the applica­ tion thereof, taking into confideration, by what means laws may be made cer­ tain, and what are the caufes and remedies o f the doubtfulnefs and incer­ tainty o f law, by what means laws may be made apt and eafy to be execu­ ted, and what are the impediments and remedies in the execution o f laws; what influence laws touching private right o f meum and tuum have into the publiek ftate, and how they may be made apt and agreeable; how laws are to be penned and delivered, whether in texts or in ads, brief or large, with preambles or without; how they are to be pruned and reformed from time to time, and what is the beft means to keep them from being too vaft in volumes, or too full o f multiplicity and crofnefs; how they are to be ex­ pounded, when upon caufes emergent, and judicially difcufled; and when upon refponfes and conferences touching general points or queftions; how they are to be prefled, rigoroufly or tenderly; how they are to be mitigated by equity and good confcience; and whether difcretion and ftrid law is to be mingled in the fame courts, or kept apart in feveral courts. Again, how the pradice, profeflion and erudition o f law is to be cenfured and governed, and many other points touching the adminiftration, and (as I Dc prudentia may term it) animation o f laws. Upon which I infill the lefs, becaufe I vl