Pathways 4 Answer Keys [PDF]

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4

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking

Answer Key

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4 Answer Key © 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas

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ANSWER KEY UNIT 1  URBAN CHALLENGES

Possible answers:

THINK AND DISCUSS (page 1) 1. Possible Answers: Green buildings are intended to solve the challenges of urban pollution and energy waste. In addition to special windows, many green buildings catch and store rainwater in big containers to be used to water plants or flush toilets. 2. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 2–3) 1. Possible answers: A cosmopolitan hotspot is an urban area with residents, often foreign born, who come from a variety of cultures and ethnicities and who speak a variety of languages. A tourism hotspot is an urban area that receives at least two million visitors in a year. It is a place where people from all over the world come to visit. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answers: Residents of cosmopolitan hotspots could face challenges such as language barriers, cultural tensions, competition for jobs and housing, etc. Residents of tourism hotspots could face challenges such as crowded streets and other public spaces, increased prices for food and drinks, increased housing costs, etc.

LESSON A  Vocabulary

Challenges

Solutions

-traffic -crime

create carpool and bike lanes better street lights; more citizen reporting

A LISTENING  A Lecture about Venice, Italy BEFORE LISTENING A  Predicting (page 6) Possible answers: Around 25 million tourists visit Venice each year. Tourists help the city by generating a lot of revenue that can be used to address some of the city’s problems. Tourism also creates many jobs. Tourists hurt the city by leaving trash, filling public parking lots, and making boats and gondolas, which are the primary means of public transportation, crowded. Tourism has led to inflation of prices, the replacement of local shops with souvenir shops, increased rents, and a lack of affordable housing for the local population, which is rapidly shrinking.

WHILE LISTENING B  (page 6) 1. b 2. c

B  (page 4)

C  Listening for Main Ideas (page 7)

1. c 2. h 3. f 4. i 5. g 6. d 7. e 8. j 9. a 10. b

1.  P the impact of tourism on city services 4.  P the effects of tourism on residents of Venice 6.  P the benefits of tourism for Venice

D  Note Taking (page 7)

C  (page 5) Noun

D  (page 5)

Verb

Adjective

1. affordability

afford

affordable

2. authorization

authorize authorized/authorizing

3. innovation/ innovator innovate

innovative

4. maximum

maximize maximum/maximal

5. priority

prioritize

prioritized

6. regulation/ regulator

regulate

regulated

7. renovation/ renovator renovate

renovated

1. = 2. B or bil 3. w/ or = 4. pos or + 5. neg or 6. ~ 7. M or mil 8. K

E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 7) Possible answers: Shortening words to their first several letters (cent, Ven), acronyms (MOSE), symbols ($), numbers (5, 25, 1, 80), chemistry abbreviations (H2O), removing vowels (wknd)

 

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AFTER LISTENING F  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 7) Possible answers: 1. Their attitude is conflicted, or mixed. On the one hand, tourists make life inconvenient and sometimes difficult for residents. On the other hand, it’s unclear how the city would be doing without the revenue that tourism brings in. 2. The lecturer feels the fate of Venice is really in its own hands and that the city needs to make a firm decision about what its priority is rather than trying to maintain two conflicting priorities.

VIDEO  Urban Solution: Farming on Rooftops BEFORE VIEWING A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 12)

A SPEAKING

Possible answers: 1. It’s a way of making use of industrial buildings; it has a tremendous benefit to the ecosystem; it reduces “urban heat island effect”; it cleans the air; it decreases the amount of HVAC of the buildings’ upper floors; it links people back to their food production system; it makes a city healthier, more beautiful, and more delicious. 2. Raising chickens and harvesting their eggs; beekeeping and harvesting honey

A  (page 8)

B  (page 13)

1. Public transportation/Transportation 2. Inflation 3. housing problem(s) 4. projects 5. jobs

1. e 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d

B  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 8) Answers will vary.

C  Critical Thinking: Analyzing Visuals (page 9) 1. are located 2. stay 3. are raised 4. are forecast 5. is pumped 6. move 7. be adjusted 8. are lowered

D  (page 9) Answers will vary.

E  (page 9) Possible answers: Yes. It may not stop the floods completely, but it could create enough of a barrier between the city and the floodwaters to prevent major danger and damage. Some other defenses cities can use to prevent flooding are to line coastal areas with sandbags, plan for infrastructure to be built well above sea level, have an efficient water drainage system, etc.

F  (page 10) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Evaluating the Impact of Tourism A–C  (pages 10–11) Answers will vary.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

WHILE VIEWING C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 13) 2. P Ben Flanner discovered his passion for farming when he came to New York City. 3. P The farmers have given consideration to the soil and water. 4. P Rooftop farms connect the community with the production of its food.

D  Understanding Details (page 13) 1. (a) small scale 2. bees 3. several weeks 4. They are lighter./They weigh less. 5. one million gallons 6. They reduce it.

E  Checking Predictions (page 13) Answers will vary.

AFTER VIEWING F  Personalizing (page 13) Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  (page 14) 1. i 2. d 3. j 4. h 5. e 6. c

WHILE LISTENING

7. a 8. f 9. b 10. g

B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 16) 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T

B  (page 14) 1. ranks 2. affluent 3. dominant 4. ethnic 5. enforced 6. restricted 7. are unique to 8. internalized 9. conform 10. debatable

C  (page 16) 2. Singapore does not have a lot of natural resources. 3. The people of Singapore belong to many different ethnic groups. 4. The spirit of kiasu means “afraid to lose.”

D  Listening for Details (page 17)

C  (page 15) Noun

Verb

Adjective

1.

debate

debate

debatable

2.

enforcement

enforce

enforceable/enforced

3.

rank/ranking

rank

ranked

4.

restriction

restrict

restricted/restrictive

1. fishing village 2. 1819 3. 270 4. 100 5. 2nd, second 6. Singapore politics/politics/Singapore 7. to lose

AFTER LISTENING

1. restricted 2. debate 3. enforce 4. ranked

E  Personalizing (page 17)

D  (page 15)

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 17)

1. T 2. F (The largest ethnic group in Singapore is Chinese.) 3. F (It is not restricted.) 4. T

Possible answers: 1. purpose = prevent previously chewed gum from dirtying sidewalks 2. purpose = keep sidewalks clean; for good hygiene 3. purpose = control noise pollution 4. purpose = discourage dishonesty 5. purpose = maintain cleanliness in public places; sanitation 6. purpose = prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases 7. purpose = prevent the mess made by pigeon droppings; sanitation

E  Personalizing (page 15) Answers will vary.

B LISTENING  A Conversation about Singapore

Answers will vary.

BEFORE LISTENING

G  Personalizing (page 17)

A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 16)

Answers will vary.

Possible answers: 1. banking, finance, tourism 2. A city-state is a city that, along with its surrounding area, is considered to be an independent state or country. 3. The symbol blends the body of a fish with the head of a lion to reflect its origins as a fishing village and its original name, Singapura, which means “lion city.”

B SPEAKING A  (page 18) Like a quick d

No air

Soft t, like ch

2. upset about 3. hit us 7. eight o’clock

4. what now 8. not really

1. at you 5. thought your 6. not you

Answer Key 

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C  (page 18) 1. didn’t hear (no air); what you (like ch); about which (no air); it again (like a quick d) 2. want some (no air); about some (no air) 3. About that (no air); that budget (no air); budget I (like a quick d); it been (no air) 4. What are (like a quick d); that ad (like a quick d); put it (like a quick d) 5. What are (like a quick d); upset about (like a quick d) 6. Haven’t you (like ch), that project (no air)

D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 19) Answers will vary.

UNIT 2  PROTECTING THE WILD THINK AND DISCUSS (page 21) 1. Possible answers: These men are in southern Kenya. As Lion Guardians, they put collars on lions and track the lions’ movements from a distance with radio telemetry and GPS equipment to prevent lion attacks on livestock and to prevent herders from killing lions to protect themselves and their livestock. 2. Possible answer: Animals become extinct for reasons such as habitat loss and over-hunting. 3. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 22–23)

FINAL TASK  Presenting a Problem and Solutions

A

A–E  (pages 19–20)

1. Possible answers: They are in the gorilla sanctuary of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The man is a warden at a gorilla sanctuary. The responsibilities of a warden are to protect the gorillas in the park from illegal hunters and to monitor the condition and numbers of the gorillas. Wardens may also be involved in giving tours to visitors and making sure they don’t upset the gorillas. 2. Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

B 1. The 11 animals are all endangered or extinct, and their pictures are all in the Photo Ark. 2. The Photo Ark is a collection of photographs of animals that are endangered or extinct. Its purpose is to save images of animals that may disappear and to bring attention to the problem of endangered species.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 25) 1. a 2. h 3. d 4. i 5. j 6. b 7. c 8. g 9. e 10. f

C  (page 25) 1. backed out 2. signed 3. died out 4. wait it out 5. cross 6. handing out 7. tore them out 8. leave them out

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 25)

After Listening

1–2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: Some ways that humans modify animal habitats include deforestation and pollution such as oil spills and use of pesticides. Humans also kill large numbers of a species, which can upset the balance of animal/plant food chains in a habitat. 4. Possible answer: We can use fewer disposable plastic products, which might end up in the ocean. This could help species survive because they would be less likely to die from eating humans’ plastic trash.

F  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 27)

A Listening  A Q&A Session about an Extinct Species

Possible answers:

Before Listening A  Predicting (page 26) Possible answers: 1. Marshlands, wetlands, swamps 2. Pollution; modification of their habitat 3. Laws that protect species and their habitats, such as the Endangered Species Act 4. These laws might cause conflict between landowners and the government; they are hard to enforce.

C  Checking Predictions (page 26) Answers will vary.

While Listening D  Note Taking (page 27) Q1: What caused them to go extinct/ What caused extinction? Q2: Are there any lessons we can take away (to make sure it never happens again)? Q3: How can we protect large areas (such as rivers and forests)? Q4: Is the law working? What’s the status of endangered species in the United States today?

E  Note Taking (page 27) 1. habitat destruction 2. wipe out/wiped out 3. suitable habitat 4. habitat 5. Species Act 6. enforce 7. landowners 8. hunting wolves 9. worse 10. 300

Possible answers: Humans should care about the extinction of a species because, if one species dies, there may be environmental repercussions because all life is interconnected. Ecosystems might fail. We also rely on a diversity of plants and animals for food and medicines.

A Speaking A  Brainstorming (page 28) Habitat

Plants and Animals

Dangers

polar

polar bear, seal, walrus, global warming, oil drilling, penguin pollution

desert

cactus, lizard, scorpion, global warming, drought camel

rainforest

monkey, lizard, butterfly, frog, trees

ocean

fish, whale, coral, global warming, pollution, octopus, crab, seaweed oil spills, overfishing

logging, mining, global warming, ranching

B  (page 28) Answers will vary.

C  (page 29) 1. The police initiated an investigation that led to several arrests. 2. The woman who/that is speaking tonight is an advocate for protecting wildlife. 3. I know a man who/that keeps two tigers as pets. 4. I think it was a black bear that was to blame for all the tree damage. 5. There are many people who/that care about endangered species. 6. The dodo was a flightless bird that was wiped out in the 17th century. 7. People who/that engage in irresponsible actions that harm wildlife should be fined. 8. Greenpeace is an environmental group whose mission is to protect animal habitats. 9. The wolves (that) the government introduced to this area are thriving. 10. The tree (that) the environmentalists saved was over 200 years old.

D  Personalizing (page 29) Possible answers: 1. I’m fascinated by animals that can survive freezing temperatures. 2. I really admire people who fight for wildlife conservation. 3. Let me tell you about the time that I saw a wild mountain lion. 4. I saw a video that showed the dangers of global warming last week. 5. I know someone whose grandfather was an explorer in the Amazon jungle. 6. The teacher who told jokes in class made the students laugh. Answer Key 

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E  (page 30)

B  Meaning from Context (page 32)

1. /s/ 2. /z/ 3. /əz/ or /ɪz/ 4. /z/ 5. /s/ 6. /z/ 7. /əz/ or /ɪz/ 8. /z/

1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a

F  (page 30) See answers for exercise E.

G  (page 30) 1. tourists in cities 2. animals in movies 3. causes of extinction 4. parks in cities 5. whales and dolphins 6. kids and pets 7. images in ads 8. ponds and lakes 9. habitats in danger 10. species under protection Statements will vary. Possible answers: 1. Tourists in cities like to go shopping and visit museums. 2. Animals in movies should be treated well during filming. 3. Illegal hunting is one of the causes of extinction. 4. Public parks in cities provide safe spaces for leisure and entertainment events. 5. Both whales and dolphins are mammals. 6. Young kids and pets are often best friends growing up. 7. Images in ads can influence how people act toward the environment. 8. The university campus had both ponds and lakes for students to swim in. 9. Some habitats in danger due to global warming are the north and south poles. 10. The government should put more species under federal protection.

LESSON TASK  Discussing Environmental Impact A–C  (page 31) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Hope for the Mugger Crocodile Before Viewing A  Predicting (page 32) Possible answer: Loss of habitat due to growing or expanding human populations.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

While Viewing C  Understanding Details (page 33) 1. to blame 2. threaten 3. habitat 4. captive

D  Understanding Details (page 33) 1. T 2. F (Because of expanding human populations, there is no room left for mugger crocodiles.) 3. T 4. T 5. NG 6. F (A healthy young crocodile is a very good sign.)

E  Checking Predictions (page 33) Answers will vary.

F  (page 33) Possible answers: 1. They were experiencing good conditions. There was enough to eat and drink, and the waters were high. 2. They need to stay alert because they could be attacked by muggers hidden in the water just beneath the surface. Muggers can travel at surprisingly fast speeds under water to attack animals that approach. 3. He observes them at night because the shining of their eyes makes it easy to see them. He is counting them by shining a flashlight at them. 4. In mating season, males fight for dominance, territory, and the right to choose females. They are sometimes killed, but not usually.

After Viewing G  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 33) Possible answers: 1. He has a love for the crocodiles and thinks trying to preserve the species is worth the risk. 2. Similarities: Human behavior is threatening the animals’ habitat. Protective measures are being taken by some humans. There are conflicts of interest between residents and animals/ conservationists Differences: the specific reason for threatened habitat (growing human population versus use of chemicals/modification of habitat), level of awareness of threat to species, existence of laws that protect species 3. Muggers may be able to coexist with humans if people are aware of the need to protect and respect their habitat.

LESSON B  Vocabulary

While Listening

B  (page 35)

B  Previewing (page 36)

1. g 2. j 3. i 4. f 5. e 6. b 7. h 8. d 9. c 10. a

1. Yumi 2. Raoul

C  (page 35)

D  Note Taking (page 37)

1. F (The program has just been initiated.) 2. F (It is undeniable that great white sharks do attack humans every year.) 3. T 4. F (Their populations may soon fall below sustainable levels.) 5. T 6. F (The organization never gets involved in controversy.) 7. T 8. T

1. Raoul’s opposing argument: Deer populations become too large because hunters kill off their natural predators, such as wolves and mountain lions. 2. Raoul’s opposing argument: Money can also be raised by having tourists pay to visit and observe animals in their natural habitats. 3. Yumi’s opposing argument: Cattle also suffer when they’re killed for their meat, and most hunters try to cause as little suffering as possible. 4. Yumi’s opposing argument: Those kinds of violations are rare. Most hunters follow the law and kill only what they plan to eat.

D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 35) Possible answers: 1. Once a population has become too big, carefully monitored hunting could be allowed just to control the population, but until that point, wolves should be protected. 2. No, a farmer doesn’t have the right to kill a predator. The farmer can use other means to protect his animals such as fences and shepherds. 3. No, the government shouldn’t pay farmers or ranchers, but it might help to find other solutions for the farmers and share the costs of these solutions. 4. By explaining a preference to donate money to help another animal that is endangered that is more likable and not so frightening.

B Listening  A Debate on Legalized Hunting

C  Note Taking (page 37) 1. Yumi’s first argument: Hunting helps control the populations of animals such as deer. 2. Yumi’s second argument: Hunting supports wildlife conservation through the sale of stamps. 3. Raoul’s first argument: Hunting is cruel. 4. Raoul’s second argument: Some hunters hunt irresponsibly and, sometimes, illegally.

After Listening E  (page 37) Possible Answers: 1. Yumi’s first argument: Hunting can help species like deer survive by controlling their populations so they don’t grow too large. 2. Yumi’s second argument: Hunters are required to buy stamps before they can legally hunt birds, and this money supports wildlife conservation efforts. 3. Raoul’s first argument: Hunting should be outlawed because animals suffer unnecessarily. 4. Raoul’s second argument: There are a lot of irresponsible and illegal hunting practices.

F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 37)

Before Listening

Answers will vary.

A  Prior Knowledge (page 36)

B Speaking

1. Possible answers: People hunt for sport or entertainment, but some people also hunt for food. People typically hunt for different types of birds (turkey, quail), deer, moose, wolf, whale, etc. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: They might discuss the ethical issues surrounding hunting, and whether it’s right or wrong to hunt animals for different purposes.

A  (page 38) 1. That’s a good argument, but 2. OK, but 3. You’re right that; however

B  Responding to an Argument (page 38) Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

9

C  Critical Thinking: Analyzing a Chart (page 39) 1. States bring in $1.836 billion (or 1 billion, 836 million dollars); the federal government brings in $24 million. Answers to the last question will vary. 2. $1.22 billion. It is used to help state wildlife agencies acquire, maintain, and improve fish and wildlife habitats through the North American Wetlands Conservation Act and other programs. Answers to the last question will vary. 3. Excise taxes. Some items that would be taxed are fishing poles and hunting rifles. 4. At age 16 and older. Answers to last question will vary. 5. The chart shows how much money the U.S. government (federal and state) makes from issuing licenses and taxes that hunters have to pay. It also shows the specific amounts of money made from licenses, taxes, and stamps, as well as how the money generated is spent.

FINAL TASK  A Debate on Wild Animals in Zoos A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 40)

UNIT 3  BEAUTY AND APPEARANCE THINK AND DISCUSS (page 41) 1. Possible answer: To see the latest fashion trends. To get ideas about what styles people are wearing. 2. Possible answer: His clothes are unusual. His suit is formal, but a painting has been printed on it, making it appear more informal. The design of the suit is colorful and eccentric, or different. 3. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 42–43) 1. Possible answer: Perhaps he is going to a special event. Answers to the second question will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answers: For job interviews, as a work requirement, for special events, for photos, etc.

LESSON A  Vocabulary

1. F 2. F 3. A 4. A 5. F 6. F 7. A 8. A

B  (page 44)

B–D  (page 40) Answers will vary.

1. envision 2. evolving 3. exclusively 4. ratio 5. excessively 6. constitutes 7. alarming 8. random 9. distinct 10. perceive

C  (page 45) 1. alarmed 2. distinctly 3. envisioned, had envisioned 4. evolution 5. excessive 6. exclusive 7. perception 8. randomly

D  (page 45) 1. at 2. of 3. from 4. for 5. trend 6. into 7. as 8. expensive

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

E  (page 45)

After Listening

Possible answers: 1. I don’t think it’s a good idea to choose your college major at random. 2. The ratio of students to teachers in my class is 10 to 1. 3. One way men’s clothes are distinct from women’s is that their collared shirts button on the opposite side. 4. Use of the pool is exclusively for hotel guests. 5. Some people find the rise of technology an alarming trend. 6. My friend’s hobby eventually evolved into a business. 7. Not greeting someone in the office may be perceived as rude. 8. We decided to drive instead of fly because airfares were excessively expensive.

D  Personalizing (page 47)

F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 45) 1. Possible answer: The teenager might say beauty is being slim and dressing in the latest fashions. The teen might envision celebrities such as Channing Tatum, Megan Fox, Selena Gomez, or Will Smith. 2. Possible answer: You could say beauty is only skin deep, or that it’s what’s inside that counts. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answer: The clothes and hairstyles of movie stars and celebrities of each generation look very different. 5. Possible answer: Clothes, hairstyle, hair color, and piercings can make a person look distinctive.

Answers will vary.

A Speaking A  (page 48) The graph shows the countries where people have the most cosmetic procedures per person.

B  Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Bar Graph (page 48) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Top Markets for Cosmetic Procedures the number of cosmetic procedures in millions five countries: Brazil, the United States, Japan, China, and India Dark blue represents the number of surgical procedures; light blue represents the number of nonsurgical procedures 5. South Korea has the highest; India has the lowest. 6. Answers will vary.

C  Personalizing (page 49)

Before Listening

1. Possible Answer: Yes, it’s a positive trend because anyone who wants them can access them. It’s no longer exclusively for only a certain segment of the population. 2. Possible Answer: It has made the procedures faster, safer, and more exact. Some examples are new chemicals that have been developed to treat wrinkles and the use of lasers in surgery. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible Answers: To keep skin looking young, stay out of the sun and use sunscreen. To avoid other procedures, eat well and exercise. Most of all, you should get into the habit of seeing your natural self as beautiful.

A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 46)

D  Paraphrasing (page 49)

Answers will vary.

While Listening

1. In other words 2. That is to say 3. To put it another way

B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 46)

E  Critical Thinking: Interpreting (page 50)

1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a

Possible answers: 1. Being beautiful isn’t about your external qualities; it’s about your internal ones. 2. How a woman looks is less important than what she knows or understands. 3. When a person is happy and shows it, he or she is beautiful. 4. Time heals all wounds, but aging makes us look less beautiful.

A Listening  A News Report on Perceptions of Beauty

C  Note Taking (page 47) 1. background 2. beauty 3. average 4. alarming 5. golden 6. length 7. chin 8. standard 9. scars 10. universal

F  Paraphrasing (page 50) Possible answers: 1. Beauty is not in the face; beauty is a light in the heart. That is to say, being beautiful isn’t about how you look; it’s about your personality. 2. It matters more what’s in a woman’s face than what’s on it. In other words, how a woman looks is less important than what she knows or understands. 3. I’ve never seen a smiling face that was not beautiful. I mean, when a person is happy and shows it, he or she is beautiful.

Answer Key 

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4. Time is a great healer, but a poor beautician. Let me put it another way; time heals all wounds, but it also makes us look less beautiful.

LESSON TASK  Conducting a Survey A–C  (page 51) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Skin Mask BEFORE VIEWING A  (page 52) 1. silicone 2. mold 3. conform 4. special effects 5. a touch of 6. master

B  Predicting (page 52) Answers will vary.

F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 53) 1. Possible answer: Some people think modeling is easy because it just requires walking or sitting; however, these tasks are more difficult than they first appear as they may involve long hours or repetitive motions. 2. Possible answer: They may choose models based on the type of skin mask they need to make–man, woman, child, older person, younger person, etc. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 54) 1. daydream 2. integrates 3. substantially 4. are derived from 5. persuasive 6. unquestionably 7. insert 8. constructive 9. practical 10. exhibit

WHILE VIEWING

C  (page 55)

C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 52)

Answers will vary.

2. P how silicone is used to make a mold 4. P how to make a lifelike mask from a mold

D  (page 55)

D  Understanding Details (page 53) a. 1 b. 7 c. 3 d. 10 e. 8 f. 6 g. 5 h. 9 i. 4 j. 2

1. addictive 2. impressive 3. decorative 4. constructive 5. alternative 6. excessive 7. innovative 8. exclusive

B LISTENING  A Conversation about Unusual Fashions BEFORE LISTENING

AFTER VIEWING

A  Predicting (page 56)

E  (page 53)

Answers will vary.

Possible answers: 1. That is, she can’t move while the silicone is applied to her face, which takes about one hour. 2. In other words, bandages are placed on Cassandra’s face to preserve the shape for the mold. 3. To put it another way, a light application of makeup makes the skin mask appear more like a real person’s skin. 4. Let me put it another way. The skin mask not only looks like real human skin; it feels like it, too.

WHILE LISTENING

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 56) 1. Antigravity jacket 2. Kevlar vest; bullet-proof vest 3. Wearable electronics

C  Listening for Specific Information (page 57) 1. on the subway 2. When was Kevlar developed? In the 1960s 3. How much stronger than steel is spider silk?; five times stronger/5x stronger 4. Who provides funds so Ana’s friend can develop wearable technology?; a government program

D  Note Taking (page 57) 1. balloon 2. practical 3. bullet 4. astronauts 5. goats 6. space 7. clothing 8. sleeve 9. lost

AFTER LISTENING E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 57) 1. Possible answer: Antigravity jackets could be used as life preservers or by performers of a dance routine. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: GPS sneakers could be used to know where your friends and family are at any given moment. Companies could use them to know where their workers are. They could also double as fitness devices that measure steps taken. 4. Answers will vary. 5. Answers will vary.

B SPEAKING A  (page 58) Answers will vary.

B  Tag Questions (page 59) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

isn’t he? haven’t we? wouldn’t you? are you? is it? didn’t she? would you? had you?

FINAL TASK  A Presentation about Fashion Trends A–D  (pages 59–60) Answers will vary.

UNIT 4  GOING GLOBAL THINK AND DISCUSS (page 61) 1. Possible Answer: They are having a virtual reality experience. They were seeing a valley with a lake surrounded by mountains, a train, a tunnel, an aerial view of New York City, and a refugee camp, among other things. 2. Possible Answer: In a virtual reality experience, you may feel more like you are actually in the setting you’re seeing. 3. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 62–63) Possible answers: 1. The new technology shown is telepresence robots. These are useful because they allow people in different locations to be virtually present at meetings. 2. Possible answers: Virtual personal assistants; immersive technology; personal clouds 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible Answers: Smart machines and systems: computational thinking, virtual collaboration People living longer: social intelligence Big data: computational thinking, knowledge of multiple disciplines New media: media literacy, virtual collaboration Knowledge sharing: virtual collaboration, managing mental overload Globally-connected world: cross-cultural understanding

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 64) 1. f 2. j 3. h 4. g 5. e 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. i

C  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 65) 1. The future is promising for the following sectors: Business and Financial Operations; Management; Computer and Mathematical; Architecture and Engineering; Sales and Related; and Education and Training. Globalization is having a negative effect on Office and Administrative; Manufacturing and Production; Construction and Extraction; Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media; Legal; and Installation and Maintenance. Answers to the third question will vary. 2. Possible answers: Technology could be replacing jobs in the Office and Administrative sector. Automation and robots could be replacing jobs in the Manufacturing and Production sector.

Answer Key 

13

More powerful and more efficient machines made more widely available through globalization could be responsible for fewer people being employed in the Construction and Extraction sector. The global trend of banks being supported by governments could be a cause for increased hiring in the Business and Financial Operations sector. A general shift to more office-focused positions is possibly responsible for the growth in the Management sector. The Computer and Mathematical sector is likely benefitting from the continued globalization of computer technology. Architecture and Engineering may be growing thanks to continued strong growth in parts of the developing world.

D  (page 65) 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. b

C  Note Taking (page 67) 1. resources 2. decision-making 3. get things 4. on time 5. and learn/each other 6. unexpected changes/changes 7. developments 8. function 9. understand weaknesses 10. own culture/culture

AFTER LISTENING D  Personalizing (page 67) Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 65) Possible answers: 1. Don’t worry if you don’t speak English as well as your native language. A lot of really successful international businesspeople are still perfecting their English! 2. Consider subscribing to online business magazines to keep up on major trends. 3. Rather than relaxing during spring break, use it to update your résumé and cover letter. 4. If it’s taking too long to reach a senior position, consider changing companies. 5. An MBA is a valuable credential in the management sector. 6. Sometimes it requires an adventurous spirit to change jobs or work for yourself. 7. Make sure your skill set matches the jobs you’re interested in. 8. Be careful not to choose a specific field that could disappear in the near future.

A LISTENING  A Lecture about Succeeding in Business BEFORE LISTENING A  Prior Knowledge (page 66) Possible answers: 1. It takes an appropriate skill set, an understanding of one’s strengths and weaknesses, an ability to understand and work with others, an understanding of international business, and an understanding of different cultures. 2. Personal competence means an understanding of one’s strengths and weaknesses. Social competence means an ability to engage with other people. Business competence means an understanding of one’s own company and the field it is a part of. Cultural competence is an understanding of one’s own culture and other cultures.

14 

WHILE LISTENING

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

A SPEAKING A  (page 68) 1. 2. 3. 4.

By; I mean The term; refers to This means is defined as

B  (page 68) 1. b 2. e 3. a 4. f 5. d 6. c

C  Defining Terms (page 68) Possible answers: 1. One aspect of globalization that isn’t always welcome is cocacolonization. By this, I mean the globalization of American culture through U.S. products. 2. Postnationalism is a relatively recent trend in world politics. The term “postnationalism” refers to the transfer of power from nations to global entities. 3. Food miles are an interesting new form of measurement related to the import and export of food. The expression “food miles” means the distance food is transported from producer to consumer. 4. I’m not sure if worldlang will ever really become popular. Worldlang is defined as a new language created from several modern languages. 5. I guess you could say I’m a netizen. By that, I mean I’m an active user of social media and the Internet. 6. There’s a kind of separation between regions of the world called the digital divide, which is a term meaning inequality in access to computers and the Internet.

D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 69) Possible answers: 1. Advantage: influx of well-known brands / Disadvantage: negative effect on the local economy 2. Advantage: fairness in international dealings / Disadvantage: loss of power at the local level 3. Advantage: helps point out inefficiencies in food distribution / Disadvantage: doesn’t take quality into consideration 4. Advantage: would make it easy for everyone to communicate / Disadvantage: probably not enough people will ever speak it 5. Advantage: more people are communicating more quickly than ever before / Disadvantage: people don’t communicate in person anymore 6. Advantage: some countries have an advantage in communication technology / Disadvantage: countries are not equal in their access to communication technology

E  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 69) Answers will vary.

F (page 70) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Being able to think critically is essential for problem solving. Internet search skills are vital for accessing current information. Big Data skills facilitate analyzing huge amounts of data. Working with others successfully requires a high level of emotional intelligence. Making decisions is a fundamental skill of leaders. / A fundamental skill of leaders is making decisions. A skill many employers look for is being able to solve problems effectively. / Being able to solve problems effectively is a skill many employers look for. Being able to welcome change is a key skill. / A key skill is being able to welcome change. Learning a foreign language is an important step toward becoming a global citizen. / An important step toward becoming a global citizen is learning a foreign language.

G Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 70) Possible answers: i. having good teaching/training skills j. paying attention to detail Ranking of skills will vary.

LESSON TASK A–C (page 71) Answers will vary.

Role-Playing a Job Interview

VIDEO  Sherpa Lives BEFORE VIEWING A  (page 72) Possible answers: 1. in the mountainous regions of Nepal; the climate is very cold and harsh 2. They guide mountain climbers. 3. Globalization is leading to young Sherpas wanting to go abroad to live a more modern and wealthy lifestyle.

WHILE VIEWING B  Note Taking (page 72) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

70 Nepal easterner mountain climbing 1953 climbed Everest

C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 73) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

e c a b d

D  Understanding Details (page 73) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

b b c a a c

AFTER VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 73) Possible answers: 1. In terms of physical well-being, the statement seems true to me. Nobody would want to go back to a time before modern medicine was available, would they? 2. With regard to technological level, Sherpa life is better in some ways. Cell phones have made communication much easier. 3. As far as traditions and culture go, it isn’t clear that things are better. Many traditions are being lost because the young people aren’t interested in them, and the culture is being changed by globalization in potentially negative ways.

Answer Key 

15

LESSON B  Vocabulary A  (page 74) Answers will vary.

B  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 74) Possible answer: Augmented reality means a version of reality that has been somehow improved by adding something to it.

2. There is information about movements of the stars, restaurant reviews, the location of a car, the location and background information about the U.S. Capitol complex, the time and place of a recent robbery, the distance to a gas station and the price of gas, the distance to a market and directions to get there, and a compass showing the direction north.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 76) 1. P AR is a useful technology with many different applications. 4. P AR facilitates the globalization of culture through popular games.

C  (page 74) 1. influential 2. emerging 3. enrich 4. portable 5. applications 6. collaborate 7. prominent 8. mass 9. anticipate 10. implications

C  Listening for Details (page 77)

D  (page 75)

1. real world 2. meeting experience 3. expressions 4. (important) instructions 5. daily users 6. monsters 7. Pokémon ball/ball/phone 8. well-known 9. interaction with 10. businesses busier

Noun

Verb

Adjective

1.

collaboration

collaborate

collaborative

2.

implication

imply

implied

AFTER LISTENING

3.

influence

influence

influential

D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 77)

4.

anticipation

anticipate

anticipated

5.

prominence

X

prominent

6

emergence

emerge

emerging; emergent

1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: One benefit is that it can contribute to a sense of unity. Even if it is somewhat superficial, it can help people from different backgrounds to be able to relate to one another. One drawback is that there’s the potential to dilute one’s own cultural identity. It can also create a false sense of unity among people.

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 75) 1. Possible answer: Augmented reality could also enrich a museum experience by making the exhibits more interactive: there could be educational games or videos to watch through the augmented reality system. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: Yes, it will continue to generate mass interest and be used in many interesting ways to communicate information about the people and places around us by tagging them with markers to indicate prices, products, status, and even moods. 4. Possible answer: No, not all uses enrich our lives. For example, if people need augmented reality to see reality, they’ll always be looking at the world through their cell phones and will no longer have a pure view of the world around them.

B LISTENING  A Podcast about Augmented Reality BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Interpreting Visuals (page 76) Possible answers: 1. An image like this one could be seen on a cell phone, tablet, or other portable device. 16 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

B SPEAKING A  (page 78) 1. That car service, though convenient and affordable, is taking jobs away from taxi drivers everywhere. 2. Pokémon GO is, at least for now, a wildly popular augmented reality game. 3. Wearable technology, despite all the advertising, hasn’t had the mass appeal we’d anticipated. 4. Bollywood-style dance classes, believe it or not, are a growing trend in many places. 5. Digital art that is created for use on the Internet is sometimes, in my opinion, extremely stunning. 6. Robots and other machines, although they are undeniably useful, are causing some people to lose their jobs. 7. People born between 1982 and 2004, sometimes called “millennials,” are skilled at using social media to collaborate. 8. The increase in injuries to teens, which few anticipated, is linked to the global extreme sports trend.

B  (page 78) Possible answers: 1. Avatar, I think you’ll agree, is one of the best movies ever made. 2. Bungee jumping, though I’ve never tried it, looks very exciting. 3. I have a friend, believe it or not, who plays in the NFL. 4. Tapered pants are, in my opinion, an unattractive fashion trend. 5. Nike basketball shoes, which I love, come in an amazing array of styles and colors.

C  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 79) Possible answers: 1. Synthetic food would inevitably save the lives of millions of animals, but would it be healthy to eat? It could have some negative health effects on people who eat it, so it would need to be tested. But growing meat in laboratories would use substantially less space, or at least I would think so. 2. Virtual reality is certainly going to make gamers happy, but I wonder about its effects on young children who spend too much time in virtual reality environments. 3. Self-driving cars will be great for elderly people but will probably have a very negative effect on taxi companies. 4. Artificial art will be positive for homeowners, schools, hotels and anyone else who wants to buy art cheaply for decorative purposes. It will have a powerfully negative effect on artists and the art community, however, as fewer people will buy “real” art.

FINAL TASK  Evaluating a Social Media Platform A  Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Graph (page 79) 1. The social media platforms are ranked by the number of monthly active users (in millions). 2. The different bar colors represent the category of the social platform. Blue indicates a social network, while green indicates a messenger/chat app/VOIP. 3. Answers will vary.

B–C  (page 80) Answers will vary.

UNIT 5  MIGRATION THINK AND DISCUSS (page 81) Possible answers: 1. The deer are probably heading south toward warmer temperatures or where more food is available. 2. The photo suggests that humans have an impact on the routes that animals can use for their migration because of things like fences, roads, and general human development. Another example of human impact on animal migration is when humans build a dam in a river and fish are no longer able to migrate naturally. 3. People might migrate for their jobs, to be near family members, to live in a better climate, or to seek new opportunities.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 82–83) 1. Paul Salopek is traveling the route of early human migration around the world. He is traveling on foot and by boat. 2. Possible answer: They may have been looking for a better climate or animals to hunt. 3. Possible answer: He is taking the journey to retrace human migration steps out of Africa. He is a journalist and wants to educate and inform people about migration routes.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 84) 1. hypothesis 2. subsequently 3. perspective 4. descendants 5. ventured 6. immense 7. genetic 8. archaeologists 9. notable 10. migrated

C  (page 85) 1. Possible answer: A notable discovery of the 21st century was the discovery of water  on Mars. 2. Possible answer: You can change someone’s perspective on an issue by explaining how a different way of doing something could affect his or her personal situation and needs. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answer: The Amazon jungle and the Nile River are immense. 5. They traveled on the Pacific Ocean for about 9,000 miles or 14,500 kilometers.

D  (page 85) 1. participant 2. biologist 3. futurist 4. migrant 5. cartoonist

Answer Key 

17

6. defendant 7. geneticist 8. inhabitant

E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 85) 1. Possible answers: It has uncovered information about where people come from, who they might be related to, and what types of diseases they might be vulnerable to. This research can tell us what traits we might have inherited from our parents and what traits we might pass on to our children. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

A  L istening  A Podcast about Ancient Migration Before Listening A  Predicting (page 86) Possible answers: 1. In Europe and parts of Asia 2. The Neanderthals were pushed into smaller and smaller areas until they finally disappeared. 3. Research shows that there is a small amount of Neanderthal DNA in modern humans.

100 to 125,000 years ago, more than a thousand early humans left Africa, went to the Middle East, and then separated into two groups. One of the groups stayed in the Middle East while the other continued until it eventually reached Australia. Thirty thousand years ago, the Middle East group split up and traveled in two different directions toward Asia and Europe, where Neanderthals were already living. Then 15,000 years ago, some people from Asia went to North America in two groups. The first group traveled by sea and the second group a couple thousand years later by land. Finally, people spread out all over North and South America. 2. In 2015, more than a million refugees migrated to Europe. Some reasons include the civil war in Syria, the ongoing violence in Afghanistan and Iraq, abuses in Eritrea, and poverty in Kosovo.

A Speaking A  (page 88) 1. roughly 2. or so 3. something like 4. more than

B  Personalizing (page 89) Answers will vary.

While Listening

C  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 89)

B  Checking Predictions (page 86)

Possible answers: 1. She may have left the stove on. She might have forgotten to lock the door. 2. He might have needed money to buy a drink. He could have gone to his part-time job at the bank. 3. She might not have been offered enough money. She may have had to move to take it. 4. There may have been a blackout. She may have forgotten to pay the electric bill. 5. They could have wanted a better life. They may not have been able to find jobs where they lived. 6. Someone in his family may have gotten sick. 7. The test might have been on material she had not studied. 8. It may have gone bankrupt. They may have lost their lease on the building.

Answers will vary.

C Critical Thinking: Distinguishing Fact from Theory (page 87) 1. Fact 2. Theory 3. Theory 4. Fact 5. Fact 6. Theory

D  Note Taking (page 87) 1. 150,000 2. (their) mothers 3. two groups 4. 50,000 5. (ancient) human 6. southern 7. sea (route) 8. 14,000 9. land bridge

After Listening

D  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 90) Possible answers: 1. The early humans might have brought stone from Texas. They may have hunted bison. They couldn’t have had a high enough level of technology to produce metal. 2. They may have been wiped out by modern humans. The two species might not have been able to live side-by-side without fighting because there wasn’t a great deal of food available.

E  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 90) Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 87) Possible Answers: 1. The story starts about 150,000 years ago in East Africa with one woman who, we now think, all humans are related to. Then 18 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

LESSON TASK  Discussing Family Origins A–B  (page 91) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Wildebeest Migration Before Viewing A  Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Map (page 92) 1. Kenya, Tanzania 2. Answers will vary depending on the time of year. Refer to the map key for the correct answer.

B  (page 92) 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. f 6. e

While Viewing C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 93) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes 4. No 5. No

D  Note Taking (page 93) 1. 2,000 / 2K 2. one million / a million / 1 million / 1M / 1 mil. 3. birth 4. as fast as 5. triggers the migration 6. weakest / the weakest 7. its mother/ mother 8. rains 9. grazing 10. Serengeti

After Viewing E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 93) 1. Possible Answers: Hunger and thirst, the position of the sun, or an instinct related to the season. 2. Possible Answers: Against: It is interfering with the wildebeest migration. The park and its wildlife are treasures of the world and more important than local development. Conservation is more important than economic development. For: Tanzania must use its resources to develop and become successful for its people. It does not have to remain as it is to please foreign visitors. Economic development for the people is more important than conservation.

3. Possible Answers: Both human and animal migration involve movement. They may both be motivated to find better living conditions. They are different in that animals have a natural or biological instinct to migrate, while humans usually migrate with a purpose. Humans also migrate for economic reasons. 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 95) 1. b 2. j 3. f 4. h 5. a 6. d 7. i 8. e 9. c 10. g

C  Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Map (page 95) 1. The elk were monitored using GPS. 2. outside 3. No, they don’t. 4. It is privately owned. 5. Yes, there is.

D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 95) Possible answers: 1. The person might belong to an American Indian tribe. The person couldn’t be from the other groups because his or her ancestors didn’t live there. 2. The person might belong to the Fish and Wildlife Service. This could also have been said by many of the other groups. 3. The person is the owner of private land. The person couldn’t be part of one of the government agencies because he or she owns the land. 4. The person might work for the National Park Service, because he or she is talking about increasing wildlife populations as was done in Yellowstone. The person could not be a private landowner because the increase in predator populations requires the resources of government. 5. The person could work for the state or local government. The person couldn’t work for the National Park Service or be a tribal member because providing resources to towns is not one of his or her responsibilities.

B  Liste  ning  A Conversation about the Serengeti Before Listening A  Prior Knowledge (page 96) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: The Serengeti might also have problems with wildlife migrating outside the borders of the park. There might also be conflicts between the government, private landowners, and tribal people about animal resources. Answer Key 

19

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 96) 1. diminished 2. increasing 3. haven’t 4. maintaining their numbers

C  Listening for Details (page 96) 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. NG 5. F 6. NG

D  Listening for Clarification (page 97) 1. He actually crossed over into Kenya once or twice. 2. They migrate around the Serengeti and other parts of Tanzania and Kenya. 3. It’s been diminishing and is now only half its former size. 4. There is legislation, but it’s difficult to enforce. 5. They also help the Robanda people in a number of ways.

AFTER LISTENING E  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 97) 1. Possible answers: The animals need protection from poachers and hunters as well as from environmental conditions, and need land to live on. The people need bush meat to eat and trade, and land to live and hunt on. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: The Ikoma people could share their ancient knowledge in demonstrations, sponsored by the tourism companies, and both groups would profit. The tourism groups could sponsor tours that included Ikoma guides. The tourism companies could hire Ikoma people for jobs within their organizations so they could learn the business. Problems could arise if the Ikoma people did not agree with all of the tourist activities the service industry wanted to implement or if the Ikoma tried to limit tourist access more than the companies wanted it to be limited.

B SPEAKING A  (page 98) 1. Would you like me to take your coat? /dʒ/ 2. I’m not sure what you said. /tʃ/ 3. Are you sure he’s your tour guide? /ʒ/ 4. Why didn’t you call me sooner? /tʃ/ 5. I forgot to feed your bird. /dʒ/ 6. Why did you leave the door open? /dʒ/

C  (page 98) Answers will vary.

20 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

D  Critical Thinking: Distinguishing Fact from Theory (page 99) 1. Fact 2. Theory 3. Fact 4. Fact 5. Fact 6. Theory

E  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 99) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible Answers: Problems for animals that migrate by land include highways, fences, pipelines, housing developments, and habitat destruction. Problems for animals that migrate by water are water pollution, overfishing, dams in rivers, and ship traffic. Problems for animals that migrate in the air are wind farms, airplanes, and loss of resting areas and food sources along the way. 3. Possible Answers: For animals that migrate on land, we can create tunnels under highways and pipelines, build special animal-friendly fences, create passages through housing developments, and outlaw the destruction of their habitats. For animals that migrate by water, we can enforce laws against water pollution and overfishing, build fish ladders, and regulate ship traffic. For animals that migrate by air, we can fight wind farm development, make sure airplane flight paths don’t interfere with migrations, and protect resting places and food sources on the ground.

FINAL TASK  A Pair Presentation on Animal Migration A–C  (pages 99–100) Answers will vary.

UNIT 6  TRADITION AND PROGRESS THINK AND DISCUSS (page 101)

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 106)

1. Possible answer: The photo shows a culture that values horses, nature, and colorful clothing. Answers to second question will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

1. P the circumstances surrounding the decision to open Bhutan up to the world 3. P a new approach to development devised by the king of Bhutan 6. P social and cultural changes since the Gross National Happiness policy was implemented

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 102–103)

C  Listening for Details (pages 106–107)

1. Traditional peoples: the Suris, the Amish, and the Kyrgyz. Ways of life: Wearing costumes for ritual celebrations and oldfashioned clothes, using horses and wagons for transportation, and herding sheep. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

1. T 2. NG 3. F 4. T 5. NG

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 105) 1. e 2. d 3. g 4. j 5. a 6. c 7. i 8. b 9. f 10. h

C  (page 105)

D  Note Taking (page 107) 1. Happiness 2. government 3. king 4. belongs 5. sustainable 6. enough 7. competition 8. environmental 9. forests 10. waste 11. preservation 12. unique 13. channels

Answers will vary.

AFTER LISTENING

D  (page 105)

E  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 107)

1. about, to 2. to, to, to 3. from 4. from 5. with

Possible answers: Good government: Implement referenda on important issues; encourage local participation in decision-making; ensure basic freedoms Sustainable development: Make sure all industries agree to abide by GNH; make sure workers are paid for overtime work; give time off to both husband and wife when they have a new baby Environmental protection: Protect endangered species and their habitats; enforce strict anti-pollution laws; make sure trash collection occurs frequently Cultural preservation: Allot government money for the upkeep of historic sites; support the continued celebration of traditional festivals and holidays; charge tourists who visit Bhutan and use the money to support the arts

A  L ISTENING  A Student Presentation about Bhutan BEFORE LISTENING A  Previewing (page 106) Possible answers: 1. Bhutan is in Asia, between China and India. It’s a country with ancient traditions and great natural beauty. 2. It’s yellow and orange with a dragon holding balls in its claws. 3. Gross National Happiness is a measure of a nation’s happiness.

A SPEAKING A  (page 108) 1. What kinds of images does that bring to mind? 2. And what do I mean by sustainable development? 3. We wouldn’t want to lose all those wonderful things, would we?

Answer Key 

21

B  (page 108)

B  Meaning from Context (page 112)

Question 1: Type 1 Question 2: Type 3 Question 3: Type 2

1. lexicon 2. insight 3. indigenous 4. savvy 5. revitalize

C  Using Rhetorical Questions (page 108) Possible answers: 1. Can you imagine what that must have felt like? 2. That’s really quite a big change, isn’t it? 3. So, what is meant by Gross National Happiness?

D  (page 109) 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. b

C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 113) P The Enduring Voices Project helps preserve languages with Talking Dictionaries.

D  Understanding Details (page 113)

E  (page 109) Answers will vary.

F  (page 110) 1. Bhutan encourages its citizens to take responsibility for the environment. 2. The government asks companies to work in a sustainable way. 3. The government has ordered companies not to cut down trees for export. 4. The king of Bhutan invites other countries to implement GNH strategies. 5. Bhutan requires all visiting tourists to obtain a tourist visa.

G  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 110) Possible answers: I would advise restaurants to keep their prices reasonable. I would require the subway to run 24/7. I wouldn’t force anyone who is sick to work. I wouldn’t allow people in apartments to have noisy or large pets. I would encourage all students to learn two foreign languages.

LESSON TASK  Conducting an Interview A–B  (page 111) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Preserving Endangered Languages Before Viewing A  Predicting (page 112) 1. Half of the languages in the world may go extinct this century. 2. Languages go extinct mostly because of social pressure and attitudes that devalue small languages.

22 

While Viewing

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

half disappear social attitudes presence tool Internet application human extinction

E  Checking Predictions (page 113) Answers will vary.

After Viewing F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 113) 1. Possible answers: Yes, isolation could benefit languages by helping them to preserve their ancient forms. No, isolation doesn’t benefit languages because it restricts their growth. 2. Possible answers: Yes, because the Talking Dictionaries will raise awareness of these languages, making them harder to ignore. Also, awareness may prompt the next generation to pass their language on. No, because Talking Dictionaries cannot teach people how to use a language, only what individual words/phrases mean and how they sound. Without grammar knowledge too, the language will die out. 3. Possible answers: Beliefs, social structures, traditional rituals, traditional foods, etc. 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 114) 1. undertake 2. flourish 3. diversity 4. ultimately 5. replicate 6. livelihood

WHILE LISTENING

7. consent 8. hardship 9. merits 10. heritage

B  Checking Predictions (page 116) 1. b 2. c 3. b

C  (page 115) Noun

Verb

Adjective

1. consent

consent

consenting

2. diversity

diversify

diverse/diversified

3. flourish

flourish

flourishing

4. merit

merit

merited/meritorious

5. replica/replication

replicate

replicated

6. undertaking

undertake

undertaken

C  Listening for Details (page 117) 1. Oh, you mean the one about American Indian tribes? 2. For example, I was surprised to learn that there are over 300 American Indian reservations in the United States. 3. And the land is part of their heritage. 4. The first one was in New Mexico, wasn’t it? 5. I think it was the InterTribal Sinkyone Wilderness area.

D  (page 115)

D  Note Taking (page 117)

1. g 2. f 3. a 4. h 5. b 6. i 7. j 8. c 9. e 10. d

1. New 2. exotic 3. native 4. cinema 5. Wilderness 6. 1997 7. wild 8. medicine 9. ceremonies Big Cypress Swamp Possible answers: owned by Seminole Tribe that bought Hard Rock Cafes; most of land dedicated to agriculture, but swamp can’t be used for that; bringing back original species

E  Personalizing (page 115) Possible answers: 1. People flourish when they work in a field that they really like. 2. The part of my heritage I appreciate most is the tradition of honesty and open conversation. 3. One benefit of hardship is learning to appreciate the value of money. 4. A respected livelihood in my country is anything in the medical profession: doctor, nurse, medical technician, and so on. 5. Diversity is important because the world is full of different people, and things work best when different people interact. 6. One merit of studying alone is that you won’t get distracted by conversation. 7. My parents would never give their consent for me to live alone. 8. Ultimately, my goal is to be a good father.

LISTENING:  A Discussion about American Indian Lands

AFTER LISTENING E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 117) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answer: They probably moved away from reservations for more economic and social opportunities.

B SPEAKING A–D  (pages 118–119) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Presenting a Tradition A–F  (pages 119–120) Answers will vary.

BEFORE LISTENING A  Predicting (page 116) Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

23

UNIT 7  MONEY IN OUR LIVES THINK AND DISCUSS (page 121) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answer: Money is a useful gift for any couple. Many guests don’t want to buy a couple something they don’t need.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 122–123) 1. They are spending money on dining and entertainment. 2. Saudi Arabia, Russia, Mexico, Japan, and India spend the highest percentage of their household budgets on food. 3. Countries spend the lowest percentage of household budgets on the categories of education and clothing and footwear. Answers to the second question will vary. 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary A  Meaning from Context (page 124) Answers will vary.

B  (page 124) 1. engage in 2. determine 3. associate 4. impact 5. outlook 6. security 7. fulfillment 8. virtue 9. promote 10. well-being

C  (page 124)

A LISTENING  An Interview about Money and Happiness BEFORE LISTENING A  Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 126) Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 126) 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a

C  Listening for Details (page 127) 1. giving money 2. others/other people 3. themselves 4. interviewed 5. happier 6. experiences 7. surveys 8. experiences 9. material goods 10. meaningful 11. successful social 12. psychologist 13. more happiness 14. thousands 15. significantly increase

Answers will vary.

AFTER LISTENING

D  (page 125)

D  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 127)

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. a

Possible answers: • According to the first study, giving away $1000 would make a person happier than buying a $1000 item, such as a coat. • According to the second study, spending money on a trip around the world should make a person happier than spending it to make an initial payment on a new house. • According to the third study, making $75,000 should make a person happier than making $30,000, although the effects of stress aren’t mentioned in the study.

E  (page 125) Possible Answers: 1. The three factors that impact a person’s well-being the most are their living conditions, their working conditions, and the lifestyle choices that he or she makes about food and exercise. 2. I believe the most important virtue a person could have is courage. 3. Engaging in activities such as walking or cycling promotes long-term health.

A SPEAKING A  (page 128) 1. research suggests 2. Studies have shown 3. research has determined

B  Referencing Research Studies (page 128) Answers will vary.

24 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

C  Critical Thinking: Interpreting Visuals (page 129)

WHILE VIEWING

1. The colors represent ways people use their spare cash; the bars represent the percentage of people who spend their spare cash in these ways. 2. Asia-Pacific 3. North America and Latin America 4. Possible answers: People in the Asia-Pacific region have more spare cash than those in North America. Unlike other regions in the world, people in North America and Latin America use their spare cash to pay off debt. People in Latin America and the Middle East/Africa spend less on travel and more on entertainment, while people in the Asia-Pacific region and Europe prefer to travel rather than go out locally. People in the Asia-Pacific region put their spare cash in savings more than those who live in other regions of the world.

C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 133)

D  Critical Thinking: Interpreting Visuals (page 130) 1. Each color represents a different saving strategy. The bar lengths represent the percentage of people using each strategy. 2. Europe saves the most on new clothes, on out-of-home entertainment, and cheaper grocery brands; North America saves the most on gas and electricity; the Middle East/Africa saves the most on take-away meals. 3. Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 130) 1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: Using public transportation, borrowing books and movies from the library, having friends over for dinner instead of going to a restaurant.

LESSON TASK  Discussing Purchases and Happiness A–D  (page 131) Answers will vary.

VIDEO  Bitcoin: The New Way to Pay BEFORE VIEWING A  Predicting (page 132) 1. Possible answers: Virtual money is money created and used online. People can get it online. 2. Possible answers: Yes, it can. It can be used to buy objects such as video games, books, and computers; and it can buy experiences such as vacations. 3. Possible answer: No, it is not regulated by a bank.

B  (page 132) 1. e 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. d

2. Bitcoin is a valuable digital currency, but it has problems like all forms of money.

D  (page 133) Answers will vary.

E  Understanding Details (page 133) 1. the code itself 2. mine for them 3. buy them from 4. finite 5. no limit 6. backing it up 7. with cash

AFTER VIEWING F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 133) 1. Possible answer: Bitcoin is a digital currency, meaning it was created and exists only online–there are no physical Bitcoins. There are a limited number of them. You can mine them (discover new ones) or buy them from other Bitcoin users, and you can use them to buy things wherever Bitcoins are accepted. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Possible answers: Benefits: making payments online from anywhere you have a connection; being part of a new consumer community; and perhaps benefiting from discounts offered to Bitcoin users Drawbacks: having your Bitcoins stolen; not having insurance or other support from a bank or financial institution; and having a limited number of places to use your Bitcoins 5. Possible answers: No, it would not be fair if he took advantage of mining a lot of Bitcoins very early on and sold them later once they became popular and their price increased. Yes, it would be fair since it’s a code that he created and Bitcoins are not a government-regulated form of currency. It’s a private enterprise, so its creator has a right to benefit from his entrepreneurship. 6. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 134) 1. Interest 2. deposit 3. transaction 4. withdraw 5. allocate 6. reminder 7. Aid 8. nest egg 9. seemingly 10. overdo Answer Key 

25

C  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 135)

AFTER LISTENING

Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 137)

D  Organizing Ideas (page 135)

Possible answers: Cash and ATM machines have helped me in emergencies. Direct deposit has helped me automate my finances. Credit cards have helped me make large purchases. Debit cards have helped me to not overspend. Stored-value cards have helped me make fun purchases for music or movies. Peer-to-peer lending has made it easy to donate money and give to charity. Interest reminds me to pay my bills on time.

Answers will vary.

E  Personalizing (page 135) Possible answers: You should allocate at least 10% of your yearly salary to savings. Remember to ask about possible aid programs if you’re in financial trouble. Use direct deposit for your paychecks to avoid having to deposit them in person at the bank. Credit cards are seemingly harmless, but they can lead to big trouble. Keep track of what you charge and pay your bills on time. Never touch the money you’ve put into your nest egg. Be aware that foreign transactions sometimes carry high transaction fees. Have fun shopping, but don’t overdo it. Be aware of your surroundings when you withdraw a large amount of cash.

B LISTENING  A Conversation about Money BEFORE LISTENING A  Prior Knowledge (page 136)

B SPEAKING A  (page 138) 2. w 3. w, y 4. y, y 5. w, y 6. w, y 7. w, w 8. y

B  (page 139)

B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 136)

1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a Answers to the second part will vary.

2. the degree of safety of electronic transactions 5. an alternative system for lending and borrowing money

FINAL TASK  A Role-Play about Financial Advice

C  Listening for Details (page 137)

A–D  (pages 139–140)

1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. NG

Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

WHILE LISTENING

D  Listening for Shifts in Topic (page 137) 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. d

26 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

UNIT 8  HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY THINK AND DISCUSS (page 141) Possible answers: 1. Advantages: Robots would not get tired and could perform long operations; they might be very accurate. Disadvantages: They do not have empathy or the ability to connect to humans; they cannot rely on past experiences. 2. Technology is used to diagnose illnesses, monitor patients, help people track their well-being, organize and keep track of patients’ health records.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 142–143) 1. They are devices that detect the level of pollen in the air and send that information back to a weather forecasting company in Japan. They are used to warn people with allergies or breathing problems to avoid areas with high levels of pollen. 2. Possible answers: These robots could also detect pollution in the air and warn people when levels are high. They could also find companies that are polluting too much, so they can be made to stop. 3. Possible answers: The kinds of information that can be monitored by technology include levels of air and water pollution for the environment; heart rate and blood pressure for health; number of steps taken and calories burned for fitness.

LESSON A  Vocabulary

E  (page 145) 1. at a rapid pace 2. tool 3. keep track of 4. comparatively, relatively 5. reluctant 6. consult 7. private, confidential 8. assessment 9. tendencies 10. clarified 11. private 12. gadgets, devices

A LISTENING  A Lecture about Big Data in Health Care BEFORE LISTENING A  Prior Knowledge (page 146) 1. Possible answers: medical history, blood type, allergies, family health history 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: Big data is large sets of data that are analyzed for specific purposes.

B  (page 144)

WHILE LISTENING

1. g 2. j 3. a 4. h 5. d 6. i 7. e 8. f 9. b 10. c

B  (page 146)

C  (page 144) Answers will vary.

D  (page 145) 1. reluctant 2. confidential 3. by leaps and bounds 4. gadget 5. keep track of 6. comparatively 7. tendency 8. clarify 9. consult 10. diagnosis

Answers will vary.

C  Listening for Main Ideas (page 146) 1. No 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. No 5. Yes

D  Note Taking (page 147) 1. dishonest 2. confidential 3. can use 4. overwhelming 5. AI programs 6. reluctant 7. monitor patients 8. factual information 9. data security 10. to access 11. analyze 12. by doctors 13. patients are 14. apps

Answer Key 

27

After Listening

E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 150)

E  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 147)

Possible answers: Yes, the company’s decision was the right one because the owners have to think about the long-term sustainability of their company. No, the company’s decision was not the right one because using someone’s personal medical information to inform hiring practices could be considered discrimination.

Possible answers: 1. The “right people” to receive big data in this context are the health care professionals who need data about patients to do their jobs such as doctors, nurses, pharmaceutical companies, etc. 2. His emphasis on the constant progress being made in big data analysis implies that someday doctors may be partly replaced in some areas. 3. He implies that the use of apps will lead to more accurate information about patients’ well-being once they are out of the hospital, and that patients will use these apps.

A Speaking A  (page 148) 1. Information the speaker emphasizes: All the medical data in the world is useless unless doctors receive it in a form they can use, such as patient profiles or software to help them with decisionmaking. Why it’s important: Having data that can be easily used is essential. 2. Information the speaker emphasizes: We haven’t yet reached the point where a computer can replace a doctor. Why it’s important: Doctors are still needed to diagnose disease. 3. Information the speaker emphasizes: The more data, the better the results. Why it’s important: Having a lot of data is necessary for successful data-sharing arrangements.

B  (page 148)

Possible answers: Health Care and the Use of Big Data Pros

Cons

Health care professionals get more accurate information about patients. Diseases can be caught earlier and/or prevented. More effective treatments, such as new drugs, can be developed. Health care professionals can monitor patients’ follow-up care.

There is the potential for data about patients’ health to be shared without their consent. AI could replace doctors in some aspects of the field. People could be discriminated against based on what big data reveals about their health. People will have less privacy as more aspects of their lives are monitored.

LESSON TASK  Assessing a City’s Health A–D  (page 151) Answers will vary.

Possible answers: Full Access to Data Positive Implications

Negative Implications

Quicker and more accurate diagnoses Insurance rates that reflect health more accurately The ability to deliver health care to students more effectively

Higher insurance rates for people with higher risk of health problems Unequal hiring practices based on level of personal health Unfair admissions policies based on health considerations

C  (page 149) 1. c 2. a 3. b

D  (page 149) Possible answers: I don’t think that health care professionals should trust big data because much of it is still self-reported. I agree that AI can be trusted to analyze big data because it can provide a diagnosis for certain diseases more quickly and effectively than doctors. I’m not sure that drug companies should share their data with each other because that seems like an invasion of privacy for their clients. I feel that big data has immense potential to treat and monitor patients because it keeps track of them without being too invasive. 28 

F Critical Thinking: Synthesizing Information (page 150)

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

VIDEO  Biking in the City Before Viewing A  Prior Knowledge (page 152) 1. Possible answers: data about calories used, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, air quality, smog 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: I think it is better for your health because at least you are getting exercise outdoors.

B  (page 152) 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. d

While Viewing C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 153) 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. NG 5. T 6. F

D  Understanding Details (page 153)

E  Personalizing (page 155)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Possible answers: You could download an app that lets you scan some food items to see their nutritional value. There are websites that track how long you work on the computer and shut it down after a half hour. To help you be less sedentary, you should invest in a standing desk. If you are prone to anxiety, you should be sure to get at least 8 hours of sleep. To increase your study-time productivity, you could turn off all notifications on your cell phone.

air pollution every half hour a GPS device two years lungs and bloodstream saving time

After Viewing E  (page 153) 1. Is exercising in close proximity to traffic bad enough for you that we should completely separate biking lanes? 2. Participants were recruited to ride their bicycles around the city while wearing devices that allow the scientists to take various health measurements and monitor their positions via GPS. In this way, the scientists hoped to determine if cycling in the city has a negative health impact. 3. They will go on and do the larger health study, and eventually create an app that lets bicyclists minimize their exposure to pollution as they ride. 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary B  (page 155) 1. posture 2. sedentary 3. notify 4. prone to 5. productivity 6. nutritional 7. track 8. resolve 9. detect 10. repetitive

C  Using Collocations (page 155)

B Listening  A Podcast about Fitness Gadgets Before Listening A  Prior Knowledge (page 156) Possible answers: Gadgets

Functions

Fitbit

Counts the steps you take every day

MyFitnessPal

Tracks your daily calorie and nutrition intake

Restaurant websites Display the calorie information of their food

While Listening B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 156) Gadget

Recommended by Tyler

FitterYet

P

Smarty SleepMask

P

Recommended by Hannah P

Sun Disc 3

P

e-Beverage System

P

BestPosture

P

P

1. stress 2. lifestyle 3. value 4. issues 5. of 6. of 7. increased 8. am 9. poor 10. escaped

D  Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 155) Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

29

C  Listening for Details (page 157)

C  (page 158)

Gadget

Pros

Cons

Answers will vary.

FitterYet

• Accurately tracks how

• Big and unattractive

D  Critical Thinking: Interpreting Visuals (page 159)

Smarty SleepMask

• Inexpensive • Comfortable • Really works • Analyzes sleep

far you walk

patterns well

Sun Disc 3 e-Beverage System

BestPosture

• Needs to be

connected to Internet • Battery doesn’t last long enough

• Measures strength of

• Made of thin plastic • Breaks easily • Notifies you when you • Leaks sun very accurately

haven’t had enough to drink • Attractive design • Dishwasher-safe

• Works well

FINAL TASK  Presenting on a Health Tech Product A–F  (pages 159–160)

• Only works within

30 feet of computer • Doesn’t work with loose clothing

After Listening D  Personalizing (page 157) Answers will vary.

B Speaking A  (page 158) 1. laboratory 2. mathematics 3. corporate 4. broccoli, memory 5. vegetable 6. restaurant 7. several, every 8. actually, chocolate 9. family 10. business, collaborative

B  (page 158) 1. average 2. deliberately 3. elementary 4. desperate 5. federal 6. different 7. preference 8. reference 9. temperature 10. traveler

30 

1. Possible answer: People prefer to attach fitness gadgets to their clothing probably because they have more options for where to attach the gadgets and because the gadgets may stay in place better. It also may be more comfortable than having a gadget touching their skin. 2. Possible answer: It would be small; it wouldn’t fall off of you; others wouldn’t notice you wearing it; it would be easy to remember to wear it. 3. Answers will vary.

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

Answers will vary.

UNIT 9  THE MYSTERIOUS MIND THINK AND DISCUSS (page 161) 1. Possible answer: Humans show intelligence when they solve problems, when they debate and discuss new ideas, and when they learn new skills. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 162–163) 1. Possible answer: You would be a good communicator and could look at problems from different angles to arrive at the best solution. 2. Possible answers: Professional athletes probably have very well-developed cerebellums and brain stems to better control things such as their heartbeat and balance. Some athletes probably also have very developed occipital lobes if they play sports that require good vision. 3. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 165) 1. Objective 2. Vice versa 3. Spatial 4. analytical 5. Namely 6. visualize 7. subjective 8. verbal 9. intuition 10. Logic

C  (page 165) 1. educational 2. mathematical 3. influential 4. historical; biographical 5. practical

D  Personalizing (page 165) Answers will vary.

A LISTENING  A Podcast on the Brain and Intelligence BEFORE LISTENING A  Prior Knowledge (page 166) Possible answers: The right brain controls the left side of the body, and the left side controls the right side of the body. It is thought that the left brain is responsible for rational thought, analytical skills, and logical reasoning. It is thought that the right brain influences creative and artistic ability, visualization, and intuition.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 166) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes 4. No 5. Yes

C  Note Taking (page 167) 1. verbal ability 2. speech conclusion: speech problms = result of L-brain damage 3. separated 4. verbal processing conclusion: L-brain is dominant in verbal processing 5. left 6. right 7. right brain conclusion: spatial abilities are in the right brain 8. dominant half conclusion: L-brain is the dominant half 9. math 10. diagrams 11. both 12. two halves conclusion: the two halves of brain always work together

AFTER LISTENING D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating Conclusions (page 167) Possible answers: The conclusion that speech problems are the result of L-brain damage is reasonable because it’s a logical conclusion based on the available facts in Broca’s examinations. The conclusions that the L-brain is dominant in verbal processing and that spatial abilities are in the right brain are reasonable because they’re based on data obtained from Sperry’s objective experiments. The conclusion that the L-brain is the dominant half is not reasonable because it’s fitting the information from Broca and Sperry’s research to expectations about the most important capabilities in the brain. The conclusion that the two halves of the brain always work together is reasonable because it’s based on the available facts from modern brain-mapping technologies.

A SPEAKING A  (page 168) 1. c 2. a 3. b 1. It seemed obvious that the speech problems were a direct result of the damage. 2. Unfortunately, the fascinating scientific discoveries of Broca, Sperry, and others led to some less-than-scientific conclusions about the brain in the fields of psychology and education.

Answer Key 

31

3. The influence of the right-brain/left-brain model on those in the education field was responsible for the idea that “brain-balancing” activities could strengthen the less dominant side of the brain.

B  Expressing Causal Relationships (page 168) Possible answers: Topics

Causes

Effects

1. A  self-confident personality

Having successful positive experiences, a happy childhood, a loving family

More leadership opportunities; inspiring confidence in others

2. Computer game addiction

Not getting enough Playing too many computer games as physical exercise a child

3. A positive outlook on life

Having parents or living in a culture with a positive outlook

Making friends easily; looking forward to the future; happiness

4. Stress in the workplace

Too much work; an angry boss

People quitting; people making mistakes at work; poor health

5. Strong social connections

Keeping in touch with people; networking

Having access to people to help you when necessary; lower stress levels

C  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 169)

VIDEO  Memory Man Before Viewing A  (page 172) Answers will vary.

While Viewing B  Understanding Main Ideas (page 172) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes 4. Yes 5. No

C  Understanding Details (page 173) 1. 60 2. books 3. detail 4. genes 5. change 6. exercise 7. 11 8. historical 9. full-time 10. normal

Answers will vary.

D  (page 169)

After Viewing

Answers will vary.

D  Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 173)

E  (page 169)

Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

E  Personalizing (page 173)

F  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 170)

Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

LESSON B  Vocabulary

G  Critical Thinking: Concluding (page 170)

B  Meaning from Context (page 174)

Possible answers: 1. This experiment shows that humans are only capable of paying attention to a certain number of things at one time. 2. This experiment shows that people assume that something given away for free isn’t worth very much. 3. This experiment shows that most people tend to judge other people by the way they look. 4. This experiment shows that our emotions can be affected by words we read.

1. stemmed from 2. norm 3. inferior 4. radical 5. obsolete 6. innate 7. unprecedented 8. superior 9. deepen 10. ethical

LESSON TASK  Discussing Learning Styles A–C  (pages 170–171) Answers will vary.

32 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

C  (page 175)

E  Note Taking (page 177)

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. j 5. i 6. d 7. f 8. g 9. e 10. h

1. lists of words 2. you know well 3. create an image 4. images 5. visualize 6. remind you of

D  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 175) 1. Possible answers: For birds, the ability to fly is innate. For humans, the ability to learn is innate. For spiders, the ability to make a web is innate. 2. Possible answers: Animals have very high bodily/kinesthetic intelligence. Animals understand each other very well, so they may have high social intelligence. 3. Possible answers: Owning pets makes a home a warmer place, keeps people close to nature, and helps teach children responsibility. 4. Answers will vary.

B Listening  A Conversation about Memory Before Listening A  Predicting (page 176) Possible answers: 1. Superior autobiographical memory is the ability to remember every detail of your life. 2. The method of loci is used for remembering lists of items.

While Listening B  Checking Predictions (page 176) Answers will vary.

C  (page 176)

After Listening F  (page 177) Answers will vary.

B Speaking A  (page 178) 1. People with superior autobiographical memory can remember virtually everything that’s ever happened to them. 2. It’s a part of the brain that’s really important for memory function. 3. I have a huge history exam next week, and I have to memorize a ton of information. 4. Having a good memory isn’t an innate skill, you know. 5. In your mind, you need to visualize a path that you know well, like the way to school.

B  (page 178) The reduced function words are underlined: A: Hey, how have you been? B: Um, I’ve been a little depressed. Can you tell? A: Yeah, I knew something or other was wrong. You know, I know a great doctor. Do you want his number? I highly recommend him! B: N  o, it’s something that will pass. It always happens in January and February. A: Oh, the winter blues! That’s what my mom calls them, anyway. She sits under a special lamp for half an hour a day and says it’s better than medicine. B: Really? Can I have her email? I want to ask her about her lamp so I can get one, too.

1. appositive: Amazing Science; identifies: a TV show 2. appositive: hippo meaning “horse” and campus meaning “sea monster”; identifies: two ancient Greek words 3. appositive: the method of loci; identifies: this approach to remembering things that began in ancient Greece

C  (page 179)

D  Listening for Details (page 177)

A–E  (pages 179–180)

1. University of California 2. 8/eight 3. TV star 4. bigger than norm(al)/they were bigger 5. 1953 6. loss of memory/memory loss/lost his memory

Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Speaking about a “Life Hack”

Answer Key 

33

UNIT 10  THE FUTURE OF FOOD

A LISTENING  A Lecture about GM Foods

THINK AND DISCUSS (page 181)

BEFORE LISTENING

1. Answers will vary. 2. Possible answer: Genetically modified food refers to food produced from organisms whose genetics have been changed in a way that is not natural, usually to enhance certain characteristics.

A  Prior Knowledge (page 186)

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 182–183) 1. Possible answer: The goal of the Svalbard Global Seed Bank is to store and keep secure a wide variety of crop seeds. 2. Possible answer: This remote location was probably chosen because it is a natural refrigerator for the seeds and is far away from the effects of possible natural or man-made disasters. 3. Possible answers: Doomsday means a time of danger or crisis. This name was probably chosen for the seed bank in Norway because the seeds will be useful if disaster strikes crops on earth. 4. Answers will vary.

LESSON A  Vocabulary B  (page 184) 1. by means of 2. offset 3. intense 4. invaluable 5. detrimental 6. skeptics 7. resistance 8. cultivate 9. advocate 10. drawback

C  (page 185) 1. prove 2. to, for 3. clearly, potentially, particularly 4. effect 5. of, to 6. serious 7. to 8. show

D  Personalizing (page 185) Possible answers: 1. I tend to be a skeptic about achieving world peace. 2. I generally advocate for animal rights. 3. A drawback of GM foods is there may be risks to our health. 4. Music has a detrimental effect on my studies. 5. Oil has been invaluable to the development of my country.

34 

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

Possible answers: Plants

Animals

Apples are altered to last longer. Corn is altered to grow in poor soil and to be resistant to pests. Squash is altered to resist disease.

Cows are altered to produce more milk. Fish are altered to grow more quickly. Chickens are altered to lay more eggs.

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 186) 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. No 4. Yes 5. No

C  Note Taking (page 187) 1. genes 2. lettuce 3. killers 4. insects 5. flow 6. accustomed 7. vegetables 8. 2010 9. five/5 10. children 11. Skeptics 12. resistance

AFTER LISTENING D  (page 187) 1. genes 2. characteristics 3. concerns 4. Approval 5. GM salmon 6. popular 7. benefits 8. resistant

A SPEAKING A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 188) Possible answers: Advocates

Critics

Farmers with low-quality farmland People who want less expensive food Scientists who develop GM crops Farmers who grow crops in areas with many pests

Organic farmers People who are concerned about GM foods Companies that make pesticides Environmentalists concerned about gene flow

2. Panama is located in Central America and is bordered by both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Its location makes it easy to bring in supplies and equipment and allows easy access to the fish farm in the ocean.

WHILE VIEWING B  Understanding Main Ideas (page 192) 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. No 4. No 5. Yes

B  Referring to Group Opinions (page 189)

C  Understanding Details (page 193)

Answers will vary.

1. land 2. founder 3. materials 4. markets 5. tons 6. labor 7. productivity 8. opportunity

C  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 189) Possible answers: A benefit of traditional breeding is that there may be fewer negative effects on the environment because the process is more natural. A drawback is that creating a successful hybrid may take a long time. A benefit of interspecies crosses might be the creation of new crops that we never could have imagined. A drawback is that the failure rate could be high. A benefit of genetic modification is that scientists can target the exact characteristic they want to change. A drawback is that not enough is known about the side effects of eating GM foods.

D  Critical Thinking: Categorizing (page 190) 1. IC 2. GM 3. TB 4. GM 5. TB 6. IC

E  (page 190)

D  (page 193) 1. detrimental 2. intense 3. drawback 4. cultivating 5. by means of 6. invaluable

AFTER VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 193)

Answers will vary.

Possible answers: 1. Yes, because the fish farm can be moved to be near transportation and markets. Also, the fish are clean, and there’s a lot of potential for productivity. No, because these farms still pollute the ocean, and these fish aren’t as healthy to eat as wild-caught fish. 2. Because these fish farms are farther out in the ocean, they might endanger the natural habitats of wild fish. They may also drive traditional fish farms out of business.

VIDEO  Farming the Open Ocean

LESSON B  Vocabulary

BEFORE VIEWING

B  Meaning from Context (page 194)

Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK  Role-playing a Town Hall Meeting A–B  (page 191)

A  (page 192) Possible answers: 1. Similarities: Both require the right environment, nutrients to feed the crop/fish, and protection from threats to healthy growth. Differences: Ease of accessing the crops/fish, effects of drought on crops/fish, development of techniques/equipment

1. output 2. coincided 3. root 4. exceed 5. calling for 6. scenario 7. inadequate

Answer Key 

35

8. surge 9. opt 10. ample

B  LISTENING  A Conversation about Food Prices

C  (page 195)

A  Prior Knowledge (page 196)

1. d 2. h 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. i 7. e 8. j 9. g 10. f

1. Possible answer: Food in the U.S. and in Singapore could be relatively less expensive than in the other countries, or income in the other countries could be comparatively lower. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answer: shortages or surpluses

D  (page 195) 1. hopelessly 2. of 3. a celebration 4. time 5. expectations 6. case 7. in 8. with 9. low 10. for

E  (page 195) Possible answers: 1. The choice of restaurants in my neighborhood is hopelessly inadequate. 2. The root of last year’s failed harvest was the flooding we had. 3. The bountiful harvest this year calls for a celebration. 4. We have ample time to cook dinner. 5. The food at that restaurant exceeded our expectations. 6. Complete destruction of crops by the storm is a worst case scenario. 7. There has been a surge in interest in eating healthy foods. 8. The restaurant opening coincided with the release of the chef’s new cookbook. 9. Compared with ocean farming, land-based farming has low output. 10. I usually opt for brown rice when given the choice.

F  Personalizing (page 195) Answers will vary.

BEFORE LISTENING

WHILE LISTENING B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 196) 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. NG 5. F

C  (page 197) 1. Problem: Food prices are out of control. Suggestion: Someone really has to do something about it. 2. Problem: Inadequate food supplies. Suggestion: Why don’t they just start planting more food on more land? 3. Problem: People lack access to affordable food. Suggestion: Somebody needs to make sure people have access to food at reasonable prices. 4. Problem: Large areas of Africa and Asia may become deserts. Suggestion: Something needs to be done about it before it’s too late.

D  Listening for Details (page 197) 1. food shortages 2. a/one third/1/3 3. (more) expensive foods/meat and dairy 4. half/1/2 a kilogram 5. 42(%) 6. restrictions on exports 7. Africa and Asia 8. (on) existing farmland

AFTER LISTENING E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 197) Answers will vary.

B SPEAKING A  (page 198) Possible answers: We recommend that the country start using GM crops that are resistant to pests. We propose that the government initiate a marketing campaign with our allies. It is essential that overfishing be stopped.

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Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 4

It is imperative that island restaurants be inspected for cleanliness and quality. We suggest that all schoolchildren be checked for nutrition problems. We recommend that the country create an agricultural college to train more farmers.

B  (page 199) 1. I could have told you it was going to rain. 2. They must have raised the price again. 3. I’ll have to get some next time. 4. I could have told you that. 5. Someone really has to do something about it. 6. I would have brought home lamb for dinner. 7. And I certainly wouldn’t have had any trouble buying rice! 8. We’re going to be in trouble.

C  (page 199) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Making a Formal Proposal A–D  (page 200) Answers will vary.

Answer Key 

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