Italian Weights and Measures from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century 0-87169-145-0 [PDF]

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ITALIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE M emoirs of the

NINETEENTH CENTURY

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Held at Philadelphia For Prom oting Useful K nowledge Volume 145 RONALD EDWARD ZUPKO

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Independence Square Philadelphia 1981

Copyright ® 1981 by The American Philosophical Society Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 80-70299 International Standard Book Number 0-87169-145-0 US ISSN 0065-9738

To My Daughter Sarah J. Zupko

CONTENTS Page Introduction ............................................................................................... Acknowledgm ents .................................................................................... Tables 1. Abbreviations .................................................................................... 2. Current Metric Weights and Measures ..................................... 3. Terminology in Weights and Measures ................................... 4. Important Dates Used in Entries .............................................. 5. Code Numbers for Regions and Cities Used in Entries ................................................................................ DICTIONARY OF ITALIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES . . . Bibliography 1. Sources Cited in the T e x t .............................................................. 2. Additional Sources ..........................................................................

ix xvi xviii xxi xxix xxxviii xxxix 1 309 334

INTRODUCTION

Unlike most metrological systems throughout Western Europe, the Italian developed during the Middle Ages and Early Modern era without any reference to a commonly accepted set of national-ethnic standards.

In England the Winchester,

and later the London, standards served as prototypes for bringing all of the thousands of local units into eventual alignment.

In France the weights and measures of Paris

occupied this position.

But Italy, with its many kingdoms,

duchies, communes, and the like, was never able to attain any level of metrological standardization outside the con­ fines of severely restricted, small, independent, political jurisdictions.

Generally not until the middle of the nine­

teenth century, and practically not until unification was achieved in I87I 1 were Italian weights and measures given a totally national character.

And it was the metric system,

and not a conglomerate of units from the old, that finally accomplished the task.

This book presents a quantitative

compilation, synthesis, and analysis of the principal pre­ metric weights and measures employed throughout Italy and in those areas controlled or influenced by Italy from the Later Middle Ages to the age of metrication in the later nineteenth century. The tables that follow will aid the reader in using the dictionary.

Table 1 is an alphabetic listing of all [ Ix

[ ^1

Introduction

X ] Introduction the abbreviations used throughout the work.

Among weights

them from their variant spellings (e.g., ANFORA — I L amfora;

and measures only common metric, United Kingdom (UK), and

1-7 L anfora; 1-9 L amphora; ^ amfora ...).

The variants are

United States (US) customary names have been abbreviated —

arranged according to the centuries in which they were most

to do likewise with the principal units of the premetric

commonly used; the numbers preceding them identify the cen­

Italian system would only produce confusion and unnecessary

turies: l=pre-12 th century

6=l6th century

cipal multiplication factors, prefixes, symbols, and units

2=12 th century

7 =l?th century

of the metric or SI system employed throughout the world.

3=13 th century

8=18th century

Each unit is defined in terms of its most common submultiples,

4=l4th century

9 =19 th and 20th centuries

and is converted into UK imperial and US customary equiva­

5=15 th century

?=no century given in source

cross-reference work for the reader.

Table 2 lists the prin­

lents . This table will enable the reader to make further

If there is no citation for a certain variant spelling within

correlations between metric and nonmetric units that are

an entry, its source reference is indicated in parentheses

beyond the scope of this book.

(e.g., BALLETTA — ^ baleto (Edler 1); 5-9 balletta; 9 bal­

Table 3 defines all of the

terms used to describe the weights and measures in the en­

letto (Edler 1) ...).

tries , while Table k explains the meaning of important dates

indicates that that varisuit was a Latin form used in scholarly

found- in the entries.

treatises in Italy.

Finally, Table 5 consists of a list

of regions and a list of cities cited in the text.

This

The abbreviation L preceding a variant

The etymologies, always in square brackets, immediately

table provides the province and region in which each city

follow the variant spellings and they have been compiled from

(generic for town, hamlet, etc.) is located; they are ar­

the works of the following authors (arranged alphabetically

ranged alphabetically by the spellings most commonly accepted

by code name which refers to a corresponding title in the

today with the exception of those beginning with "San,"

bibliography):

"Santa," or "Santo" — these have been abbreviated to "S."

tinori, Meyer-Lfibke, Palazzi, Petrocchi, Prati, Rohlfs, Wagner

as a space-saving device.

and Zingarelli.

The dictionary uses a number of textual devices to help

Battaglia, Battisti, Gabrielli, Giacchi, Mar-

Cognate words having identical or similar

etymologies are listed last within the brackets and are in

the reader gain rapid and accurate access to the material.

capital letters (e.g., BALLONE ... [It ballone. large bundle

All entry headings are in capital letters, and a dash separates

of merchandise ... see BALLA, BALLETTA, BALLONCIELLO]).

If

xii ] Introduction

Introduction

[ xii:

no etymology is given, an asterisk (*) indicates that the

nonymous with" or "used interchangeably with" are employed.

derivation of the word is unknovm.

Terms used throughout the work to refer to historical period­

Following the etymological comments either a general ex­

ization conform to the commonly accepted definitions; hence,

planation for the unit is given or, if there are variations

Early Middle Ages (c500 to clOOO), High Middle Ages (clOOO to

within the unit, each major variation or group of variations

CI250 ), Later Middle Ages (cl250 to cl500), Early Modern period

is discussed in a separate paragraph or subsection.

(GI500 to cl800), and Modern period (cl800 to the present).

Depend­

ing on the complexities of the variations, they will be ar­

Whenever possible, metric equivalents are included in paren­

ranged either by size (normally smallest to largest), by city,

theses; the equivalents have been carried out to two decimal

provincial, or regional alphabetical order, or by some other

places for the approximate units and usually to three decimal

appropriate arrangement.

places for the exact.

If a local standard were identified

traditionally by a particular descriptive phrase (e.g., "braccio da panno" or "catena architettonica") it will appear in the text either in quotation , ■marks or in parentheses for every city in which it was employed.

All units are explained

After each major metrological variation or group of var­ iations there are citations from the appropriate sources: The date at the beginning of these citations always represents the year in which the manuscript or book

within the Italian system and in Italian nomenclature —

or other source was written and never the publication

equivalencies in English, French, German, Spanish, Dutch, and

date.

other systems may be gleaned from the citations. Every time

The code name and numbers after the date identify the

the name of a unit other than the entry unit appears in the

source and page reference (e.g., 1307 Veneziane III.

explanation it will appear in capital letters the first time

92;

it is used and readers may refer to entries for these other units to gather additional information.

If a unit's measure­

ment or description is identical to that of another more com­

Quodlibet bonum barille de medio bigoncio ...).

The code name always refers to a corresponding title in the bibliography. A Roman numeral following the code name, but preceding

monly known unit, the words "equivalent to" follow the etymo­

the period before the page number, supplies the volume

logical comments. If the unit were different by definition

(e.g., 1499 Sanuto II. 8?2).

from another unit, but commonly associated with it due to identical physical properties or dimensions, the terms "sy-

An Arabic number in such a position refers to one of several books listed under that particular code name

Introduction

xiv ] Introduction

[ xv

in the bibliography (e.g., Tavole 1. 6l8 refers to

and in the illustrative quotations. The second contains addi­

the first book under the code name Tavole).

tional sources that were not cited in the text but which pro­

The number after the period is always the page number.

vide further information about Italian weights and measures

If there is no volume number and the bibliographical

and which discuss some of the problems of premetric Italian

code name has only one title listed under it, the

metrology.

page number immediately follows the source reference (e.g. , Martini 7'*+?) • It should be noted that in the illustrative quotations all manuscript abbreviations have been expanded and underlined (e.g., "centu" or "quinq" is changed to "centum" or "quinque"). Also, letters superscripted in the source have been placed on the same line as the rest of the word (e.g., "43°^,186" becomes "43m,186"), except for the adjectival form of certain French and Italian numbers.

Similarly, whenever Roman numerals in XXX

manuscripts were written above another numeral (e.g.,

M ) or

elevated to the right of some number (e.g., M^^) , they have been placed on the text line, with brackets indicating the change.

If multiplication or addition is involved, the appro­

priate arithmetical sign has been placed between the numbers (e.g., V^VII=57 is changed to V [x] X [+] VII=57). Other abbreviations, such as lb. or lib. for libra or libbra, and the apothecary symbols 3 ^°^ scrupolo, J for dramma, "5 for oncia, and

for apothecary libbra, have been retained as in

the original source. The bibliography is divided into two sections.

In the

first are the sources that were used in the data compilations

No fictional sources are included.

Acknowledgments

[ xvii

ACKKOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Jon B. Eklund, Curator of Chemistry and Metrology in the Division of Physical Sciences at the Smithsonian Institution; Many persons and institutions provided assistance to me during the research and writing stages of this book.

First,

I must express my deep gratitude to the Institute for Ad­

Drs. Maureen Mazzuoui and John W. Barker, Professors of History at the University of Wisconsin; Professor Marie-Jeanne TitsDieuaide of Bonn, Germany; Dr. Luigi Michelini Tocci of the

vanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, for appointing me to membership in the School of Historical Studies.

In a semes­

ter of uninterrupted research I was able to complete a sub­ stantial portion of this work, being aided by the professional

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana; and Mr. Irving Antin, former Director of the Office of Research Support, Marquette Univer­ sity. For the prompt transmission of the photographic reproduc­

staffs of the Institute’s Library and of the Firestone Library

tions of the mstny documents and monographs, I appreciate the of Princeton University, assisted unselfishly by secretaries endeavors of the Photo-Duplication Department of the Biblioteca Elizabeth Horton and Sandra Lafferty, and encouraged con­ Apostolica Vaticana, the Department of Printed Books of the Bri­ stantly by professors Marshall Glagett, Kenneth Setton, Loren­ tish Museum, the Science Museum Library at South Kensington, zo Minio-Paluello, and David Billington. London, the University of London Library, the London School of A grant from the National Science Foundation enabled me Economics Library, the Service Photographique of the Biblioto undertake initially the study of Italian metrology at li­ theque Nationale, the Library Business Office of the University braries and government depositories in Italy, France, Canada, of Toronto, the University of Chicago Library, the Marquette and the United States.

I am also indebted to the American

Philosophical Society for two grants that provided additional research opportunities in Europe, and to the Committee on

University Library, the Photographic Division of Harvard Uni­ versity, the Photographic Section of the University of Pennsyl­ vania Library, the Department of Photography-Cinema of the Uni­

Research of Marquette University for a summer fellowship and versity of Wisconsin, and the Books and Series Department of several grants that financed the completion of the data com­ University Microfilms. pilation. Finally, for their long and patient devotion to this pro­ For their intellectual encouragement and, in some in­ ject, I laud the work of Mr. Dennis Mueller and Mrs. Mary Lar­ stances, letters of recommendation in connection with these sen, my research assistants. grants, the following individuals deserve special mention: Milwaukee, Wisconsin xvi ] 1981

Ronald Edward Zupko

TABLE 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Tables

kl = kiloliter a = are acc = accusative adj = adjective alter = alteration

dl = deciliter

km = kilometer

dm = decimeter

1 = liter

dst = decistere

L = Latin

Du = Dutch

Lang = Langobardian

neut = neuter Nor = Norwegian Nord = Nordic OE = Old English OF = Old French

Ar = Arabic

E = English

LB = Low Breton

OHG = Old High German

BI = British Imperial

F = French

LG = Low German

OIr = Old Irish

c = about, around Calab = Calabrian

fem = feminine Fr = Frankish

LGr = Latinized Greek LL = Late Latin

Celt = Celtic

g = gram

cent = century

G = German

cf = compare

Gael = Gaelic

m-c = measure of capacity

eg = centigram

Gaul = Gaulic

MDu = Middle Dutch

cl = centiliter cm = centimeter coll = collective cu = cubic Dan = Danish der = derivative dg = decigram dial = dialect, dialectal dim = diminutive

Gmc = Germanic

m = meter m-a = measure of area

ME = Middle English

OLG = Old Low German ON = Old Norse ONF = Old North French OPort = Old Portuguese OPr = Old Provenc^al OS

= Old Saxon

Goth = Gothic

MedL = Medieval Latin

OSp = Old Spanish

Gr == Greek

MF = Middle French

OSw = Old Swedish

ha == hektare

mg = milligram

hg == hektogram Hind == Hindustani

MHG = Middle High German ml = milliliter

part = participle perh = perhaps pi = plural

hi == hektoliter

m- 1 = measure of length

Port = Portuguese

hm = hektometer

MLG = Middle Low German

poss = possessive

Icel = Icelandic

mm = millimeter

dkg = dekagram

Ir = Irish

dkl = dekaliter

It = Italian

m-q = measure of quantity

dkm = dekameter

kg = kilogram

m-v = measure of volume

xviiil

Olt = Old Italian

modif = modification

n = noun

Pr = Provenc^al prob = probably prop = properly Sc = Scottish Scand = Scandinavian

C xix

XX ] Tables

Sem = Semitic Skr = Sanskrit Sp = Spanish sq = square St =

stere

sv = sub verbo Sw = Swedish trans = translated, translation

Tables

[ xxi

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Tables

xxviii ] Tables

[ xxix

TABLE 3 TERMINOLOGY IN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES -p

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GENERAL TERMS

c

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TJNIT — A unit is a value, quantity, or magnitude by which other values, quantities, or magnitudes are expressed.

Gen­

erally a unit is fixed by definition and is independent of such physical conditions as temperature.

cd

STANDARD — A standard is a physical representation of a unit.

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Generally it is not independent of physical conditions:

it

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ON

is a genuine or absolute representation of a unit only under certain controlled conditions. MEASURE OF LENGTH — A measure of length or linear measure is the distance between two points established according to

CM

CV

some standard.

CM

MEASURE OF AREA — A measure of area or superficial measure is commonly the square of the linear unit. MEASURE OF CAPACITY — A measure of capacity or volume meas­ UD o •H S~l +3 0)

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o c

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T3 t»D O o o o o o 1—1

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tlD M x: T3 o O

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ure is the cube of the linear unit. MEASURE OF QUANTITY — A measure of quantity is the number or count of a certain product. MASS — The mass of a body is a measure of its inertial pro­ perty; the "weight" of a body has been used traditionally

s

cd 5U

tiD

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s cti

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to designate its mass or to designate a force that is re­ lated to gravitational attraction.

Since these two con­

J-l

■p

68, ^78-479, 701 -702 , 705-

and central Italy which was originally the extent of land

708 , 711- 7 1 7 , and Thionville 57)*

capable of being sown with a TOMOLO of seed.

LENGTH —

(1.4l4 m) at

By the Early

Novara, 2 I/3 BRACCIA da legname; (1.675 m) at Acqui and

Modem period, however, the following standards were estab­

Casale Monferrato, 5 PIEDI manuali; (1.712 m) before 1818 at

lished —

Asti, Cuneo, Alba, Mondov\, Saluzzo, Biella, Vercelli, Turin,

number of sq PASSI unless indicated otherwise (Afan de Ri­

Ivrea, Pinerolo, and Susa, 5 piedi manuali; (1.715 m) after

vera 93, 1 0 5 , 1 3 3 , 141-154, 190 -1 9 1 , Martini 774, Salvati

1818 at above, 5 piedi msmuaJ-i; (1.787 m) at Ulzio, 5 l/2

41, and Tavole 1. 66, 7 I, 200, 205 , 209-210, 215, 220, 242,

French piedi; (1.800 m) at Chiomonte, 42 ONCE; (I.872 m) at

2 5 1 , 364, 606 , 610 -6 1 1 , 615 -6 1 6 , 697 ):

Aosta, 6 piedi; (1.889 m) at Courmayeur, 6 piedi; (1.904 m)

tone, 15,000 sq PALMI; (0.130 ha) at Laureana di Borrello,

at Salbertrand, 6 French piedi; (1.950 m) at Pragellato, 6

750 of 5 palmi each; (O.I96 ha) at Feroleto Antico (784 of

the figure after the name of each site is the total

(0.104 ha) at Cala­

288 ] tomole

tomolo

[ 289

6 palmi each) and S. Luca (44l of 8 palmi each); (0.217 ha)

for land in Sicily and central and southern Italy.

at Candidoni, I250 of 5 palmi each; (0.222 ha) at Torre di

following lists of regional standards, the superficial meas­

Ruggiero and Simbario, 32,000 sq palmi; (0.225 ha) at Gerace,

ures are reckoned in sq PASSI unless indicated otherwise

506 l A of 8 palmi each; (0.230 ha) at Cardinale, 331 075 sq

(Alberti 345i 502, Alexander 114, Altes 292 , Bleibtren 308,

palmi; (0.250 ha) at Gerace, 900 of 6.325 palmi each; (0.307

Browne 453, 455. 463, Cavalli 74, Clarke 1 0 5 , Doursther 531,

ha) at Montaguto, Sersale, Vibo Valentia, S. Pietro a Maida,

Ency. méth. 142, l48, I58-I59 , Gerhardt I. 255 , Heuser 33,

CiminV, and Melicucc'k, 2756 l A of ^ palmi each; (0.309 ha)

Kelly 2 . I. 264, 313, Lejeune 211-212, Luca 124-125, 1 9 7 ,

at Arena, ^4,i*-00 sq palmi; (0.336 ha) at Rosciano, iJ-OO of

Martini 5 6 , 68-69 , 102, 133-134, 152, 175, 235, 26?, 273,

11 palmi each; (0.3^2 ha) at S. Stefano di Rogliano, 768 of

349 , 395, ^39, 741, 766 , Salvati 18-19, 28, 38-51, Tate 33,

8 palmi each; (0.3^3 ha) at S. Stefano di Rogliano, 772 of

Tavole 1. 37 ff, and Yver 402).

8 palmi each; (0.3^9 ha) at Mendicino and Bagnara Calabra,

city:

78^ of 8 palmi each; (O.352 ha) at Roccella Ionica, 792 of

Campobasso, Isemia, Larino, Chieti, Lanciano, Vasto, Teramo,

8 palmi each; (0.35^ ha) at Fiumefreddo Bruzio, 905 of 7 l/2

and Penne, 24 MISURE, and (O.555 hi) after 1840 at above,

palmi each; (O.356 ha) at Catona, 800 of 8 palmi each; (O.363

24 misure.

ha) at Fiumara, 8I6 of 8 palmi each; (O.il-OO ha) at Mercog-

sq PALMI; (0.149 ha) at Villalago (66 of 18 palmi each) and

liano, Serra S. Bruno, and Teramo, 36 OO of 4 palmi each or

Pescocostanzo (400 of 7 I/3 palmi each); (O.I78 ha) at Cara-

400 of 12 palmi each; (0.44-9 ha) at S. Giovanni in Fiore,

manico, 100 of 16 palmi each; (0.200 ha) at Opi, Alfedena,

1200 of 7 1/2 palmi each; (0.626 ha) at Tuglie and Nard'b,

and Montenero Val Cocchiara, 800 of 6 palmi each; (0.220 ha)

2500 of 6 palmi each; (O.69 O ha) at Domanico, 900 of 10 l/2

at Venafro, 495 of 8 palmi each; (0.221 ha) at Falena, 650

palmi each; and (0.835 ha) at Taviano, 2704 of 6 2/3 palmi

of 7 palmi each; (0.234 ha) at Campobasso, 625 of 7 I/3

each.

palmi each; (0.238 ha) at Acquaviva d'Isemia and Lettopa-

TOMOLE. TOMOLO TOMOLO —

3-7

In the

ABRUZZO E MOLISE — Capa­

(0.553 hi) before 1840 at Aquila, Avezzano, Sulmona,

Superficial;

(0.012 ha) at Montelongo, 1664 l/2

lena, 700 of 7 palmi each; (0.245 ha) at Forli del Sannio and tumminus; 6-7 L tuminus; 6-9 tomolo; 7 L tum­

Borrello, 720 of 7 palmi each; (O.256 ha) at lelsi (576 of

ulus; 7 »9 tumulo; 8 tomaio, tomol, tomole; 9 tommolo, tum-

8 palmi each), Isemia (576 of 8 palmi each), and Roccaman-

molo, tumolo

dolfi (752 of 7 palmi each); (0.267 ha) at Ripalimosani (784

[Ar (^) tumn. a measure for grain; cf Sp

azumbre; see TOMOLATA].

A m-c for dry products and a m-a

of 7 palmi each) and Manoppello (266 2/3 of 12 palmi each);

290 ]

tomolo

C 291

tomolo

(0.272 ha) at Montenerodomo (800 of 7 palmi each) and Len-

Rossano, Reggio di Calabria, Gerace, and Palmi, 24 misure,

tella (200 of 1^ palmi each); (0.278 ha) at Torre de'Passeri,

and (0.555 hi) after 1840 at above, 24 misure.

kOO of 10 palmi each; (0.299 ha) at Rionero Sannitico and

(0.178 ha) at Falconara Albanese, 400 of 8 palmi each; (0.307

Fresagrand inaria, 800 of 7 l/3 palmi each; (0.300 ha) at

ha) at Castrovillari, 900 of 7 palmi each; (0.400 ha) at

Roccamontepiano, 300 of 12 palmi each; (0.301 ha) at Lupara,

Villapiana, I070 of 7 l/3 palmi each; (0.409 ha) at Canna,

676 of 8 palmi each; (0.307 ha) at Macchia Valfortore and

1200 of 7 palmi each; and (0.449 ha) at Albidona and Ceren-

Larino, 900 of 7 palmi each; (O.316 ha) at Gagnoli, ^00 of

zia, 1200 of 7 1/3 palmi each.

10 2/3 palmi each; (O.326 ha) at Fossacesia, 733 l/3 of 8

hi) at Benevento, "piccolo" of 2 MEZZETTE; (O.553 hi) before

palmi each; (0.330 ha) at Collecorvino, 266 2/3 of 13 l/3

1840 at Avellino, Ariano Irpino, S. Angelo de'Lombardi, Bene-

palmi each; (0.3^1 ha) at Vasto, 1000 of 7 palmi each; (O.356

vento, Ceppaioni, Cerreto Sannita, S. Bartolomeo in Galdo,

ha) at Arielli, Lanciano, and Paglieta, 800 of 8 palmi each;

Caserta, Nola, Piedimonte d'Alife, Naples, Casoria, Castellam­

(0.374 ha) at Toro, 84l of 8 palmi each; and (0.487 ha) at

mare di Stabia, Pozzuoli, Salerno, Campagna, Sala Consilina,

Belmonte del Sannio, 70,000 sq palmi.

and Vallo della Lucania, 24 misure; and (0.555 hi) after

city:

BASILICATA — Capa­

(0.553 hi) before 1840 at Potenza, La^onegro, Matera,

and Melfi, 24 misure, and (0.555 hi) after 1840 at above, “ 24 misure.

Superficial:

(0.307 ha) at Vaglio Basilicata

1840 at above, 24 misure.

Superficial:

CAMPANIA — Capacity:

Superficial:

(0.421

(0 .I60 ha) at Prata

Sannita, 360 of 8 palmi each; (0.204 ha) at Teora, 600 of 7 palmi each; (0.213 ha) at Castelpagano, 625 of 7 palmi each;

and Tricarico, 2756 l/4 of 4 palmi each; (0.329 ha) at Bai­

(0.255 ha) at Calitri, 750 of 7 palmi each; (O.256 ha) at

vano, 900 of 7 l A palmi each; (0.341 ha) at Vaglio Basili­

Fragneto 1'Abate and Cerreto Sannita, 576 of 8 palmi each;

cata and Rapone, 1000 of 7 palmi each; (0.374 ha) at Pesco­

(0.267 ha) at Piedimonte d'Alife, 266 2/3 of 12 palmi each;

pagano, 1000 of 7 1/3 palmi each; (0.409 ha) at Potenza,

(0.285 ha) at Montesano sulla Marcellana, 640 of 8 palmi each;

Montescaglioso, and Palazzo S. Gervasio, 1200 of 7 palmi

(0.307 ha) at Montaguto, Benevento, and S. Bartolomeo in Gal­

each; (0.417 ha) at S. Chirico Nuovo, 1225 of 7 palmi each;

do, 900 of 7 palmi each or 25 OO of 4 I/5 palmi each; (O.329

(0.419 ha) at Gorgoglione, 1200 of 7 l/3 palmi each; and

ha) at S. Marina, 900 of 7 l/4 palmi each; (0.341 ha) at

(0.449 ha) at Muro Lucano, 1200 of 7 l/3 palmi each.

CALA­

Gonza della Campania, Gastelnuovo di Gonza, and Rofrano, 1000

(0.553 hi) before 1840 at Catanzaro, Co-

of 7 palmi each; (O.356 ha) at S. Angelo a Fasanella and Sala

BRIA -- Capacity:

tronei, Vibo Valentia, Nicastro, Cosenza, Castrovillari,

Consilina, 800 of 8 palmi each; (O.36 O ha) at Oliveto Citra,'

tomolo

292 ] tomolo

[ 293

1056 of 7 palmi each; (0.371 ha) at S. Gregorio Magno, 1089

7 palmi each; (0.313 ha) at Bari, 800 of 7 l/2 palmi each;

of 7 palmi each; (0.37^ ha) at Albanella and Salvitene, 1000

(0.409 ha) at Altamura, Spinazzola, Vico del Gargano, Lecce,

of 7 1/3 palmi each; (0.376 ha) at Bellosguardo, 845 of 8

and Laterza, 1200 of 7 palmi each; (0.545 ha) at Gravina di

palmi each; (0.400 ha) at Valle dell'Angelo, IO7 O of 7 l/3

Puglia and Viesti, I600 of 7 palmi each; (O.598 ha) at Cor­

palmi each; (0.409 ha) at Montella, Castiglione dei Geno­

sano , 1600 of 7 1/3 palmi each; (0.626 ha) at Ostuni, 2500

vesi, Campagna, Auletta, and Cicerale Cilento, 1200 of 7 palmi

of 6 palmi each; (O.65I ha) at Gioia del Colle, 2025 of

each; (0.449 ha) at Postiglione and Vallo della Lucania, 1200

6 4/5 palmi each; (0.673 ha) at Grottaglie, 1800 of 7 I/3

of 7 1/3 palmi each; and (O.598 ha) at Torchiara, I6 OO of

palmi each; (0.681 ha) at Ceglie Messapico and Taranto, 2000

7 1/3 palmi each.

of 7 palmi each; (0.697 ha) at Mesagne, 25 OO of 6 I/3 palmi

LAZIO — Capacity:

(0.553 hi) before 1840

at Cittaducale and Gaeta, 24 misure, and (O.555 hi) after 1840 at above, 24 misure.

Superficial:

(O.167 ha) at Posta,

each; (0.748 ha) at Montemesola, 2000 of 7 l/3 palmi each; (0.808 ha) at Torre S. Susanna, 2750 of 6 l/2 palmi each;

100 of 15 1/2 palmi each; (O.178 ha) at Cittaducale, 400 of

(0.841 ha) at Grottaglie, 2250 of 7 I/3 palmi each; (0.852

8 palmi each; (O.272 ha) at Sora, 800 of 7 palmi each; (O.278

ha) at Cisternino, Alberobello, Brindisi, and Martina Franca,

ha) at Brocco (200 of 14 I/7 palmi each) and Aquino (400 of

2500 of 7 palmi each; and (0.881 ha) at Manduria, 3000 of

10 palmi each); (0.286 ha) at Arpino, 200 of 14 I/3 palmi

6 1/2 palmi each.

each; (0.292 ha) at Campoli Apennino, 200 of 14 l/2 palmi

tanissetta, Catania, Messina, Lipari, Palermo, and Syracuse,

each; (0.299 ha) at S. Donato Val di Cornino, 800 of 7 I/3

4 MONDELLI or I/I6 SALMA.

palmi each; (0.302 ha) at Fontechiari, 200 of 14 3/4 palmi

reale, IÓ9 sq CANNE of Palermo; (0.082 ha) at Acireale, 196

each; (O.323 ha) at Settefrati, 200 of 15 1/4 palmi each;

sq canne of Palermo; (O.IO7 ha) at Acireale, Catania, All,

(0.336 ha) at Piedimonte S. Germano; (0.356 ha) at Citta­

and Antillo, 256 sq canne of Palermo; (O.IO9 ha) at Lam­

reale, 800 of 8 palmi each; and (0.400 ha) at Terelle, 400

pedusa and Palermo, 4 mondelli; (0.112 ha) at Messina, Forza

of 12 palmi each.

d'Agro, and Tortorici, 256 sq canne of Messina; (0.121 ha) at

PUGLIA —

(0.553 hi) before 1840 at Bari,

SICILIA — Capacity;

Superficial:

(0.172 hi) at Cal-

(0 .07I ha) at Aci­

Altamura, Barletta, Foggia, Bovino, S. Severo, Lecce, Brin­

Alcara li Fusi, 289 sq canne of Palermo; (O.136 ha) at Lin-

disi, Gallipoli, and Taranto, 24 misure, and (0.555 hi) after

guaglossa, Castroreale, and Castell'Umberto, 324 sq canne of

1840 at above, 24 misure.

Palermo; (0.139 ha) at Vallelunga Pratameno, Barrafranca,

Superficial:

(0.204 ha) at Viesti,

600 of 7 palmi each; (O.307 ha) at Poggio Imperiale, 9 OO of

Castiglione di Sicilia, Francavilla di Sicilia, Patti, Pa-

29^ ] tomolo

tomolo

[ 295

lermo, Lascari, Bisacquino, Termini Imerese, and Alcamo,

tagirone; (0.235 ha) at Gastrofilippo, 562.5 sq canne of Pa­

333.06 sq canne of Palermo; (0.142 ha) at Messina, Librizzi,

lermo; (0.236 ha) at Gampofranco, Ganicatti, Bivona, and

and Mazzarr\ S. Andrea, 324 sq canne of Messina; (0.147 ha)

Sciacca, 564.06 sq canne of Palermo; (0.241 ha) at Forza d'

at Naro, 351*56 sq canne of Palermo; (O.1 5 O ha) at Lipari,

Agro, 576 sq canne of Palermo; (0.244 ha) at Delia, Sutera,

25 PERGOLE; (0.15? ha) at Galatafimi, 375*375 sq canne of

Gasteltermini, and Lucca Sicula, 562.5 sq canne of Agrigento;

Palermo; (O.I67 ha) at Aci Bonaccorsi, Bivona, Montevago,

(0.251 ha) at Gammarata, 6 OO.25 sq canne of Palermo; (0.262

Mistretta, Corleone, Alia, and Alcamo, 400 sq canne of Pa­

ha) at Gampobello di Mazara, 625 sq canne of Patlermo; (O.27I

lermo; (0.172 ha ) at Caltabellotta (410. 06 sq canne of Pa­

ha) at Galtanissetta, 647*91 sq canne of Palermo; (0.275 ha)

lermo) and Acireale (400 sq canne of Acireale); (0.174 ha)

at Regalbuto, 656.90 sq canne of Palermo; (O.295 ha) at Fiume­

at Syracuse, Modica, Noto, and Palazzolo Acreide, 416.625

freddo di Sicilia, 676 sq canne of Messina; (0.328 ha) at

sq canne of Palemo; (0.185 ha) at Cairanarata, 44l sq canne

Viagrande and Aci Bonaccorsi, 784 sq canne of Palermo; and

of Palermo; (0.189 ha) at Burgio, 451.56 sq csinne of Palermo;

(0.337 ha) at Acireale, 784 sq canne of Acireale. — I621

(0.191 ha) at Biscari, 456 sq canne of Paleirmo; (O.193 ha)

Bocchi 22:

at Augusta, 462.25 sq canne of Palermo; (0.203 ha) at Bronte,

1678 Du Gange sv tuminus;

Alessandria della Rocca, S. Fratello, Lercara Friddi, and

politanis; ibid sv tumminus:

Feria, 484 sq canne of Palermo; (0.207 ha) at Ribera, Cefalu,

tumulus:

and Poggioreale, 495.06 sq canne of PalerTUo; (0.209 ha) at

lo . 1728 Ghambers sv measure:

Menfi, Alcamo, and Mazara del

500 sq canne of Palermo;

La coppa, tumulo, anfora ... moggio, & simili. Species mensurae Siculis et Nea­ Idem quod Tuminus; ibid sv

Mensura frumentaria, Siculis et Melitensibus, Tomo­ At Naples ... they use the

Tomole, or Tomaio.

1784 Kruse 3^9*

(0.211 ha) at Maletto, 484 sq canne of Messina; (0.212 ha)

1825 Gagnazzi 131s

H

at Acquaviva Platani and Gamastra, 506.25 sq canne of Paler­

Puglia.

mo; (0.214 ha) at S. Gaterina Villarmosa, Piazza Armerina,

Naples, Palermo, and other states of Italy.

1840 Afan de

Galascibetta, Gela, Gatania, Acireale, Militello in Val di

Rivera 103:

1863 Gapasso

Gatania, Nicosia, Sperlinga, Gastei di Lucio, S. Teodoro,

73:

Alimena, Gerace, Garlentini, Giarratana, and Buccheri, 512

4 55 : 4 Mondelli=l Tumolo; ibid 463s

sq canne of Palermo; (0.218 ha) at Enna, 512 sq canne of Gas-

molo.

trogiovanni; (0.223 ha) at Galtagirone, 512 sq canne of Gai-

molo is 4 mondeIli. 1934 Edler 1. 300:

V slI I o ,

1 Tomolo hat 4 Mondili.

tommolo o moggio del Tavoliere di

1829 Palethorpe 90:

TOMOLO, a measure in use at

Tomolo di 1200 passi quadrati.

1 Tomolo eg. a 5 decal. 5 litri e l/2.

1928 Kennelly 126:

1899 Brovme

1 Tumulo....

1 Tum-

The salma is I6 tumoli. The tu­ TOMOLO ... a dry

296 ] tonelada

tornatura

measure.

TOPPO -- 6-9 toppo

TONELADA, TONKLLATA. TONNA —

6-9 tonna

TONNELLATA

[MedL toppus. bundle, bale].

[ 297

A m-c for dry

products at Pesaro containing 2 BERNAPflDE (28.393 l) (Martini

[F tonne (tonneau) fr VL timna, tonna. of

519).

Celtic origin; cf Pr tona. Sw tonna. OSw tynna. G Tonne. Gael

TORNADURA.

tunna, Ir tonna. E ton, tun. ME tonne. toun, unit of ship

TORNATURA -- 1-7 L tornatura; 3-9 tornatura; 8 tomadura

TORNATURA [It

capacity or of weight, OE tunne. a tun, tub, a large vessel;

tornatura, an agrarian measure, fr MedL tornatura, fr (prob)

see TONNELLATA]. A m-c for liquids in Sicily containing 12

L t o m o . tornare, to tum, turn out].

SALME:

northern Italy.

(9*3^1 hi) at Syracuse and (10.512 hi) at Messina

A m-a for land in

In the following list of local standards

(Doursther 543, Dubost I. 302 , Ency. meth. 148-1^9, and

all consist of 100 TAVOLE unless indicated otherwise (Alex­

Rflrdansz 520).

ander 140, 1 5 0 , Bleibtren 273, Browne 451, 459, Clarke 94,

TONNELATA. TONNELLATA TONNELLATA — lata

Doursther 56I, Gerhardt I. 58 , Martini 92, 152-153, 205, 211,

5-9 tonnellata; 8 tonellata; 9 tonelada, tonne-

[Sp tonelada. a ton (weight), fr tonel, large cask or

vat; see TONNA]. A wt in Italy for bulkrating goods aboard ship with standards at the following sites:

(697.084 kg) at

568 , 5 76 , Noback 110, Tavole 1. II5 , 117, 119, 283, 285, 289, 3 1 3 , 3 1 6 , 3 1 9 , 556 , 597, 600 , 6 0 2 , and Vallardi sv misura):

(0.112 ha) at S. Angelo in Vado, 100 sq CANNE; (O.I68 ha) at Lugo; (0.185 ha) at Bagnacavallo; (0.192 ha) at Massa Lom­

. Florence, 2000 LIBBRE; (988.749 kg) at Ancona, 20 CANTARI or

barda; (0.193 ha) at Imola; (0.208 ha) at Bologna, Casal

3000 libbre; (1000.000 kg) at Milan after 1803, 1000 libbre;

Fiuminese, Vergato, Poggio Renatico, and Palazzuolo, 144

and (10 15 .7 4 kg) at Naples, 1140 ROTOLI. — 1760 Cristiani

tavole; (0.226 ha) at Cotignola and Cento (l44 tavole);

142:

LA TONELLATA, 0 Carro.

1840 Doursther 56 O:

TONNELLATA.

(0.230 ha) at Faenza; (0.234 ha) at Riolo Terme; (0.238 ha)

Norn italien du tonneau de mer ou d 'affrétement. I850 Alex­

at Forli, 100 sq PERTICHE; (0.243 ha) at Bertinoro, 100 sq

ander 1 1 5 : Tonnellata; shipping weight.

pertiche; (0.245 ha) at Civitella di Romagna, 100 sq per­

220:

Die Tonelada Oder Schiffslast.

1863 Bleibtren

1883 Martini 33:

An­

cona ... Tonnellata=20 Cantara (3000 Libbre); ibid 207: Firenze ... Tonnellata=2000 Libbre. 1894 Lejeune 208:

tiche; (0.255 ha) at Brisighella; (O.267 ha) at Fusignano; (0.282 ha) at Conselice; (0.286 ha) at Argenta, 100 sq per­

Milan

tiche; (0.287 ha) at Meldola, 100 sq pertiche; (0.290 ha), at

... 1 tonnelata=l.000 libbras; ibid 2 1 1 : Naples ... 1 ton-

Cesena; (0.291 ha) at S. Agata Feltria, 100 sq canne; (0.295

nelata=l.l40 rottoli=l.0 15 ,7^ kilogr.

ha) at Borghi and Rimini; (0.324 ha) at Dozza; (0.336 ha) at

298 ] torsa

trabucco

[ 299

Russi; (0 .3^2 ha) at Ravenna; (0.^01 ha) at Sassocorvaro, 100

Lercariis nepotibus tuis honerantibus torsellos sexaginta

sq canne; (0.^22 ha) at Cervia; and (1.000 ha) at Milan after

quinque usque in octuaginta.

I803 . —

SI vien dita torssello in Puia e cane 60 si e un torssello,

1625 Oddi

Staiora, Coppie, Tornature, moiora, &

con cento altri nomi.

I678 Du Gange sv:

TORNATURA, Modus

cl380 Zibaldone 22:

Li drapi

doncha bracca 200 de Venexia e J torxello e cane 2 e palimi

agri, [jugero respondens, nostris Ardent,] apud Bononienses

2.

Italos....

a balla or torsello might contain was sometimes regulated by

Mensurae species, minor Tornatura vulgari, quae

jugerum est, Italis etiamnum Tornatura di terra. 1750 Perini

1934 Edler 1. 302 : The number of pieces of cloth which

statute.

58 : La Tornatura nome equivalente a quello del Campo con­

TORSELLUM, TORSSELLO, TORXELLO.

siste in Tavole superficiali, cioè quadre 1^4; ibid 63:

TRABUCCO — 3-9 trabucco; 9 trabacco

La

TORSELLO [It trabucco. a measure

Tornadura e larga Canne dieci, e lunga parimente Canne dieci.

of length, surface, and volume, fr MF trabut. measure of

1780 Paucton 793s

land].

Bologne ... Tornatura.

1798 Rep. Cis. 73:

A m-1 and m-v in Sardinia and northern Italy.

In

Una Tornatura ^ in queste Provincie l'unita superficiale

the following list of local standards the linear measures

della misura di un campo.

consisted of 6 PIEDI unless indicated otherwise (Browne ifóO,

1801 Oriani ^7:

L'unita dello

spazio si chiamava Tornatura ed era composta di 100 Tavole.

Doursther 561-562, Martini I6 , 87, 122, 1^7, I6 5 , 181-182,

I850 Alexander 115:

285, 350 , 415-416, 443 , 5 1 2 , 520 , 746, 783-784, 792, 812 -

1875 Lemale 79:

Tornatura ... Bologna ... 0,i^827 acres.

La tomatura=l44 tavole.

1928 Kennelly

813, 834 , Noback 458 , 5 76 , 6 5 7 , Tavole 1. 1 ff, and Vallardi

1 1 6 ; The "tomatura," a land surface measure of 1^4 square

sv misura).

pertiche. or 2080 square meters.

Lecco, Cremona, Casalmaggiore, Pandino, Milan, Abbiategrasso,

TORSA —

3-9 torsa

[It torsa. bale, bundle, sack, fairdel, fr

MF torse (tourse). pack, bundle; see TORSELLO].

Any large

bimdle or bale of merchandise (Edler 1. 302 ). TORSELLO — 3 L torsellum; 4 torssello, torxello; 4-9 torsello

LENGTH —

(2.611 m) at Vedesta, Treviglio, Como,

Gallarate, Lodi, Monza, Novara, Domodossola, Pallanza, Va2sesia, Bascap"^, Cava Manara, Bobbio, Lomellina, and Voghera, "milanese" of l/2 GETTATA; (2.677 m) at Sondrio; (2.707 m) at Novedrate; (2.732 m) at Pandino, Lodi, Bascap'fe, and Albuz-

[It torsello. a small bale, fr MF torsel (toursel). dim of

zano, "lodigiano;" (2.774 m) at Vigevano and Lomellina, "di

torse; see TORSA]. Any long, flat bale used for transporting

Vigevano;" (2.814 m) at Caselle Landi; (2.817 m) at Varsi

goods (especially cloth) by pack-animal. — 1252 Byrne 102:

and Piacenza, 6 BRACCIA da muro; (2.819 m) at Crema; (2.826

Iddoni Lercario iuniori pro te et Belmustino et Johannino

m) at Varallo, Novara, and Valsesia, "novarese;" (2.832 m)

300 ] trabucco

trappeso

[ 3 01

at Valenza, Voghera, Tortona, Pavia, and Bobbio, "pavese;"

m) before 1818 at Asti, Cuneo, Alba, Mondovì, Saluzzo,

(2.850 m) at Roccagrimalda; (2.853 m) at Tortona; (2.857 m)

Biella, Vercelli, Turin, Ivrea, Pinerolo, and Susa; (3*086

at Novi Ligure and Solere; (2.861 m) at Alessandria and Bru­

m) after 1818 at above; (3*090 m) at Cerrina; (3*100 m) at

no; (2.866 m) at Felizzano; (2.868 m) at Trisobbio, Rebbio,

Montiglio; (3.111 m) at Colcavagno; (3.120 m) at Treville;

and Lomellina, "di Robbio;" (2.8?^ m) at Ovada; (2.893 m)

(3 .12 2 m) at Castelletto Merli; (3*126 m) at Cerreto d'Asti;

at Altavilla Monferrato; (2.901 m) at Rosignano Monferrato,

(3*143 m) at Gabiano; (3 .I68 m) at Odalengo Piccolo; (3*197

Calcio, Cremona, Soncino, Viadana, and Castelnuovo Bocca d'

m) at Odalengo Grande; (3*215 m) at Moransengo; (3*230 m) at

Adda, "cremonese;" (2.904 m) at Strevi, Casale Monferrato,

Montanaro; (3*240 m) at Casalborgone; and (3*243 m) at Via-

and Vignale, "di Monferrato;" (2 .9 O8 m) at Terruggia; (2 .9 15

rigi*

m) at Camagna; (2 .917 m) at Mombaruzzo; (2 .9 I8 m) at Quat-

of 6 cu piedi, and (5.200 cu m) at Cagliari, "camerale" of

tordio; (2.920 m) at Castelletto d'Orba; (2.929 m) at Gia­

288 cu PALMI. —

rde; (2.940 m) at Casorzo; (2.943 m) at Lu; (2.946 m) at

altro.

Montaldo Bormida; (2.947 m) at Cella Monte; (2 .9 51 m) at

misurare i Piemontesi in trabucco, Ìd pertica, che consta di

Borgo S. Martino; (2.954 m) at Frassineto Po; (2.956 m) at

piedi 6.

Roccaverano; (2.965 m) at Frassinelle Monferrato; (2.971 m)

bucco, costituente la novantesima sesta parte della pertica

.. at Cassine; (2.976 m) at Bozzole; (2.986 m) at Calliano;

VOLUME —

(3*784 cu m) at Bobbio, "pavese da muro"

1625 Oddi I6 : 0 diece palmi, trabucchi,"o

1674 Guarini 25»

Diuidono la misura, e linea da

1804 Beccaria 272:

Noi abbiamo calcolato il tra­

Milanese per once 52, punti 8 del braccio.

I850 Alexander

(2.990 m) at Alfiano Natta; (2.993 m) at Frinco and Tonco;

1 1 6 : Trabucco ... Sardinia ... 3»^^^94 yards.

(2.997 m) at Tigliole; (3*000 m) at Castelnuovo Calcea;

berti 265 : 1 trabucco=6 piedi.

(3.004 m) at Grana; (3*006 m) at Molare and Acqui; (3*008

TRAINO —

5-9 traino

1957 Al­

[It traino. wagon-load, haulage, fr vb

m) at Fontanetto Po; (3*011 m) at Castagnole Monferrato;

trainare. to drag, fr VL traginare fr tragere fr L trahere,

(3*012 m) at Cerro Tanaro; (3* 026 m) at Rocca d'Arazzo;

to draw, trail]. A m-v for construction materials through­

(3*029 m) at Ozzano Monferrato; (3*036 m) at Coniolo; (3*040

out Tuscany consisting of 2 cu BRACCIA (O.398 cu m) or 12

m) at Scandeluzza; (3*050 m) at Fubine; (3*05^ m) at Graz-

BRACCIOLI (Andreini VII, Martini 207, 541, and Tavole 1.

zano; (3*06l m) at Cuccaro Monferrato; (3*068 m) at Mombello

5 3 , 2 8 9 , 3 4 9 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 380, 5 7 6 , 669, 6 72 ) .

Monferrato; (3*072 m) at Camino; (3*075 m) at Morano sul Po;

TRAPASA, TRAPASSO, TRAPESO.

(3*078 m) at Sala Monferrato; (3*079 m) at Balzola; (3*083

TRAPPESO —

TRAPPESO

5-9 trappeso; 8-9 trapeso; 9 trapaso, trapasso

302 ] trentale

[*].

tuminus

A wt in Sicily, Malta, and southern Italy, generally

ginta. thirty].

[ 303

A m-a for vineyards in the provinces of

considered synonymous at Naples with the SCRUPOLO, and used

Chieti and Foggia consisting of 225 sq PASSI (0.100 ha) of

primarily for gold, silver, and precious gems.

8

There were

PALMI each (Afan de Rivera 127 and Tavole 1. 223, 309).

three principal standards (Alexander 116, Browne 45^, ^6 5 ,

TRUBACCO.

Capasso 4?, Clarke 115» Luca 86 , Martini 3^9. 395-396, 440,

TUMINUS, TUMMINUS, TUMMOLO, TUMOLO, TUMULO, TUMULUS.

Salvati 29-30 , 38 , and Tavole 1. 138 ff):

(0.82ÌJ-5 g) at Mal­

ta, 18 GRANI equal to I/32 ONCIA or 1/384 LIBBRA; (O.88I6 g) at Caltanissetta, Piazza Armerina, Gela, Catania, Acireale, Caltagirone, Nicosia, Bivona, Sciacca, Castroreale, Mistretta, Patti, Palermo, Cefalu, Corleone, Termini Imerese, Syracuse, Modica, Noto, Trapani, Alcamo, and Mazara del Vallo, I6 COCCI equal to I/30 oncia or I/36 O libbra; and (O.89IO g) at Naples (20 ACINI) and Messina (20 cocci) equal to I/30 oncia or 1/360 libbra. —

1778 Diderot XXVI. 431:

Malte, la livre

se divise en 12 onces, l'once en seiziemes, le seizieme en 2.trapesi de 18 grains....

Naples, livre de 12 onces, 1*

once de 30 trapesi, le trapeso de 20 acina. 1787 Benaven 62:

LE TRAPESO ... 20 acini.

1821 Kelly 2. I. 264:

Gold

and silver ... Libbra of 12 Ounces, 360 Trapesi, or 7200 Acini.

1840 Doursther 562;

TRAPESO, TRAPASO--

Dans 1'

ile de Malte ... 18 grains et p^se 12.725 grains anglais= 3.245 decigrammes.

1863 Boiteau 519:

Naples ... 1 trappesi

=890 milligr. 997*

1957 Alberti 502:

Trappeso ... Gold-u.

Silbergewicht ... Malta ... 1/384 Libbra.

1965 Kisch 259*

Trapasso, Trapeso ... Southern Italy. TRENTALE■—

7-9 trentale

[der of trenta, thirty, fr L tri-

TRABUCCO TOMOLO

u

UN(JA, UNCIA, UNJIA, UNTIA. URCIO.

ORCIO

ONCIA

VANEZA —

6-9 vaneza; 7 vanezza

[der of Venezia. Venice;

hence, a measure used in Venetian territory].

A m-a for

land at Verona consisting of 30 TAVOLE (1.270 a) equal to l/24 CAMPO. —

1625 Oddi 43:

... & con cento altri nomi.

Pertiche, Vanezze, Quartieri 1750 Perini 48:

Tavole 30 0