Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar: A Practical Method of Learning the Ottoman-Turkish Language [PDF]

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Title -Otfomai

Grammar Ai^hor- Hagopi

Daie-

1907

Subject- Gramrr

METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER. #

OTTOMAN -TURKISH

CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKISH LANGUAGE. *

%

BY V. H.

HAGOPIAN, M.

A.

PROFESSOR OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, MERZIFOUN, TURKEY; AUTHOR OF ENGLISH -ARMENIAN DICTIONARY etc.

LONDON.

— 59

DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Sqofl.ro SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORK: BRENTANO’S, 5-9 Union Square. DYRSEN & PFEIFFER (F. W. Cbristern) 16 West 33^L Street. G. E. STECHERT DAVID NUTT, 57

&

Co.,

129—133

BOSTON:

Long Acre.

West 2PSL C. A.

Street.

E.

KCEHLER &

STEIGER &

CO., 149a,

HEIDELBERG. JULIUS GROOS. 1907.

CO., 25 Park Place.

Tremont

Street.

CJU

AjJ \*a>

^JiiJuj

J

J wiJ

dj Lortu op no losing Turkey of people to the themselves in friendly communication both with the

and in the provinces

01

i

;

Mtoman element and with

governing

and

races

religious

the

denominations subject

numeious to

the Im-

perial sway.

of the representatives of these two great nationalities in Turkey, there arose the necessity for conversation -books, grammars and lexicons.

To meet

the need

There have appeared a number oi Turkish grammars and other books in the English language, but they seem fitted

little

to

acquaint the learner fully with Turkish,

practical in the sufficiently not are chiefly because they V _ _ 4/

strict

rules.

sense of the word, or they are composed only ot

The appearance

of a

new Ottoman-Turkisb Gram-

Pro fi\oe

a

mar which combines

ui*

V

Mouqmhivin^,

in itself the theoretical

practical elements of the language,

it

is

be cheerfully welcomed. The so-called Conversation-method, Drs.

Gaspey and Otto,

is

now

and the

expected will originated

applied for the

first

by

time

the Ottoman-Turbv the writer 01 this present book kish language also. It is his mother tongue and besides method for more than 20 years he has practised this in teaching the language in an important American t-

to the

institution

natives of

Turkey and

to

English-

speaking foreigners. Therefore his own experience enables him to speak with some little authority on this subject.

He

thinks he has introduced a

new element tc m

ilm

Gaspev-Otto conversation-method, by inserting the word 125, 215, 256 etc. exercises which appear on pp. 121 The First Part of this work is devoted to conversational language and in it all the peculiarities of the

—

language are given in a very easy and comprehensive way. The study of the First Part being finished it will soon be seen that Turkish is a very regular language,

more easy than is generally thought. In the Second Part the elements of the Persian

and that

it

is

far

and Arabic languages are treated of as hey are used in Ottoman -Turkish, and al the difficulties ol both languages are explained, in a concise way. This is the There are then added Literary and Official language. t

some very valuable matters and a vocabulary. As to the Exercises and Reading Lessons for translation, most of them are on subjects referring to Turkey and Turkish literature. Many characteristic specimens of poetry and prose illustrative of the literature and of the country, especially in modern phraseology, V

are given, so that the learner will

and

eel

himself in Turkey,

have a glimpse into the geography, the history and the manners and customs of the country. will

iVouqqaddeme

Preface

VI

recommend

I

excelthe student the as a help to ous Ke J. Sir of Dictionary

“ !

“

lent Turkish-English

win Bey, Samy of Dictionary Turkish valuable the te a student the to guide reliable most atter is the as a And Grammar this of Part First finishing the recommend that of Mihr Turkish nurelv P ,

.

.

Grammar

.

am much

1

/Milvril

I

much indebted.

to -which I tiro

Kev. Dr.

indebted also to

.

St Clan

e Ispahan, S. missionary M. C. the Tifedall valuable made has and MS. has carefully revised the at

who

the in scholar ripe being a

Himself been have these guage,

suggestions.

>

ot'

great service

o

me^

to Dr thanks sincere my express also must I vi caie an kindness Wright, of Oxford, for the tins work. of proofs the he has looked over

-L

V. H. Hagopian. (MarsoVan), Turkey. Merzifoun Anatolia College,

A

to the Student indispensable List of Books Language. Turkish the of 25/-

Lexicon Turkish-English Redliouse’s Constantinople. House, Bible Peet: W. .

-

•

•

W

8

/-

II'

21 18

Turkish Reader: With

SSSSSJSSi

(Qra at characters different 6

Hue Grand 36 TefeyyOz, Library Constantinople.

Hj

)

8 4

-i» tie la

Sublime

or

,

Contents Page

Introduction. A. Letters of the Alphabet B. Pronunciation of Letters C. Other Orthographic Signs

D. Accent E. Euphony or

1

7 *

20 28 24 25

*

.

•

Harmony

of the

Vowels

Orthography

F.

First Part. 1.

Lesson.

2.

»

8

»

.

4. 5.

and

»

»

»

»

Declension of Nouns

»

The Pronouns

The »

»

Izafet

The

.

»

,

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

....

8.

Adjectival Pronouns

4.

Demonstrative Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

.

.

.

Adjective Derivative Adjectives »

10

•

.

.

(continued

The Family The verb To Have The Pronouns (continued) 5.

»

.

Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns

2.

Nouns

12

.

.... ....

The Pronouns (continued) 6. Interrogative Pronouns 7. Indefinite Pronouns Numeral Adjectives 1. Cardinal numbers Numeral Adjectives 2. Fractional numbers 8. Ordinal numbers 4, Distributive numerals The Ottoman-Turkish Calendar Degrees of Comparison Nouns with Prepositions The Substantive Verb (continued)

14.

15. 16.

.

.

•

.

.

.

...... .

.

.

i

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

The

Infinitives \

77

.

.... .

13.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

70 72 75 75

.

.

11

27 31 35 39 47 47 49 55 58 61 69 69

Indefinite Articles

The The Substantive Verb Definite

L

9.

Turkish Grammar.

.

82 82 84 89 89 94 94 95 96 96 100 105 109 114

Reading Exercise: The Story of the 117 Cat and the Camel •

*

•

•

.

VIII

Lesson.

17.

c

Fihrist.

'ontents

(

Primitive and Derivative Verbs mel\

4.

.....

119

Yazdivmaq, 3. IchirTaranmaq, 5. Yazilmaq, 6. Geo -

Oqoutmaq,

1.

Page

r fishvieJc

2.

.

125

121

.

Reading Exercise: The Division s9

f

126 127 1B1 132

i'urkey

Compound Verbs

18.

Potential Verbs Accelerative Verbs

133

Reading Kxercise; The Provinces derivative forms of the Infinitive The Continuative Tenses

r*

135 e 139 141 Verb Finite The HVIin 142-144 The Moods of the Verb and Imperative Reading Exercise: Religions and De146 nominations .

19.

20

y>

....

l

•.

.

21

.

The

»

.

151

Reading Exercise: The Use of Animals

e

22

147

The Present Tense

»

152

Aorist Tense

^ Reading Exercise: Voices of Animals 23.

»

24.

»

The Past Tenses The Categorical Past The Dubitative Past The Future Tense Y Reading Exercise:

158

159 159 162 166

A Sermon

of Nasr-

170

cki-din

25.

»

26.

»

....

The

»

27.

171

The Optative Tense The Suppositive Tense (Subjunctive) A Reading Exercise: A Sermon of Nasr-

176 179 180

6d-din (Continued) Necessitative Tense

^ Reading Exercise: The Marriage of the Teacher

The

28.

185 185

Participles

Subjective

I.

186 189

Mood

Comparison .

1

Reading Exercise

:

To hang

on

flour

a line

The

29.

Participles (continued) II.

Objective

.

Mood

.

Comparisons

Reading Exercise: Jack's

1

30

.

»

Gerunds The Table of 1

.

r

I

louse

.

192 193 193 195-200 .

.

.

—_

Reading Exercise: The Distinction tween Man and Beast

203 20b

be-

210

Contents

Lesson.

31.

i

IX

Fihrist.

Mouns and Adjectives derived from Verbs 1. The Regular Verbal Adjective ... » » 2. The Irregular 3. The Noun of Excess .

^

))

>)

))

Location

tr Reading Exercise:

......

An Anecdote

.

218

.

219

Reading Exercise The Village Room, a.

223

v.

Postpositions :

224

Adverbs

»

o

)

229

Reading Exercise: The Village Room, b.

230

Conjunctions

»

)

35.

212 214 214 214

.......

Prepositions \

34.

.

.

Instrumental Nouns

5.

»

Page 211 211

The

»

n Reading Exercise TheVillage Room, :

Interjections

!Y Reading Exercise TheVillage R< f) 0 Appendices :

»
Plural Persian The 25G A Reading Exercise: The Match Girl

Second Part. Introductory 37. Lesson.

.

»

38.

»

The Persian

Izafet

Persian Numerals

Reading Exercise: Franklin’s Principles, a

t

39.

»

...

Compound

Persian

266

^

Adjectives

i

Reading Exercise: Franklins Principles, b 40.

»

The Persian Derivative Nouns Reading Exercise: The Story of the r Donkey and Fox The Persian Verb

272 274

i

41.

»

*

*

’

;

Objective and Subjective Participles The verbal Noun Verbal Adjectives The Persian Roots

rr Reading

Exercise: and Praise

A

,

.

281 281 28-*

Supplication

287

X

Contents

-

Fihrist Page

42

Lesson.

The Persian Prepositions Substitution; Omission

rr Reading

48

»

259

The Hunter The Gender of Arabic Nouns The Number of Arabic Nouns Exercise:

tit .

.

294

.

>ual;

Regular Masculine; Fern. Plural

Reading Exercise: 44

»

The Arabic Nisbe Abstract

45

»

.

A Poem

.

.

.

303 305

Noun

The Primitive The Primitive

II.

»

II.

III.

308 310 313 316

.

.

.

.

.

.

Triliterals

Quadriliterals

ri Reading Exercise: Psalm 84 Nouns derived from Primitive Triliterals I.

a.

.

.

46

.

.

ro Reading Exercise: Columbus’ Egg, The Arabic Infinitive I.

.

o

o

.

Nouns with Mim Noun of Location Noun of Instrument

318 319 320

rv Reading Exercise: A Psalm of Life 47,

»

II.

HI. IV. V, VI.

»

Participle

The Derivative II.

.

Fagil

A

Tefil

Tcfa'oul

= = = =

.

.

Mufaqali

.

.

The Derivative

IX. If Hal

X. Istifal

= = = = ~

Iftiqal Jfqilal 1st ifqal

.

.

.

.

.

.

I

Reading

Exercise:

Q

*

*

'i

I

1

>

1

*

)

d

o

^

fli

oov 839 340 341 342 45

.

346

Administrative

Councils 51.

332 332

34*2

Participles of Derivative Infinitives r*

i

*>ol

.

...... %

The

.

on

O

r* Reading Exercise: True Nobilitv 50.

.

.

TZ

o o

Ifqal Tifaqoul

Tefaq'qoul Infiqat

*1

827 27

Triliteral Infinitives (continued)

VI. Tefa’oul VII. Infi'al \ III. 1ft Hal

v

826

Tefqeef

rA Reading Exercise: Friendship 49.

*

Litany of Praise

Triliteral Infinitives

HI. Mufa’aU IV. Ifal \

(

322 324 324

Objective » (Mefoul) Adjective of Quality (Milshe Adjective of Colour and Defect Noun of Superiority {Ismi Tafzil) Noun of Excess (Mubalagha)

Reading Exercise:

TA 48.

........ Subjective

Arabic Participles I.

317

Broken or Irregular Plurals rr Reading Exercise: Columbus’ Egg,

oo2 o

-

aoo 5.

360

Contents

Fihrist.

Page 52.

53.

Lesson.

»

The Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns rr Heading Exercise: The Inventions

361

The Arabic Definite Article The Arabic Preposition

366 371

.

Reading Exercise: 54.

55.

»

»

An Anecdote

365

375

.

Arabic 1. and Persian Pronouns

375

re Reading Exercise: Regulations Arabic and Persian Adverbs hi Reading Exercise: Newton Arabic Numerals Cardinal numbers II. Ordinal numbers III. Fractional numbers The Diminutive Noun

380

etc.

382 385

.

»

.

»

.

.

.

.

.

.

387 387 387 388 389

rv Reading Exercise: Home Arabic Compound Words .

I.

II.

393 395 395 396

.

Arabic system Persian system

ha Reading Exercise: The Overthrow (poem) »

»

....

.

.

398

Synonymous Words 400 II. Symphonious Terminations 402 III. Antonyms 402 m h^ Reading Exercise: Terkibi Bind 405 The Euphonic Changes of the Letters 407 I. The Assimilation of Letters 407 II. The Modification of Weak Letters 410 a. Modification of Vav 411 b. Modification of Ye 413 Reading Exercise: The Ceremony of the Coronation ol the King of England 415 .

.

.

.

.

.

Miscellaneous Idiomatic Phrases

.

418

Appendices. I

he Ottoman Literature

Sultans of the House of Arabic Calendar

420 423 424 425 426

Osman

Financial Calendar

Parsing

It Reading Exercise: The Prophet’s Speech Conjugation of Turkish Verbs

The

426 431

Official Part.

The Imperial Palace His Imperial Majesty the Sultan

.

434 434

Contents w--

XII

ist.

Page

The

•

Sublime Porte The Council of Ministers •

.

The The The The

Viziriate Council of State Foreign Office

•

Grand

•

.

.

•

•

•

•

•

Ministry of Internal Affairs The Sheikh-ul Islamate The Ministry of Finance The Imperial Mint The Custom b Administration The Ministry of Public Instruction i’ublic Worship. and Justice of Ministry The The Prefecture of Police The Ministry of Commerce Sanitation International of Council The The Ministry of Religious Funds telegraphs and Posts of Administration The The Ministry of War .

.

.

•

•

.

.

.

.

.

•

•

•

•

•

.

.

.

.

•

.

.

Military Grades

Arms The Admiralty; Naval The Imperial Arsenal Different

Officers

Kinds of Ships

The Provinces Diplomatic terms

.

Festivals: Moslem Festivals Christian Festivals Jewish Festivals .

Orders of the Ottoman Fmpire

Medals

The Ranks

in the

Ottoman P]mpire

Grades of Nobility Military and Naval Grades Grades of the Religions Hierarchy Civil

Official Titles

•

•

*

*

.

*

.

.

*

*

Giades Mihtaiy and Civil of Functionaries Of Of Moslem Clergy Of Non lMoslem Clergy .

.

•

.

Commercial Terms Vocabulary General-Index .

*

/

\

r9 i

mtrotucfion. A. Letters of the following § Ottoman -Turkish letters, when a preceding or a following

the shape of the are connected witl i with both, and when s

s

The

1.

l

•

isolated 4

^

«

Names

3

solated

\

final H lediall

1

I

nitial

*

’roper

Numer-

s ounds

values

\

i

II

See § 29.

1

1

I

elif

Remarks

ical

1

V

i

a

)

1

1 •

be

*

b

2

P

2

j

*

T

V

|

V

•?

*

**

Tur.. Pers.

j

i

1

**

te

•*

*

40

t

>

j

,

j

• |

se

# **

A

*

500

s

1

Arabic.

:

•

jim

£ a

1

c.

cliim

|L

i

i

ha

#

*

*

khi

*

r

:!

zal 9

j !

J

J

8

Arabic.

kh

600

*

J

J

*

*-*

J

J

t

*•

t

-/

Turkish Con v. -Grammar

!

4

z

700

r

200

z

7

zli

7

•

•

zhe

h

*

*

*

*

i

Tur., Pers

d

-X

ze

D

C.

dal

re

cli

'

• *

o V

*

XL

3

J

%

J

M

A

J

J

Arabic.

Persian

.fitters

of the Alphabet

Numer Prrtner rropei j

‘

.

Raines

isolated

dial Initial i„„„ sou nc\ g

Final

I

;

A

shin

dad

*3

,

Remarks

lues

sh

300

s

90

d, z

BOO

jja

pad

|

Arabic

J* d

t,

1

9

ti

z

I

Z1

avn

70

«_)

>

gli

$

fJ

f

q

sj

k

>C

dA

a*

o )

1

lam

,0

mini

1

m

20 20

Tur., Pers

3i)

40

n

noun vav he ve

C QX w O

L

Alphabet -Turkish Ottoman the S 2. The letters of letters, Arabic 28 of consist and are 32 in number, added have Persians the together with some which (sf-)

~ _). The

Turks, as most other Oriental

read and write from right to

left,

E' :,t

" ,ns >

instead ot from

left

3

Letters ol the Alphabet.

begins consequently book a to right as we do; and Capital letters axe English. in end where it would adopted been have marks punctuation unknown, and the English in as same the are They recently.

There are four kinds of writing: handwriting current ordinary the is I Bind which official and civil of kinds all in used in letters and documents. ot books, newsis the common print S

3.

.

Nesikh,

II.

papers

...

etc.

.

.

,

used a style of large handwriting

Divanee, letters-patent. engrossing for Chancery in the Imperial characters, Arabic of model Persian IY. Taliq, is the III.

is

of die documents in also and it is used by Persians, these and other of Examples court. Canonical Ottoman of tins woi^. end the at given are occurence forms of rarer in difficulty less or more always § 4. There is of those by language one of sounds representing the the Ottomanof case the in also true is This another. or group ot family a to belongs It language. Turkisli sounds possessing English, the from different tongues these sounds, express To ears. English to foreign entirely the English of some of modifications some made we have to master these necessary is It consonants. and vowels pronounced be must They on. going before sounds instance: For sound. regular one only having all fully Engin as more or five not an sound, (( has only one the name itself lish: e has only one, as in pci, though i, o, u also have only one will cause some blunder, ;

1

sound each. There are eight vowel sounds in Turki-L of Turkey, especially the population vast The 5. § Christians, do not all use the Ottoman characters in ne Armenians and the Greeks lia\e their writing. adapted them to their characters. There are books and papers in Turkish, in Armenian and Greek characters, I

Most of the Englishmen published in Constantinople. and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elem< uts of the language, they turn to begin it with the Arabi'-

/ *

ajs-A C4 ft

Letters o

;

the Alphabet.

then. easy very find they which characters, a remove will work, this in us adapted by

The method*

culties.

Single and Double Vowels

J

in names the reading In 6. written in the sounds, proper the and in pronouncing remember. always must learner English characters, the ft

.

Not

1.

or

pronounce «, as in fate

to

but as in far, art or father. semi, or met in as e always '2. 6 is

lake care not

verb or cane. mere, in as it pronounce to as never ship: or pin in as 3 i s always /,

1,

or

j

*

J }*P

^

4. %

c in heaven. and seldom in as o be pronounced out. j’rost as in long pronounced be not

must must

5 but very short as in no. ?/oifr//, oota] in as always off pronounce (>. about. couple pour, . in as and not no it has ruh turn. pure, ot that 7 u is not as is the French tu. sur. but English, in equivalent ^ 8. eo has no equivalent in English, it is m tench t

,

:

l-

feu, coeur: or

o in Zollner, rblhy.

German

Compound Consonants*

com employ not does orthography s i. Turkish o A to vowels and consonants three binations of two or the necessity, under are we sound; represent a single ot some combiwork this in use however, of making there t> which for sounds, Turkish nation- to represent are made combinations These English. no equivalent in to h or ff consonants and vowels some of by the addition in the Scotch as eh, of sound the has l:h 1

.

(jh.

as the Greek

?,

_ _

« *

I

.

V * %

J

-

»

•

1

A

Armenian v-

must be pronounced as s in azure. often >inations tch and com The 8 8 w o ... O *

’

I

h

1

.

bo

to l

-

- i.

of Turkish words, are but the English ch and j in church

transliteration

seen in the French notations

and

of

joy.

consonant, a considered be always must t). vow* any ot sound the degrade and never allowed to bj taken be must care particular it: that may precede i/

*

5

Letters of the Alphabet.

Englishmen

in this

It

matter.

always as in

is

/fell,

yoke, buy. a

to iorm vowels other with combined § 10. y is Table. next the in seen be will as diphthong

ay

Ex.:

qaymctq;

ey

»

deymek;

iy

»

ch iy

ly

»

oy ouy

»

as in lime, high, I. » » fate, prey, hey.

here, clear.

»

qiyma doymaq;

» wJr

doinjmaq:

»

\\

uy

ytiya

»

Si

»

eoy

»

eoyttn ;

»

»

tf

boy, toy, going, cooing, doing. Fr. essuver, Guyot.

»

Fr. deuil.

S transliteration of ittoman words, h^ the In 11. O end and middle beginning, tli6 a emphasized must be generally of words; at the end ot the syllables it is This is a most qahve hekun. accented; as: Al-lcih particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Englishmen; as a pernicious mode ot 1

“ “

,

,

orthography prevails among Englishmen, of introducing h mute very frequently at the beginning or end of words; as in Jionc.st, Jehovah etc. (§ 49 A .) must it Id is used as in English; except that never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be crally a.cc pronounced fully and strongly; it is not to vitiate at the end of syllables. 17-)] Take care the pure sound of any vowel that may precede it. G is always hard; as in give got, get. ^

,

Numerals and Numeration by Letters. § 1 2. The numerical figures, ten in number, have ttomans from the Arabs. They been adapted by the are the same that we make use of, calling them Arabic, because we took them from the Arabs. Their forms, however, differ considerably from thoses, which our digits have assumed, as the following table shows: >

)

r

r

i.

o

1

2

3

4

5

They

are

our numerals.

§ those

6

y

a

7

8

compounded \

dad

J*-?

used

is

raze*

wv i

o L

ti

»i

i

•

thus:

hut

rp

as

w

*

vowd

w

Sit

L*h

hard vowi

iii

l V

amt inn

/A ’ll

it

gem lanuit\

St. hi ia

ilt/it''

Bui

top ball.

thus:

s

mini

a

1

apt lift a

t.

is ire n cl

.

1

1

t

>

l"'

[

1

Hi

1

?ed

as

d

(bjl) oda room.

used in Arabic words only, as a very hard

is

zalhn cruel

ayn fe

,

y

lam

a

mini

y

;

r< i.

i

dcsig U

it

pronounced as a hard

d\ thus:

f-\ls

,m

hv

vi\

loll*

Kuglish sh. as

is

sod

ally

always

.v,

Ottoman words, as:

in all

irksilx

county

jtnnlitnmi a

-

*£}J na

’erdigHB,

y\S^ 3

as:

7,

*

*

the English

is

is

A noun But before be

is

the English o

is

penile light rose coloui

kef. See §§ 33

all

cases, IA fena.

m,

as:

7

ii,

JU as:

pronounced as .

L:.

J

36

in all cases.

English

like the it

?,

fj

c—

1

i

stambul

mat

^ m *

.

nan bread

m

onstantinon

(Stambul).

S so manv s The reason wliv Xotc. O 18. v sounds occur in Ottoman is that Arabic words intro

(

The Orthographic Signs

10

language have

into the

duced

to

m Arabic. 3 and d t> ,r d

be written as 1

ot tongue the sounds of

latter

In the

£

*

again those of

are

as

another,

o

Js>

*

*

t

5

)

and

^ observed

those of

not are distinctions these

C

1

‘

*,

of

'

a" d

t

y

Signs. Orthographic The

signs orthographic of There are five kinds

§ 19

The vowei sg

used in Ottoman-Turkieh.

lhese aie p

Nunation. and Shedda Medda, or over the

,

letters.

The Towel Signs. signs vowel of kinds There are three movements eke hat named These are .

S -

-

bv

20.

^h.;'

called ion

commonly

are they Europeans the o tw have signs vowel S 2 1 These three

,

l

va

the has ustun consonant, neuter or soft a ith f a. consonant hard a value of e\ and with esre h consonant^ neuter or II With a soft consonant hard a with value of i; and lias c eoti consonant, HI With a soft or neuter o, on. one hard a with value of u,

l

T

Mou dad

khi 6*tv& Mo,

ehtre ho, hon

Ha

it

,

eotre do, do«, etc. b) Soft Vowels.

S

23.

neuter X.

witl

pronounced are vowels Soft

OI

(

letters.

when put over a

tfsiun

pronounced 1

or n

sott

letter,

tt*r

i

like c. as in met.

ts\

etc. (j> ustCm itet h u-tun Xeu. Sin ustun se, k6f letter, is neuter or sott a n. Esre when put under I f .

.

'

i,

'

as in

etc.

esre h, ze esre

Mini esre mi, HI. £ofre when put over a

Key,

ft

IS

English.

(§ 6,

*

she'd,

or neuter letter, liM

co.

,

eoihvalftllt

in

8.1

.

pe eotre

Dal eotre eotre slm,

soft

]>eo

ptrthographic Signs.

unconnected

letters

are j

\r

jjj

i a

which are

I,

never joined to the following letter, and when they occur the word is broken that is, the pen is taken up, and the second part of the word is resumed unconnected. They may be joined only to the letter preceding them, ;

thus exhibited

as

braqdtm

(I

0 jbl

(administration)

idare

1

a jS

1

left).

The

connected or joindble letters are those which may be joined to the letters which follow or precede them; the remaining letters are connected letters; as: II.

munfastl (unconnected).

Laii-*

Exercise

K UJ

JJ

&

&

*

-V >

l

urJ

r

crJ-

fi

•

UJ

)

(

•

:

besh ; pe re

?/c,

e.

C^r

Be shin ustun

A?AI

•

^

*•

initial,

te

initial,

Exercise (Connected Monosyllables) 5

AL

5

.

initial,

te

#

ustun

^>er;

te lain

etc.

£??/,

Towel Letters. Besides the vowel signs, sometimes the vowel

§ 27. s

3

]a

,

it

U

are used, to indicate vowel sounds.

i

JElif indicates the hard vowel ustun provided Instead of is the second letter of the syllable.

I.

that

j

written

is

7-

l!»

l>.

\L>

;

here

elif is

subs

lor itsUm II.

Ye, sometimes when

it

the second letter of

is

Instead of r J

the syllable, iiiilieates the vowel esre. is

written

Vav,

III.

ye

J,

generally

when

is

substituted

it

is

Instead of

of the syllable, indicates the edtre i/

/

for esre.

second

the

)

letter

wo

>

%

>

is

written

&

--^2

6$

a

-

vav

'i

is

c

s

L

IV. He, when it is the second letter of the syllable, generally indicates the ustun, either hard or soft. Instead *

of

u

ft,

j 2 is written

ustun (pc, re,

de).

^

oj

*:>

;

here he

is

s

T

14

The Arabic and Persian long vowels

Note.

28.

Orthographic Signs.

ie

'• These Prolongation j of Letters the are represented by points, vowel the with respectively letters correspond letters no are there But 29-31). ustun, esrb, Jbtre (§§ of use the words; Turkish purely of prolongation in signs, vowel the indicating to only these letters is limited called in are they Therefore above. as lias been said only loi serve they as also, letters orthographic

Turkish

the correction of the orthography. #

Exercise

f.

exercises:

Read and write the following

M

4

)

J,

& J-

^

a!

ustun

Key. Be elif be vav ebtre hou, bo

hi, /

_

A

l

U

Jl

li

*

4

I*

&

be ye esre

be,

etc.

£

‘

‘

§;

J

‘

~

* ~

4

u~ l

‘

Li

:

II.

VS

Ji3 /.

‘

U)

>

*

(i

Al t

ft

$ ‘

!

*

lib Cistun

bb

ha,

^

y

tr*

*_rp

#

*

rt

•

i

*

*

t

‘

t

t

r

fp~ r-T “ equivalem is which Qaf lain ustun qal, vowel a with or esre lam qaf g27, qal lam ustun ; cjv

’

Km qaf

elif

letter !

Ju

qaf ye lam esre

etc.

qtl

Jy

Jjj

^

J Key. Sad vav lam t

jy»

J •

HI.

Short sentences.

\y j'-> uji

JbL? pr* fy*

•

eotre

sol,

‘ ’

Pj J d

—r VP s

qaf vav lam ebtre

qol,

sol d ol etc. jlj

J

‘

Jby

‘

Jtl

‘

J,l

IU

‘

HI.

‘

JU

‘

Jl;

'

*

Key.

Chim t

*

••

d

hstun cha, qaf yb bsre

elif i

91

(

•

i

(

S^»9l

*

r

\

1

~

~

yy 3^, ^

^*^9'

‘




p.

peer

*

old

man,

* lie has three sounds:

§ 32. a)

as the

ji> voice governor.

a.

Consonantal he, which

h

ustun;

of words,

is

/

7 r

lie,

c)

vine, p.

*

when

which

hr, a

stands

Substitutive he,

hi) ale slave.

in

asnuiya.

a.

which

is

changed from

found onlv at the end of Arabic words;

Ji ilcyatye

§

for

*

getejeywi,

as:

voicel

qahve coftee.

skill,

the middle or at the end never joined to the next letter in writing;

The vowel

is

or

asma

as:

a guttural and aspirated

huner

in horse', as: p.

Orthographic

b)

is

te,

as:

and

a>\5C>-

for *15CL>. hxhyahjet story.

33.

J

yetfi

il

kef.

The Ottoman

distinguishes sharply between the hard

letter

alphabet qaf and

1

1

Pronunciation of Letters.

v

of this present work transliteration The ripest scholars, the of iit tho ii n juugmen the

letter h'f. +Wnft ^

in accordance with

represents the

«'

m

i

Lv a Mtul an h\

**

ti

I

1

sj

i

di -J

with

Hie co mmon

fc#

.

< qftat/n at as 7 the "/ people pronounce lie end. the at »< as ami \ irf the mulille of words. is pronounced words of end /,t/’ also at the (brftv< ghocholch com* qochaq : Ex.: 15 H common peo

1

.

^

qan

com .ghan (blood), JoS

qayish com. flr/wyis/t (thong),

J *4

•

34.

§

or words;

/*?/ is

f) is

it

so

t.

rr -

*\te

4

soil

onlv to

as to represent

pronounced

m

s\ liable

lurki-a

these fom >‘'^8 distinguish to sounds; foul- dirt'erent Hu form. in modified slightly the letter may be to express used is alone the f) Ottoman, in

general,

proto how learn can student all four sounds, and the nounce it only by practice. or called kef is forms four The first of these I it is grammarians); the by kef, 1My pronounced as ,

(

jy Mil

ashes.

or g called gef is second XI. The it is and grammarians), the Persian kef, bv a modi bv bed distinguishc sometimes as hard g it is ;

fieation in shape, thus

15^ gel

lake,

Xote.

hard, and vowel a short

is

united thus feet,

•

ta.

f| represents the

followed

by an

dl

vowel

a

ound

elif,

either ot

k or of

takes before the

it ^

and

incipient

sound

Ex.:

being a

ot

i

Tctaghid paper,

cITT a-guih aware: not

cause

geoi

Ex.:

come.

When

g

O

soft

(^§ 22, 37).

Turkish Conv .-Grammar.

letter

l:a-ghid,

ha-mil, ct-gah

cannot go

p o

hamil

a

;

be

Pronunciation of Letters.

18

The

III.

and is

it

is

a nasal n, and

times written

A

called saghir lccf, or nef surd kef), as ng in the words ring, sing etc-.;

third

pronounced

is

t

represented by n.

is

with three dots over

“f

some-

It is

never

It is

it.

than at the middle of Turkish and consequently never can be initial. Ex.:

to be, found elsewhere

words;

jo

denis sea,

ydlinie alone, dll- sen in your.

;

IV. The fourth is called yaf and is pronounced like the English y consonant; it is found only in Turkish ,

words.

Ex.: J> 3

dl bey

prince.

rUyil

.»

sovouq not soghouq cold;

*

(a p