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CHAPTER 1: LEXICO – MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Discussions on the issue of expansion of the company have been in _______ since the outbreak of the disease in the area. A. hitch

B. limbo

C. feud

D. core

2. Viewers were _______ at the incredible sight of the lunar landscape, unable to take their eyes off the screen until the very end of the broadcast. A. switched

B. devised

C. transfixed

D. stifled

3. Having lost her mother at an early age, Mary felt she had become a mere _______, having to do absolutely everything for her five brothers and sisters. A. taskmaster

B. workmate

C. slavedriver

D. workhorse

4. Keith’s _______ income looks impressive, but once tax and social security contributions are deducted, it’s not so much. A. full

B. grand

C. net

D. gross

5. We have developed rapid order processing to _______ deliveries to customers. A. expedite

B. fasten

C. heighten

D. quicken

6. The operation was a success, but the patient died of _______. A. implications

B. symptoms

C. after-effects

D. ramifications

7. Increasing terrorism in the region puts a new _______ on the situation. A. complexion

B. disposition

C. outlet

D. tantrum

8. If you need help, please don’t hesitate to call me. I can be there _______. A. in a fix

B. in a flash

C. in a daze

D. in the bag

9. He felt his heart _______ as his bride-to-be began her walk down the aisle. A. fasten

B. quicken

C. expedite

D. heighten

10. My car broke down and I had to _______ a huge sum of money to have it towed and serviced. A. splash out

B. fork out

C. put aside

D. pay off

11. The candidate’s optimism gave _______ to doubt as the result of exit polls became known.

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A. place

B. lie

C. vent

D. voice

12. After the hurricane, all that was left of our house was a pile of _______. A. rabble

B. rubble

C. ramble

D. rumble

13. To say it is the best novel written in the last twenty years is going far _______. A. a long way

B. over the topC. through a bad patch

D. to great lengths

14. This week’s programme is given _______ a profile of an eminent scientist. A. credit for

B. in to

C. over to

D. up on

15. Inspector Morts was determined to get to the _______ of the mystery. A. ground

B. end

C. bottom

D. point

16. Getting away from the stresses of work would do you a _______ of good. A. sense

B. taste

C. virtue

D. power

17. If you make it to the final, you will be _______ some of the best sprinters in the world. A. in for

B. up to

C. up against

D. up with

18. He gave speeches all over the world to _______ support for his “Help the Homeless” Campaign. A. trot out

B. turn to

C. weigh up

D. whip up

19. Somehow I managed to _______ my physics exam. The pass mark was 55 and I got 56. A. scrape through

B. shake off

C. sit through

D. slip off

20. The new professor is way ahead of the _______with his research into genetics. A. twist

B. circle

C. spin

D. curve

21. Don’t _______ him on to join a gang: nothing could be worse for him! A. egg

B. toast

C. butter

D. knife

22. Many companies seem to reach the _______ of disaster before anybody has tried to get something done. A. side

B. precipice

C. edge

D. brink

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23. I am not surprised that your brother is angry; you spent half an hour _______ him up about an issue he cares about deeply. A. spinning

B. turning

C. winding

D. twirling

24. Although Gail thought she should have won first place, she _______ her pride and congratulated her rival. A. exerted

B. swallowed

C. bore

D. aroused

25. I had spent two months worrying about it and I was glad to get it off my _______. A. shoulders

B. head

C. chest

D. mouth

26. That he was using unscrupulous research methods only came out because his assistant _______ on him to the press. A. ratted

B. hounded

C. fished

D. bugged

27. The phrase ‘money doesn't buy happiness’ is a cautionary cliché that keeps us from blindly lining your pockets with _______ in the hope that we’ll feel happier. A. stash

B. hoard

C. stock

D. dosh

28. If there happened to be both rich and poor people, as there happen to be both black and white ones, then the advantages of the _______ might well spread in time to the hard-up. A. well-heeled

B. big-hearted

C. open-handed

D. tight-fisted

29. The government has agreed to _______ an additional £5 million to schools in underprivileged regions. A. dole out

B. tip off

C. crack down

D. toss off

30. As much as the candidate tried to convince people of his honesty, he could not shake off his _______ past. A. serene

B. tranquil

C. shady

D. frigid

31. The greedy man wouldn’t hesitate to _______ away his valued assets if he thought it would bring him more money. A. wager

B. bet

C. gamble

D. stake

32. His talent meant he could create wondrous things, but his _______ meant he hardly ever felt like working. A. adversity

B. lethargy

C. ineptitude

D. tactlessness

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33. The founder of the company decided to take a back _______ and let the board members run the business. A. stage

B. seat

C. row

D. door

34. The tendency is to respond to anger with anger, but in these situations, it pays to keep a cool _______. A. brain

B. mind

C. head

D. top

35. Most people are _______ to believe that girls and boys like certain toys when they are young. A. hardened

B. acclimated

C. conditioned

D. accustomed

36. The local authorities annually ______ between £50 million and £100 million on art projects. A. disperse

B. disband

C. disburse

D. dispose

37. Let me know of any pertinent developments, keep me in the ______. A. sphere

B. ring

C. circle

D. loop

38. The employees are ______ a rally in the city centre to demand higher wages. A. making

B. performing

C. staging

D. presenting

39. Having lost her home, Lucy got ______ a gang of people who hang around causing trouble. A. in with

B. up to

C. on with

D. by on

40. Although usually quite compassionate, the receptionist made a ______ remark that took her colleagues by surprise. A. crooked

B. cautious

C. corrupt

D. callous

41. After the disastrous televised interview, the topic was ______ on social media. A. raging

B. moving

C. trending

D. buzzing

42. Julie felt unfairly ______ when she spoke out against a company proposal and the entire staff team turned against her. A prosecuted

B. persecuted

C. oppressed

D. suppressed

43. Once a major politician endorsed the young man’s candidacy, everyone ______ on the bandwagon and started supporting him, too. A. walked

B. stepped

C. jumped

D. climbed

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44. Malaysians should embrace their natural generosity and not let hard times ______ their spirit to help others in need. A. dampen

B. moisten

C. drench

D. deluge

45. Everyone was living off tens of thousands of years of accumulated groundwater, like a ______ heir squandering his wealth. A. stingy

B. miserly

C. spendthrift

D. penny- pincher

46. Saving up for a nest ______ is an important part of life and should not be ignored, no matter how young or how well-off you are. A. egg

B. stone

D. seed

D. pit

47. My first impression of Vanessa was that she was very charming and ______; she seemed totally at ease with people. A. exuberant

B. urbane

C. aloof

D. compassionate

48. Charlotte ______ the new girl immediately, within hours of meeting each other they were best of friends. A. took issue with

B. took heart from

C. took a shine to

D. took his hat off to

49. This sound system is so well-designed and technologically advanced that it is hard to ______. A. overtake

B. transcend

C. dominate

D. rival

50. Parents often have to ______ large amounts of money so their children can take part in extracurricular sports activities. A. mark down

B. rung up

C. shell out

D. stock up

51. James kept trying to ______ his duties, but his manager told him if he didn’t start taking responsibility for his work he would have to leave the company. A. beaver away

B. weasel out of

C. chicken out of

D. clam up

52. Our English teacher had a high opinion of herself and would always ______ into class as if she were a queen. A. sprint

B. skip

C. strut

D. stride

53. After testing positive on a doping test, the renowned athlete was advised to lay low and avoid the press like the ______.

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A. plague

B. hawk

C. wildfire

D. wind

54. Apart from one or two ______ of brilliance from Owen, England put on a rather poor performance. A. flashes

B. spells

C. storms

D. strokes

55. The police believe Morgan strangled his girlfriend in a ______ of jealousy. A. burst

B. fit

C. flash

D. spell

56. Normally, when he was late, he gave a pathetic excuse, but not this time, what he said had a ______ of truth about it. A. figment

B. glimmer

C. ring

D. shred

57. Having gained a ______ victory in the general elections, they proceeded with their ambitious programme. A. galloping

B. staunch

C. landslide

D. close-up

58. We can’t buy it. We have already $400 ______ at the bank. We would run up huge debts. A. overspent

B. overtaken

C. overdrawn

D. overdone

59. It is hoped that this meeting will pave the way for ______ peace. A. long-lasting

B. long-running

C. long-standing

D. long-winded

60. Naturally, her parents were thrilled to ______ when they found out she had passed the exam with an A. A. shreds

B. heaven

C. goodness

D. bits

61. I know she is a bit miserable at the moment, but she’ll soon ______ up when she finds out that I have booked us a two-week holiday in Barbados. A. perk

B. look

C. pump

D. joy

62. There is no need to get so ______ about being turned down. There are other advertising agencies out there, you know. A. destitute

B. descendant

C. despondent

D. despicable

63. All he has done since losing his job is ______ around the house all day. A. mourn

B. depress

C. mope

D. wallow

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64. He likes nothing better than to spend his Sunday mornings ______ in the gardens. A. pottering about

B. hanging around

C. whiling away

D. winding down

65. The three tours are run _______ so we can only choose one. A. concurrently

B. recurrently

C. concurringly

D. cursively

66. Kitchell says the city was a _______ of all American culture during the '60s. A. microclimate

B. microcopy

C. microcosm

D. microscope

67. The idea of a nap in the middle of the day is quite _______ to British people. A. foreign

B. distant

C. remote

D. unheard

68. The island of Tahiti _______ sandy beaches and crystal clear water. A. brags

B. gloats

C. boasts

D. swaggers

69. I don't like intellectual novels, serious music or films; my tastes are quite ______ A. flat-topped

B. lowbrow

C. shamefaced

D. slow-witted

70. A lot of older people are ______ because they've been complaining all their lives A. irate

B. crotchety

C. indignant

D. infuriated

71. Margie was an _______ traveller; even dangerous conflict would not stop her from visiting a place. A. intrepid

B. inquisitive

C. ingenious

D. insightful

intrepid: gan dạ 72. The floral bouquets we entered into the competition were a _______ of colour, but unfortunately, we did not win first prize. A. wham

B. riot

C. drop

D. buzz

73. Don’t forget to _______ your sources; you don’t want to get accused of stealing information. A. quote

B. cite

D. name

D. refer

74. Travelling to Norway and experiencing the Nothern Lights first hand was always at the very top of Mary’s _______ list. A. luggage

B. lag

C. basket

D. bucket

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75. The football fans were coming in _______ to watch the final game. An hour before the kickoff the stadium was packed full. A. fingers and thumbs

B. bits and bobs

C. dribs and drabs

D. bibs and tuckers

76. The Government is trying to ________when it says it will spend more on the health service without raising taxes. A. chew the fat

B. wave the flag

C. square the circle

D. put the lid

77. The government is using the taxes from the working class to bail out the banks that ruined the economy? That really ________! A. sows wild oats

B. spills the beans

C. takes the biscuit

D. upsets the apple cart

78. I've searched ________ for that old photo album, but I can't find it anywhere. A. high and low

B. long and short

C. straight and narrow

D. thick and thin

79. I don't think Paul will ever get married — he's the stereotypical _______ bachelor. A. settled

B. confirmed

C. fixed

D. determined

80. I'm afraid we got our _______ crossed — I thought my husband would be picking up the children and he thought I was doing it. A. minds

B. purposes

C. wires

D. fingers

81. It’s a pleasure to be in her company as she is always so _______ and welcoming. A. adamant

B. jubilant

C. obnoxious

D. amiable

82. They will provide a lot of amusement hopping _______ over the rocks from one puddle to another. A. up and down

B. in and out

C. back and forth

D. back to front

83. Celebrities feel special when they are surrounded by a(n) _______ of loyal followers. A.brigade

B. entourage

C. fraternity

D. squad

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84. An angry _______ stood outside parliament, shouting and threatening violence. A. cast

B. crew

C. flock

D. mob

85. “I have a reservation for _______ of six. The name’s John.” “I’ll show you to your table”. A. band

B. circle

C. party

D. platoon

86. Millions of people left Italy for the USA during the Italian _______ of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A. clique

B. diaspora

C. horde

D. troupe

87. She was a ______Catholic and, so far as I am aware, morally unassailable. A. firm

B. devout

C. staunch

D. strict

88. The police are going to ______down on illegal stock exchange activities in the streets. A. dragging

B. kicking

C. dumbing

D. clamping

89. The media regarded Gorbachev as the ______favorite to dethrone the old champ A. last-minute

B. odds-on

C. so-called

D.well –earned

90. A: ‘Oh, I’m exhausted! I’ve been doing homework all day.’ B: ‘Come and put your _______ up for 5 minutes and I’ll make you a cup of tea.’ A. hands

B. hair

C. heart

D. feet

91. John was _______ a week after the accident, but he has not been able to come to football practice yet. A. up and about

B. vim and vigour

C. fingers and thumbs

D. life and death

92. I ate some tinned sardines that had expired and ended up feeling so sick that I _______ all the food I had eaten. A. brought up B. passed out

C. packed up

D. went off

93. I had been feeling very down in the dumps after being given the sack, but took ________ when a prestigious employment agency booked two interviews for me. A. stride

B. shine

C. heart

D. issue

95. The sales assistants were so rude to me, I decided to take my ______elsewhere.

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A. income

B. custom

C. capital

D. fortune

96. She had a strong desire to be a dancer but failed to make the ______. A. grade

B. term

C. mark

D. degree

97. We ______ deny that we have ever cheated or tampered illegally with any match ball in any game during our careers. A. categorically

B. fully

C. distinctly

D. highly

98. I felt a bit _______ and seemed to have more aches and pains than usual. A. out of sorts

C. on the mend

B. over the worst

D. under the fever

99. A woman who appears to be a __________ person who lives under bridges turns out to be has a metamorphose into a princess and has a regal personage. A. tumble-down

B. downcast

C. run-down

D. down-and-cast

100. Some people can just ______ a cold, but my colds seem to linger for weeks A.shrug off

B.cough up

C.pull through

D.stamp out

101. The yard-long hawksbill turtle, with its hooked beak and scaly neck, is a living ______ of the dinosaur age. A. heirloom

B. relic

C. vestige

D. artefact

102. The artist was so prolific in his youth that by the time he reached his forties, he was a living ______. A. icon

B. fable

C. myth

D. legend

103. The unpopular prime minister was ______ in the press when she tripped while walking in a muddy field. A. slandered

B. lampooned

C. hounded

D. stalked

104. The challenges Ann encountered while assisting the medical charity in Africa ______ the best in her personality. A. brought up

B. brought out

C. brought around

D. brought about

105. The plane had moved onto the runway and the cabin crew were ______ take-off.

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A. standing by for

B. standing in for

C. standing up for

D. standing up to

106. The meeting was so dull that James couldn’t help ________ part way though. A. winding down

B. hammering away

C. drifting off

D. sleeping over

107. Although the chemist’s initial experiment failed, she ________ upon a strong new material in the process. A. tripped

B. fell

C. broke

D. stumbled

108. Lawrence suggested ________ ourselves at the beginning of the long project in order to avoid exhaustion. A. pacing

B. rushing

C. plodding

D. racing

109. It is important not to ________ creativity in the young and let them express themselves. A. hinder

B. stifle

C. flounder

D. expedite

110. The minister was heavily ________ by the United Nations Security Council in their report. A. criticized

B. scrutinized

C. censured

D. interrogated

111. When it comes to running the company, Michael is a(n) ________ unto himself; he is doing anything he pleases. A. act

B. code

C. order

D. law

112. People don’t have a right to ________ in judgement when they don’t know all the facts. A. sit

B. pass

C. make

D. bite

113. The ________ skyscrapers of modern metropolises dwarf previous feats of engineering both literally and figuratively. A. tottering

B. towering

C. sprawling

D. spanning

114. The local area is ________ lacking in places to enjoy art and cinema. A. properly

B. rashly

C. sorely

D. aptly

115. At the age of 11, Taylor Swift was already trying to ________ a record deal in Nashville. A. land

B. create

C. steal

D. grab

116. I hope virtual friendships are not the ________ of things to come. A. scheme

B. form

C. shape

D. frame

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117. Everyone dissolved into ________ of laughter when they saw my haircut. A. sets

B. spells

C. fits

D. bouts

118. The money-laundering scandal leads to the minister’s ________ fall from political power. A. prodigious

B. precipitous

C. dismal

D. persistent

119. Harry was a ________ of nerves the whole time his wife was in the hospital. A. batch

B. bunch

C. bundle

D. bale

120. The three tours are run ________ so we can only choose one. A. concurrently

B. recurrently

C. concurringly

D. cursively

121. Taking a gap year will allow you to reach a level of emotional ________ that will stay with you for a lifetime. A. wisdom

B. ripeness

C. adulthood

D. maturity

122. The list of the sources for the information in this book is contained in the book’s ________. A. periodical

B. acknowledgements

C. appendix

D. bibliography

123. This is a very busy office and in your new position you will have to be able to think on your ________! A. toes

B. legs

C. feet

D. knees

124. Our plans to hold an end-of-year picnic in the woods were ________ by the bad weather. A. provoked

B. thwarted

C. emulated

D. vented

125. I had a ________ that something bad was going to happen to Katy and I rushed straight round to her house, where I found her unconscious. A. premonition

B. mind-set

C. foresight

D. forethought

126. Giovanni and his family spend hours at the dinner table, but that’s just the Italian ________ to food and eating. A. nostalgia

B. attitude

C. keepsake

D. respect

127. Please ________ these figures to memory, so that you will be able to answer the investors’ questions easily and confidently. A. memorise

B. recall

C. retain

D. commit

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128. A major political party is ________ the campaign for tighter gun controls in the wake of last month’s shooting. A. procuring

B. setting

C. spearheading

D. fulfilling

129. I hope I’ll be able to _______ today’s performance on the opening night. A. aspire

B. emulate

C. advocate

D. persevere

130. Unfortunately, Jamie’s plans to tour around Australia didn’t _______ due to a lack of finances. A. pan out

B. pull off

C. knuckle down

D. waltz through

131. Trekkers should be prepared to _______ it as there are few facilities in remote areas. A. struggle

B. rough

C.succumb

D. tolerate

132. The challenges Ann encountered while assisting the medical charity in Africa brought _______ the best in her personality. A. up

B. out

C. about

D. around

133. The plane had moved onto the runway and the cabin crew were standing _______ take-off. A. by for

B. in for

C. up for

D. up to

134. If you are given a ________ anaesthetic during an operation, you are still aware of what is going on around you. A. local

B. tropical

C. varied

D. released

135. Garlic being sold as organic was found to contain pesticide ________ and was removed from the market. A. elements

B. filaments

C. residues

D. variables

136. Colin is only just ________; he gets unemployment benefit, but it isn’t much. A. scraping by B. putting aside

C. bailing out

D. tiding over

137. Insurance companies had to ________ ￡10 million in storm damage claims. A. dip in

B. rip off

C. bail out

D. cough up

138. We hurried back to our car as we saw the clouds ________ over the mountains. A. rolling in

B. holding off

C. beating down

D. bucketing down

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139. My train ________ at 3.15, so could you be there to collect me? A. stops off

B. pulls up

C. gets in

D. heads for

140. If we're going to bring this company back to its former glory, we'll need a marketing team that can do ________. A. justice

B. business

C. credit

D. miracles

141. The well-known ________ clash between the President and the rebel leader is not making things easier. A. character

B. mood

C. enemy

D. personality

142. It had been with a heavy ________ that I watched her leave, and I had sunk into a dark and despairing mood. A. head

B. mood

C. mind

D. heart

143. In some countries, a bride’s family is still required to pay a ________ to the groom’s family. A. dowry

B. bill

C. relic

D. heirloom

144. Their ________ religious beliefs were of great comfort in troubled times. A. age-long

B. long-gone

C. strongly-held

D. time-honoured

145. The local area is ________ lacking in places to enjoy art and cinema. A. properly

B. rashly

C. sorely

D. aptly

146. I offered to do the job, but soon found that I was ________ as it was more difficult than I had thought. A. pushing up daisies B. knocking on wood

C. in over my head

D. off my hands

147. He asked the question rather _______, as his boss was in a bad mood and he didn’t want to annoy her. A. tentatively

B. explosively

C. insolently

D. provokingly

148. His ________ expression left us in no doubt as to how much her rejection had hurt him. A. anguished

B. resigned

anguished: đau đớn, buồn bã

C. downright

D. placid

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149. They are not likely to ________ information during the current armed conflict. ladle out: give somebody a lot of something, especially money or advice 150. Now that you have more money, you’ll be able to ________ a little; you have no excuses any more. A. live it up

B. make a break

C. cut and run

D. fly off the handle

151. Although he came to work the day before his retirement, everyone knew he was just ________. A. going with the flow

B. going through the motions

C. going against the grain

D. going along with them

152. The characters in the novel are ________ and have no connection with any living person. A. existential

B. distorted

C. fictitious

D. episodic

153. They are a real ________ organisation; they are only interested in making a profit. A. devil-may-care

B. fly-by-night

C. open-handed

D. down-to-earth

154. After ________ over the pros and cons for weeks, she finally quit her job last Friday. A. moralizing

B. agonizing

C. sterilizing

D. rationalizing

155. The philosopher was such a ________ thinker that few could follow his reasoning. A. surrealist

B. profound

C. methodical

D. plausible

156. Our guests are from a ________ of society and so should reflect most point of views. A. cross-section

B. cross-fire

C. cross-purpose

D. cross-reference

157. She decided to ________ with the services of the maid and do the housework himself. A. dispose

B. dispense

C. depose

D. desert

168. Her ________ treatment by her employers finally forced her to look for a better job. A. shabby

B. messy

C. grungy

D. tardy

169. She was ________ away from the company with promises of better terms and conditions from a rival firm. A. enhanced

B. enticed

C. manipulated

D. raided

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170. I had a disastrous day, but lately that has been par for the ________. A. course

B. track

C. game

D. road

171. They’ve been going ________ for so long now that all their friends expect them to marry soon. A. dutch

B. berserk

C. round

D. steady

172. The documentary gave him such a ________ that he gave up smoking immediately. A. terror

B. fear

C. fright

D. dread

173. It gets my ________ that she expects to look after the children every afternoon. A. goat

B. horse

C. dog

D. beetle

174. We were just ________ in the sitting area and somehow the window got broken. A. beetling about

B. haring off

C. horsing around

D. wolfing down

175. Uncle Tom’s a ________ who prefer his own company to anyone else’s. A. drowned rat

B. lone wolf

C. lame duck

D. top dog

176. I have to ________ it to William; he put in the hard work and got results. A. hand

B. present

C. give

D. applaud

177. Although the chemist’s initial experiment failed, she ________ upon a strong new material in the process. A. tripped

B. fell

C. broke

D. stumbled

178. Lawrence suggested ________ ourselves at the beginning of the long project in order to avoid exhaustion. A. pacing

B. rushing

C. plodding

D. racing

179. Julie is a very friendly employee with a smile that ________ happiness and positivity. A. oozes

B. radiates

C. fosters

D. boosts

180. There is a(n) ________ desire for more face-to-face contact, perhaps due to the increase in online interaction in today’s world. A emergent

B divergent

C detergent

D insurgent

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181. All three siblings agreed to ________ their resources in order to start their new business venture. A. fuse

B. blend

C. mingle

D. pool

182. Dennis is very ________ about things; he never lets anything stress him out. A. tolerant

B. impetuous

C. warm-hearted

D. laid-back

183. Vicky walked into the room ________ as brass and made her demands to the group. A. bright

B. bold

C. proud

D. loud

184. Many linguists fear that global languages could ________ local languages as the main means of communication in these places. A. displace

B. disperse

C. discard

D. disband

185. It’s never a good idea to force people to change by ________ what has to happen. A. dictating

B. displacing

C. disputing

D. debasing

186. The changes in the line-up forced the pop group to ________ after friction developed between them A. displace

B. disperse

C. discard

D. disband

187. I’d prefer to have a healthy ________ than greasy fried food. A chickens salad

B chicken-salad

C chicken salad

D salad chicken

188. The points raised about the exercise technique are not ________ to this presentation. A pertinent

B opportune

C admissible

D acceptable

189. The surgery hired a ________ to cover the patients while the doctor was on holiday. A. practitioner

B. provider

C. locum

D. physician

190. The new consultant is still feeling her ________ in the hospital. A. bones

B. pinch

C. way

D. weather

feel one’s way: to proceed with some task slowly and carefully 191. The clinic experienced an ________ of support from the community when they were threatened with closure. A. outbreak

B. overflowing

C. outbursting

D. outpouring

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192. Her ________ behaviour made her the life of the party; everyone loved talking to her. A exhaustive

B fragrant

C exuberant

D. aromatic

193. The children are ________ by this new app; they can’t stop using it. A revitalised

B hypnotised

C mesmerisedD capitalised

194. In Britain major decisions are made in the ________ of power in Westminster. A. aisles

B. corridors

C. hallways

D. landings

195. Regional parliaments allow ________ for remote parts of the country or islands far from the capital. A. self-government

B. self-sufficiency

C. self-regulation

D. self-support

196. The system of checks and balances ensures that no individual has ________ to do as they please. A. scope

B. latitude

C. carte blanche

D. franchise

197. Although citizen-centred schemes involve residents in debates, full political ________ is kept by local councillors and MPs. A. autonomy

B. autarchy

C.autocracy

D. authority

198. The high levels of air pollution is ________ a result of local factory emissions. A. plainly

B. abruptly

C. distinctly

D. markedly

199. The management are making ________ to increase the company’s efficiency. A. measures

B. steps

C. moves

D. deeds

200. She marched into the shops, as bold as ________, and demanded for her money back. A. bass

B. grass

C.brass

D. glass

201. She had an unclear ________ of him in her mind, although she knew he would be old. A. sight

B. picture

C. vision

D. figure

202. Those without the major studios’ huge spending ________ are not convinced by the argument that marketing movies can double their budget. A. force

B. strength

C. weight

D. power

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203. The outcome was a ________ circle whereby women's work, perceived as low status, was poorly rewarded and therefore regarded as unimportant. A. relentless

B. vicious

C. brutal

D. merciless

204. The best travel books of this year fall into three main categories: _________ informational, narrative, and anecdotal. A. truly

B. fully

C. literally

D. purely

205. People are dying for _________ of medical treatment. A. need

B. absence

C. want

D. shortage

206. With just a little preparation and regular feeding and watering, you can guarantee that you have a ________ of colour throughout the summer. A. disturbance

B. riot

C. demonstration

D. rally

207. Through a series of protestations and exclamations, coyness and giggling, I ________ that she was talking to her boyfriend. A. assembled

B. amassed

C. harvested

D. gathered

208. Sheila often borrowed wellingtons from her sisters, even though they were about three ________ too big. A. sizes

B. figures

C. pairs

D. numbers

209. Use Cafélux Descaling Granules, available from your ________. A. provider

B. seller

C. supplier

D. contractor

210. My profession allows me to both satisfy my own curiosity about the world and also to _______ some measure of international understanding. A. prolong

B. advertise

C. promote

D. elevate

211. Our guests are from a _______ of society and so should reflect most point of views. A. cross-section

B. cross-fire

C. cross-purpose

D. cross-reference

212. He was a very _______ person, always laughing and telling jokes. A. jolly

B. introverted

C. caustic

D. gratifying

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213. He tried to be as _______ as possible, but his garish attire made it difficult. A. accessible

B. amenable

C. incessant

D. inconspicuous

214. Mr Jones is _______, unfortunately, so you’ll have to call again tomorrow. A. indifferent

B. inimitable

C. indisposed

D. incongruous

215. This conservative, evangelical megachurch, just outside San Diego, is a _______ of activity on a Sunday morning. A. mest

B. home

C. seat

D. hive

216. He must have been hungry; he _______ that burger in record time and ordered another. A. whipped up

B. tucked in

C. chopped up

D. bolted down

217. The only room available was, to say the least, _______. There was no carpet, no curtains, and the only furniture was a bed and a small beside table. A. snug

B. dreary

C. stark

D. cushy

218. What are they saying about the art theft is pure ______; nobody knows who did it. A. ambiguity

B. hoax

C. scam

D. speculation

219. The spy was told to _______ the code to memory, then destroy the document. A. slip

B. bear

C. put

D. commit

220. _______ is Mr Jones; he can tell you all about the issue. A. The man concerned

B. The concerned man

C. Concerning the man

D. The man concerning

221. Martin’s mother is his only _______ relative. A. live

B. alive

C. lively

D. living

222. The football stadium was illuminated by _______. A. spotlights

B. searchlights

C. flashlights

D. floodlights

223. I found the training exhausting as the coach always pushed us to the _______. A. restriction

B. border

C. limit

224. She loves reading – she always has her _______ in a book.

D. frontier

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have one’s nose in a book: lúc nào cũng đọc sách 225. I couldn’t come to your party as the date _______ with my holiday. A. clashed

B. struck

C. opposed

D. occured

226. Amanda was upset by his rejection, but decided to _______ the past behind her and get on with her life. A. push

B. fix

C. drop

D. put

227. It has taken them all this time to _______ on a name for their baby. A. decide

B. conclude

C. assent

D. consent

228. It was _______ plain to the new employees that they should be polite to the customers. A. put

B. stated

C. made

D. explained

229. The only thing they felt he was capable of was _______ film reviews. A. writing in

B. turning out

C. signing off

D. summing up

230. Roads were _______ as police searched for the escaped prisoner. A. washed up

B. cut off

C. sealed off

D. kept out

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CHAPTER 2: WORD FORMATION 1. Administrative staff may be _______ through increased automation and efficiency. (SKILL) 2. The changes are _______, and will not produce a noticeable effect for 15 to 20 years. (INSIDE) 3. _______ students could understand easily what the teacher explained to them. (BRAIN) 4. Once a person has attained _______ status in the eyes of the world, it is very hard to break it. (TYPE) 5. Fatigue and boredom combine to cause _______ - one of the biggest reasons people quit. (BURN) 6. After the recent scandal, he faces a(n) _______ struggle to win back public support before the next election. (HILL) 7. The figure of total group _______ exactly balances out with the total income. (GO) 8. His book is about Shakespeare's style without getting too involved in the _______ of Shakespeare's language. (MINUTE) 9. The religious conservatives are not _______ of the West and its values. (AMOUR) 10. It is said that one woman in five is a(n) _______. Today, pressure usually pushes millions of women to buy beyond their means as an outlet for their frustration. (SHOP) 11. A conservation focus on preserving ecosystems not only saves large numbers of species (including ___________(CHARISMA) species that do not receive public support) but also preserves the support systems that maintain life. 12. The one thing that can be said in favour is that it sends vegans and animal rights activists ___________ (CANDLE) with rage. 13. Jargon is a loaded word. One dictionary defined it, neatly and neutrally, as ‘the technical vocabulary or idiom of a special activity or group’, but this sense is almost completely overshadowed by another: ‘obscure and often ___________ (PRETEND) language marked by a ___________ (ROUND) way of expression and use of long words’. It is an essential part of the network of occupations and pursuits that make up society. It is also the chief linguistic element which shows professional awareness (‘know-how’) and social ___________ (TOGETHER) (‘shoptalk’). If jargon is so essential a part of our lives, why then has it had such a bad press? The most important reason stems from the way jargon can exclude as well as include. We may not be too concerned if we find ourselves faced with a(n) ___________ (PENETRATE) wall of jargon

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when the subject matter has little perceived relevance to our everyday lives, as in the case of ___________ (HYDRO), say, or linguistics. But when the subject matter is one where we feel implicated, and think we have a right to know, and the speaker uses words which make it hard for us to understand, then we start to complain; and if we suspect that the obfuscation is deliberate policy, we ___________ (RESERVE) condemn, labelling it gobbledegook and calling down public derision upon it. No area is exempt, but the fields of advertising, politics and defence have been especially criticized in recent years by the various campaigns for Plain English. In these domains, the extent to which people are prepared to use jargon to hide realities is a ready source of amusement, disbelief and horror. A lie is a lie, which can be only temporarily hidden by calling it an ‘___________ (OPERATE) statement’ or ‘an instance of plausible ___________ (DENY)’. Nor can a nuclear plant explosion be suppressed for long behind such phrases as ‘energetic ___________ (ASSEMBLE) ’, ‘abnormal evolution’ or ‘plant ___________ (TRANSIT) ’. 14. The manifesto is long-winded, ___________ and often ambiguous or poorly drafted. (REPEAT) 15. He mistrusted ravishment by charm, spiritual appeal, force, wit or other ___________. (BLAND) 16. Apart from a few fanatics, there was a general ___________ to apply the laws directed against them. (INCLINE) 17. Tests at the age of seven provide a ___________ against which the child's progress at school can be measured. (MARK) 18. They were an average family living a boring life in a(n) ___________ little house in the suburbs. (DESCRIBE) 19. She has written a(n) ___________ account of the modern art world. (SEE) 20. The competition challenges students around the world to come up an innovative and ___________ business gift. (TREND) 21. Lisette came back from holiday in New York with a(n) ___________ asymmetric haircut. (TREND) 22. He tends to adopt a(n) ___________ manner when talking to young women. (DESCEND) 23. The motive behind such words is austere rather than ___________. (SNOB) 26. She was sitting apart from those who had once been her friends, her eyes ___________ and her cheeks blazing. (DOWN)

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27. Then Alvin endured a long, ___________wait for a flight back to New York late that night. (SPIRIT) 28. Berlusconi was ___________ by Travaglio's claim that he had colluded with the Mafia. (RAGE) 29. They can be ___________ and hypersensitive to rejection, and their social skills are, as yet, underdeveloped. (TOUCH) 30. Everyone was in a fairly constant state of ___________ anticipation and nervousness throughout the tour. (EDGE) 31. The potential for a recession across most regions of the world will have ramifications for the prospects of expatriates in ___________ employment. (GAIN) 32. In the past, the majority of women were consigned to a lifetime of ___________ and poverty. (SERVE) 33. A(n) ___________ ensued at the lab, and Angeli was convicted this week of disorderly conduct and malicious destruction of property. (ALTER) 34. This had all the makings of another long-running ___________ dispute, when again wider political events quite unexpectedly overtook the controversy. (ACRID) 35. The ___________ of the community to the king is evident and reflects perhaps the resentment of a dependent people. (ANIMUS) 36. She had enjoyed the ___________ of colleagues, and the mild flirtation which often underlay it. (COMRADE) 37. She used her ___________ skills to get along with her remote grandfather, who provided so little company for her grandmother. (RECONCILE) 38. Although a number of concessions helped ___________ minority nationalists, the most militant remained unreconciled. (PACE) 39. It encouraged experimenters to propose ___________ or novel approaches to problems. (BEAT) 40. The Qin's extremism was also its ___________ and it was soon replaced by the more enduring Han dynasty, which sought compromise with aristocratic elites and legitimation through a revived Confucianism. (DO) 41. In spite of his overnight ___________ he still manages to keep his feet on the ground. (STAR)

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42. He was a modest and ___________ man who never gave the impression that he knew all the answers. (ASSUME) 43. Barry worried that working for a woman would ___________ him in his girlfriend's eyes. (masculine) 44. For all his reclusiveness, moreover, Mr. Salinger has none of the sage's ___________; his manner is a big and showy one, given to tours-de-force and to large emotional gestures. (FACE) 45. These side effects have forced researchers to seek alternative medications to ___________, augment or delay traditional therapy. (PLANT) 46. The government is facing an angry ___________ from voters over the new tax. (LASH) 47. While parents provide a ___________ for many women in poverty, they are not always an unproblematic source of help. (LINE) 48. Is there any news about the _______ at the central bank this morning? (HOLD) 49. Geogre said it was the worst film he had seen in ages, but it got an excellent _______ in the press. I think we should go and see it. (WRITE) 50. The House of Representatives approved the budget, with 52 votes in favour, 16 against and 12 _______ (ABSTAIN) 51. They were enraged at the _______ of a policeman accused of murder. (ACQUIT) 52. The individuality, immediacy and _______ in computer games satisfy the needs from these people. (MIMIC) 53. His cartoons _______ lampooned the leading politicians of his time. (MERCY) 54. We are disappointed by her approaching this matter so _______. (AMATEUR) 55. It was sheer _______ to try to drive through the mountains in that thunderstorm. (SANE) 56. He is a totally _______ person who deliberately defies all standards. (MORAL) 57. The _______ nations carved up the defeated country into several parts,each taking an equal share. (VICTORY) 58. They have a duty to set the record straight, otherwise they are conniving at _______. (FALSE) 59. Cancer is perceived as a heterogeneous group of diseases that is characterized by _______ patterns of gene expression. (ERR)

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60. She did not reply, but sat with crimson cheeks and _______ eyes. (CAST) 61. I've been hearing about your _______ reputation for a long time, and greatly respect you. (BLEMISH) 62. The national orchestra gave a(n) _______ performance of classic music. (ELECTRIC) 63. The law is vulnerable to being manipulated or abused to serve injustice, and vulture lawyers simply rape the law and prostitute justice to serve the _______ and guilty for profit. (SCRUPLE) 64. While such mentalistic constructions may sound _______ at first sight, they are justified in three ways. (PLAUDIT) 65. If you are a reckless, unrestrained and emotionally _______ person, you are more likely to lose your future. (IMPEL) 66. Emmanuel suffered a(n) _______ two weeks later and was taken to the hospital shackled and handcuffed. (CARRY) 67. There was an embarrassing silence after her _______ remark but she was able to laugh it off. (DISCERN) 68. His lack of qualifications was taken as a sign of a(n) _______ youth. (SPEND) 69. Psychologists are dealing with the problem of _______ adolescence and " juvenile delinquency ". (ADJUST) 70. After the Soviet Union _______ in 1991, the protests escalated into war. (INTEGRATE) 71. The _______ happened in thick fog and caused a seven-mile tailback on the motorway. (PILE) 72. I had a(n) _______ time reading your latest article about the Western moron who cheated on his Chinese wife and subsequently got himself pretty roughed up by her paid muscle. (WRACK) 73. We had to listen to another of his _______ stories of his days as a soldier. (TERMINATE) 74. There is a(n) _______ resemblance between this reasoning and that which had earlier led John Dalton to an atomic theory of chemistry. (CAN) 75. The scan shown here indicates _______ metabolism and blood flow in the brain's emotional center. (FUNCTION) 76. The children were _______ at the thought of going to the seaside on holiday. (JOY) 77. Alvin met the genial master poet Langston Hughes, who became a lifelong friend and _______. (CONFIDE)

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78. A bomb was _______ at the last moment, after the fuse had been lit. (ACT) 79. It has to be said it was rather _______ of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage. (GENUS) 80. Their inability to work together for the good of the republic would only increase the peoples' _______ about government. (CYNICAL) 81. Before the war the _______ output was produced in mass for a prospective demand. (PONDER) 82. She had enjoyed the _______ of colleagues, and the mild flirtation which often underlay it. (COMRADE) 83. The _______ voluntarily agrees to undertake the legal risk of harm at his own expense. (PLAINT) 84. Online funerals would not retain the ashes, but set up an online cemetery and memorialize the deceased by posting an _______ and funeral messages. (OBIT) 85. The taxpayer received not only a capital sum when the companies were sold but now also receives a substantial annual _______. (DIVIDE) 86. The next government will play an energetic role in seeking multilateral nuclear _______. (ARM) 87. Upholders of the scientific faith shudder at the implications of having to mix it with such _______ subjective and impure elements. (REDEEM) 88. A(n) _______ public consultation paper will be issued this autumn and a more fundamental public discussion paper will be distributed next spring. (PREPARE) 89. We have a number of technical publications on various oil products including lubricants, bitumen, and _______ petroleum gas. (LIQUID) 90. The lawyer was disbarred from practice when he was round guilty of _______ acts. (LAW) 91. Even today a man who stays at home to look after the children is regarded as something of a(n) _______. (ODD) 92. Avoid detached signatures, unless they are of extreme _______ and unimpeachable authenticity. (RARE) 93. In order to produce the ______ effect of losing weight permanently, you must alter your eating habits. (DESIRE)

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94. Environmentalists fear that this is a(n) _______ approach to the problem of global warming. (SIGHT) 95. Typically the various stimuli are presented concurrently, each associated with a different outcome or requiring a different response. (CONCUR) 96. It's one of the most difficult problems _______ our modern way of life. (SET) 97. It was announced that the times were _______ and subject to confirmation.(PROVIDE) 98. The government is facing an angry _______ from voters over the new tax. (LASH) 99. The Chancellor was forced into a humiliating _______ on his economic policies. (CLIMB) 100. People in his office view him with respect as some one who is _______ and does not choose to join in casual conversation. (CONTAIN) 101. In China, the persistence of a(n) _______ currency has over the years effectively subsidised exports. (VALUE) 102. She's still carrying all that emotional _______ from her first marriage. (BAG) 103. He had a highly _______ memory and was an accomplished and lively speaker. (RETAIN) 104. Look forward to the future, we _______ bright prospect for China's development. (VISION) 105. I understand that, because the proposals were so ludicrous, there was no _______ to justify them. (RATIO) 106. The foreigners in Ottawa constitute a(n) _______ threat to the integrity and autonomy of our province. (OMEN) 107. The school is acknowledged as providing equal access and _______ to a rich and varied curriculum. (TITLE) 108. Candidates found guilty of malpractice were liable to be _______ and banned from holding elective office for 10 years. (FRANCHISE) 109. The country had been _______ from thirteen years of middle-level Conservative rule of reasonable efficiency, modest dynamism but small-power idealism. (MANCIPLE) 110. The customer doesn't need to pay a large _______ licensing fee. They only need to pay recurring subscription fees. (FRONT) 111. Like the _______ theft-proof bicycle by Chris Boardman, the Nulla has no hubs or chain drive for perhaps the sleekest, most futuristic look yet. (MINIMAL)

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112. Davison's investments failed, leaving the family in _______ circumstances when he died in 1893. (STRAIT) 113. He raved about the _______ punishment made by the manager regarding his fault. (JUST) 114. This proposal was _______ to the one we discussed at the last meeting. (ANALOGY) 115. Some things are ________ true: Water is wet, gra is green (kind of), dogs bark and houses prices rise, (ALIEN) 116. By 1980 the Republican Party platform had become antiabortion; and a president who pledged to ________ (law) abortion altogether had been elected. 117. An eight-month inquiry by the all party group on ________ found frontline public servants could be less likely to fall ill with stress, or quit altogether, if they engage in the increasingly popular meditation practice. (MIND) 118. In the UK, the ratio of people of working age to people over 65 could fall from 3.7 to 1 in 1999 to 2.1 to 1 in 2040. This suggests a very big increase in the ________ ratio and is consequently a cause for concern because with current spending pension commitments, it will place a higher burden on the shrinking working population. (DEPEND) 119. Since their interest in the past was primarily ________, precise knowledge of actual events and when they happened was not required. (MORAL) 120. A ___________ is an instrument that separates light into a frequency spectrum and records the signal using a camera. (SPECTRUM) 121. The journal Public Money and Management contains ________ articles covering the whole of the public sector. (TOPIC) 122. Although geographically linked, the two provinces have long fought for political ________. (ASCEND) 123. Tribromoethanol has been reported to be ________ to the viscera of mice and this can cause intestinal problems and death. (IRRITATE) 124. It had been a warm ________ day in early October and she, Alex and her father were working in the garden. (AUTUMN) 125. Jess, watching Midnight, saw him glance swiftly from one to another, his look cold, even ________. (SCORN) 126. Many of the traditions are ________ of a time when most people worked on the land. (REMAIN)

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127. If you join the armed forces, you have to pledge ________ to your country. (ALLAY) 128. Extending democracy at the ________ level is the groundwork for developing socialist democracy. (ROOT) 129. I am sure that I will study abroad, but I will come back to build my country," 16-year-old ________ rocket scientist Katherine Lee says with conviction. (WANT) 130. The story of the Internet is one of piecewise relinquishment of government control and ________ of private individuals and organizations. (POWER) 131. The message is clear and concise and displays no ________ that one would expect to find in more courtly love scenes. (VERB) 132. He talked with the ________ authority of the head of the family. (MAGISTRATE) 133. Methods Twenty three patients who had undergone ________ proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir were included in the study. 134. Reduction in government spending will ________ further cuts in public services. (NECESSARY) 135. Ever since she was a child, she has had (a) ________ for spicy food. (DILIGENT) 136. Not only was it gaudy in appearance but the smell wafting from the kitchen was distinctly ________. (ODOR) 137. It may take patience, but it is important to be ________ about what sort of home you are prepared to inhabit. (FASH) 138. Small wonder if their son grew up with a taste for ________ pursuits, warlike deeds and sometimes foolhardy enterprise. (CHIVALRY) 139. I ever felicitate myself secretly that I won't make ________ remarks or be hurt by them. (PERTAIN) 140. A proportion of ________ waves was noted in patients who had undergone surgery 10 or more years previously. (PROPEL) 141. It is essential that tutors provide a good service ________ with the fees being charged to students and/or their employers. (MEASURE) 142. The power of red wine to ________ high cholesterol has been ballyhooed in the press. (ACT)

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143. A previous knowledge of computing may be of some advantage initially but is not (a) ________ for entry to the course. (REQUIRE) 144. Ministries send in monthly reports which are ________ and submitted to the Chancellor via the state secretaries. (NOTE) 145. When millions watch the same programs, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the condition which obtain in ________ communities. (LITERACY) 146. They were sturdy and wooden; quite beautiful in their ________, utilitarian lines. (CLOT) 147. It is also suggested that ________ learning associated with employment may have been of value to these students. (EXPERIENCE) 148. It was very difficult to ________ the story of the revolution in a single one-hour documentary. (CAPSULE) 149. The only victors in a ________ clash between the president and the assembly would be the hardliners on both sides. (HEAD) 150. We should make ________ use of the resources available to us. (JUDGE) 151-160. Motivations for censorship of the internet range from (151) ________ (intend) desires, to protect children from unsuitable content to (152) ________ (authority) attempts to control a nation’s access to political opinion. Many countries around the world have implemented extensive filtering systems to curb the perceived (153) ________ (law) of the medium. Many others are debating the (154) ________ (act) of similar measures. The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) is an organization dedicated to informing the public about Internet (155) ________ (survey) and filtering policies around the world. Its mission is to uncover the potential pitfalls and (156) ________ (meditate) consequences of Internet censorship and thus help to better (157) ________ (light) public policy in this area. The ONI (158) ________ (value) the breadth and depth of Internet censorship in seventy-four countries in four areas of activity: political, social, Internet tools and conflict/security. The level of (159) ________ (tamper) in each area is given a rank ranging from “No evidence of filtering” to (160) “________ (pervade) filtering. 161. Greenpeace applied for a(n) ________ review to challenge the court's decision. (JUDGE) 162. The President authorizes the ________ use of military force to protect our citizens. (JUDGE)

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163. The people of the district rose up in arms and reinstated the abbot, but their triumph was ________. (LIVE) 164. The process of the ________ root formation in grape cuttings can be divided into six periods. (ADVENT) 165. Mr Mandela was the symbolic leader of the ________black majority. (FRANCHISE) 166. The special session will run ________ with the regular legislative session beginning today. (CONCUR) 167. The solutions below are descriptions of how these issues have been ________ solved and may serve as a pattern to help you on your next project. (RECUR) 168. We and those of our class act 'rationally' in our fertility regulating behaviour, they act irrationally, irresponsibly, without ________ or knowledge. (THOUGHT) 169. She had had the ________ to prepare herself financially in case of an accident. (SIGHT) 170. Rock was a roly-poly detective who looked like a no-hoper but who always ________ the opposition with sly brilliance. (WIT) 171. She underwent a heart ________ in a last-ditch attempt to save her. (PLANT) 172. The cold has made already ________ living conditions even worse. (STANDARD) 173. Hospitals are on ________ ready to deal with casualties being flown in from the crash site. (STAND) 174. The opposing counsel then has a last opportunity to ________ the witness to address facts brought out in redirect examination. (EXAMINE) 175. The investigator said the killings were the result of poor procedure by trigger-happy police rather than ________ murder. (MEDITATE) 176. An entire society was ________ and destroyed, vanishing into the high mountains never to return. (ROOT) 177. Women are caught in a double bind, ________ in the community if they are not wives and mothers, under excessive pressure to be perfect if they are. (MARGIN) 178. Coffee houses flourished as meeting points for endless discussions of the latest news, indulging in raucous ________ (AGREE) and for the ________ (LUCRE) business of buying and selling insurance ships, stocks and commodities.

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179. In 1988 there were several well-publicised cases of young people committing suicide apparently because of ________ love (QUIT) 180. Racial hatred has been a powerful ________ in the country's history. (CURRENT) 181. The earliest written records were simply ________ representations of natural objects, such as birds and animals. (PICTURE) 182. The ________ on the stone tablet has been rubbed away by the hands of countless tourists over the centuries. (SCRIPT) 183. Redundancy payment, or a golden ________ in lieu of notice, up to the value of ￡30,000. (HAND) The European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice has ruled that workers who become ill during their holidays have the right to take additional paid time off later. The Luxembourg-based court stated that “the purpose of (40. TITLE) __________ to paid annual leave is to enable the worker to rest and enjoy a period of relaxation and leisure. The purpose of sick leave is different. It is to enable a worker to recover from an (41. AIL) __________ that has caused him to be unfit for work.” It concluded that it would be arbitrary and (42. CONTRADICT) __________ to the purpose of paid annual leave to deny workers holiday time in exchange for time spent sick. Business groups in the UK warn that applying the courts’ rules will be detrimental to the wider UK economy and say that the rulings (43. LINE) __________ the need for Britain’s ministers to resist the court. But, unfortunately, while the UK has an opt-out on parts of the (44. DIRECT) __________ that the ruling relates to, it has no exemption on sick pay and holiday. The UK government estimates that adopting the rules will cost British employers more than £100 million annually. The UK’s Business Secretary described the court’s rulings as “an unnecessary burden on businesses” and “completely (45. DEFEND) __________ during a time of economic strain”. The Best Medicine If you feel stressed or unhappy, nothing, say researchers, is as therapeutic as laughing. A good, (40. HEART) __________ laugh relieves physical tension and stress, leaving your muscles relaxed for up to 45 minutes afterwards. Not only that, laughing triggers the release of endorphins – the body’s ‘feel-good’ chemicals – so it can provide temporary relief from pain. Laughter even increases infection-fighting antibodies, thus improving your resistance to disease. But the best thing about this (41. PRICE) __________ medicine that has so much power to heal and renew is that it’s fun, free, and available in abundance.

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One of the best ways to increase the amount of time you spend laughing each day is to hang out with entertaining, (42. MISCHIEF) __________ people. These are people who laugh easily – both at themselves and at life’s absurdities. Laughter is contagious, so just hearing others laugh primes your brain and readies you to smile. What’s more, the ‘feel-good’ emotion you get when you laugh will remain with you long after your laughter (40. SIDE) _________. The ability to laugh easily and frequently is a tremendous resource for (40. COME) __________ problems and improving both physical and emotional health. So, go on! Bring your body and mind back into (40. EQUAL) __________ - laugh! Centenarians Centenarians (people aged 100+ years) exhibit (40. MARK) __________ delayed disability. It seems to manifest only towards the end of their very long lives, at an average age of 93 years. In one study of centenarians, 15% had no clinically (41. DEMONSTRATE) __________ disease at age 100 years and 43% did not exhibit age-related disease until age 80 years or older. In short, living to 100 seems to be advantageous not just in years of survival, but in years of quality life. Interestingly, centenarians appear to have little in common, varying widely when it comes to diet, education, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Still, studies have revealed some (42. COMMON) __________. Very few centenarians are obese. Most have first degree relatives who also achieve exceptional age, indicating genetic factors are strongly involved in (43. LONG) __________. Substantial smoking history is usually rare. Finally, most centenarians have the personality traits of (44. EXTRAVERT) __________ and serenity; despite life’s ups and downs, they seem better able to maintain a positive outlook and handle stress better than the majority of the population. But one characteristic marks out centenarians (45. DISPUTE) __________ : gender. Some 85% of centenarians are women. Among supercentenarians (those aged 110 or older), the figure is 90%. A DVD Review Breathtaking underwater footage and detailed scientific explanations make Cuttlefish: Kings of Camouflage a documentary DVD well worth buying. For those who don’t know, cuttlefish are nature’s (40. RIVAL) __________ masters of camouflage – creatures that can, in a fraction of a second, alter their skin colour, pattern and texture to match any background. Viewers are sure to be (41. FIX) __________ by the astonishing underwater scenes in this documentary that capture the (42. INSTANT) __________ physical transformations cuttlefish undergo as they move about the sea floor. But don’t be fooled. Cuttlefish: Kings of Camouflage is so much more than spectacular wildlife photography. Riveting commentary from expert scientists educates viewers on the latest research

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into these (43. CAPTIVE) __________ creatures. The information provided is both entertaining and (44. LIGHT) __________. In short, the producers of Cuttlefish: Kings of Camouflage have (45. DO) __________ themselves. This is a documentary that asks, and prompts, questions. Most importantly, it is a documentary that allows us a privileged glimpse into the secret world of one of nature’s most remarkable creatures. Nero Handsome and sensitive, Nero made a good start as emperor, but before long he gave in to wild extravagance and his rule ended violently. Today, Nero’s name is a byword for (40. RULE) __________ and debauchery. A brutal and (41. TYRANT) __________ leader, Nero practised every sort of obscenity. During his reign, he became famous for his many executions – including that of his own mother – and his countless perverse and (42. SPEAK) __________ acts of violence. History famously remembers him as the emperor who merrily ‘fiddled whilst the whole of Rome burned’, although many historians now consider this an inaccurate rumour. Born in 37 AD, Nero was the only surviving direct male descendant of the emperor Augustus. It is difficult to determine to what extent Nero was mentally (43. BALANCE) __________ , but one thing is certain: absolute power corrupted him. By the final years of his rule, a high-level (44. CONSPIRE) __________ to assassinate him had emerged. In 68 AD, the Senate declared Nero a ‘public enemy’ which meant anyone could kill him without punishment. Upon learning that his execution was imminent, a terrified Nero fled Rome and committed suicide. Disputes over his (45. SUCCEED) __________ quickly led to civil war, as Nero had left no heirs. FACE Most snap judgements about people are formed on the basis of their facial features. The eyes, regarded as clues to one’s true character, are said (41. POETRY) __________ to be the windows of the soul: closely positioned, they imply (42. SLY) __________; set wide apart they suggest honesty and (43. DIRECT) __________. Thin mouths are equated with meanness and full mouths with (44. SENSE) __________. Unconsciously, we make such instant judgements and they are made about us. There is no hiding place for the face. Always exposed and vulnerable, it involuntarily expresses happiness, desire and joy, anger, fear, shame and (45. LOATHE). Precisely for that reason, a masked face evokes fear and horror: once someone’s distinguishing (46. CHARACTER) __________ are hidden, we cannot read or recognise the person and fear of the unknown immediately arouses suspicion. The Cat The house cat, Felis catus, is a small furry animal much valued by humans for both (39. COMPANY) __________ and its skill at hunting vermin. Although there is some uncertainty as to when cats and humans first developed a (40. SYMBIOSIS) __________ relationship, there have been instances of cat (41. DOMESTIC) __________ since as early as the Neolithic era, at

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least. It is believed that cats may have an inborn (42. DISPOSE) __________ towards tameness and, according to some researchers may have actively sought human company and inveigled their way into early human (43. SETTLE) __________. It is debatable as to whether cats were really valued for their ability to keep pest numbers down but there is no doubt that there are few creatures who can hunt as (44. GRACE) __________. With lithe, flexible bodies and sharp retractable claws, cats are eminently suited to stealth attacks on prey and are (45. EXAMPLE) __________ predators. Lloyd Webber Musicals Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose rock-based compositions helped (40. VITAL) __________ English musical theatre in the late 20th century, began his career while still at Oxford University. It was there that he formed a partnership with Timothy Rice and they began putting on productions. Their first (41. NOTE) __________ successful venture was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat, a children's pop oratorio that earned worldwide (42. CLAIM) __________. Then came the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar, a controversial look at Jesus's life story that became one of the longest running shows in British (43. THEATRE) __________ history. Evita was Lloyd Webber's final collaboration with Rice and for his next production, Cats, he used two (44. LYRIC) __________, Hart and Stilgoe. He then composed a hugely successful version of Phantom of the Opera. Lloyd Webber's productions have always been flashy spectacles and much of his success is due to his ability to blend such varied and dissimilar genres as rock and roll, English music hall song and (45. OPERA) __________ forms into music with a wide mass appeal. With Many Thanks Many people have given assistance to me during the writing of this book, but it is to Ms Leigh Keith, senior editor of Ramsay and Brown that I am most deeply (41. DEBT) __________ to for her loyalty and encouragement during the four years the project lasted. She gave her time and advice (42. STINT) __________ in order for this work to be completed, giving both moral and practical support for the lengthy research into social conditions the project (43. NECESARY) __________. Her confidence in me sustained me in my belief that this was valuable work and it was undoubtedly what enabled me to continue in the face of often discouraging circumstances. I must also thank my father, who has been a willing collaborator in all my efforts and who spent long hours in libraries and on trains to distant parts of the country in search of material. I know that he will say he enjoyed it, but without his (44. FLAG) __________ enthusiasm this book would never have seen the light of day. Finally, I would like to give my friends and family the recognition they so richly deserve. They have had to put up with what must have seemed to them an (45. EXCEPT) __________ long drawn-out piece of writing. Thank you, all of you, very much.

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Hiking in the Countryside Winter in the British countryside can be very brutal but it has such (41. BREATH) __________ beauty that for many people (42. GO) __________ the pleasure of long country walks is out of the question, however severe the weather. Fortunately, there is a very wide range of hiking gear from which to choose, from the traditional waxed jackets to modern Gore-tex clothing and footwear. But, (43. RESPECT) __________ of your clothing preferences, of all your priorities, the main one should be to keep warm and dry. Layering clothing is a good idea. Start with thermal underwear topped with an outer shell of jackets and overtrousers in (44. PERMEATE) __________ fabrics that keep out the wind and rain but don’t make you sweat. Even in wet weather, rubber boots are unsuitable for proper long walks. You will need good boots with ankle support and good traction. A small rucksack of around 20-litre capacity is fine for short walks but the intrepid hiker will need a substantially larger one of up to 40 litres. Hikers’ rucksacks have been considerably (45. LIGHT) __________ in recent years as more and more lightweight fabrics have been developed. TECHNOLOGY How often have we heard how technology is making us (41. SOCIAL)__________? But what about the other less identifiable effects technology is having on us? Take, for instance, the cherry-picking of information on search engines, which often confirms users’ (42. EXIST) __________ beliefs, allowing them to construct views irrespective of what is proven. This 4) (43. REPRESENT) __________ of facts can be dangerous in (44. POLE) __________ society. Then there are small but undeniably significant effects on our memory. Information is no longer being memorized with answers only a click away. Few people commit phone numbers to memory, relying instead on their smartphones, in contrast to the pre-tech days when people had countless numbers in their heads. The result is our recollection of information has (45. MARK) __________ deteriorated. Dickens and his world It was with the circulation of Pickwick Papers in 1836 that young Dickens began to enjoy a truly (1. PRECEDENT) _________ ascent into the favour of the British reading public. He magnificently (2. PROVE) _________ a theory that his fame would disappear just as quickly as it had come. He remained until his death 34 years later (3. DENY) _________ the most popular novelist the English- speaking world had ever known. The public displayed a/an (4. SATIATE) _________ appetite for his works, and there was also a great diffusion of them through (5. NUMBER) _________ dramatic adaptations (nearly all completely (6. AUTHORITY) _________ the copyright laws being much weaker in those days).

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His immense popularity was based on the widespread perception of him as a great champion of the poor and the (7. POSSESS) _________ against all forms of (8. JUST) _________ and abuse of power. In his personal life, however, he was (9. CAPACITY) _________ of achieving the level of fulfilment he enjoyed with the public, and all his close emotional relationships with women (10. VARY) _________ ended in failure. Yet, he created an extraordinary range and variety of female characters who live on in our minds and culture unlike any others created by Victorian novelists TTX One of the most lethal poisons on Earth,ten thousand times more (0) deadly than cyanide is tetrodotoxin, more concisely known as TTX. Its potency is well known in East Asia, where it regularly kills (1- DINE) __________ who have braved the capricious (2- DELICATE) ________ known as fugu or pufferfish. This toxin has a (3- TERROR) ________ method of operation: twenty-five minutes after exposure it begins to (4- PARALYSIS) _______its victims, leaving the victim fully aware of what is happening. Death usually results, within hours, from suffocation or heart failure. There is no known antidote. If lucky patients can (5- STAND) ________ the symptoms for twenty-four hours, they usually recover without further (6-COMPLICATE) _________It is no ordinary poison. What is strange about its (7-OCCUR)_______is that it is found in such a wide range of creatures, from algae to angelfish spanning entire kingdoms of life. It is rather unlikely that such an unusual toxin evolved (8-DEPEND)________in so many unrelated animals. Marine biologists have discovered that the poison is produced by bacteria living in the gut of its host. The best explanation is that a (9-SYMBIONT) ________ relationship exists between host and not the unwelcome guest, where microbes exchange poison for nutrients, providing a valuable (10-DEFEND) ________weapon for its host. AGEING WORLD The UN predicts over-60s will outnumber under-15s by 2050. In a (1- START) __________ report, titled 'Ageing in the 21st Century: a celebration and a challenge', the UN revealed that the number of people over 60 is set to hit 2 billion by 2050, and the number of (2- CENTURY) __________ is set to rise nearly tenfold to three million. Population ageing is a (3- PRODUCE) __________of the demographic transition in which both mortality and fertility decline from higher to lower levels. Currently, the total fertility rate is below (4- PLACE) __________ levels in virtually all industrialised countries. As life expectancy increases across the planet, thanks to welcome advances in healthcare and rising economic prosperity., it is imperative that countries start preparing now so that they can adequately care for their over-60s in the years to come. The

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social and economic (5- IMPLY) __________ of population ageing are profound and nations across the world will be affected in (6- PRECEDE) __________ways. For example, there will be major challenges for nations in areas ilke healthcare and pensions. Developing countries especially need to start preparing as (7- PROJECT) __________ show 80% of the world's elderly will live in less developed regions by 2050. The UN also predicts a very large increase in age.related chronic disease across the world. In a few decades, the loss of health worldwide will actually be greater from (8- COMMUNICATE) __________ or chronic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis) than from infectious diseases for the first time in history. POLONIUM - 210 Historically called radium F, the element polonium-210 (Po-210) is a naturally-occurring radioactive element that emits highly harzardous alpha particles. Po-210 was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie. It is (1- EXCEED) __________ rare in nature (tiny amounts exist in the soil and in the atmosphere) and it does not (2- CUSTOM) __________ present a risk to humans. Today, Po-210 is studied in nuclear research laboratories where its high radioactivity requires special handling techniques and (3- CAUTIOUS) __________. Po-210 is fantastically toxic but it does not represent a risk to human health, as long as it remains outside the body. Internal exposure is the concern. In order to get into the human body, Po-210 must be ingested or inhaled as It cannot pass through the skin. It has been known since the 1960s that Po-210 is present in tobacco smoke as a contaminant. Tobacco plants which are fertilised with phosphate fertilisers absorb Po-210 through their roots. Even though direct root (4- TAKE) __________ of Po-210 by tobacco plants is small, Po-210 is still estimated to cause some 11,700 lung cancer deaths annually worldwide. (5- DEPOSIT) __________ of Po-10 from the atmosphere on tobacco leaves also results in elevated concentrations of Po-210 in tobacco smoke.

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CHAPTER 3 : CLOZE TEST Exercise 1: The Great Gatsby is F. Scott Fitzgerald's epic masterpiece about the death of the American Dream in the 1920s. It is a tragic romance story that takes place during the summer of 1922 and is 1)_______ on Long Island in New York City. The book begins when the novel’s hero, Nick Carraway, moves from Minnesota to his new home on Long Island Sound. His house is on a fictionalised island called West Egg, which is situated in between decadent beachside homes, and 2)_______ the bay from East Egg, an even classier and richer area. When Carraway meets the man who is the namesake of the book, Jay Gatsby, he is dazzled by the 3)_______ of his lifestyle, completely awash with awe and envy. Nick soon finds out that even a man so popular as Gatsby cannot break the 4)_______ ceiling when it comes to certain social barriers, because of his own questionable past and lineage. Fitzgerald wrote this book about the 5)_______ known later as the Jazz Age, which was a time of glitter and decadence. A few of the more prominent themes throughout the book are that of social class, war, and of course, the unending 6)_______ for the American Dream. Social or moral values, or the lack of them, also play a huge part in the fabric of the book’s 7)_______. Many times Fitzgerald provides example of the decaying moral values of the characters, and how this affects their lives and the lives of those around them. Many themes are dealt with in this book, which are still 8)_______ to the world today. This is one of the reasons why the book is considered to be one of the most important and influential 9)_______ of classic literature of our time. It is a book that is certain to engross readers and give them 10)_______ for thought. Exercise 2: We are by 1)_______ social animals. The social bonds we establish play a vital role in defining us and 2)_______ the way we develop as individuals. They contribute to our emotional growth and help 3)_______ that emotional void which we experience when we are deprived of the company of other individuals like ourselves. 4)_______ in social interaction is not only a practical necessity but a basic part of being human. For instance, contact and experimentation with our social environment is what 5)_______ the learning process. Aspects of our human nature that are attributed primarily to social factors are 6)_______ of behaviour and the development of emotional intelligence. The latter helps us identify, assess and handle our emotions. It is thus 7)_______ makes essentially human and distinguishes us from other living beings. When nurtured, it awakens social awareness, which is the feeling that one is not alone but 8)_______ of a whole, and it strengthens feelings of solidarity amongst us. This acts as an emotional 9)_______ by making us feel that no matter what may happen, we are in this together, our common goal being 10)_______ of survival.

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Exercise 3: We live in an 1)______ dominated by an increasing dependence on technological innovations. It is for this reason that younger generations find it virtually impossible to imagine a 2)_______ without the convenience and comfort they provide us with. Small wonder 3)_______ that when asked to forecast what life will be like in the future, they come up with something that sounds as if it’s been 4)_______ out of a science-fiction book. But this description is actually not the product of an unbridled 5)_______. Based on the present speed at which breakthroughs are being made, it’s actually a fairly accurate prediction. It looks as if technology will have the 6)_______ hand, and in all likelihood, fully automated systems will substitute for people in all areas. People will take the back 7)_______ and instead of beavering 8)_______ at work we will be able to take advantage of the time made available to us to engage in more recreational activities. Utilising this time constructively will be a feat in 9)_______. Perhaps a care of too much of a good thing. Things might just come to the point where, from time to time, we will 10)_______ about the good old days. Exercise 4: Mankind’s unquenchable 1)______ for knowledge, our intrepid spirit and our unbridled imagination have helped us excel in leaps and bounds. They have been the 2)______ force behind many innovative discoveries and inventions Our success has undoubtedly empowered us and this has made us bold enough to set our 3)______ on the ultimate goal, that of eternal youth and perhaps, even eternal life. But how do we intend to transcend the theoretical limits placed upon us by the natural 4)______ of things? Well, we hope to harness the inherent 5)______ of stem cells. You see, stem cells are not just ordinary cells. They are the cells that have the capacity to develop into different cell types, and are capable of repairing as well as replenishing other cells 6)______ as long as the person or animal is alive. This 7)______ feat, if achieved, will have a profound impact on mankind as a range of practical applications will be made available to us. We will be in a 8)______ not only to do away with our body’s normal wear and tear, which may be likened to its natural tendency to self-destruct, but also to combat diseases that are, to date, our arch enemies. Keep in mind that stem cell research is still in its infancy and a daunting 9)______ lies ahead in our quest for enlightenment, for which we must exercise both prudence and patience. Of paramount importance in this quest is the application of moral restraints, which must act as a beacon in the 10)______. Exericse 5: A worrying question which requires global attention is severe overpopulation and its drastic 1)______ in the countries of the Third World. In regions where the birth rate is extremely high, poverty and starvation are rife. In India, there is an 2)______ of thirty five infants being born every minute, yet the most shocking 3)______ are those which indicate the enormous number of the victims of famine in certain African territories. Communities afflicted with acute destitution

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are additionally 4)______ with illiteracy, life in appalling conditions and infectious diseases decimating the indigenous populations. There is an 5)______ need for these problems to be solved. Unless measures are taken to ease the 6)______ of the impoverished underdeveloped nations, desperate crowds of immigrants will 7)______ in flooding the richer states in 8)______ of a brighter future. It's the most challenging 9)______ for the international giants nowadays to help the poor populations get out of the 10)______ snare. Exercise 6: Stressful situations that emerge almost every day in life seem to be unavoidable. However, we can do little sometimes to avoid a misfortune or unpleasant occurrence which may befall us 1)______ as only it can. At such a moment, one may hit the roof, give in to the helplessness of the situation or, ideally, put a brave face on it trying to 2)______ the burden. Can you envision in your 3)______ an hour spent in a traffic jam, say, this morning? Do you light one cigarette after another? Do you sound the horn every few seconds like the other neurotics? Or do you take a different 4)______ and withstand the stressful moment; you can also do a crossword puzzle, listen to your favourite music or even compose a menu for your Saturday dinner? In fact, whatever 5)______ you respond to the annoying situation, you can exert no impact on it as the traffic jam will only reduce in due course. Nevertheless, your reaction might considerably influence your 6)______ for the rest of the day. The inability to confront a stressful occurrence like that with a deal of composure and sensibility adds much more strain to your life and in this way puts your well-being in 7)______. Surprisingly, it's the seemingly negligible hardships we stumble on daily that run double the risk of developing serious health disorders rather than our isolated tragedies however 8)______ they may be 9)______ that so many of those wretched stress-inducing troubles affect us in a day, we should, at 10)______, try to avoid them or possibly make radical alterations in the way we lead our daily lifestyles. Exercise 7: Sad as it is, a social misperception of the disabled is still 1)______ in many communities. It is only in a few highly-civilised states where the problems and needs of people with physical or mental incapacities are given the proper 2)______. In the remaining countries, the discrimination against the disabled is still practised in many areas of social life. As in the past, they are ignored, denounced and forced to stay away from the normal community which, unfortunately, isn’t capable of making any 3)______ for its less fit members.

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For decades, the hale and hearty 4)______ of every society has stripped the disabled of their fundamental rights as their job applications have been turned down, their active participation in business life has on most 5)______ been disallowed and there has been little concern for their convenience in access to public transport. Equally little effort has been made to help the disabled fully 6)______ with the able-bodied thus laying foundations for greater community awareness of the drawbacks that the handicapped have to wrestle 7)______ daily. There’s an urgent need to offer the disabled more adequate assistance and support in their struggle for putting their basic rights into 8)______. The key principle is that the stereotyped approach towards the impaired individuals ought to be 9)______ for a more considerate one. Another pressing matter is that the disabled shouldn’t be appraised on the basis of their handicap, but society should rather focus on providing them with complete acceptance 10)______ of any imperfections thus treating them as fully-fledged citizens. Exercise 8: Peoples’ personalities 1)______ considerably from one another as there are no two alike. Our ingrained characteristics which 2)______ the patterns of our behaviour, our reactions and temperaments are unparalleled on 3)______ of the diversified processes that mould our personality in the earliest stages of human development. Some traits of character may to some extent be 4)______ simulating the attributes that identify our parents. Others may stem from the conditions 5)______ during pregnancy and infancy in this way reflecting the parents’ approach towards rearing their offspring. Consequently, the environmental 6)______ plays a crucial role in strengthening or eliminating certain behavioural systems making an individual more 7)______ to comfort to the patterns that deserve a prize. Undoubtedly, human personality 8)______ the most profound and irreversible formation during the first period of its development, 9)______, certain characteristics may still be 10)______ to considerable changes conditioned by different circumstances and situations. Exercise 9: For many people doing physical exercise may entail a 1)______ torturing of the body. Unless we are forced to go in for a physical training, we are inclined to treat it as something of a lower 2)______ than staying in front of the TV set, spending time in a pub sipping alcoholic beverages or consuming excessive quantities of fattening confectionery in a cafe. What usually repels individuals from committing 3)______ to strenuous exercise is the fear of fatigue, discomfort or even the inhibitions of being 4)______ by true fitness zealots. However, getting fit is fully a 5)______ of common sense. Different forms of exercise may be of great benefit to the human body, increasing its strength, flexibility and endurance. When supported by a nutritious 6)______, much better performance of the heart and the lungs improves

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the blood circulation making an individual more 7)______ to stressful situations as well as more 8)______ to infections and diseases. In the first place, self-discipline that is requisite for proceeding with 9)______ physical effort ought to be attained to ensure that the intention of becoming healthier and more vigorous isn’t 10)______ by any trivial impediments. Exercise 10. The elementary means of communicating with other people is 1)______ messages by voice. This fact is widely acknowledged and we recognize the voice as a feature characterizing the 2)______ of a person. The array of voices is immeasurable as no two are exactly similar. They can be nasal, resonant or shrill produced in accordance with the individual physical 3)_____ of the throat. One possible implementation of the art of voice recognition is voice profiling used by police analysts as a method of substantiating court 4)______ in trials. Every year thousands of audiotapes with recorded interviews or casual utterances are 5)______ to the purpose to help identify the probable culprit. Specialists dealing with the voice investigation claim that people can 6)______ themselves away by their accents, infections or other voice attributes like pitch, intensity and loudness. A recorded sample is usually converted into electric impulses and later transformed into a pictorial recording which is 7)______ by a computer program. Very frequently voice analysts have a stab at deciphering the relevant information which may be 8)______ with background noise or other interfering sounds until they attain the desired results. Thankfully, these efforts help the police 9)______ individuals who threaten their victim by phone or inform about bomb planting or those who make offensive calls 10)______ the peace of decent citizens. Exercise 11: Dreams are a sequence of ideas, emotions, sensations and images, which arise during certain stages of sleep. The purpose of dreams as part of the biological 1)______ is not yet fully understood. Dreams are known to be connected to the 2)______ mind and the stage of sleep at which they occur is 3)______ by rapid-eye-movement (REM), when an observer might see a sleeper’s eyelids ‘fluttering’. Although our dreams may last for up to half an hour, we can rarely 4)______ them clearly and usually, within moments of waking, find it difficult to bring them to mind at all. The significance of dreams can be 5)______ in many different ways. Freud, renowned as the father of psychoanalysis, believed that dreams are manifestations of our most profound desires

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and anxieties. He claimed to be able to 6)______ an individual’s subconscious through dreams and demonstrated a connection between dreams and repressed childhood 7)______. The ancient Egyptians noted their dreams on papyrus as people who experienced vivid dreams were considered to have a kind of 8)______ sense. They believed that dreams 9)______ oracles, bringing messages from the gods; thus they would attempt to deliberately evoke dreams, going to sanctuaries to sleep on special dream beds. This is not something which modern scientists would hold with, but perhaps we should keep an 10)______ mind! Exercise 12: Today, there is much talk about ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ADHD is not a learning 1)______, however it can cause difficulties in an academic setting. Usually, this disorder is noticed in children around the age of six and in order for a proper 2)______ to be made, they need to be observed for around six months. What are the 3)______? First and foremost, children who suffer from disorder are often unable to 4)______ information easily or to focus on a task for any 5)______ of time. Therefore they have difficulties in completing it. They have a very 6)______ attention span and as a result, they get bored easily. Their 7)______ is also affected and in a classroom setting, the student may be 8)______ and unable to sit down and take in information. Students are also 9)______ and unable to wait; they often do things impulsively. Unfortunately, the 10)______ of ADHD is still unknown, but as it is becoming more and more common in students today, constant research is being carried out. Exercise 13: June 8th is World Oceans Day – an idea instituted by the United Nations to celebrate and protect our natural heritage. Just as our own central nervous 1)______ controls every part of our body, so the oceans control every part of our planet. They regulate climate, weather and ecosystems. Unfortunately, human activities have led to pollution and the destruction of marine habitats. Another result of human 2)______ in the natural environment is climate change with its accompanying extreme weather 3)______. A rise in greenhouse gas emissions has led to an increase in global temperatures and as a consequence sea levels have risen. Plastic pollution is also a big issue. In 2016, as 4)______ of World Oceans Day, thousands of people took part in ‘the better bag challenge’ and promised to use reusable bags instead of plastic ones. 80 per cent of plastic rubbish 5)______ on land ends up in the sea, usually washed there via 6)______ – where rivers empty into the sea. You may have seen such debris washed up onto your local beach at low 7)______. Most plastic bags are made of polyethene – a 8)______ compound which is not biodegradable. Plastic bags break down into tiny visible 9)______, which are ingested by fish

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and marine mammals. ‘The better bag challenge’ aims to halt this devastating process and give new 10)______ to our oceans. Exercisse 14 We are familiar (0) with the saying “a picture paints a thousand words” and in the global village the world has become, information in pictorial form is (1)_____we turn. Much communication takes place through symbols rather than words, a case in point (2) ______ airports, where you can see the majority of the thirty-four symbols devised (3) ______ the American Institute of Graphic Arts in the 1970s. Such signs as a knife and fork for a restaurant or a telephone for a phone booth are a boon for (4) _______ a traveller who does not speak English or use the Latin alphabet. (5) _______ worldwide "languages" of this kind are musical and mathematical notation, circuit diagrams, road signs and computer icons, (6)______, again, bypass the need for words. Even a label on a garment will carry, in symbols, washing and ironing instructions. All these (7) ______ to be sufficient to their, (8)______ restricted worlds but would it really be possible to devise a universal symbolic system of communication independent of any spoken language, culture-free and value-free, as dreamt of by the seventeenth-century philosopher Leibniz? It would seem (9) ______. Chinese and Japanese pictograms and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics are sometimes cited as examples of such a system, yet both Japanese script and Egyptian hieroglyphics include sound-based elements and Chinese is often transliterated (10)______ romanised sound-based "pinyin" script. In a word, words are inescapable. Exericse 15. A few decades ago, entry to university meant studying a strictly academic subject -a science, or perhaps literature, a foreign language or the classics. These days, (1) ________ education establishments offer every conceivable subject from Chinese medicine to crime scene science. In Britain, this trend coincided with a dramatic increase in the (2) ________ of universities and more relaxed entry requirements, (3) ________ more students to experience tertiary education. Many feared these measures would result in a (4) ________ down of degree-level courses and the press seized every opportunity to ridicule such courses. The creation in 1999 of a bachelor’s degree in surfing studies was taken as the ultimate proof that universities were prepared to give (5)_______ in anything in an attempt to attract young people, thereby (6)_______Britain’s academic reputation. In reality, the course, run by Plymouth University in South-West England, is highly scientific, and the curriculum is (7)_______ including oceanography, meteorology, materials technology and business management. Students on this course and other seemingly more practical courses have (8) ________ performed better in tests than those doing straight science degrees. Far from having an adverse effect on higher education, these new disciplines (9)_______ students and aid learning by offering the opportunity to (10)_______theoretical knowledge directly. Many of today’s graduates have a broad base of knowledge and are well placed to enter the job market.

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Exercise 16. The prehistoric of today's crocodiles go back over 240 million years. They lived through the break-up of the continents, they were 1)______ when the dinosaurs disappeared, and they witnessed the evolution of mammals and birds. Their distinctive 2)______, such as long jaws, protective armour, streamlined body and long tail have hardly changed for millions of years, which indicates that they are perfectly adapted to their 3)______. Crocodiles sometimes hunt in an active way, but they are better known for ambush hunting, also called the “sit and wait” 4)______. Once a crocodile detects the 5)______ of prey, on the bank of the river, for example, it will sleep silently under the water and swim until it is very close to its target. Its head then emerges and it lunges with jaws wide 6)______. The jaws then slam shut. Small creatures are usually crushed and swallowed straight down; larger prey is 7)______ tight until it stops moving. If the crocodile has caught a very large animal, it will roll to throw the prey off 8)______, then drag it into deeper water and hold it there until it drowns. Crocodiles help to keep the balance both in freshwater and saltwater 9)______ but, unfortunately, seventeen of the twenty-three species that are 10)______worldwide are now endangered. Exercise 17. Quite often a plant or animal may resemble another to which it is not closely related. The resemblance is often 1)______ to a feature that offers some form of advantage, such as protection from a predator. In most 2)_____ cases, one species, called the mimic, gain an advantage from its similarity to another, which may be 3)______ to as the model. For example, the harmless milk snake has stripes of the same colour as the coral snake, which is extremely poisonous. Accordingly, the mimic can avoid any predators that are 4)______ of coral snakes. Though colours are often used as visual warning systems, some species use a supplementary ploy to 5)______ the message. For example, skunks, which are quite clearly 6)______due to their prominent black and white markings, use a highly stylized display dance as a backup system. Their dance draws the attention of 7)______ attackers to this pattern. 8)______ of which ingenious defence mechanism a species might use, it must be remembered that there is no such thing as complete protection. A case in 9)______ is the genius Amanita. These mushrooms are exceedingly poisonous, yet they can be consumed by rabbits without ill 10)______. Exercise 18. There are techniques that exist which can improve memory, the most popular of which must be mnemonics, or ways to 1)______ information into a form that aids retention in the brain. Those who have difficulty memorising facts, for example can 2)______ the information by using a memorable phrase. A famous example is “Richard of York gave battle in vain”, 3)______ each

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word replaces a colour of the rainbow starting with the same colour. Mnemonics 4)______ because our brains find it easier to retain information that is surprising, personal or humorous, than that 5)______ is abstract and impersonal. Association also plays an important part in helping us recall information. This technique involves creating something memorable to 6)______ the information you want. For instance, by 7)______ a picture or word in your language to a word in the foreign language that you are trying to learn, the visual or verbal 8)______ can help you remember the word. Recollection of facts is obviously easier if you know your particular learning style so that you can 9)______ your clues. As anyone who has had to create a password knows, easily-remembered information is information that is personally meaningful. The best passwords are those that have a 10)______ significance for their users, but whose meaning would baffle anyone else. There are lots of tricks to try; the most important thing is to remember to use them. Exercise 19. We’ve all been there and come back with a T-shirt bearing a slogan about it – The Failed Holiday. The kids are bored 1)______, you can’t find a decent restaurant for love or 2)______, the cafes are all full and you are fed up. Tempers 3)______ and you are left wondering why you went away in the first place – hardly a good way to spend precious holiday time. But there is a way of escaping the stresses of being away from home. Staying in an all-inclusive hotel 4)______ you don’t have to plan meals, activities or night life, as everything is catered for, leaving you to 5)______ back, relax and enjoy your holiday. Most importantly, all-inclusive holidays 6)______ at all-inclusive prices, so you pay for everything before you go away. And don’t think you’ll be 7)______ to one or two resorts. These days, holiday companies offer allinclusive deals in every main resort around the Mediterranean, as well as more exotic locations such as the Caribbean or the Maldives. If you think this is the sort of holiday you are after, there are a few things to keep in 8)______. Firstly, remember that you’ll be spending most of your time in the hotel, so make sure you choose one which has the facilities you require. If you’ re travelling as a family 9)______, many hotels offer excellent children’s facilities such as kid’s clubs, playgrounds and crèches. For older children, there are a number of hotels offering supervised activities for teens while others offer 10)______ sport facilities including team games, water sports and gym facilities. Exercise 20. Imagine you are walking to school listening to music on your MP3 player. All of a sudden, it stops working and you 1. _______that the batteries have run out. Wouldn’t it be wonderful if you could simply 2. ______the batteries wherever you are? This might be possible in a few years’ 3._____as scientists are now working on a bag that make electricity. They say that all someone needs to do is put the bag their back and start walking. The 4.______ of the body makes electricity in a special part of the bag. This new 5._____ sounds like a brilliant idea, doesn’t it? Scientists developed the “electric backpack” in order to help soldiers, who often carry around

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with them torches, radios and other equipment. All these things 6_______ on batteries and at the moment, the soldiers 7._____ on these batteries to 8_______ the power this equipment needs. With the “electric backpack”, the soldiers won’t need to 9.______ extra batteries around with them. Rescue workers and mountain climbers will also find the bag 10._______, as will students who don’t want their MP3 players to run out by chance on their way to school. Exercise 21. The human memory is an extremely 1._______ processing system that is not easily explained to lay persons. However, there are some simple 2._______ that can give anyone an idea of just how fascinating memory is. First of all, most people have heard of long-term and short-term memory. The former has the potential to last as long as the person lives and there is no known 3._______ to its former. The latter, however, only really lasts for a few seconds. Long-term memory is divided into explicit and implicit memory. An implicit memory would be 4._______ like knowing how to drive a car or bake a cake or any other thing we have learned to do through 5._______. Explicit memory is also subdivided into episodic and semantic memory. Episodic is all the different events or episodes of your life such as your first day at school or any other life experience. Semantic memory is about 6._______ not related to experience such as knowing that Einstein wrote the theory of relativity. We don't all remember events in the same way and memory is not a true 7._______ of events. How we remember something can be affected by such things as egocentric bias, 8._______ we remember in a way that makes us look better or gives us the starring 9._______ in an event. Also there are many things that can go wrong with memory in the encoding, storage or retrieval 10._______ of memory. Exercise 22: Is cooking becoming. a lost art? On the 1._______ of it, the question may seem slightly ridiculous. 2._______ all, food and cookery programmes have, in recent years, become one of most popular broadcasts on television. Celebrity chef cookbooks regularly top best-seller lists, and the 3._______ division of cookery seems to be disappearing - nowadays, it’s not at all, unusual to find men in the kitchen cooking 4._______ a storm. Yet, is it all as it really seems? Apparently not. According to food industry analysts, while seeking out good food has become the 5._______, preparing and cooking it certainly hasn't. The home-cooked meal is fast becoming a lost art. Today, many people view the daily preparation of meals as an impossible aspiration. Ready meals and other heavily processed products have become the order of the 6._______. Both young and old cite lack of time as the primary reason for opting for prepackaged convenience foods. The trend for ready meals began in the 1990's. Today Americans spend on 7._______ 50 cents out of every food dollar on ready-prepared, ready-to-eat foods. A recent survey on the eating habits of Americans revealed that, in 1984, Americans made 72% of their dinners from scratch but by 2008 that figure had dropped to just 57%. Americans don't eat out as often as they used to, but eating more at home has not 8._______ preparing more meals from scratch. The trend is mirrored in the UK. Like Americans, Britons are finding someone else

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to do the cooking - their supermarket. Aisle after aisle of British supermarket shelves are now 9._______ to ready meals. It's high time we took back the kitchen. It’s time to 10._______ free from the shackles of ready-made, industrial food. It’s time to cook.