131 36 200MB
Ottoman Turkish-English Pages [556] Year 1907
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Title -Otfomai
Grammar Ai^hor- Hagopi
Daie-
1907
Subject- Gramrr
METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER. #
OTTOMAN -TURKISH
CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKISH LANGUAGE. *
%
BY V. H.
HAGOPIAN, M.
A.
PROFESSOR OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, MERZIFOUN, TURKEY; AUTHOR OF ENGLISH -ARMENIAN DICTIONARY etc.
LONDON.
— 59
DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Sqofl.ro SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORK: BRENTANO’S, 5-9 Union Square. DYRSEN & PFEIFFER (F. W. Cbristern) 16 West 33^L Street. G. E. STECHERT DAVID NUTT, 57
&
Co.,
129—133
BOSTON:
Long Acre.
West 2PSL C. A.
Street.
E.
KCEHLER &
STEIGER &
CO., 149a,
HEIDELBERG. JULIUS GROOS. 1907.
CO., 25 Park Place.
Tremont
Street.
CJU
AjJ \*a>
^JiiJuj
J
J wiJ
dj Lortu op no losing Turkey of people to the themselves in friendly communication both with the
and in the provinces
01
i
;
Mtoman element and with
governing
and
races
religious
the
denominations subject
numeious to
the Im-
perial sway.
of the representatives of these two great nationalities in Turkey, there arose the necessity for conversation -books, grammars and lexicons.
To meet
the need
There have appeared a number oi Turkish grammars and other books in the English language, but they seem fitted
little
to
acquaint the learner fully with Turkish,
practical in the sufficiently not are chiefly because they V _ _ 4/
strict
rules.
sense of the word, or they are composed only ot
The appearance
of a
new Ottoman-Turkisb Gram-
Pro fi\oe
a
mar which combines
ui*
V
Mouqmhivin^,
in itself the theoretical
practical elements of the language,
it
is
be cheerfully welcomed. The so-called Conversation-method, Drs.
Gaspey and Otto,
is
now
and the
expected will originated
applied for the
first
by
time
the Ottoman-Turbv the writer 01 this present book kish language also. It is his mother tongue and besides method for more than 20 years he has practised this in teaching the language in an important American t-
to the
institution
natives of
Turkey and
to
English-
speaking foreigners. Therefore his own experience enables him to speak with some little authority on this subject.
He
thinks he has introduced a
new element tc m
ilm
Gaspev-Otto conversation-method, by inserting the word 125, 215, 256 etc. exercises which appear on pp. 121 The First Part of this work is devoted to conversational language and in it all the peculiarities of the
—
language are given in a very easy and comprehensive way. The study of the First Part being finished it will soon be seen that Turkish is a very regular language,
more easy than is generally thought. In the Second Part the elements of the Persian
and that
it
is
far
and Arabic languages are treated of as hey are used in Ottoman -Turkish, and al the difficulties ol both languages are explained, in a concise way. This is the There are then added Literary and Official language. t
some very valuable matters and a vocabulary. As to the Exercises and Reading Lessons for translation, most of them are on subjects referring to Turkey and Turkish literature. Many characteristic specimens of poetry and prose illustrative of the literature and of the country, especially in modern phraseology, V
are given, so that the learner will
and
eel
himself in Turkey,
have a glimpse into the geography, the history and the manners and customs of the country. will
iVouqqaddeme
Preface
VI
recommend
I
excelthe student the as a help to ous Ke J. Sir of Dictionary
“ !
“
lent Turkish-English
win Bey, Samy of Dictionary Turkish valuable the te a student the to guide reliable most atter is the as a And Grammar this of Part First finishing the recommend that of Mihr Turkish nurelv P ,
.
.
Grammar
.
am much
1
/Milvril
I
much indebted.
to -which I tiro
Kev. Dr.
indebted also to
.
St Clan
e Ispahan, S. missionary M. C. the Tifedall valuable made has and MS. has carefully revised the at
who
the in scholar ripe being a
Himself been have these guage,
suggestions.
>
ot'
great service
o
me^
to Dr thanks sincere my express also must I vi caie an kindness Wright, of Oxford, for the tins work. of proofs the he has looked over
-L
V. H. Hagopian. (MarsoVan), Turkey. Merzifoun Anatolia College,
A
to the Student indispensable List of Books Language. Turkish the of 25/-
Lexicon Turkish-English Redliouse’s Constantinople. House, Bible Peet: W. .
-
•
•
W
8
/-
II'
21 18
Turkish Reader: With
SSSSSJSSi
(Qra at characters different 6
Hue Grand 36 TefeyyOz, Library Constantinople.
Hj
)
8 4
-i» tie la
Sublime
or
,
Contents Page
Introduction. A. Letters of the Alphabet B. Pronunciation of Letters C. Other Orthographic Signs
D. Accent E. Euphony or
1
7 *
20 28 24 25
*
.
•
Harmony
of the
Vowels
Orthography
F.
First Part. 1.
Lesson.
2.
»
8
»
.
4. 5.
and
»
»
»
»
Declension of Nouns
»
The Pronouns
The »
»
Izafet
The
.
»
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
8.
Adjectival Pronouns
4.
Demonstrative Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns
.
.
.
Adjective Derivative Adjectives »
10
•
.
.
(continued
The Family The verb To Have The Pronouns (continued) 5.
»
.
Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns
2.
Nouns
12
.
.... ....
The Pronouns (continued) 6. Interrogative Pronouns 7. Indefinite Pronouns Numeral Adjectives 1. Cardinal numbers Numeral Adjectives 2. Fractional numbers 8. Ordinal numbers 4, Distributive numerals The Ottoman-Turkish Calendar Degrees of Comparison Nouns with Prepositions The Substantive Verb (continued)
14.
15. 16.
.
.
•
.
.
.
...... .
.
.
i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The
Infinitives \
77
.
.... .
13.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
70 72 75 75
.
.
11
27 31 35 39 47 47 49 55 58 61 69 69
Indefinite Articles
The The Substantive Verb Definite
L
9.
Turkish Grammar.
.
82 82 84 89 89 94 94 95 96 96 100 105 109 114
Reading Exercise: The Story of the 117 Cat and the Camel •
*
•
•
.
VIII
Lesson.
17.
c
Fihrist.
'ontents
(
Primitive and Derivative Verbs mel\
4.
.....
119
Yazdivmaq, 3. IchirTaranmaq, 5. Yazilmaq, 6. Geo -
Oqoutmaq,
1.
Page
r fishvieJc
2.
.
125
121
.
Reading Exercise: The Division s9
f
126 127 1B1 132
i'urkey
Compound Verbs
18.
Potential Verbs Accelerative Verbs
133
Reading Kxercise; The Provinces derivative forms of the Infinitive The Continuative Tenses
r*
135 e 139 141 Verb Finite The HVIin 142-144 The Moods of the Verb and Imperative Reading Exercise: Religions and De146 nominations .
19.
20
y>
....
l
•.
.
21
.
The
»
.
151
Reading Exercise: The Use of Animals
e
22
147
The Present Tense
»
152
Aorist Tense
^ Reading Exercise: Voices of Animals 23.
»
24.
»
The Past Tenses The Categorical Past The Dubitative Past The Future Tense Y Reading Exercise:
158
159 159 162 166
A Sermon
of Nasr-
170
cki-din
25.
»
26.
»
....
The
»
27.
171
The Optative Tense The Suppositive Tense (Subjunctive) A Reading Exercise: A Sermon of Nasr-
176 179 180
6d-din (Continued) Necessitative Tense
^ Reading Exercise: The Marriage of the Teacher
The
28.
185 185
Participles
Subjective
I.
186 189
Mood
Comparison .
1
Reading Exercise
:
To hang
on
flour
a line
The
29.
Participles (continued) II.
Objective
.
Mood
.
Comparisons
Reading Exercise: Jack's
1
30
.
»
Gerunds The Table of 1
.
r
I
louse
.
192 193 193 195-200 .
.
.
—_
Reading Exercise: The Distinction tween Man and Beast
203 20b
be-
210
Contents
Lesson.
31.
i
IX
Fihrist.
Mouns and Adjectives derived from Verbs 1. The Regular Verbal Adjective ... » » 2. The Irregular 3. The Noun of Excess .
^
))
>)
))
Location
tr Reading Exercise:
......
An Anecdote
.
218
.
219
Reading Exercise The Village Room, a.
223
v.
Postpositions :
224
Adverbs
»
o
)
229
Reading Exercise: The Village Room, b.
230
Conjunctions
»
)
35.
212 214 214 214
.......
Prepositions \
34.
.
.
Instrumental Nouns
5.
»
Page 211 211
The
»
n Reading Exercise TheVillage Room, :
Interjections
!Y Reading Exercise TheVillage R< f) 0 Appendices :
»
Plural Persian The 25G A Reading Exercise: The Match Girl
Second Part. Introductory 37. Lesson.
.
»
38.
»
The Persian
Izafet
Persian Numerals
Reading Exercise: Franklin’s Principles, a
t
39.
»
...
Compound
Persian
266
^
Adjectives
i
Reading Exercise: Franklins Principles, b 40.
»
The Persian Derivative Nouns Reading Exercise: The Story of the r Donkey and Fox The Persian Verb
272 274
i
41.
»
*
*
’
;
Objective and Subjective Participles The verbal Noun Verbal Adjectives The Persian Roots
rr Reading
Exercise: and Praise
A
,
.
281 281 28-*
Supplication
287
X
Contents
-
Fihrist Page
42
Lesson.
The Persian Prepositions Substitution; Omission
rr Reading
48
»
259
The Hunter The Gender of Arabic Nouns The Number of Arabic Nouns Exercise:
tit .
.
294
.
>ual;
Regular Masculine; Fern. Plural
Reading Exercise: 44
»
The Arabic Nisbe Abstract
45
»
.
A Poem
.
.
.
303 305
Noun
The Primitive The Primitive
II.
»
II.
III.
308 310 313 316
.
.
.
.
.
.
Triliterals
Quadriliterals
ri Reading Exercise: Psalm 84 Nouns derived from Primitive Triliterals I.
a.
.
.
46
.
.
ro Reading Exercise: Columbus’ Egg, The Arabic Infinitive I.
.
o
o
.
Nouns with Mim Noun of Location Noun of Instrument
318 319 320
rv Reading Exercise: A Psalm of Life 47,
»
II.
HI. IV. V, VI.
»
Participle
The Derivative II.
.
Fagil
A
Tefil
Tcfa'oul
= = = =
.
.
Mufaqali
.
.
The Derivative
IX. If Hal
X. Istifal
= = = = ~
Iftiqal Jfqilal 1st ifqal
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
Reading
Exercise:
Q
*
*
'i
I
1
>
1
*
)
d
o
^
fli
oov 839 340 341 342 45
.
346
Administrative
Councils 51.
332 332
34*2
Participles of Derivative Infinitives r*
i
*>ol
.
...... %
The
.
on
O
r* Reading Exercise: True Nobilitv 50.
.
.
TZ
o o
Ifqal Tifaqoul
Tefaq'qoul Infiqat
*1
827 27
Triliteral Infinitives (continued)
VI. Tefa’oul VII. Infi'al \ III. 1ft Hal
v
826
Tefqeef
rA Reading Exercise: Friendship 49.
*
Litany of Praise
Triliteral Infinitives
HI. Mufa’aU IV. Ifal \
(
322 324 324
Objective » (Mefoul) Adjective of Quality (Milshe Adjective of Colour and Defect Noun of Superiority {Ismi Tafzil) Noun of Excess (Mubalagha)
Reading Exercise:
TA 48.
........ Subjective
Arabic Participles I.
317
Broken or Irregular Plurals rr Reading Exercise: Columbus’ Egg,
oo2 o
-
aoo 5.
360
Contents
Fihrist.
Page 52.
53.
Lesson.
»
The Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns rr Heading Exercise: The Inventions
361
The Arabic Definite Article The Arabic Preposition
366 371
.
Reading Exercise: 54.
55.
»
»
An Anecdote
365
375
.
Arabic 1. and Persian Pronouns
375
re Reading Exercise: Regulations Arabic and Persian Adverbs hi Reading Exercise: Newton Arabic Numerals Cardinal numbers II. Ordinal numbers III. Fractional numbers The Diminutive Noun
380
etc.
382 385
.
»
.
»
.
.
.
.
.
.
387 387 387 388 389
rv Reading Exercise: Home Arabic Compound Words .
I.
II.
393 395 395 396
.
Arabic system Persian system
ha Reading Exercise: The Overthrow (poem) »
»
....
.
.
398
Synonymous Words 400 II. Symphonious Terminations 402 III. Antonyms 402 m h^ Reading Exercise: Terkibi Bind 405 The Euphonic Changes of the Letters 407 I. The Assimilation of Letters 407 II. The Modification of Weak Letters 410 a. Modification of Vav 411 b. Modification of Ye 413 Reading Exercise: The Ceremony of the Coronation ol the King of England 415 .
.
.
.
.
.
Miscellaneous Idiomatic Phrases
.
418
Appendices. I
he Ottoman Literature
Sultans of the House of Arabic Calendar
420 423 424 425 426
Osman
Financial Calendar
Parsing
It Reading Exercise: The Prophet’s Speech Conjugation of Turkish Verbs
The
426 431
Official Part.
The Imperial Palace His Imperial Majesty the Sultan
.
434 434
Contents w--
XII
ist.
Page
The
•
Sublime Porte The Council of Ministers •
.
The The The The
Viziriate Council of State Foreign Office
•
Grand
•
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
Ministry of Internal Affairs The Sheikh-ul Islamate The Ministry of Finance The Imperial Mint The Custom b Administration The Ministry of Public Instruction i’ublic Worship. and Justice of Ministry The The Prefecture of Police The Ministry of Commerce Sanitation International of Council The The Ministry of Religious Funds telegraphs and Posts of Administration The The Ministry of War .
.
.
•
•
.
.
.
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
Military Grades
Arms The Admiralty; Naval The Imperial Arsenal Different
Officers
Kinds of Ships
The Provinces Diplomatic terms
.
Festivals: Moslem Festivals Christian Festivals Jewish Festivals .
Orders of the Ottoman Fmpire
Medals
The Ranks
in the
Ottoman P]mpire
Grades of Nobility Military and Naval Grades Grades of the Religions Hierarchy Civil
Official Titles
•
•
*
*
.
*
.
.
*
*
Giades Mihtaiy and Civil of Functionaries Of Of Moslem Clergy Of Non lMoslem Clergy .
.
•
.
Commercial Terms Vocabulary General-Index .
*
/
\
r9 i
mtrotucfion. A. Letters of the following § Ottoman -Turkish letters, when a preceding or a following
the shape of the are connected witl i with both, and when s
s
The
1.
l
•
isolated 4
^
«
Names
3
solated
\
final H lediall
1
I
nitial
*
’roper
Numer-
s ounds
values
\
i
II
See § 29.
1
1
I
elif
Remarks
ical
1
V
i
a
)
1
1 •
be
*
b
2
P
2
j
*
T
V
|
V
•?
*
**
Tur.. Pers.
j
i
1
**
te
•*
*
40
t
>
j
,
j
• |
se
# **
A
*
500
s
1
Arabic.
:
•
jim
£ a
1
c.
cliim
|L
i
i
ha
#
*
*
khi
*
r
:!
zal 9
j !
J
J
8
Arabic.
kh
600
*
J
J
*
*-*
J
J
t
*•
t
-/
Turkish Con v. -Grammar
!
4
z
700
r
200
z
7
zli
7
•
•
zhe
h
*
*
*
*
i
Tur., Pers
d
-X
ze
D
C.
dal
re
cli
'
• *
o V
*
XL
3
J
%
J
M
A
J
J
Arabic.
Persian
.fitters
of the Alphabet
Numer Prrtner rropei j
‘
.
Raines
isolated
dial Initial i„„„ sou nc\ g
Final
I
;
A
shin
dad
*3
,
Remarks
lues
sh
300
s
90
d, z
BOO
jja
pad
|
Arabic
J* d
t,
1
9
ti
z
I
Z1
avn
70
«_)
>
gli
$
fJ
f
q
sj
k
>C
dA
a*
o )
1
lam
,0
mini
1
m
20 20
Tur., Pers
3i)
40
n
noun vav he ve
C QX w O
L
Alphabet -Turkish Ottoman the S 2. The letters of letters, Arabic 28 of consist and are 32 in number, added have Persians the together with some which (sf-)
~ _). The
Turks, as most other Oriental
read and write from right to
left,
E' :,t
" ,ns >
instead ot from
left
3
Letters ol the Alphabet.
begins consequently book a to right as we do; and Capital letters axe English. in end where it would adopted been have marks punctuation unknown, and the English in as same the are They recently.
There are four kinds of writing: handwriting current ordinary the is I Bind which official and civil of kinds all in used in letters and documents. ot books, newsis the common print S
3.
.
Nesikh,
II.
papers
...
etc.
.
.
,
used a style of large handwriting
Divanee, letters-patent. engrossing for Chancery in the Imperial characters, Arabic of model Persian IY. Taliq, is the III.
is
of die documents in also and it is used by Persians, these and other of Examples court. Canonical Ottoman of tins woi^. end the at given are occurence forms of rarer in difficulty less or more always § 4. There is of those by language one of sounds representing the the Ottomanof case the in also true is This another. or group ot family a to belongs It language. Turkisli sounds possessing English, the from different tongues these sounds, express To ears. English to foreign entirely the English of some of modifications some made we have to master these necessary is It consonants. and vowels pronounced be must They on. going before sounds instance: For sound. regular one only having all fully Engin as more or five not an sound, (( has only one the name itself lish: e has only one, as in pci, though i, o, u also have only one will cause some blunder, ;
1
sound each. There are eight vowel sounds in Turki-L of Turkey, especially the population vast The 5. § Christians, do not all use the Ottoman characters in ne Armenians and the Greeks lia\e their writing. adapted them to their characters. There are books and papers in Turkish, in Armenian and Greek characters, I
Most of the Englishmen published in Constantinople. and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elem< uts of the language, they turn to begin it with the Arabi'-
/ *
ajs-A C4 ft
Letters o
;
the Alphabet.
then. easy very find they which characters, a remove will work, this in us adapted by
The method*
culties.
Single and Double Vowels
J
in names the reading In 6. written in the sounds, proper the and in pronouncing remember. always must learner English characters, the ft
.
Not
1.
or
pronounce «, as in fate
to
but as in far, art or father. semi, or met in as e always '2. 6 is
lake care not
verb or cane. mere, in as it pronounce to as never ship: or pin in as 3 i s always /,
1,
or
j
*
J }*P
^
4. %
c in heaven. and seldom in as o be pronounced out. j’rost as in long pronounced be not
must must
5 but very short as in no. ?/oifr//, oota] in as always off pronounce (>. about. couple pour, . in as and not no it has ruh turn. pure, ot that 7 u is not as is the French tu. sur. but English, in equivalent ^ 8. eo has no equivalent in English, it is m tench t
,
:
l-
feu, coeur: or
o in Zollner, rblhy.
German
Compound Consonants*
com employ not does orthography s i. Turkish o A to vowels and consonants three binations of two or the necessity, under are we sound; represent a single ot some combiwork this in use however, of making there t> which for sounds, Turkish nation- to represent are made combinations These English. no equivalent in to h or ff consonants and vowels some of by the addition in the Scotch as eh, of sound the has l:h 1
.
(jh.
as the Greek
?,
_ _
« *
I
.
V * %
J
-
»
•
1
A
Armenian v-
must be pronounced as s in azure. often >inations tch and com The 8 8 w o ... O *
’
I
h
1
.
bo
to l
-
- i.
of Turkish words, are but the English ch and j in church
transliteration
seen in the French notations
and
of
joy.
consonant, a considered be always must t). vow* any ot sound the degrade and never allowed to bj taken be must care particular it: that may precede i/
*
5
Letters of the Alphabet.
Englishmen
in this
It
matter.
always as in
is
/fell,
yoke, buy. a
to iorm vowels other with combined § 10. y is Table. next the in seen be will as diphthong
ay
Ex.:
qaymctq;
ey
»
deymek;
iy
»
ch iy
ly
»
oy ouy
»
as in lime, high, I. » » fate, prey, hey.
here, clear.
»
qiyma doymaq;
» wJr
doinjmaq:
»
\\
uy
ytiya
»
Si
»
eoy
»
eoyttn ;
»
»
tf
boy, toy, going, cooing, doing. Fr. essuver, Guyot.
»
Fr. deuil.
S transliteration of ittoman words, h^ the In 11. O end and middle beginning, tli6 a emphasized must be generally of words; at the end ot the syllables it is This is a most qahve hekun. accented; as: Al-lcih particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Englishmen; as a pernicious mode ot 1
“ “
,
,
orthography prevails among Englishmen, of introducing h mute very frequently at the beginning or end of words; as in Jionc.st, Jehovah etc. (§ 49 A .) must it Id is used as in English; except that never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be crally a.cc pronounced fully and strongly; it is not to vitiate at the end of syllables. 17-)] Take care the pure sound of any vowel that may precede it. G is always hard; as in give got, get. ^
,
Numerals and Numeration by Letters. § 1 2. The numerical figures, ten in number, have ttomans from the Arabs. They been adapted by the are the same that we make use of, calling them Arabic, because we took them from the Arabs. Their forms, however, differ considerably from thoses, which our digits have assumed, as the following table shows: >
)
r
r
i.
o
1
2
3
4
5
They
are
our numerals.
§ those
6
y
a
7
8
compounded \
dad
J*-?
used
is
raze*
wv i
o L
ti
»i
i
•
thus:
hut
rp
as
w
*
vowd
w
Sit
L*h
hard vowi
iii
l V
amt inn
/A ’ll
it
gem lanuit\
St. hi ia
ilt/it''
Bui
top ball.
thus:
s
mini
a
1
apt lift a
t.
is ire n cl
.
1
1
t
>
l"'
[
1
Hi
1
?ed
as
d
(bjl) oda room.
used in Arabic words only, as a very hard
is
zalhn cruel
ayn fe
,
y
lam
a
mini
y
;
r< i.
i
dcsig U
it
pronounced as a hard
d\ thus:
f-\ls
,m
hv
vi\
loll*
Kuglish sh. as
is
sod
ally
always
.v,
Ottoman words, as:
in all
irksilx
county
jtnnlitnmi a
-
*£}J na
’erdigHB,
y\S^ 3
as:
7,
*
*
the English
is
is
A noun But before be
is
the English o
is
penile light rose coloui
kef. See §§ 33
all
cases, IA fena.
m,
as:
7
ii,
JU as:
pronounced as .
L:.
J
36
in all cases.
English
like the it
?,
fj
c—
1
i
stambul
mat
^ m *
.
nan bread
m
onstantinon
(Stambul).
S so manv s The reason wliv Xotc. O 18. v sounds occur in Ottoman is that Arabic words intro
(
The Orthographic Signs
10
language have
into the
duced
to
m Arabic. 3 and d t> ,r d
be written as 1
ot tongue the sounds of
latter
In the
£
*
again those of
are
as
another,
o
Js>
*
*
t
5
)
and
^ observed
those of
not are distinctions these
C
1
‘
*,
of
'
a" d
t
y
Signs. Orthographic The
signs orthographic of There are five kinds
§ 19
The vowei sg
used in Ottoman-Turkieh.
lhese aie p
Nunation. and Shedda Medda, or over the
,
letters.
The Towel Signs. signs vowel of kinds There are three movements eke hat named These are .
S -
-
bv
20.
^h.;'
called ion
commonly
are they Europeans the o tw have signs vowel S 2 1 These three
,
l
va
the has ustun consonant, neuter or soft a ith f a. consonant hard a value of e\ and with esre h consonant^ neuter or II With a soft consonant hard a with value of i; and lias c eoti consonant, HI With a soft or neuter o, on. one hard a with value of u,
l
T
Mou dad
khi 6*tv& Mo,
ehtre ho, hon
Ha
it
,
eotre do, do«, etc. b) Soft Vowels.
S
23.
neuter X.
witl
pronounced are vowels Soft
OI
(
letters.
when put over a
tfsiun
pronounced 1
or n
sott
letter,
tt*r
i
like c. as in met.
ts\
etc. (j> ustCm itet h u-tun Xeu. Sin ustun se, k6f letter, is neuter or sott a n. Esre when put under I f .
.
'
i,
'
as in
etc.
esre h, ze esre
Mini esre mi, HI. £ofre when put over a
Key,
ft
IS
English.
(§ 6,
*
she'd,
or neuter letter, liM
co.
,
eoihvalftllt
in
8.1
.
pe eotre
Dal eotre eotre slm,
soft
]>eo
ptrthographic Signs.
unconnected
letters
are j
\r
jjj
i a
which are
I,
never joined to the following letter, and when they occur the word is broken that is, the pen is taken up, and the second part of the word is resumed unconnected. They may be joined only to the letter preceding them, ;
thus exhibited
as
braqdtm
(I
0 jbl
(administration)
idare
1
a jS
1
left).
The
connected or joindble letters are those which may be joined to the letters which follow or precede them; the remaining letters are connected letters; as: II.
munfastl (unconnected).
Laii-*
Exercise
K UJ
JJ
&
&
*
-V >
l
urJ
r
crJ-
fi
•
UJ
)
(
•
:
besh ; pe re
?/c,
e.
C^r
Be shin ustun
A?AI
•
^
*•
initial,
te
initial,
Exercise (Connected Monosyllables) 5
AL
5
.
initial,
te
#
ustun
^>er;
te lain
etc.
£??/,
Towel Letters. Besides the vowel signs, sometimes the vowel
§ 27. s
3
]a
,
it
U
are used, to indicate vowel sounds.
i
JElif indicates the hard vowel ustun provided Instead of is the second letter of the syllable.
I.
that
j
written
is
7-
l!»
l>.
\L>
;
here
elif is
subs
lor itsUm II.
Ye, sometimes when
it
the second letter of
is
Instead of r J
the syllable, iiiilieates the vowel esre. is
written
Vav,
III.
ye
J,
generally
when
is
substituted
it
is
Instead of
of the syllable, indicates the edtre i/
/
for esre.
second
the
)
letter
wo
>
%
>
is
written
&
--^2
6$
a
-
vav
'i
is
c
s
L
IV. He, when it is the second letter of the syllable, generally indicates the ustun, either hard or soft. Instead *
of
u
ft,
j 2 is written
ustun (pc, re,
de).
^
oj
*:>
;
here he
is
s
T
14
The Arabic and Persian long vowels
Note.
28.
Orthographic Signs.
ie
'• These Prolongation j of Letters the are represented by points, vowel the with respectively letters correspond letters no are there But 29-31). ustun, esrb, Jbtre (§§ of use the words; Turkish purely of prolongation in signs, vowel the indicating to only these letters is limited called in are they Therefore above. as lias been said only loi serve they as also, letters orthographic
Turkish
the correction of the orthography. #
Exercise
f.
exercises:
Read and write the following
M
4
)
J,
& J-
^
a!
ustun
Key. Be elif be vav ebtre hou, bo
hi, /
_
A
l
U
Jl
li
*
4
I*
&
be ye esre
be,
etc.
£
‘
‘
§;
J
‘
~
* ~
4
u~ l
‘
Li
:
II.
VS
Ji3 /.
‘
U)
>
*
(i
Al t
ft
$ ‘
!
*
lib Cistun
bb
ha,
^
y
tr*
*_rp
#
*
rt
•
i
*
*
t
‘
t
t
r
fp~ r-T “ equivalem is which Qaf lain ustun qal, vowel a with or esre lam qaf g27, qal lam ustun ; cjv
’
Km qaf
elif
letter !
Ju
qaf ye lam esre
etc.
qtl
Jy
Jjj
^
J Key. Sad vav lam t
jy»
J •
HI.
Short sentences.
\y j'-> uji
JbL? pr* fy*
•
eotre
sol,
‘ ’
Pj J d
—r VP s
qaf vav lam ebtre
qol,
sol d ol etc. jlj
J
‘
Jby
‘
Jtl
‘
J,l
IU
‘
HI.
‘
JU
‘
Jl;
'
*
Key.
Chim t
*
••
d
hstun cha, qaf yb bsre
elif i
91
(
•
i
(
S^»9l
*
r
\
1
~
~
yy 3^, ^
^*^9'
‘
p.
peer
*
old
man,
* lie has three sounds:
§ 32. a)
as the
ji> voice governor.
a.
Consonantal he, which
h
ustun;
of words,
is
/
7 r
lie,
c)
vine, p.
*
when
which
hr, a
stands
Substitutive he,
hi) ale slave.
in
asnuiya.
a.
which
is
changed from
found onlv at the end of Arabic words;
Ji ilcyatye
§
for
*
getejeywi,
as:
voicel
qahve coftee.
skill,
the middle or at the end never joined to the next letter in writing;
The vowel
is
or
asma
as:
a guttural and aspirated
huner
in horse', as: p.
Orthographic
b)
is
te,
as:
and
a>\5C>-
for *15CL>. hxhyahjet story.
33.
J
yetfi
il
kef.
The Ottoman
distinguishes sharply between the hard
letter
alphabet qaf and
1
1
Pronunciation of Letters.
v
of this present work transliteration The ripest scholars, the of iit tho ii n juugmen the
letter h'f. +Wnft ^
in accordance with
represents the
«'
m
i
Lv a Mtul an h\
**
ti
I
1
sj
i
di -J
with
Hie co mmon
fc#
.
< qftat/n at as 7 the "/ people pronounce lie end. the at »< as ami \ irf the mulille of words. is pronounced words of end /,t/’ also at the (brftv< ghocholch com* qochaq : Ex.: 15 H common peo
1
.
^
qan
com .ghan (blood), JoS
qayish com. flr/wyis/t (thong),
J *4
•
34.
§
or words;
/*?/ is
f) is
it
so
t.
rr -
*\te
4
soil
onlv to
as to represent
pronounced
m
s\ liable
lurki-a
these fom >‘'^8 distinguish to sounds; foul- dirt'erent Hu form. in modified slightly the letter may be to express used is alone the f) Ottoman, in
general,
proto how learn can student all four sounds, and the nounce it only by practice. or called kef is forms four The first of these I it is grammarians); the by kef, 1My pronounced as ,
(
jy Mil
ashes.
or g called gef is second XI. The it is and grammarians), the Persian kef, bv a modi bv bed distinguishc sometimes as hard g it is ;
fieation in shape, thus
15^ gel
lake,
Xote.
hard, and vowel a short
is
united thus feet,
•
ta.
f| represents the
followed
by an
dl
vowel
a
ound
elif,
either ot
k or of
takes before the
it ^
and
incipient
sound
Ex.:
being a
ot
i
Tctaghid paper,
cITT a-guih aware: not
cause
geoi
Ex.:
come.
When
g
O
soft
(^§ 22, 37).
Turkish Conv .-Grammar.
letter
l:a-ghid,
ha-mil, ct-gah
cannot go
p o
hamil
a
;
be
Pronunciation of Letters.
18
The
III.
and is
it
is
a nasal n, and
times written
A
called saghir lccf, or nef surd kef), as ng in the words ring, sing etc-.;
third
pronounced
is
t
represented by n.
is
with three dots over
“f
some-
It is
never
It is
it.
than at the middle of Turkish and consequently never can be initial. Ex.:
to be, found elsewhere
words;
jo
denis sea,
ydlinie alone, dll- sen in your.
;
IV. The fourth is called yaf and is pronounced like the English y consonant; it is found only in Turkish ,
words.
Ex.: J> 3
dl bey
prince.
rUyil
.»
sovouq not soghouq cold;
*
(a p