Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar: A Practical Method of Learning the Ottoman-Turkish Language (Classic Reprint) 1333904797, 9781333904791 [PDF]

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METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER.

OTTOMAN-TURKISH

CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKISH LANGUAGE. BY V. H.

HAGOPIAN, M.

A.

PROFESSOR OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, MERZIFOUN, TURKEY; AUTHOR OF ENGLISH - ARMENIAN DICTIONARY etc.

~

S/ASJS

t,

,

K« (V

LONDON. DAVID NUTT, 57-59 Long Acre.

DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORK: BRENTANO'S, 5-9 Union Square. DYBSEN& PFEIFFER (F. W. Christern) 16 West 33eL Street. G. E. STECHERT

&

Co.,

129-133

BOSTON:

West 20!L C. A.

Street.

E.

KCEHLER &

STEIGER &

CO., 25 Park Place.

CO., 149a, Treraont Street.

HEIDELBERG. JULIUS GROOS. 1907.

.

JAN

5-

j> ^&>

3=9-^^

l

3 -*

fj

'

OF

MEDMf

1

i

U-^>-^j\

Jjul t^rJj*-

WJ^J^

•

3>j*>-

o^li-M

•

ch

3

Tur.,Pers.

9=

>•

h

8

Arabic.

se

>

kh

600

d

4

z

700

J

r

200

J

z

7

zh

7

11,

S c 6

dal zal

Proper ^ umer ical j sounds values

1

Turkish Conv. -Grammar.

i.

Arabic.

Persian.

Letters of the Alphabet.

I

Mames

Isolated

"

Final Medial Initial

Numer Proper l ical sounds values

" i

Remarks

-,

i

|

sin

cr

uT

— A-

j.

shin

cr

s

60

sh

300

s

90

;

sad

d>

dad

U*

.«a

J*

*2L

^

d,

z

800

t,

d

9

ti

J.

J*

L

L

zi

a

£

Ii

k

ayn

t

t

ft

-A

ghayn

I

t

*.

gh

fe

i-Jl

J

c?

kef

ii

dl

sC

lsc:

ST

gef

lam

»*

J

u

r

r

mini

i

3

r

1

I

. )

vav

J

he

4.

ye

C5

J *

Arabic.

70

»

§

35.

1000

q

100

k

20

g

20

1

30

m

40

n

50

v

6

h

o

y

10

!

0-

noun

900

80

SL

qaf

I

Arabic.

Tut., Pers.

"

f *

§ 2. The letters of the Ottoman -Turkish Alphabet are 32 in number, and consist of 28 Arabic letters, together with some which the Persians have added

(^3 -

,_,).

The Turks,

as

most other Oriental nations,

read and write from right to

left,

instead of from

left

Letters of the Alphabet.

r

3

right as we do; and a book consequently begins Capital letters are where it would end in English. marks have been adopted unknown, and the punctuation They are the same as in English. recently. § 3, There are four kinds of writing: I. Riqd, which is the ordinary current handwritingused in letters and in all kinds of civil and official documents. to

Nesikh

II.

papers

:

is

the

common

print

of books,

news-

etc.

Divanee, is a style of large handwriting used in the Imperial Chancery for engrossing letters-patent. IV. Taliq, is the Persian model of Arabic characters, and also in documents of the it is used by Persians, Ottoman Canonical court. Examples of these and other forms of rarer occurence are given at the end of this work. III.

§ 4. There is always more or less difficulty in representing the sounds of one language by those of another. This is true also in the case of the OttomanTurkish language. It belongs to a family or group of tongues different from the English, possessing sounds entirely foreign to English ears. To express these sounds, we have made some modifications of some of the English vowels and consonants. It is necessary to master these sounds before going on. They must be pronounced fully; all having only one regular sound. For instance: a has only one sound, and not five or more as in English: e has only one, as in pet. though the name itself will cause some blunder. €, o, u also have only one sound each. There are eight vowel sounds in Turkish.

The

vast population of Turkey, especially the not all use the Ottoman characters in The Armenians and the Greeks have adapted them to their characters. There are books and papers in Turkish, in Armenian and Greek characters. published in Constantinople. Most of the Englishmen and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elements of the language, they turn to begin it with the Arabic

§

5.

Christians, do their writing.

4

Letters of the Alphabet.

characters,

^

which they find very easy then. The method this work, will remove all these diffi-

adapted by ns in culties.

Single and Double Towels.

In reading the names in the above Table and pronouncing the proper sounds, written in the English characters, the learner must always remember: 1. Not to pronounce a, as in fate, mortal or all; but as in far, art or father. 2. e is always as e in met or send. Take care not to pronounce it as in mere, verb or cane. 3. i is always i, as in pin or ship ; never as I, or

§

6.

in

as in tire. 4. i must be pronounced as o in seldom and e in heaven. 5. o must not be pronounced long as in oat, prose; but very short as in no. 6. on pronounce always as in youth, bouquet, foot; and not as in pour, couple, about. is not as that of pure, turn, rule; it has no 7. equivalent in English, but is the French tu, sur. 8. eb has no equivalent in English, it is in French feu, coeur; or German 6 in Zollner, vollig.

u

Compound Consonants. § 7. Turkish orthography does not employ combinations of two or three consonants and vowels to represent a single sound; we are under the necessity, however, of making use in this work of some combinations to represent Turkish sounds, for which there is no equivalent in English. These combinations are made by the addition of some vowels and consonants to h or y.

kh

has the sound of

ch,

as in the Scotch loch.

Greek y, Armenian t_. zh must be pronounced as z in azure. § 8. The combinations tch and dj, so often to be seen in the transliteration of Turkish words, are but French notations of the English ch and j in church and joy. § 9. y must always be considered a consonant, and never allowed to degrade the sound of any vowel that may precede it; particular care must be taken by ah, as the

;

Letters of the Alphabet.

e

Englishmen

matter.

in this

It

is

5

always as in

yett,

yoke, buy.

§ 10. y is combined with other vowels to form a diphthong as will be seen in the next Table. ay Ex.: qaymaq; as in lime, high, I.

ey

»

dcymek;

»

»

fate,

iy iy

»

chhj

»

»

here, clear.

»

qiyma;

»

»

doymaq; douymaq; guya;

»

»

oy ouy

»

uy

»

»

»

»

»

prey, hey.

— —

boy, toy, going. cooing, doing. Fr. essuyer, Gnyot.

» » Fr. deuil. eoy » eoyJen; §11. In the transliteration of Ottoman words, h must be emphasized at the beginning, middle and end

of words; at the end of the syllables it is generally accented; as: Al-lah', qah've, liekim. This is a most particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Englishmen; as a pernicious mode of orthography prevails among Englishmen, of introducing h mute very frequently at the beginning or end of words; as in honest, Jehovah etc. (§ 49 V.) is used as in English; except that it must never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be pronounced fully and strongly; it is generally accented at the end of syllables. (§ 17.) Take care not to vitiate the pure sound of any vowel that may precede it. G is always hard; as in give, got, yet.

R

Numerals and Numeration by Letters.

§ 12. The numerical figures, ten in number, have been adapted by the Ottomans from the Arabs. They

same that we make use of, calling them Arabic, because we took them from the Arabs. Their forms, are the

however, differ considerably from thoses, which our digits have assumed, as the following table shows: l r »u o r v n K *n r* t« *

1

*

f

3

4

They

are

2

our numerals,

5

6

8

7

compounded

ivr

=

9;

10,

?

20,

in exactly the

i

30;

•

100

same way

as

1902.

§ 13. The apparent strangeness of the fact that those numbers seem to be written and read not from

;

Letters of the Alphabet.

6

">

but from

left to right is due to the circumstance that, in Arabic, the smaller numbers are read as well as written first. Thus an Arab would read

right to

left,

c

two and nine hundred and a thousand'. however, a Turk does not do. (§ 691.) )\*r

This,

§ 14. If the Arabic alphabet is arranged according numerical values, there appeares the ancient order, which is still used for notation and numeration. In to

Hebrew, Syriac, Greek and Latin alphabets: the first nine letters represent the units; the second nine the tens; the third nine the

this order, that of the old Phoenician,

hundreds and the

last

one

the Table of the Alphabet,

!

j*e*~.

yjS^

i

!

Jz>- 3y*

.

!

'

j£ zJ^t

qaresJiet,

letters,

hevvez,

JEbjed,

!

called

Ebjed

j^\

hout'ti,

Mlemen,

safes,

Therefore the numeration by

sakheg, dazighi.

is

!

{

i

*Jl^

compare

one thousand;

*-,

hisabi.

§ 15. The method of numeration by the letters of the alphabet was a great task; it is fast going, if not entirely gone, out of practice, as puerile; but formerly great significance was attached to any combination of letters that expresses in one or more words an event or

Thus ^1

date.

the Hejira date

Ul

and ajuU

+

+

2.

Miarab

is

+

GOO

when Timurleng beldcyi tayyibe

laid

2

is

=

+

+ + 2 = 803,

200

1

Damascus

+

30

in 'ruins'

+ 4 + 400 +

9 10 400 2 857, date of the year when the 'Beautiful City', Constantinople, was taken by the

Ottomans. Exercise

a.

Write and give the names of the following letters; they are arranged according to their numeral value:

'

^}e Jo

•

i

^

si)

:

*!>

J*-

j

J

•

j> J»

^

^

Division of the Letters.

§ classes:

The Ottoman alphabet is divided into vowels; hard, soft,- and neuter letters.

16.

four

:

Pronunciation of Letters.

V

Vowel

when they Hard

letters

is

j

:

letters:

^

when

I,

B

1

^

J?

i

.

Vu

^r*-J

beginning of the syllables; as

and w

English language.

in the

Pronunciation of Letters.

.

17. All the

Ottoman letters

and

are often used as vowels,

29

f r

o* Cj

Table

in the Alphabetical

are considered to be consonants

(§

^

Jj

JauJj'J^J^

at the

the case with y

§

which are vowels generally,

I,

dT 6

*

:

Neuter j

j

©

are the second letter of the syllable.

Soft letters

and

^

letters:

7

^o

except

,

I,

which

call for further elucidation.

ff.)

We now

proceed

value

phonetic

the

to

of

the

consonants ^j be has the value of English &, as:

But when ending a

birader brother. it

anomalously,

sometimes,

i^Li sharap this

the

gitlip,

I

u

p4

si)

te

the

German

takes the value of p,

Gerunds

t,

as:

jfrfr

sometimes changed into

is

is

originally final; as:

w^J (jto)

i

«e

nounced

is

(/('/«/>

found

as s; as:

-rjim

syllable or word,

in

^_>j—

as:

Especially ,

is

^jjS^

as:

the English p, as: jJb peeler father.

is

It

Also

j^U

(§ 435.)

alip.

is

bed bad,

wine, Ij&l iptida beginning.

case with the

^>J

ji>

is

in

c^£

£jf

d

fafor a Tartar; courier. in derivation

git go,

iron,

- jcut soul.

A

Pronunciation of Letters.

8

chim

-K

has the value of the English ch, in church

as: a\>- chain the pine,

ha

t-

AU

chali bush.

;

(§ 8.)

has the harshly aspirated sound of English

h, in horse.

It

is

chiefly used in Arabic words;

as:

i^-U- ^aj£ pilgrim.

&7ii has no equivalent in English.

*-

It

is

the

counterpart of the Scotch ch in loch and German Bachc. But there are a good It is generally transliterated Mi. many words in which it is commonly pronounced as h, as:

is

3

dal

is

German

i

#a£

is

found in Arabic words alone;

as:

#,

re

j

r

hoja teacher; 4JU- heme house.

4>.\*Z.

as: $j$ derd.

>

^5

JJ

J3

63

crJ>

JJ

J3

03

U-J

r

Dal kef ustun

i

ila

s

fb

r,

i

>

>

>

Jj

JTey.

c.

03 del',

dal kef esre

diJc,

dal kef

ebtre duk, dwJc.

§ 25. In dealing with the letters of the Ottoman alphabet on the preceding pages, we have shown only the shapes they take when standing alone; when they are combined with other letters, they are sometimes slightly modified, according as they stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the word. These various changes will be seen from the Table of the Alphabet (P.

1

and

2).

There is also a compound character in use, always to be found inserted in alphabets, and which, for that reason, cannot be passed over in silence.

§ which It

is

26.

is

the character V,

called lam

being, in

elif,

fact,

nothing more than J lam joined calligraphically to a following

I

elif,

in

a similar

manner

to

that

whereby

the English printers continue to join the f and I in or /' and i in fi, etc. When this double character

fl,

is

J

The Orthographic

)r

connected with a preceding

%

as:

letter,

iV

Sb

RJ

Ai

•

•

.

be,

~3

~~i

>^**

>•

~*

has the shape of

it

initial,

#

•*

9tli

!

rt •

V £? f ^

Ji (J J)

•

Be

ft/7,

etc.

$

'

£\ 5*

iCq/.

ebtre

^

(

final;

I'M medial;

noun

°

^

^^^

!

)

Mi

initial,

te

initial, ye,

te,

elif final.

(

4

'

Jfi)

^»

Exercise (Connected Monosyllables) [

>-

w

U

initial,

noun, pe medial,

ye,

se,

te

IJJUJllj *?

noun

initial;

d.

il^•

^

v

£by. ye medial; noun lean,

13

beta (evil).

Mj

Exercise J\,\ * ^

Signs.

e.

^ ^ '

c

^^

ji C^ J.) d^ Cfl !

!

g

lam

shin ustun besh; pe re ustun per] te

Towel Letters.

§

^

letters

is

it

i i

6

j

are used, to indicate vowel sounds.

I

Elif

I.

that

Besides the vowel signs, sometimes the vowel

27.

r

indicates the hard vowel ustun, provided the second letter of the syllable. Instead of

written it

is

iL

U-

here

;

elif is

substituted

for ustun. II.

Ye, sometimes when

it

is

the second letter of

the syllable, indicates the vowel esre. is

written III.

*.

J,

^3

;

here

Vav, generally when

of the syllable, indicates the is

written

?/e

^y

y«

;

is

substituted

it

is

is

the

^ J

3

for esre.

second

letter

Instead of \p

eofr-e.

here vav

Instead of

J

^

substituted for o^re.

IV. He, when it is the second letter of the syllable generally indicates the ustun, either hard or soft. Instead of

u

j i is written

ustun {pe,

re,

de).

*>

©j ©s

;

here he

is

substituted for

The Orthographic

14

are represented

ft

The Arabic and Persian long vowels

Note.

§ 28.

Signs.

by the Letters of Prolongation

-

/&>?/.

Jy

'

Jj>-

Sad vav lam

J^

Short sentences.

ebtre

sol,

III.

qaf vav lam ebtre

qol,

sol qol etc.

3h£ -^

'

JStaf

Jjy

•

'

p.

peer

a guttural and aspirated

vowel

skill,

which

lit,

vine, p. aJu

©^s qahve coffee.

stands

for

bende slave.

when in the middle or at the end joined to the next letter in writing; never

The vowel is

or

asma

dnLo Dublin.

Persian words and lengthens the esre; old man,

simple

ju* seyr looking,

epsh winter,

which

ye,

final,

used only in Turkish and

is

it

1J

foreign words; as:

medial or

initial,

Orthographic or vowel

only the vowel

c)

be

it

as

;

which has the value of the con-

ye,

he,

as: J^2**\f gelejeyim, a,a+^\ asmaya. c)

is

Substitutive he,

found only

at

which

is

changed from Zj

the end of Arabic words;

as:

te,

and

4j15C>.

hikyaiye for *15C» hfkyaiyet story.

§

33.

J

qaf,

lJ

lief.

The

Ottoman

alphabet

distinguishes sharply between the hard letter qaf

and

Pronunciation of Letters.

IV

the soft letter

kef.

The

transliteration of this present

in accordance with the

judgment

J by q and

represents the

17

fj

work

of the ripest scholars,

The common

with A\

people pronounce the qaf as ghayn at the beginning and the middle of words, and as kJu at the end. The kef also at the end of words is pronounced kh by the

common oS

people.

Ex.: JjU-y qochaq com. ghocliakh (brave),

com. ghan (blood),

qcin

*»l$

qayish com. ghayish (thong),

gidejek com. gedejekh (he will go).

dJ>-oJio

§

34.

A'e/

fj

is

appropriate only to soft syllables

or words; it is so pronounced as to represent in Turkish four different sounds; to distinguish these four sounds the letter may be slightly modified in form. But in general, all

Ottoman, the

in

fj

alone

used

is

and the student can learn only by practice.

four sounds,

nounce I.

kaif

it

to

express

how

to pro-

The

(kefi

first of these four forms is called kef or Arabia Arabic kef, by the grammarians); it is

pronounced as

Ex.

k.

:

j£

kedr blind, ^>\l.f kitab book,

hul ashes.

j}

II. The second is called gef or giaf {kefi Far i si. Persian kef, by the grammarians), and it is pronounced as hard (j it is sometimes distinguished by a modi\

fication in shape, thus 1 i^l

j^5o

J^ 'X' jS

its'

=

•

^S"

1.4 1

!

'dfil

j^L

'

v>

2.

'

>y

'or 4

±

j\3>

J

^—

4,1.

-

m .

-

i^: **f: ~ •

Qaf

jl5^

;4

'.

''^^

k :

%

2,4

^

< •


sovouq not soghouq cold;

(a pail);

«2or/7^«

ov-laq or ogh-Iaq kid;

j^Va^jI ovalamaq to rub.

§ 37. JVbte. In the transliteration of the foreign proper names or nouns, the hard

in

many

lim-yon,

oy*J*

pi-1-av,

places;

are not Turkish.

real

exceptions to these rules are the

Present

tense

jy

—

—

which

,

pronounced yor, and the pronominal which is never changed (§§ 140, 319). F.

is

particle

always

£ — ht

y

Orthography.

As the orthography of every Arabic and Persian Ottoman word is fixed and unchangeable, it is only in pure Turkish and foreign Ottoman words that the orthography varies. The Vowel or Orthographic §

letters

any

55.

(I

,

,

d

j

^) as they are called in Ottoman without

inflexible rule are

cyy and all

j

OP

admissible.

added or

butun; ^jl^JLs

'

left

^jclU

out arbitrarily; as: '

^xJi

qUindi, arc

26

Orthography.

r^

§ 56. The true rule is: 1. Never introduce a vowel letter into a Turkish or foreign Ottoman word without removing a possible doubt as to pronunciation; *2. Never leave out a vowel in such a word, if by omission a doubt is created as to the pronunciation. § 57.

The following two

points

must be regarded

as exceptions to this rule: a) In any syllable which is composed of two consonants, if the vowel is soft ustun, none of the orthographic (vowel) letters is added; but. if it is

composed of one vowel; as: ^j.o

None

b)

he

letter

gel-di,

is

added

indicate the

to

besh, dLl i§-¥-mek.

L*

of the grammatical affixes take the ortho-

graphic or vowel

letters; as

M.O gel-dim, J£X bash-lav,

dJUjI uch-luk, jll al-maq.

The use of the orthographic or vowel 16. discussed and shown on pages 13

Note. is fully

—

letters

§ 58. There are some words in Ottoman, the orthography of which is the same, but the pronunciation and meanings are different; as: ojl on ten; oun flour;

un fame.

5Cl

sheker sugar;

a.

iff

geoz eye; guz

autumn;

shukur thanks. Iceoz

an ember.

Jj>. choul sackcloth; cheol desert, wilderness.

Jy i

^

-Mj J>

qoiil

servant; qol arm;

gevrik biscuit; bellows. gel

come;

a.

kurk fur;

kel scald-head;

Jj\ eolu dead; oidoa big.

qavl word,

kurek shovel;

p.

gul rose;

a.

kebmk kull

all.

:

rv

27

First Part,

Turkish Grammar.

u^^>

^

Lesson

The Definite and §

There

59.

nouns,

is

considered as definite.

§ £j\

X

J^^J The

60.

in

a

U

Ex.:

all

;

are usually

babi the father,

ana

fcl

qardash the brother.

Indefinite Article

bir at a horse,

is

j

Ex.:

bir a, an.

d\,£j

bir kedpek a dog,

t

§

j*

bir

j&j

bir

t

adem a man.

The Adjective always precedes the noun. Ex.

61.

guzel beautiful, y\

'

^1

eyi

good,

§ 62. tinction of

As

in English,

Gender

there

bad,

dis-

names females feminine, and is

of males are masculine; those of those of inanimate objects, neuter.

boy' masculine.

Iceotii

no unnatural

is

in Turkish, that

culine, ana feminine,

yfT

adem the good man,

guzel qiz the beautiful girl, e-yi bir kebtu chojouq a bad boy.

J3y

Articles.

Indefinite

no Definite Article

when used alone

the mother,

1.

j\j>

to say: the

Thus: baba

is

qiz feminine, oM&jl ogh-lan

tS ^ de-friz

the sea,

p.

^1

she-Mr the

masc

the

city,

keoy 'the village', are neuter.

The Personal Pronouns

§ 63. Ben thou,

j\

onlar they.

o he, she,

it.

j

biz

are:

we,

!««

fam

ben

I,

y*

siz you, J&jfr

28

that (near by),

sJioii

rA

1.

The Demonstrative Pronouns

§ 64. JL

Lesson

^rjs

)

o

j\

are:

bou this,

j>

that (distant).

The Present Tense of the Turkish Substantive the following:

§ 65.

Verb

is

Affirmative Present

^

ben

im

I

^

sen'

sm

thou art

pjl

i>-

dour be

j\ o

j:>

J*| J*

oi-z'

^ we

J^- J-

s? ^'

sifiiz

am

are

you are

Jjj Jt>j\ onlar dirlar they are.

is.

Interrogative Affirmative Present.

^

? pj\

?i>-
\

j>_

?uj

J* jl

»

?

y

»

"4*J^ he?

is

mi dirlar?

etc.

be seen, the question

wl *

(§ 53).

?wi

is

expressed

word emphasized by

after the

Ex.:

Am

2/twi?

gul beyaz

mi

I?

(§ 53).

dir? Is the rose white?

bou bir guV mfi dur? Is this a rose?

ve

and

j\ ev the

house

t

i2jj\

ev'-vit

yes

jjf^j\ eb-Tcuz the

ox

its

the

The

r«^

Definite

J^J

qoush the bird

,US

qalem the pen

a. a.

1

7m ivi

a

a

and Indefinite

J| a^ white «^3 qara black

weather

air,

tS/V* qirrnhl red

Jrtaj5 J}* gJr qardash a sister

*=*•£""

ku- chul-

i>5^j zengin rich

pjS genj young

little

jL=5—^ s^og warm, hot

mountain

(,9-b) c?a#7i

s.U»

ouzaq far

(j\j-?l

poor

^nii /agi'r

a.

i-Lj; beo-yiik great i)

29

Articles.

Jj*-3 so-vouq cold

ujSl yaqin near

§ 36

p. aj;> de're valley.

These words, as well as those contained in the iVote 1. preceding rules, must be thoroughly committed to memory, before doing the exercise and translation. Note 2. Those words without any mark are Turkish in origin, those with an a Arabic, those with a p Persian, and those with an f foreign in origin.

^Ui Taleem,

\

c*j>-j>- ji

'

-P

*4?"

1^

I

^

—

Black) •

J^>- jr i'

J. y.

>^ ?

i>

•

*

j^*

jJu«

«

•

^ ^!

J U*^

i)«9-«5^ i>

yiaj

•

•

-*

*

lyb

•

j^ •

—

»!>' jr

_p ujj

* fjjj

4}

-,^

U

N

y n

^yrj^yJ

*

O'

*

-£ i313lj'

^Montenegro)

flL jT. (vulture) 1

!

^

1.

a

j^ ^r^

•

Li'

Exercise

N

•

.p

•

IT

I

N

j»

.

i-lL »ji

.

ijjj

.

.

.

j-^yry?

-*

Zj\

t£' jj

«

fc!

(eagle)

jT. (Mediterranean)

Observe that a parenthesis

f ^ $££

•

Jl*l

J-*5'3j' j4r»

Jo J

.

•

•

"

U

J-^-*

•

tla J

'

JLy

jS^i J'

y}

*^.j

•

encloses a word

(S to

>

°

i

be

30

Y 1.

horse.

The

A

4J5~j

horse.

horse and

Lesson

Lr j^ ,

)

r*

1.

Terjeme, Translation

A

horse. an ox. 2.

2.

A good horse. The good A house. A large house. is large. The 3. A man.

The house man. man. A white The white man. 4. The Black Sea. The Black Mountain. The White Sea. The White Mountain. 5. A white rose. The white rose. The red 6. A bad boy. This is a bad boy. This is the rose. 7. The house is near. The city is far. bad boy. The good horse and 8. A horse, a bird and an ox.

The

large house.

This bird

white? 10. The brother is young. He is a good It is black. man. 11. The eagle is a large bird. That bird is a 12. The Mediterranean is a great sea. beautiful eagle. the big ox.

9.

is

white.

Is this bird

Correct the following sentences.

*

-

•

t

4l!$S MtiMalemi, Conversation. Jl^~- #waZ,

Question

Sen zengin'mi sin? Qardash faqir'ini dir? Ogh'-lan £-yi'mi dir?

Sen 6-yi'mi

sin,

kebtu'mu sun?

Qiz qardash e -yi'mi?

Bou dagh yuksek'mi? Onlar genj'mi dir? Siz faqir'ini sifiiz?

Aq-Deniz beoyuk'mu? Aq baba beoyuk bir qoueh'mou dour? translated, or "leave out". 1

be

an

annotation,

^jk>- Jevdb,

Answer

Ev'vet, zengin'im. Ev'vet, faqir'dir. Ev'vet, oghlan e-yi'dir. Ben e-yi'yim (§ 53). Ev'vet, qiz qardash eyi'bir qiz dir. Ev'vet, yuksek'dir. Ev'vet, genj'dirler. Biz z^ngin'iz. Qara-Deniz' kuchuk dur.

Ev'vet,

beoyuk

whereas brackets

bir qoush'dour.

[.

.

.]

In such answers the predicate cannot be omitted.

evvet, sijaq dir.

signify Jt

must

The Substantive Verb.

r)

u^^>

*

31

Lesson

2.

The Substantive Verb. §

68.

the affix J

The Turkish Plural to the

This

singular.

affix

hard vowels, and Mr after

lar, after

^l j-iy

bridge:

69.

cats.

kebpruler bridges.

JL-*»- klxi-simlar relatives.

khi-sim relative:

«-*>.

'

sticks.

J^.s qapoular doors.

qapou door:

_^J

Ex.:

soft ones.

J^JSkediifo

iSsS^kedi cat:

iS^J^keopru

pronounced

is

^>15^> deynekler

deynek stick:

»iXl5*o

§

formed by adding

is

of

Titles

according to their dignity,

given

are

respect office

persons

to

and occupation. £X&\

peculiar to clergymen

and educated

efferidi Sir,

Mr.,

people.

a-gha or vulg. a- a, to tradesmen, labourers

Icl

and old men;

is

it

means

Mr., Esq.

dl

prince,

bey,

is

given to civil functionaries and popularly to any person of supposed distinction. Each of these titles is put after the name of the person himself, not after his family name, as in English (§ 495). lc-1

-u>-l

§

5

di» jw>-1 Alt' mail effendi,

70.

When

omitted (§ 120). I

am

well;

tenbel' siniz

the subject

Ex.:

;^L

t

\£

you are

Ay\ L*

^

^xi\

Ex.:

ju^-I

,

Atimed agha, Ah'medbey.

is

a pronoun

ben eyi'yim or

it

A y\

sis teribeT situs or

is

eyi'yim

^CL

4

often

L:l

idle.

§ 71. In Turkish, as in English, the adjective precedes the noun, and never varies, being the same whether it qualifies a singular or a plural substantive, a

masculine or a feminine

guzel chichek beautiful flower:

noun.

Ex.:

di?^ djy

\

rr

2.

beoyuh a-ghaj a big tree:

fjj*j>

fjjj^j

bebyuk aghajlar big trees.

J>-lcl

The Negative

72.

§

Substantive verb

is

of the Present as follows:

Tense of the

Negative Present.

jT^

pi)

or

JS^

deyil'im,

i>- J^i

»

i>—1S^>

dey'iX sin,

ji Jpz

»

jaIS^

cleyil'dir,

am

I

not,

J:

j>}

:> J>.~. Jp.

Jjs J>*

thou art not, he

or

jJS"S deyil'iz.

»

j>~j£"S deyil'siniz.

»

^&"S deyiller

is not, etc.

Interrogative Negative Present. ? *j\

?i>-

J> ^

»

t/jP-5

*

^Jll (J'cP-5

>;i

?j:>

Ij*-

Am

I

or

u*Jpi (j*

?

?

^l^S

deyil'mi

O^J^^

yim?

deyil'mi sin?

?j-L.*i$^S deyil'mi

dir?

?-*o-&^> deyil'mi yiz?

deyil'mi sifiiz?

J>*

»

?J>— .JS^S

?Jjz fjfjp*

»

?JjA-*.£"S deyil'mi dirler?

not?

(j

art thou not?

is

he not?

etc.

.Afote. It is very useful for the learner to conjugate the adjective with the verb and to write the latter in both its forms, the full and the abbreviated ones; as:

pi I

Oj^Jx

or

(**J*-)jS

'

H!*

-

J^J !

^li.

!

^ni. fc/myr'

oj^Jjt or

^—'^^Ji

no!

i

r xii

j&.khayr

ojl

«9«ef yes!

!

^\ oj\ f

j^.5^3 qon-sliou neighbour

.^io dushmen enemy

p. p.

c^-j^ 1

ciation

c?os£

^^

effendim! Yes,

JL*^ y aV racL p.

4.-*s&lj

*1>\

bah'-je

l

*

ea f

garden

a-da island

is the common pronunciation, the correct pronunkhas-ta, ikh'-ti-yar, kliosh'-noud, bagh'-che (p. 8).

This is:

friend

effendim! No, Sir [Sir! I

.

!

or

Words.

1

t.

'^ o^Jji

33

The Substantive Verb.

a.

J*»-^

Cjy-jy yorghouri tired

asker soldier

^j^ jeomerd'

°j£ qah've coffee

^j J*7j\

ao

'

jli^L tama'Jciar avaricious

a. p.

p. ojL* tase fresh

Artin Pascal

dl

(Artin) OCjT

•

^

ut- jr5 dl

\r

jjJfS

See the Note page 32.

Turkish Conv.-Grammar.

content,

hasta' 1 sick pefc eyi

very well!

l

v-

!

1

f-^

j^Id

•

1

4L>

1

happy

^Jt*V ^Exercise 3.

.jZj&j oy>Jfm £> Jr$

jl2-I

liosh'-noud

.

_^\ *UL

very

V

4

p.

t

a

:>^~-=»-

p.

JJLj yeshil' green vll pefc

generous

> Ji

.^1

-5»-

*j3

u^JW- j^3

n

^^ j

>^ J** ^

'

^5- 5~* Jr>

c—j:>

J^

a£3\

1

j\>-

34

r

£

Lesson

u-j->

43"J?

Red

rt

2.

Translation

4.

The green

leaves and the beautiful gardens. 2. Is not the house large? Yes, Sir, it is large. 3. The islands are small. That island is not small. 4. The coffee is very good. It is Little hills.

1.

flowers.

—

not 3 (a) iVery 2 g°°d 4 coffee. 5. The gardens and the trees are very nice. 6. Is the coffee ready? No, Sir! 7. Are Yes, gentlemen! I am ready. 8. you ready? He is a good neighbour. 9. Is the is Mr. Charles? No, Sir, it is not fresh. water fresh? Give (a) fresh water. 10. Is the garden very far? No, Sir, it 11. Ahmed Bey is a good is not very far, it is near.

—

—

—

12.

soldier. is

He

Who

—

—

—

a generous man. 13. That gentleman 14. Master Georgie is very young.

is

not avaricious.

To be corrected.

JibfM

r *-

^ Ja—

?

•y~*

->*

i^x

j^ccu

°

AX

-

.

Jevab

jj^

&f£\ Cfij tit

^

'

jIsIjI jliLi)

t

j\

Lesson

The Substantive Verb. § 73. The Preterite Verb is as follows:

^

f-M

^ sm'

iJjuil

idim

ben

ie?i7t

idi

iS^A j\ o

JJjI Jfc iiJu|

I

J$i

^w

sen

^

siz'

idik

we were

idiniz

you were

Negative Past Tense.

idiw

j\ o deyil' idi

was

Tense of the Substantive

JjJb\ Jjjl onlar' idiler they were.

deyi7' *^* wl de'i/z7'

(Continued.)

j>.iJj\

he was

j£> Oi *^ n

3.

i)_M J» biz

thou wast

T/ie * Jul

or Past

was

I

35

J^ y. J^i-M J^ JJ".-^} J^ Jol

biz deyil' idik

^-*il

not, thou wast not,

he was

s£0 de't/iT idiniz

onlar deyil'

idiler.

not, etc.

Hie Interrogative Forms of the Same.

Ben mi idim? Biz mi idik?

Was

it

I?

Ben

deyil'

Biz

deyil'

idiler?

sen siz'

mi idin? 6 mou idi? mi idiniz? onlar ml idiler?

was it thou? mi idim? sen mi idik? siz

etc.

deyil' deyil'

or deyil ler miyidi? it not I? was it not thou?

Was §

74.

adjectives.

noun

etc.

The Numerals

are used just like all other they precede the noun. The cardinals always remains in the

Like them,

qualified

by

singular (§71). Ex.: iki

mi idin? o deyil' mi idi? mi idiniz? onlar deyil' mi

oljr

bir

adem a man, 3y?j>-

chojouq two boys. jCj\ iki

T j\ uch

Oji

two three

debrt four

^t> bisli five

j)

\

im. Siz na'sil siniz, eyi'mi sifiiz? Choq'eyiyim effendim. El-ham'dul-lah' eyi'yim. Rija'ederim, otourounouz'. Thesh^k'kur ed^rim.

I

Yes,

Lesson

l^>

j'^

Sir.

Good night! You are welcome.

geldiiiiz.

r

thank yon! are you well?

very well, Sir! I am very well. Please take a seat. Thank you! Come in. Sir; take a seat. Mr. Hassan, where are vou?

Gejeler khayr' olsoun!

*

well,

are you?

Thank God,

Bouyou'roun effendim,otou'rouFi. Hassan' Effendi, ner£de siniz? Bouyou'roun effendim

Hosh'

am

How I am

4.

Declension of Nouns.

79. There are two numbers in Turkish: Singular Plural; and six cases, expressing the different relations of words to each other; namely: the Nominative,

§

and

Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative

§

80.

The Nominative

to the questions:

o^jl §

cases.

case (or the Subject) answers

who? or what?

subject of the verb; as:

and Ablative

Who

is

J*

Mm?

learning?

4S

ne? as the

—

The boy

ogtilan.

81.

The Genitive

to the questions

:

(or

Possessive) case answers

whose? or of which? d\+2

Idmih? dX

40

u-j->

H.

Ex.:

nenin.

—

To

*%.•

The

dWpjl

boy's book

to the questions

toivhich? 4«jT hime? Ai£ ne-ye?

give it?

4.

Icitabi.

The Dative answers

82.

§

—

Whose book?

oghlanin 1

(J,tj

Lesson

To whom

Ex.:

the boy Ai^j\

whom?

to

:

shall I

ogldana.

§ 83. The Accusative (or Objective case) marks the object of an action, and answers to the questions:

whom?

or what?

—

what do you see? ogh-lani

l ,

84.

§

^j\ evi

Jcimi?

Ex.:

neyi?

J^a>

Whom

or

the house s

A.

>s

moumlari

in them.

swcWm' of s?j— Slid'

G.

moumlar'

>\j* moumlar a to

iSj^j*

Nouns ending ?/,

tashlardan' from

9

8

moumdan' from

eo or

—

which have the hard

$J^*j*

>

moumou

in

them.

to

oV

vowels

in syllables

jl«jv»

V mouma

d)

jUAl>

mourn

A.

N.

o^Ult tashlarda'

in

Nouns ending

c)

_e

tashlar'

rti

D.

I

syllables.

iJ-U» task' viU.tl>

in

jj^jjju pederlerderi from

JZ

in

pederlerde

o^^j- sudde in

^o^j— sudden from

*I»

o±J}j~. sudler de

^^J^j—

in

sudle'rderi from

the Genitive or Accusative is definite. When the -in or -i is omitted, the Genitive or Accusative is the same as the Nominative in form §§ 109, 251). When the Indefinite form of these two cases is to be described, it is styled by some Orientalists the Nominatival form of the Genitive or Accusative. But the indefinite forms of those two cases are called by the native grammarians simply

Nominative.

:

42

\.

Lesson

u-j-»

±r

4.

Second Form. The second form

88.

§ all

consonants ending in

the

first

declension

gh, whenever

*>

jll ba-liq: here

J

The

q.

that

this,

is

J q

J q

the third syllable therefore li-gha.

it

Ex.

2).

begins with £-

gr/i,

ba-ll-qa: here

(iJM a-na-la-ri 0? ,£3

oJli\ a-na-lar-da in

O-iJM a-na-lar-dan from

cat

ke-di-de

kt-di -yi

— o

ke-di-ye

ke-di-nin

ke-d\

Declension of Nouns.

t^o

The

well

qou-you-noun

qou-you-ya

qou-you-you

qou-you-dan

The

45

qou-you

qou-you-da.

hill

j^*ji

o^-oj

^i-i

^j\ onlar dan

,

them

Reflexive form of the Third Person.

Singular $

\*

Mufred'

Plural

iSXS' kendi G.

vill,

^Lj Al5"^

kendinin of

jjj

D.

xS^ kendine

A

^j JJL^

^}J\jX^

*^L .xl}

to

.^ Jem'

kendiler

kendilerin of kendilere to >

.

kendini

L.

o J.;

Jud

fcew efo'w de

A.

(jXi

Xz

kendinden from

93.

in

The English

(i^li Al^

kendileri

osJsXz

kendiler de in

jjj^LjJo

CO

kendilerden from

conversational form of address

y° u 'i m Turkish, however, there are two forms: sen and sis. Sen is employed in addressing parents, near relatives, children, servants, pupils, and intimate friends, such as would be addressed by their Christian names in England. Siz is used in addressing strangers, or mere acquaintances (§ 494). c

is

§ '

94.

J} Jy*

bizler, sizler

m

cases.

Instead of biz and

siz their

double plural

are sometimes used in

all

the six

This cannot be expressed in English. They are out of politeness, instead of ben and sen.

-even used,

:

The Pronouns.

«u^

49

Possessive Pronouns. jUl jy*> The Possessive Pronouns of the Turkish

2.

§ 95. language do not really correspond to those of the English, but are merely possessive affixes. Possessive affixes are used instead of the English possessive pronouns. They consist of syllables added at the end of nouns. They have the value of pronouns, and cannot stand alone.

§

The

96.

a_ Sing.

*L tS-

person

my

J*- Plur.

person our

I.

:>

II.

»

thy

Xi

»

II.

»

your

>

III.

»

his.

iSj-

»

III.

»

their,

>

Ex.

I.

possessive affixes are the following:

Sing.

:

elim

1|

my Plur.

viXll

J\

eliii

thy hand,

hand,

j{\ e-limi:

J>JI

our hands,

your hands.

e-liniz

e-li

his hand; f' jS^/"' jJjfGed-s&m,

Turkish Conv. -Grammar.

4

50

o

My

eye

'

I

illli

s

l

My

Singular

^

but

cases,

^tf'dkitS^

water

word ends

If the

letters (§ 24) the suffix

in

the word

is

sou-you-nouz, soidari. 99.

^U

The only

ba-ba-l).

y&

sow,

as:

^^s

as:

Sou-youm, sou-youn, sou-you; son-you-mouz

*-^

-v

§

geoz-le-ri.

inserted for euphony,

is

ba-ba-si (and not

^-1)1)

'

^

a

exception to this rule

dX j^>

geo-zii-niiz,

In the third person singular, when the word

ends in a vowel,

A

o*

5.

etc.

98.

§

geo-zu-muz,

geo-zii;

(leo-zuh,

Lesson

l,-jj

the

1

1

is

etc.

in one of the connected

when

not written

sound

i

declined

retained;

is

J^tS^' •Oifef*

AifcT'

y

as:

J^^Kitabi,

-bi-nin, -M-na, -bi-m, -bindan, -binda.

§ 100. (

If

the

j 3 j ^) k

Aj_«l

ijjjj^l

'

e,

it

(§ 32);

not

i is

If

retained; as: ^*\

'

dbjl

letters '

jl

e-vi-nin, e-vi-ne, e-vi-ni etc.

e-tra,

the final vowel

of the substantive is

never joined on to the possessive in writing

is

as:

j*o3

^

oX^I

§ 101. *

ends in one of the unconnected

it

'

acOS

v£l*o:>

§ 102.

'

ile3^

My

^-©3 3

'

grandfather

de-dem,

de-den,

de-desi

etc.

The

genitives of the Personal pronoun are required, to emphasize and corroborate the

used, when possessive affixes of the same number and person. They are never used alone, without their equivalent possessive affixes to corroborate

brother

my

(not

my

brother (not

§ 103. declension,

A

them; thus ^l^jlU qardasMm

sister

your final

etc.), ^-ItajlS *j

benim qardasMm

brother or his brother)

J

changes into

q, £-

in

gh

a

polysyllable,

before

my

(§

120).

as

in

the possessive

.

.

.

The Pronouns.

ot

person plural

Ex.

(§ 53).

so also

;

Jly

:

'

fj

*kky

k

vtl^fcy

'

d^CLl ',/CjI irfie-yi;

•

My

.

'-J^il

'

i-ne-yi-miz,

in like cases

^fcy

'

yh^J* J^e^y qo-na-glii: qo-na-glu-

mansion

',5C5Cjjl

'

y

changes into

Qo-naq, qo-na-gliun, qo-na-ghin, qo-na-ghi-niz

51

excepting that of the third

singular or plural,

affixes,

miz,

..

dA^I

etc.

'

*$C*>I

I-nek, i-nr-yim, i-nt-yih,

My

i-nc-gi-hiz.

cow

etc.

With Singular Nouns. pJ\

Jo

dil\ viAl— semVl

J\

viijjl

my

benini a-tim rt-^i/7

onoun

horse

thy horse

a-ti his

horse

jEl *J» &i#tm a-ti-miz our horse

J>J\ iljil^lljl

*>7 atlarnliz

vour horses

-^kjl onlarin atlari their horses.

i^jt]

§ 104. In some words the vowel of the last syllable eliminated when the possessive affix is added, except in the third person plural.

is

'

«7

from

kitabifia to

c

kitabifii

kitabuliza to

V;*C

hitabinizi

li*>

\^T kitabimzda in

kitabifida in

'

kitabhldan from

^'S^VS^kitab'tmzdan U^r

Affixes of the

d\^\zS^kitabhi tu of

kitabimzin of

oj_C li3 e5

kitabi

kitaMniz

iJj-CLi

|

44

>

»a

A

G.

kitabhn'izda in

Affixes of the Second Person.

3.

N.

kitabim'izt

tj^jilx^

dAx>b5^ Iti-ta-bi-yift of «^jUS^

jtl:}

osjfis

(jjs}c5l:itabhnclan from

D.

Mtabinriza to

o jtfco

oJ>s)£l»j.9

f.

f.

\jjj.]y P-

r^i^i

chiz'mt (out of door) boot fotin boots

V^f"

qoundoura shoe

u^ /^jcm

pabouj slipper

a-ya^ foot

^15"^ dey-nek

stick

r j

a c offee- 1 ,ot

coffee-cup

j

(_cU

c7«rt^/

j^U

cfta^ brook.

>Ui Exercise 9.

iC

stockings

u^ _^- choban shepherd f.

^

c ^ ora ^

,jjs* jezve {

f.^jJlS qalosh over-shoe, galoche

^M

J^jW- chariq sandal

tea (Chinese)

54

e

t^)W-

•>j

'

'

irU

°

^

•

*J:

•J-£j£ **JJ>-

deordmniiz

^jU -

^V

.

•

*j

j

•

Lesson

u-j:>

dtajl

^ A

;

'

dtjl

J5&

\

'

y^\

'

j*-5Cl

©^^3 oJiJ©jl>-

4£~J?

^

o-

ondan oS>j\

JS J^W-

.jIj ^l^l^l

^Ly j fb^y

j>X3jj

'

5.

JjjT J

^

*•

T

'

W.

i£j\

-j^ )lj

•

evinden

•

•

©3p

j>U 4»cpI

J

>jfjSC^

*lp evimizde

oJil— ej*>- £JJ&j'

*

©:>Jcj!

L ^liL*!

(9

Lesson The

a.m.),

Noon, After-

6.

Izafet.

§ 107. The possession or connexion of one thing person with another is called in Turkish, Izafet,

which means 'addition or annexation'. One substantive is governed by another different ways: is

*

Q. Tell me the days of the week. A. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. Q. Tell me the four seasons of the year. A. Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. Q. Tell me the divisions of the day. A. The Dawn, Morning, Fore-

Yari geje.

or

.

Icjl

-

Conversation.

S. Haftanifi gOnlerini sebyle! Pazar'-e>tesi, Sali, J. Pazar, ,

oglwidou j

£jiX\ r

\

AX |^S

Ohar'shamba

'

in

three

§ 108. I. By juxtaposition, without change. This used to shew the relation between a material and

the thing

composed of

it.

The name

of the material

:

56

is

Lesson

1 u-J-*

simply put, Ex.

oT

6.

like

an

(jj6

altoun qoutou a golden box.

adjective,

before the other sub-

stantive.

jby Jjjd*

\

s±JL_»\

i-pelc

mendil a silk handkerchief.

gu-mush

c-c-U- Jrj*J>

sa'at a silver watch.

Or the noun expressing

the material

put in the

is

ablative case; as: i\i~,jT ^i;jjy qou-younoun souyou The water of the

well.

AVhen the two nouns come together English, with the word of between them, the first § 112.

in ex-

pressing the quantity of the second, the phrase is translated into Turkish by simply putting the name of the quantity before the other noun and omitting 'of as in German they say Eine Flasche Weill, a bottle of wine'. (jU.

r-ji j> m

hir

^.xi f a nephew; Cfi niece y

jfji

,

,

amjazade\

p.

o\J JU. khalazade cousin

p.

olj

-*l*l a.

'

famlm Lady, Miss. Mrs.

/

number

U? sa-yi

JJ>^

jU i

a. 4j

servant

I

^.J\ 0&* r» olbir the other

Wtala-ytq \

maid

j

jan-ye

i£jJi\ e'jfendi

servant

I

gentleman, Sir

a.^il—* miisafir

.truest

)

Jb

c?a?/f

^a^e

(jjiS

Exercise

•

chichi eldest sister

j*i*Ji» khizmetji

ther's wife

^

ah'la elder sister

)

a.t.

band

«~*X>/ georumje

olj

husband

a.p.jtSCLj^ JcM:metJ:uir\

husband's bro-

(

\

,

2°i a

,i sister's hus-

eltl

^

J

%\

fto&ife wife's sister

^

p.

o»

^.ajs^

the son-in-law

emshte

JoJl

,

husband)

in . law

{

j

I'-

groom

y

^-

mothe

(wife's sister's

f

flfc/m

,

law i

brother-in-law

j

jLUlfeajawag

the bride; the ldaughtei-i n -law bridei the

,,.

...

father-in-

{

qaym ana

s*

o-yT

/

-

i-

o->

I

*

59

Izafet.

J5 ,v^-

*}

r/rt/V'.s

cage.

11.

J J3 j j ^bjli

1

u-J-*

*je^l3

^jb

L&jl

^>b

J13

cfijUs-J

4llpjl di.lbj'\5 J15

i

1.

(.c).

I

o

\

^

'.

.

^

N

•

JjO ©3

,

'Jjp **

Icjl

4£~J?

Translation

Cow's milk;

Icjl

4>©^3

©Jb

jj^jjlii dil-Hbjl3 dX'iA^-il

Coffee-pot, coffee-cup; 2.

"V

6.

(derler is called)

^4-JjfT

^T

Y

Lesson

•

xJI

4,

12.

an oke of

the milk of the

coffee of

cow;

Yemen

in

cow's

milk, in the milk of the cow. 3. Three of them; two of the oxen; the ten (of the) gold watches. 4. Two bottles of wine; a glass of water. 5. Three pounds (okes) of tea; three and a half yards of cloth. 6. The children of the village; the village children. 7. Both of them; my father and my grand father. 8. The English government; the English nation. The city of Paris. 10. Two a garden door. 9. The door of the garden; 11. Four of of those children; two of your children. my cousins. 12. The number of the books of my I not your son, and are brother's son. is great. 13. my parents? Yes, my son! thou art my son, you not 14. Nejibe I am your father and .she is your mother.

—

Hanim

my

Am

and Miss Mary

her sister-in-law. 15. A city-door; the door of the city; the door of a city; a door of a city; a door of the city. is

sister

is

To be corrected.

jo..-

•

^v

r

-

\

J

f-

•.•

J*

m

The verb To Have.

var

jh^J^jh

jjijlj 0nbS\j>

Aj

n

\\^J

-

the possessive

Jy

dfar ]

'

_)S»y

ir

7.

babamin

bir Jcltabi

and the verb

affix

yoq, yoq dour;

benim bir Jcitabim vard.tr

dJLLL

1

•J-^Ji ^.

have

I

My

yoqdour

as:

a book.

father has

notabook.

.

.

me

Literally: of is

Lesson

V ^rjj

62

there

is

a book, of

my

father there

no book.

§ 120. Sometimes the subject, when a pronoun, omitted, especially when the subject is not accented or emphasized then the affix of the object indicates the subject (§§ 70, 102); as:

is

:

J-*

j\j

The

&*r kitdbim

pjfcS""!/.

affix

var dir I

have

shows the person of the

a book.

subject.

§ 121. When the subject is a noun it is always considered as in the third person, therefore the object must end with the pronominal affix of the third person,

^

_v

or

.

v;

....

.

-*

t?^

Effendiniil bir

vi

vardlr

The gentleman has

ehnasi

a house. var The bov has

'

Chojouqhoinl

s\-

i,i

,

-"-'

*i.

,

-y-w/i^ \jpji

or si).

(i

bir

an apple.

-?.-T5

The words

Jy>-j>-

'

S^

being substantives, are of

course in the third person. II. The verb To Have with an indefinite rendered in Turkish in another way also. In the first way the subject was in the Genitive case; in the second, the subject must be put in the Locative; as:

§ 122.

object

js j\j

is

t-jbi

J* J I? p&

^j

j.

§ 123. cally,

there

o_x!j

bend 4 bir kitab var dir I have a book.

oj^jjj pederimdebir qalem car dir

My father has a pen.

Although it is not very correct grammatia custom among the common people not

is

append to the noun the possessive affixes of the first and second persons plural. Instead of saying correctly Sism atiniz, bizim ivimiz, they say Sizin at, bizim ev just as in English. Bizim evin penjeresi the window of our house, for Bizim evimizin penjerisi. Bizim peder our father, for Bizim pederimiz, or merely peder; as: to

:

6a

The verb To Have.

«\r

The Plural Locative forms of the Personal sometimes give the sense of house, home'. Pronouns Bizde bir i-nek var means both 'We have a cow' and 'There is a cow in our house'. Lit.: in us'. § 124.

c

But the rendering

§ 125.

for

nouns

is

my father's" or 'in my father's house', of my father's house", are expressed by adding 'at

i^^- f ojli «)j±

with j3

my

bajanagliim gilde at

ail

as ray

my

'There '

var

J j>

_p

sister's.

The familv of our house.

there are'

is,

brother-in-law's house..

bizde dir

m

jlj

JSgil;

father's family.

dayim

i

people

The people of my fathers house,

p*.

§ 126. tive

gil

•

{oj^tJ' liemshirem gile to

\^

.

babam

i

•

pi-llU-L

v- v:

'

i

different:

'the

is

uncle is

rendered by the Loca-

yoq dour

dir,

mv

(§ 76).

But onda

denote possession; as: Evde bir at var There is a horse in the house. But Bende bir at var I have a horse. In the first sentence it expresses location and in the second possession. var, bende var,

Hal

§ 126a. '

'

J->

J>*

j\j

j\j

^—

j\j

^j\

1

J->

'

'ji jlj *j, '

•

jlj

J-i

j\j oXj\ onoun var dir,

jo j\j

ozjr,

j* j\j

'

j* j\j i)j-

Present,

j\j oJw benim var dir,

'j->

jj

Jl>-

onda var

dir.

bizim var dir,

bizde var dir,

var

sizde var dir,

sizin

dir,

onlarin var dir, onlarda var dir.

thou hast, he has a

—

etc.

The Negative Form. jjijj I

'

*

—

have not a

\j

j>\j

oJ,1j

benim yoqdour, bende yoqdour.

etc.

Mazije\* Past

§ 126b. '

jaKj

'

ij

^

'

^L"

iJjA j\j dX>j\

'

'

(Preterite).

iJJA j\j oXj benim var .

az ekmek

used

^lo\ Jom [

Ji«xl»l tz^jl

j£>\jf-

§ 136.

(§

181);

ha' zi

"Both"

(§ 469); as: I have both bread and

y

m

ademler some people.

some gentlemen.

hayvanlar some animals. is

rendered by

p.

a a hem r

salt.

— hem

r

j\j jj\s a j vi-LSl

aunt has both paper and pen. j* j\j LJi} aj Turkish Conv.-Grammar.

-r\i

as:

bir qach' effendilir ba'zi

some bread.

animate objects Jsn& bazi,

in reference to

hir qach is

My

oir

tiJi-5

a

A

o-xL

>il.«Jl>.

o

i

66

Lesson

V Lrj^

§ 137. "Either "Neither

.

.

or

.

' .

is

,

.

.' ? .

You have

rendered by *

jj

oJJ;

j:> ojJL-

js

oX,j\

JU

Hal

bende

salt.

have the

dir,

,

I

ya-ya-

;

(§472); as:

j\j

oJJo

*j

Is I

oJJL-

Present. j* MT3

ur-^J !?"'«*& potato

^CjUjU Jj^T'o-U^-lcT

-j> J^o>

^

«*.

•

\

1.

I.

I

1

x

A^J'

^.J£

^a>I e^y

Translation 14.

have an apple; thou hast some

cherries;

he has the oranges. 2. My brother has the dog; your aunt has a cat; they have three horses. 3. How much money have you? I have seventeen piasters. 4. Have No, Sir, I have not any. 5. I had you any sugar? no pen. I had the pen. I had not the pen. 6. Give me some bread and grapes. Have you any bread and grapes? 7. Plow many children has your grandson? He has two children; one a boy, the other

—

—

—

—

a

girl.

Have

I a

dog?

—

Yes,

II.-

8.

and

my

No,

Sir,

brother has a horse. he has no pen. 10.

It is at

my

uncle's.

your money.

12.

11.

Who

Is there

Sir,

you have a dog,

—

Has he the pen? Where is your book? has my money? I have 9.

—

—

any servant in the kitchen?

in the kitchen? 13. The servant is in the kitchen. There is a servant in the kitchen. 14. Who Your father had the has the pen and the paper? pen and I have the paper. 15. Are there any eggs? Yes, Sir, there are plenty of them. Is the servant

—

*l£ Mat-bakhda ne var?

Conversation. Bir az totnates ve patates var. Hich e-yi deyil, choq hasta dir.

Sizin birader nasil dir? Onoun ati kiinde dir?

Babam

Guzel qoush qardashinda ml?

Khayr, chojoughoun qafesinde

Qafesde ne var?

Bir yeshil, bir siyah ve bir beyaz

Ekmek

qousb var. Khayr, ekmek bende devil

gilde dir.

dir.

1

sende mi dir? See the Note page 67.

dir.

^

69

The Pronouns.

A u^^> Lesson The Pronouns.

vl>l>0

The

§ 138.

^

according as to

—

'the

which,

nouns and pronouns

in

is

the word

that

a noun or an adjective.

is

it

;^j j*J&

Adjectival Pronominal affix

signifying

-Jti,

(Continued.)

Adjectival Pronoun.

3.

8.

which',

It is

attached

two ways; by putting them

either in the Genitive or in the Locative case.

instance it is used always like a substantive, and signifies 'that which belongs to'. In the second case, it is sometimes used substantively and signifying 'that which exists": when it is attached to a substantive, it is an adjective, signifying 'the which exists'. Ex.:

In the

§ 139.

first

—

U

I.

father;

baba

*UjIIj

babanhl-ki that or the

babanin

^xjll

of the father;

one which belongs

to the father.

oil babada in the father; jo^ babadaki that one which exists in (the possession of) the father.

j o JlL bendeki that whichlhave,

or

the

or

isinmy possession.

§ 140. The separate possessive pronouns corresponding to those of the English language are formed in the first way; as: ^C*Jo benimki, \

are:

bou used for things which are near the speaker, This.

The Pronouns.

Yi

Jjt

*

'

Jjl j\

used for things which are near the person spoken to, This.

shol

shou,

»i.

»

ol

o,

71

»

are

»

»

some distance

off,

That (yonder). ish'bou

t\

This present (person

or thing).

The Demonstratives when they modify

§ 142.

w

a noun, are regarded as adjectives.

jJL\

'

jj\

J^l

are

used only as adjectives, and they never undergo any change.

Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns. Singular ^

jt shou

bou this

N.

y

G.

vlljjj

D.

'6j>

A.

jjj bounou this

L.

ojjji

A.

u-*Mj

Mufred?

:«

dXljt shown oio'i of this

bounoun of this

'6jt shouna to this

bouna to this

bounda in

,A*J

^LrJ!

g

A^

i^j i

bounlar, Xote.

-hi,

^.y- shounda

this

in this

c-^^ shoundan

this.

from

this.

s/*Ji

^^.

°^Ji

O-^jj

°^J-

^fAr

^Ar*

u^Ar

6

-a,

shounou this

j^i-

boundan from

la

this

...

shounlar,

The declension of

j\ o

1

-1/7,

that,

...

-«,

is

1

the same as that of

the third person of the Personal Pronoun, page 47.

Other Demonstratives:

§ 143. '

Lf^LJi

LT^y*

^A

'

bj\' b>\jj^ 0>\JJ.

objl'

»>l>j-

*

rom here fr0m there

o±*>\ J. u-^j!

^ jj^u*^ 0±X3\ ^jt

gundS on such a day.

bir

&%#»

&tr

ademden from such a man.

such

edylesikebtubirchojouq shol effendiden

X>i\ J dfc\S Jj\ oZ

serf**

bad boy.

a

from that gentleman.