Ekonomikos teorija
 9986501790 [PDF]

  • 0 0 0
  • Gefällt Ihnen dieses papier und der download? Sie können Ihre eigene PDF-Datei in wenigen Minuten kostenlos online veröffentlichen! Anmelden
Datei wird geladen, bitte warten...
Zitiervorschau

VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS

EKONOMIKOS TEORIJA A.BuraþDV$-DNXWLV93HWUDãNHYLþLXV$6WHSDQRYDV /âHþNXW¡6=DLFHY ( 5 leidimas)

VILNIUS 2005

UDK 330.1(075.8) Ak 34

V $'29 /,2

6.@ VXVLGHGD Lã  SDNRSÐ 6LVWHPRMH Q¡UD ãXROLÐ WDUS SDNRSÐ W \ VLVWHPD QHWXUL QHXåSLOG\WÐ SDNRSÐ. Tai pasiekWD Y\NXVLDL SDVLULQNXV NULWHULMÐ SDJDO NXU ³ VNDLþLXRMDPRV SDNRSRV >@ 3DNRSLãND HNRQRPLNRV

QRPLNRV NDWHJRULM

1XOLQ¡ SDNRSD $SPRN¡MLPR WHUPLQDV Apskaita Atliktas darbas Atsarga Atstatymas Centralizacija Darbas

'DUER SULHPRQ¡ Darbo pasidalijimas Darbo tempas Dinaminis efektyvumas Elastingumas Gamyba Interesas Licencija

Pirma pakopa Nuostolis Paslauga Patentas

3ULHPRQ¡ Produktas Poreikis Rizika Sertifikatas

6XVLG¡Y¡MLPDV Sutartis Taupymas Turtas Vartojimas

9HUW¡ äHP¡

Antra pakopa

%LUåD

0DWHULDOLQ¡V J¡U\E¡V

Darbo pamaina Disponavimas Diversifikavimas Efektyvumas Eksportas

Naudingumas

*DP\ERV SULHPRQ¡V ²PRQ¡ Importas Kompensacija

1XRVDY\E¡ Pajamos Pakaitalai

3UDPRQ¡

Rinka

9DUWRMDPRV SUHN¡V Visuotinis ekvivalentas

Akceptas Atlyginimas Darbdavys Darbininkas Darbuotojas

3UHN¡

'DUER GUDXVP¡

Rangovas Reprodukcija Rezervas Samdymas

Darbo objektas Darbo vieta Gaminys Gamintojas

Statyba Statybos trukme Technologija

*¡U\E¡V

Ištekliai Kapitalas Klientas Mainai Nedarbas

7UHþLD SDNRSD %HQGURY¡ Laisvoji rinka Monopolija Nuoma Oligopolija

6SHFLDO\E¡

NLV NLQ¡ YHLNOD 8åVDNRYDV

Ë Ë

Vartotojas Visuomeninis kapitalas

äDOLDYD

Pinigai Santaupos Savininkas Skola

16

²

Ketvirta pakopa

Penkta pakopa

0RN¡MLPDV 3DUGDY¡MDV

Išlaidos ² ²

QDãDV SODXNRV

Kaina

.DXSLPR SULHPRQ¡ Likvidumas

/¡ãRV

Mokestis

9$'$6

Perpardavimas Paskola Pirkimas

3LUN¡MDV

Subsidija

8åVWDWDV

$VPHQLQ¡V SDMDPRV

0DåPHQLQ¡ NDLQD

Cirkuliacija Grynosios pajamos Infliacija Investicija Konkurencija Kreditas

Paklausa

3DOÌNDQRV 3DVLÌOD Pelnas Prekyba

6VNDLWD

Sistemos panaudojimas 3DNRSLãND HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHPD SDQDXGRWD VSUHQGåLDQW NRQNUHþLXV XåGDYLQLXV 6XGDU\WRMH VLVWHPRMH HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMRV \UD O\J ÄSDPDWDV WRG¡O ãL VLVWHP UHLN¡WÐ SULLPWL LU ODLN\WL VWDQGDUWLQH VYRNÐ VLVWHPD /LHWXYRMH 5HPLDQWLV ãLD SDNRSLãND HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHPD JDOL EÌWL QDJULQ¡MDPL åRG\QDL LU åRG\Q¡OLDL UXRãLDPL HNRQRPLNRV WHNVWDL ³VWDW\PDL SR³VWDW\PLQLDL DNWDL YDGRY¡OLDL VWUDLSVQLDL UDãRPL NXUVLQLDL LU EDLJLDPLHML GDUEDL

Teksto recenzavimas 3DNRSLãND HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHPD JDOL EÌWL QDXGRMDPD WHNVWDPV UHFHQ]XRWL LU MLHPV WREXOLQWL 3ULLPDPH SULHODLG NDG YLHQRMH HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWRMH DU NHOLRVH JUHWD YLHQD NLWRV LãG¡VW\WRVH QXRVWDWRVH WXUL EÌWL WRV SDþLRV SDNRSRV HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMRV DUED JUHWLPÐ SDNRSÐ NDWHJRULMRV R âXROLÐ QHWXU¡WÐ EÌWL

PanDJULQ¡NLPH NRQNUHWÐ SDY\]G³ 3DVLULQNLPH DNWXDOÐ WHNVW LU MDPH SDEUDXN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMDV VNOLDXVWHOLXRVH QXURG\NLPH MÐ SDNRSRV QXPHU³

„Rengiant statybos  SURMHNWXV QXVWDWRPD VNDLþLXRMDPRML statybos (1) kaina (4), kuri yra planuojamoji projektR ²Y\NG\PR kaina   ³ M ³HLQD YLVRV XåVDNRYR (1) išlaidos   VXVLMXVLRV VX SURMHNWR ³J\YHQGLQLPX 6NDLþLXRMDPRML statybos (1) kaina (4) nustatoma visai statybai (1) arba ir paleidimo kompleksams, atskiriems statybos objektams   MÐ GDOLPV GDUEÐ  JUXS¡PV NRQVWUXNFLMÐ GDOLPV DWLGXRGDPLHPV naudojimui (2) nustatytu norminiu (0), o jeigu norminis (0) nenustatytas - sutartiniu (0) laiku. 6NDLþLXRMDPRML kaina (4) nenustatoma, kai statybos (1) remonto GDUEÐ  YHUW ¡  PDåHVQ¡ NDLS   OLWÐ >4]. IŠVADOS: 1-RMH QXRVWDWRMH \UD ãLÐ SDNRSÐ HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMRV     2-oje nuostatoje: 1, 4, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0. 3-oje nuostatoje: 4, 0, 0.

 

9$'$6

²

1

7 .DLS PDW\WL Lã SDY\]GåLR WLHN WRMH SDþLRMH WLHN gretimoje nuostatose yra vartojaPRV ³YDLULÐ SDNRSÐ HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMRV 7RG¡O WREXOLQDQW WHNVW UHLNLD DWVLåYHOJWL M HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ SDNRSDV LU MDV GHULQWL WDLS NDG QHEÌWÐ GLGHOLÐ SDNRSÐ âXROLÐ LU WHNVWH DWVLVSLQG¡WÐ SDNRSÐ QXRVHNOXPDV W \ MXG¡MLPDV QXR DXNãWHVQ¡V SDNRSRV OLQN åHPHVQ¡V LU DWYLUNãþLDL 7REXOLQDQW WHNVW  VL ÌODX WRN ³ YDULDQW   „Rengiant statybos (1) projektus, apskaLþLXRMDPRV pajamos   NXULÐ WLNLPDVL JDXWL ³ WDV SDMDPDV  ³HLQD YLVÐ VX statyba  VXVLMXVLÐ LãWHNOLÐ (1) panaudojimas bei kompensacija.  Xå SDWLUWXV VWDW\ERV  PHWX nuostolius (0). 6NDLþLXRMDPRV SDMDPRV  JDOL EÌWL QXVWDWRPRV YLVDL statybai (1) arba ir paleidimo kompleksams, atskiriems statybos objektams   MÐ GDOLPV GDUEÐ  JUXS¡PV NRQVWUXNFLMÐ dalims, atiduodamiems vartojimui (0) nustatytu norminiu (0), o jeigu

norminis (0) nenustatytas - sutartiniu (0) laiku. Kai statybos (1) remonto GDUEÐ (0) YHUW¡  PDåHVQ¡ NDLS   OLWÐ apskaitos (0) DSPRN¡MLPR WHUPLQDL  QHQXVWDWLQ¡MDPL IŠVADOS: 1-RMH QXRVWDWRMH \UD ãLÐ SDNRSÐ HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMRV       1, 0. 2-oje nuostatoje: 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 3-oje nuostatoje: 1, 0, 0, 0, 0. 9DGLQDVL NDWHJRULMRV LãVLG¡VW¡ WRO\JLDX SDVLHNWDV GLGHVQLV WHNVWR QXRVHNOXPDV

(NRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ PRGHOLDYLPDV LU LGHQWLILNDYLPDV NRPSLXWHULX äPRJXV PRGHOLXRMD HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWDV LU NRPSLXWHULX .RPSLXWHULV JDOL UDVWL SDJULQGLQLXV GHULQLXV VXVLVWHPLQWL MÐ DLE  JUHLWDL UDVWL UHLNLDP LQIRUPDFLM WDLS SDW JUXSXRWL QXRVWDWDV UHJLVWUXRWL MDX LãQDJULQ¡WDV VDXJRWL LQIRUPDFLM  7DþLDX WLQNDPRV SURJUDPRV VXNÌ ULPDV \UD LWLQ LOJDV LU VXQNXV SURFHsas. KompiXWHULX JDOLPD PRGHOLXRWL QXRVWDWDV NXULRV J\YHQLPH \UD G¡VQLQJRV LU QHNLQWD QHV NRPSLXWHULV QHJDOL WDLN\WL VWHE¡MLPR YHULILNDFLMRV LU JHQHWLQLR PHWRGR QHV MLV JDOL WLN DQDOL]XRWL WXULP LQIRUPDFLM ,QIRUPDFLMD NLQWD ODEDL JUHLWDL WRG¡O JDXWL UH]XOWDWDL Q¡UD WLNVOÌV 3DVLÌO\PDV åPRJXV PRGHOLXRMD YLHQHWXNXV LU GYHMHWXNXV 7UHMHWXNXV LU W W PR-

deliuoja kompiuteris. 1RULQW PRGHOLXRWL HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWDV NRPSLXWHULX EÌWLQD WXU¡WL VSHFLDOL SURJUDP 3URJUDPRV ²HLQDQþL LQIRUPDFLM VXGDU\WÐ HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VX MÐ DSLEU¡åLPDLV IDLODV SDNRSLãND VLVWHPD  PRGHOLDYLPR PHWRGÐ IDLODV HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ WLSÐ IDLODV 3URJUDPRV YHLNLPDV WXU¡WÐ EÌWL SDJULVWDV JDOLPÐ NDWHJRULMÐ NRPELQDFLMÐ VXGDU\PX 5DFLRQDOLÐ NRPELQDFLMÐ GHULQLÐ DWULQNLPDV EÌWÐ HNsperto funkFLMD 3URJUDPRV LãHLQDQþLMD LQIRUPDFLM VXGDU\WÐ HNRQRPLQLV WHNVWDV VXVLGHGDQWLV Lã HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ

18

[VADAS

Neturint tokios programos kompiuteriu galima pasinaudoti kaip priemone, palengYLQDQþLD PRGHOLDYLP

²UDãLXV

L DWPLQW³ SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP PHWRGXV EHL QXRVWDWÐ

WLSXV JDOLPD ãL LQIRUPDFLM

panaudoti ekonomikos nuostatoms modeliuoti.

âLXR DWYHMX UHLNLD åLQRWL NDLS HOJWLV DWOLHNDQW WRNLXV GDUEXV NRPSLXWHULX

1. Teksto parašymas. 2. 7HNVWR ³YHGLPDV ³ DWPLQW³ 3. 7HNVWR LãNYLHWLPDV ³ HNUDQ 4. Teksto parašymas popieriuje. 5. Teksto redagavimas. .LHNYLHQDV ãLÐ GDUEÐ VXVLGHGD Lã WRNLÐ RSHUDFLMÐ 

PV Z.,

7(.672

,â.9,(7,0$6

²



(.5$1



Eil. Nr.

Klavišas

Paaiškinimas

Pastabos

1.

Ä3HO¡

2.

Enter

5RG\NO ¡ NRPDQGLQ ¡ MH HLOXW ¡ MH QXYHGDPD YLUã Ä)LOH SDVSDXGXV ÄSHO ¡V NDLU³M ³ NODYLã LãVLVNOHLGåLD PHQLX 7DPH V  UDãH URG\NOH VXUDQGDPDV Ä2SHQ 3DVSDXGXV NODYLã   HNUDQH DWVLUDQGD GRNXPHQW Ð SDYDGLQLP Ð V  UDãDV

3.

Ä3HO¡

5RG\NO ¡ QXYHGDPD YLUã WR GRNXPHQWR SDYDGLQLPR

Enter

NXU ³ QRULPH LãNYLHVWL ³ HNUDQ  3DVSDXGXV NODYLã   HNUDQH DWVLUDQGD WHNVWDV

Pvz., Doc AJakutis 4.

(NRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ LGHQWLILNDYLPDV UHLãNLD NDG Lâ åLQRPR HNRQRPLNRV WHNVWR

UHLNLD DWSDåLQWL QXRVWDWÐ WLSXV G¡VQLXV SULQFLSXV VDY\EHV LU W W äPRJXV EH NRPSLXWHULR âL GDUE DWOLHND SDO\JLQWL OHQJYDL QRUV NDUWDLV LãN\OD DEHMRQLÐ R NXULDP JL

WLSXL SULNODXVR GXRWRML QXRVWDWD" $EHMRQ¡ DWVLUDQGD G¡O QHSDNDQNDPDL WLNVODXV LU YLHQDUHLNãPLãNR HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ WLS Ð DSLEU¡ åLPR

.RPSLXWHUL]XRMDQW HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ LGHQWLILNDYLP UHLN¡WÐ WLNVOLDX DSLEU¡åWL

HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ WLSXV R SDVNXL VXGDU\WL DOJRULWPXV LU SURJUDPDV NLHNYLHQDP

nuostatos tipui identifikuoti. ,GHQWLILNDYLPDV OHLGåLD

³YHUWLQWL

HNRQRPLNRV WHNVW 6NDLW\WRMXL

priimtinas teks-

WDV NXULDPH QXRVWDWRV LãG¡VWRPRV WDP WLNUD WYDUND 1XRVHNOXV LãG¡VW\PDV SDOHQJYLQD WHNVWR VXSUDWLP 

,ãYDGRVLUSDVLÌO\PDL Išvados  ,ãQDJULQ¡MXV HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMDV PDW\WL NDG WD SDWL NDWHJRULMD

³YDLULXRVH

OLWHUDWÌURV ãDOWLQLXRVH DSLEU¡åLDPD VNLUWLQJDL W \ ãLXRODLNLQ¡ SDG¡WLV DLãNLQDQW

HNRQRPLNRV UHLãNLQLXV SURFHVXV Q¡UD VWDELOL - JDOLPD VWDELOL]XRWL SDQDXGRMXV SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP

9$'$6

19

²

2.

6XGDU\WDV ULQNRV HNRQRPLNRV VO\JRPLV DNWXDOLÐ HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ Vrašas.

3. Nustatytas kiekvienos ekonomikos kategorijos pakopos numeris, kuris tiesioJLDL SULNODXVR QXR SULLPWR NDWHJRULMRV DSLEU¡åLPR 4. 5HPLDQWLV QXVWDW\WX HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ SDNRSRV QXPHULX \UD VXGDU\WD SDNRSLãND HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHPD

5.

1DJULQ¡MDQW HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ SDNRSDV SDVWHE¡WRV QXRODW pasikartojanþLRV NDWHJRULMRV W \ VWDELOXV SDJULQGDV QDXGRMDPDV QXVWDWDQW beYHLN YLVÐ NDWHJRULMÐ SDNRSDV

0 1 6. 7. 8.

SDNRSD GDUEDV JDP\ED SDVODXJD SRUHLNLV SURGXNWDV YHUW¡ SDNRSD SUHN¡ PDLQDL

3DNHLWXV SDNRSÐ VNDLþLDYLPR WYDUN åHPÐ SDNRSÐ NDWHJRULMÐ QXPHULDL sutamSD R Y¡OLDX LãVLVNLULD *ULHåWRV ULERV WDUS PLNURHNRQRPLNRMH LU PDNURHNRQRPLNRMH WDLNRPÐ ekonoPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ Q¡UD 3DQDJULQ¡MXV HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLQRQLPXV SDVWHE¡WD NDG MLH SDWHQND ³ ODEDL

skirtingas pakopas. 9. 10. 11.

.LWDV QH³WUDXNWDV ³ SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP, gaOLPD QHVXQNLDL ÄVXG¡WL ³ ãL VLVWHP

kategorijas

3ULWDLNLXV SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP WHNVWÐ UHFHQ]DYLPXL EHL WREXOLQLPXL JDOLPD LãYHQJWL SDNRSÐ ãXROLÐ YLHQRMH LU JUHWLPRVH QXRVWDWRVH 0RGHOLXRMDQW ELQDULQ³ U\ã³ JDXWD NDG EH specialios programos kompiuterio taiN\PR JDOLP\E¡V \UD PHQNRV ²UDãLXV ³ DWPLQW³ SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP PHWRGXV EHL QXRVWDWÐ WLSXV ãL LQIRUPDFLM HNVSHUWDV -

modeliuotojas gali panaudoti ekonomikos nuostatoms modeliuoti.

3DVLÌO\PDL 1. Kadangi ekonomikos kategorijos pakopos numeris priklauso nuo sudaryto ar SULLPWR NDWHJRULMRV DSLEU¡åLPR WDL SDJULQGLQ³ G¡PHV³ UHLN¡WÐ VNLUWL DSLEU¡åLPÐ

parinkimui arba sudarymui, t. y. standartizavimui. 2.

3DSLOG\WL HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VUDã QDXMRPLV NDWHJRULMRPLV NDG EÌWÐ VXGDU\WL LãVDP Ð SDSUDVW Ð LU GDåQLDXVLDL YDUWRMDPÐ NDWHJRULM Ð V  UDã   3DSLOG\WL LU SUDW VWL SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP LNL  SDNRSÐ 6XGDU\W SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHP 3(.6 SULLPti kaip stanGDUWLQ VYRNÐ VLVWHP 1RULQW PRGHOLXRWL HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWDV NRPSLXWHULX EÌWLQD VXGDU\WL speciaOL SURJUDP NXULRMH EÌWÐ SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ sistema,kategoULMÐ DSEU ¡åLPDL PRGHOLDYLPR DOJRULWPDL LU HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWÐ WLSDL 5HPLDQWLV VXGDU\WD SDNRSLãN HNRQRPLNRV NDWHJRULMÐ VLVWHPD JDOL EÌWL VXGDURPL åRG\QDL UHQJLDPL HNRQRPLQLDL WHNVWDL ³VWDW\PDL SR³VWDW\PLQLDL DNWDL YDGRY¡OLDL VWUDLSVQLDL NXUVLQLDL LU EDLJLDPLHML GDUEDL

gaOLPD 3. 4. 5.

6.

9$'$6

20

²

7HNVWDL SDUHQJWL 9HUVOR HNRQRPLNRV NDWHGURV SRV¡GåLR -06-22)

SURMHNWXL SULWDU¡ 9HUVOR YDG\ERV IDNXOWHWR LU 9*78 7DU\ERV YRV

YDOVW\ELQLV

PRNVOR

VWXGLMÐ

LU

IRQGDV

.Q\JD

nutarimu. Šiam 3URMHNW SDU¡P¡ /LHWX-

VXVLGHGD



GYLHMÐ

GDOLÐ

mikroekonomikos ir makroekonomikos. Pirmos dalies parengimui vadovavo doc. A. Jakutis, V PetUDãNHYLþLXV GRF /âHþNXW¡ LU GU $ 6WHSDQRYDV DQWURV - doc. S. Zaicevas. Knygos EHQGUDDXWRULDL \UD JUXS¡ VWXGHQWÐ NXULÐ GXRPHQ\V SDWHLNLDPL šioMH OHQWHO¡MH BENDRAAUTORIAI: ¡

Temos Nr.

9DUGDV

1. 2.

E. Sabeckis S. Pelio   LU  WHPDV SDUHQJ¡ 0DNURHNRQRPLNRV

StepoQ¡nas (VV-4/3). ²YDG

WHPDV

SDYDUG

$NDGHPLQ

¡

¡

JUXS

S-3/4 S-3/4

GRF 9 3HWUDãNHYLþLXV SHUVNDLW¡

LU

³YHUWLQR

VWXGHQWDL

/

1DãOLÌQDV

LU

0

SDUHQJ¡ GRF $ -DNXWLV GDNWDUDV $ 6WHSDQRYDV VWXGHQWDL . .OLPDYLþLÌ-

W¡ : -  - 9DEXRODLW¡ 99-  $ .XMDO\W¡ 99-  - 3UDVFHYLþLÌW¡ 99-4/4). 5HFHQ]DYR GRF 6 =DLFHYDV LU GRF 2 3HWUDãNHYLþLXV PLNURHNRQRPLND EHL GRc.

A. Jakutis (makroekonomika). 9LV  WHNVW SHUåL ÌU ¡ MR GRF / âHþNXW ¡ $XWRULDL G¡NRMD EXYXVLHPV LU GDEDUWLQLDPV 9*78 G¡VW\WRMDPV NXULÐ PHGåLDJD EXYR SDVLQDXGRWD UHQJLDQW ã³ OHLGLQ³ VSDXGDL

1 . EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS OBJEKTAS

äPRQ¡V SUDGHGDQW\V QDJULQ¡WL HNRQRPLNRV WHRULM SDSUDVWDL QRUL WXU¡WL WUXPS DLãNÐ LU OHQJYDL VXSUDQWDP EH WR YLVN DSLPDQW³ MRV DSLEU¡åLP *DOEÌW G¡O WR \UD JDQD GDXJ ²YDLULDXVL Ð ãLRV WHRULMRV DSLEU¡åLPÐ 3DWHLNVLPH NHOHW

• ekonomikos mokslas yra veiklos, susijusios su mainais ir piniginiais sando•



ULDLV WDUS åPRQL Ð  U Ì ãLV HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMD \UD PRNVODV DSLH WDL NDLS åPRQ¡V QDXGRMD UHWXV DUED ULERWXV JDP\ERV LãWHNOLXV åHP  GDUE JDP\ELQ¡V SDVNLUWLHV SUHNHV SDY\]GåLXL PDãLQDV LU WHFKQLQHV åLQLDV ²YDLULRPV SUHN¡PV JDPLQWL NYLHþLDPV P¡VDL GUDEXåLDPV PHQR N Ì ULQLDPV LU YHLNODL NHOLDPV LU NW LU VNLUVW\WL MDV WDUS åPRQL Ð NDG MLH JDO ¡ W Ð MDV QDXGRWL ekonomikos teoULMD \UD PRNVODV DSLH NDVGLHQ åPRQLÐ J\YHQLPLãN YHLNO DSLH WDL NDLS JDXWL SULHPRQLÐ VDYR J\YHQLPXL XåWLNULQWL LU NDLS WDV SULHPRQHV SD

naudoti; •

HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMD \UD PRNVODV DSLH WDL NDLS åPRQLMD VXVLWYDUNR VX VDYR Xå



HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMD \UD PRNVODV DSLH WXUW

daviniais vartojimo ir gamybos srityje; %H DEHMR NLHNYLHQDV Lã PÌVÐ WDLS SDW JDO¡WÐ SULG¡WL SR NHOHW VDYR DSLEU¡åLPÐ äLQRPDV WHRUHWLNDV 3 6DPXHOVRQDV >@ SDEU¡åLD NDG HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMD \UD PRNVODV DSLH WDL NRNLXV LãWHNOLXV åPRQ¡V LU YLVXRPHQ¡ LOJDLQLXL ³J\MD SUHN¡PV JDPLQWL LU SDVNLUVW\WL WDUS ²YDLULÐ YLVXRPHQ¡V JUXSLÐ NDG EÌWÐ JDOLPD MDV YDUWRWL GDEDU LU DWHLW\MH 9LOQLDXV XQLYHUVLWHWR HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMRV PRNRPRVLRV SULHPRQ¡V >@ DXWRULDL rašo, kad ekonomikos teorija - tai mRNVODV DSLH åPRQLÐ ÌNLQ YHLNO NXULRV PHWX QDXGRMDQW ² YDLULXV LãWHNOLXV WHQNLQDPL åPRQLÐ SRUHLNLDL %ÌWÐ JDOLPD DSLEÌGLQWL HNRQRPLNRV WHRULM LU NDLS PRNVO DSLH åPRQLÐ WDUSXVDYLR VDQW\NLXV JDP\ERV PDLQÐ LU YDUWRMLPR VULW\VH ³YDLULDLV åPRQLMRV UDLGRV etapais. 0HV VWHQJ¡P¡V DWVDN\WL ³ NODXVLP Ä.DV \UD HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMD" (NRQRPLNRV WHRULM UHLNLD LãPDQ\WL M VWXGLMXRWL WRG¡O NDG MRV SUREOHPRV WLHVLRJLDL VXVLMXVLRV VX YLVDLV LU NLHNYLHQX Lã PÌVÐ %H DVPHQLQLR LU ãHLPLQLR SREÌGåLR SUREOHPÐ HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMD SLUPLDXVLD QDJULQ¡MD YLVXRPHQLQHV R NDUWX LU SROLWLQHV SUREOHPDV NXULRV \UD VYDUELRV NLHNYLHQDP åPRJXL âLRPV SUREOHPRPV WDLS SDW SULNODXVR LU SUHN\ELQ¡V EHL SUDPRQLQ¡V YHLNORV SUREOHPRV (NRQRPLNRV WHRULMD WXUL GXRWL DWVDN\P ³ YLVus iškilusius klausimus. 7DLJL ÌNLQ¡MH YHLNORMH QDXGRMDPL LãWHNOLDL NDG EÌWÐ JDOLPD WHQNLQWL äPRQLÐ SRUHLNLXV

22

1. EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS OBJEKTAS .DV JL \UD SRUHLNLDL NDLS MXRV NXR WLNVOLDX DSLEÌ GLQWL" WDL åPRQLÐ ELRORJLQ¡V LU VRFLDOLQ¡V SULJLPWLHV QXOHPWRV UHLNP¡V YDU-

Poreikiai -

WRMDQW GDUEX VXNXUWXV GDLNWXV LU SDVODXJDV -Ð \SDW\E¡ \UD WD NDG XåWLNULQDQW QXR-

ODWLQ³ YLHQRV SRUHLNLÐ GDOLHV J\Y\ELQLÐ SRUHLNLÐ SDWHQNLQLP DWVLUDQGD QDXMÐ VXG¡WLQJHVQLÐ VYHLNDWRV DSVDXJRV LãVLPRNVOLQLPR NXOWÌURV SRLOVLR VYHLNRV

mo

gyveni-

DSOLQNRV EHQGUDYLPR LU SDQ SRUHLNLÐ WDLJL EHQGUD SRUHLNLÐ DSLPWLV GLG¡MD 1HL

ãLXRODLNLQ¡ QHL ³åYHOJLDPRV DWHLWLHV JDP\ED QHJDOL SDWHQNLQWL NLHNYLHQR äPRJDXV DWVNLUDL DU ãHLPRV EHL YLVXRPHQ¡V YLVÐ SRUHLNLÐ 7RG¡O QXR SDW FLYLOL]XRWRV YLVXRPHQ¡V

DU DSVNULWDL åPRJDXV DWVLUDGLPR HJ]LVWXRMD QRUDV JHULQWL J\YHQLP WHQNLQWL YLV GDXJLDX LU GDXJLDX SRUHLNLÐ R QRULQW WDL Y ¡OLDX

- SUHNL Ð JDP\ERV LU

³J\YHQGLQWL

SDVODXJÐ WHLNLP 

UHLNLD QXRODW GLGLQWL SURGXNWÐ R

9LVL åLQRPH NDG YLHQX PHWX WHQNLQWL YLVÐ SRUHLNLÐ QHJDOLPH 7HLVLQJDL SDEU¡åLDma, kad šLDPH SDVDXO\MH QHW YDLNDV VXSUDQWD MRJ SDVLÌOLXV MDP N QRUV YLHQ Lã GYLHMÐ jis negali pasakyti - QRULX DELHMÐ -HLJX SDO\JLQVLPH ãLXRODLNLQ LãVLY\VþLXVL YLVXR-

PHQ VX WXR NDLS ML J\YHQR SULHã ãLPW PHW Ð SDPDW\VLPH NDG GDEDU ML WXUWLQJD R

tada buvR

YDUJLQJD %HW âLDQGLHQLQ³ WXUWLQJXP DXNãW JDP\ERV O\J³ QXVWHOELD ODEDL

LãDXJ V LU QXRODW GLG¡MDQWLV SRUHLNLV YDUWRWL âLXRODLNLQLV åPRJXV QH WLN QRUL EHW LU

MDXþLD EÌWLQ\E QDXGRWLV FHQWULQLX ãLOG\PX YDQGHQWLHNLX NDQDOL]DFLMD ãDOG\WXYDLV

automobiOLDLV

NRPSLXWHULDLV LU W W MDP UHLNLD NHOLDXWL åLQRWL NDV Y\NVWD NDLS WLN

ãLXR PHWX SDVDXO\MH WROL Xå YDQGHQ\QR DU HNYDWRULDXV LU NW 0RNVOLQLQNDL ELRORJDL PLW\ERV PLQLPXP GDåQDL DSLEÌGLQD NDLS DYLåLQ¡V NRã¡V GX-

EHQ ¡ O ³ GLHQDL QRUV MLV NDLQXRMD ODEDL MDX QHGDXJ EHW NDV QRU¡ V ODLN\WLV WRNLRV GLH-

WRV 7DLJL NDG YLV JHULDX LU JHULDX J\YHQWÐ åPRQLMD WXUL YLV GDXJLDX LU GDXJLDX JD-

minti... ir tik tada vis daugiau ir daugiau vartoti. Ištekliai -

\UD YLVD WDL NDV QDXGRMDPD åPRQLÐ SRUHLNLDPV WHQNLQWL

-Ð SDJULQG VXGDUR JDPWRV LãWHNOLDL 6NLULDPL UHDOÌV LU SRWHQFLDOÌV JDPWRV LãWHNOLDL 3LUPLHML QDXGRMDPL

ÌNLQ¡MH

åPRQLÐ YHLNORMH $QWULHML G¡O ³YDLULÐ SULHåDVþLÐ ãLXR PHWX

QHJDOLPL QDXGRWL QHV WDL GDU QH³ YDOG\WL LãWHNOLDL LU åPRQLMD ãLXR PHWX GDU QHVXJHED M Ð QDXGRWL 1¡UD DEHMRQLÐ  NDG MLHPV SULNODXVR GLGHO¡ DWHLWLV

*DPWRV LãWHNOLDL \UD QHLãVHQNDPL LU LãVHQNDPL 1HLãVHQNDPÐ LãWHNOLÐ \UD QHGDXJ

2UDV LU YDQGXR SULVNLULDPL SULH MÐ WDþLDX PDWRPH NDG LU MLH ULERWL ,ãVHQNDPXV LãWHNOLXV JDOLPD VXVNLUVW\WL åHPLV

-

³

DWNXULDPXV LU QHDWNXULDPXV *\YÌQLMD DXJDOLMD GLUYR-

DWNXULDPL LãWHNOLDL EHW MÐ DWNÌULPR VQDXGRV YLV GLG¡MD VO\JRV EORJ¡MD

*\YHQDPRML HUGY¡ QDXGLQJRVLRV LãNDVHQRV

-

QHDWNXULDPL LãWHNOLDL LU þLD SLUPLDXVLDL

PXPV LãN\OD MÐ SDQDXGRMLPR SUREOHPÐ

'DXJXPD LãWHNOLÐ \UD ULERWL -LH YDGLQDPL HNRQRPLQLDLV LãWHNOLDLV DUED JDP\ERV

YHLNVQLDLV 6NLULDPL WU\V NODVLNLQLDL LãWHNOLÐ WLSDL

äHP¡ ekonomikos teorijoje -

-

åHP ¡  GDUEDV LU NDSLWDODV

YLVL JDPWRV WHLNLDPL LãWHNOLDL SDWL åHP¡,

GHQ\V LãNDVHQRV LU SDQ 9LVL MLH \UD ULERWL GDXJXPD MÐ

-

miškai, van-

QHDWNXULDPL 7DþLDX MÐ UL-

ERWXPR LãUDLãND NHLþLDVL NLQWDQW JDPWRV WXUWÐ QDXGRMLPR WHFKQRORJLMDL

'DUEX WUXPSDL YDGLQDPD GDUER M¡JD W \ åPRQLÐ VXJHE¡MLPDL DWOLNWL ³YDLULDV JD-

mybineV LU ÌNLQHV IXQNFLMDV 7DþLDX kas, nes tai ne vienas ir tas pat.

PDW\W UHLNLD VNLUWL GDUER LU GDUER M¡JRV VYR-

1. EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS OBJEKTAS

23

WDL åPRJDXV WLNVOLQJD LU VPRQLQJD YHLNOD EÌGLQJD WLN åPRJXL NXULRV PHWX MLV JDPWRMH HVDQþLXV GDLNWXV DSGRURMD LU SULWDLNR VDYR SRUHLNLDPV 'DUER M¡JD - WDL åPRJDXV IL]LQLÐ SVLFKLQLÐ LU GYDVLQLÐ EHL PRUDOLQLÐ VDY\ELÐ YLVXPD OHLGåLDQWL MDP GDO\YDXWL GDUER SURFHVH NXUWL JDPLQWL 5\ã³ WDUS GDUER LU GDUER M¡JRV EÌWÐ JDOLPD DSLEÌGLQWL WDLS GDUEDV \UD GDUER M¡JRV IXQNFLMD 'DUER M¡JD WDLS SDW \UD ULERWDV LãWHNOLXV -L SLUPLDXVLD VXVLMXVL VX SDWLHV åPRJDXV GDUELQJR DPåLDXV ULED VX GDUELQJR DPåLDXV J\YHQWRMÐ VNDLþLXPL VX MÐ SDUHQJLPR O\JLX LãVLPRNVOLQLPX ËNLR VLVWHPRMH GDUER M¡JD \UD SDJULQGLQLV SURGXNWDV - SUHN¡ NXUL  WHLNLD QDPÐ ÌNLR VLVWHPD

Darbas -

Kapitalas - åPRQLÐ GDUEX VXNXUWDV SURGXNWDV QDXGRMDPDV SUHN¡PV LU SDVODXgoms kurti. Kitaip tariant, kapitalas - WDL YLVRV åPRQLÐ GDUEX VXNXUWRV GDUER SULHPRQ¡V QDXGRMDPRV ÌNLQ¡MH YHLNORMH 7DLS NDSLWDO EDQGR DSLEÌGLQWL 9LOQLDXV XQLYHU-

VLWHWR PRNRPRVLRV NQ\JHO¡V DXWRULDL P 6DPXHOVRQDV >@ SDEU¡åLD NDG ÄãLXR PHWX SDåDQJL SUDPRQLQ¡ WHFKQRORJLMD QDXGRMD GLGHOHV NDSLWDOR PDVHV GDXJ VXG¡WLQJRV PDãLQLQ¡V ³UDQJRV GDXJ GLGHOLÐ ³PRQLÐ LU IDEULNÐ GLGHOLXV NLHNLXV SDJDPLQWRV SURGXNFLMRV SXVIDEULNDþLÐ LU åDOLDYRV 0ÌVÐ ekonomika JDYR SDYDGLQLP ÄNDSLWDOL]PDV WRG¡O NDG ãLV NDSLWDODV DUED ÄWXUWDV Lã HVP¡V \UD SULYDWL QXRVDY\E¡ WÐ NXULH YDGLQDPL NDSLWDOLVWDLV 'DXJ\E¡ HNRQRPLVWÐ SUDGHGDQW $ 6PLWX LU ' 5LNDUGX NDSLWDOX YDGLQD SURFHV kai gamintojas, atskirtas nuo gamybos pULHPRQLÐ JDPLQD QDXM SUHN  NXULRV YHUW¡ GLGHVQ¡ QHJX YHUW¡MR VNLUWL JDP\EDL NLWDLS WDULDQW NXULD QDXM YHUW  YDGLQDP SHO-

nu, o pelnas ir yra viso gamybos proceso variklis. äLQRPDV LWDOÐ HNRQRPLVWDV $ 3H]HQWLV SDEU¡åLD NDG NDSLWDOLVWDV DWHLQD ³ ri QN NDLS SLQLJLQLR NDSLWDOR VDYLQLQNDV ³VLJ\MD SUHNLÐ JDP\ERV SULHPRQLÐ LU GDUER M¡J %DLJ V JDP\ERV SURFHV MLV JU³åWD \ ULQN VX SURGXNWX NXU³ Y¡O SDYHUþLD SLQLJDLV 3URFHVDV SUDVLGHGD LU EDLJLDVL SLQLJLQLX NDSLWDOX 7DþLDX WDL Y\NVWD WLN G¡O WR NDd JDOXWLQLV SLQLJLQLV NDSLWDODV JDXWDV UHDOL]DYXV SUHN  \UD GLGHVQLV Xå SUDGLQ³ NDSLWDO ,NL PDãLQLQ¡MH JDP\ERMH SDJULQGLQLV JDP\ERV YHLNVQ\V EXYR åHP¡ R DWVLUDGXV PDãLQRPV MXR WDSR NDSLWDODV 3OHþLDQWLV PDãLQLQHL JDP\EDL GDUER YHLNVQLR UHLNãP¡ YLV GLG¡MD - OHPLD NDSLWDOR UDLGD %H WR WDUS åPRQLÐ ÌNLQLÐ IXQNFLMÐ VDQW\NLQDL VDYDUDQNLãNDV WDPSD YHUVOXPR YHLNVQ\V NDåNDGD QHDWVNLULDPDL VXVLM V VX NDSLWDOR YHLNVQLX NDLS NDSLWDOR VDYLQLQNR IXQNFLMDL GLG¡MD DXWRQRPLQ¡ PRNVOR LQIRUPDFLMRV SURfesinLR SDVLUHQJLPR LU EHQGURMR LãVLODYLQLPR ÌNLQ¡ UHLNãP¡ R WDL QXOHPLD ÄåPRJLãNRMR NDSLWDOR NDWHJRULMRV DWVLUDGLP LU MR YDLGPHQV GLG¡MLP WDL HNRQRPLQLÐ LãWHNOLÐ JDP\ERV YHLNVQLÐ QDXGRMLPDV SURGXNWDPV JDPLQWL LU SDVODXJÐ åPRQLÐ SRUHLNLDPV WHQNinti teikimas. Ekonomikos teorijos poåLÌULX YLVLãNDL QHVYDUEX NRNLH WLH SRUHLNLDL - PDLVWR SURGXNWDL GUDEXåLDL DYDO\Q¡ DU J\YHQDPDVLV EÌVWDV SRUHLNLDL åLQLRPV DU SRLOVLXL EHL ODLVYDODLNLXL - svarbu tik tai, NDG MLH åPRJXL UHLNDOLQJL LU MXRV SDWHQNLQWL EÌWLQD (VPLQLV JDP\ERV EUXRåDV \UD MRV WHFKQRORJLMD W \ EÌGDL NXULDLV VXNXULDPL NRQNUHWÌV SURGXNWDL - SUHN¡V LU SDVODXgos. Technologija OHPLD JDP\ERV SURFHVR RUJDQL]DYLPR EÌGXV - tiek atskiro gaminWRMR DWVNLURV ³PRQ¡V WLHN LU YLVRV YLVXRPHQ¡V PDstu, o gamybos organizavimas lePLD ÌNLQLXV HNRQRPLQLXV åPRQLÐ VDQW\NLXV NXULXRV NRQNUHþLDL LãUHLãNLD ijIRUPL-

Gamyba -

24

1 . E K O N O M IK O S T E O R IJO S O B JE K T A S

QD HNRQRPLNRV LQVWLWXWÐ LU QXVLVWRY¡MXVLÐ YHLNORV IRUPÐ YLVXPD âL YLVXPD NDUWX VX HNRQRPLQLDLV VDQW\NLDLV VXGDUR YLVXRPHQ¡V HNRQRPLQ ÌNLR VLVWHP äLQRPL WU\V LVWRULQLDL HNRQRPLQLÐ ÌNLÐ VLVWHPÐ WLSDL - QDWÌULQLV ÌNLV FHQWUDOL]XRWDL YDOGRPDV LU ULQNRV ÌNLV 1¡ YLHQDV Lã MÐ QLHNDG QHSDVLUHLNãGDYR JU\QX SDYLGDOX NLHNYLHQR WLSR DWVNLU Ð HOHPHQW Ð DSWLQNDPD LU SULHã NHOLV W ÌNVWDQþLXV PHW Ð LU GDEDU 7DþLDX QDJULQ¡MDQW ÌNLR VLVWHP ODEDL VYDUEX VXSUDVWL SUHNLQ¡V JDP\ERV LU SUHN¡V DWVLUDGLPR VO\JDV MRV \SDWXPXV DWVNLUXRVH YLVXRPHQ¡V UDLGRV HWDSXRVH -XN WLN SUHNLQ¡V JDP\ERV SDJULQGX VXVLIRUPDYR ãLXRODLNLQ¡ ULQNRV VLVWHPD LU SLQLJDL NDLS \SDWLQJD SUHN¡ âLRV SUDGLQ¡V SDVWDERV OHLGåLD PXPV SDVLWLNVOLQWL DQNVþLDX SDWHLNWXV HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMRV REMHNWR DSLEU¡åLPÐ YDULDQWXV Ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie WDL NDLS åPRQ¡V LU YLVXRPHQ¡ SDVLUHQND YLHQ Lâ ³YDLULÐ JDOLPÐ ULERWÐ JDP\ELQLÐ LãWHNOLÐ QDXGRMLPR YDULDQWÐ VLHNGDPL JDPLQWL ²YDLULXV HVDPDP LU EÌVLPDP YDUWRMLPXL UHLNDOLQJXV SURGXNWXV LU SDVNLUVW\WL MXRV WDUS YLVXRPHQ¡V QDULÐ EHL MÐ JUXSLÐ (VDQW ULERWLHPV LãWHNOLDPV NLHNYLHQDV JDPLQWRMDV ³PRQLQLQNDV ³PRQ¡ VXVLYLHQLMLPDV LU QHW YDOVW\E¡ VX VDYR ELXGåHWR O¡ãRPLV \UD SULYHUVWDV ULQNWLV NDLS jis naudos VDYR LãWHNOLXV .LHNYLHQ YDULDQW JDOLPD ³YHUWLQWL DOWHUQDW\YLDLV NDãWDLV ,ãWHNOL Ð QDXGRMLPR DOWHUQDW\YÌV NDãWDL \UD WDV YHUW ¡ V G\GLV NXU ³ JDOLPD EÌ WÐ VXNXUWL QDXGRMDQW LãWHNOLXV NLWX QHJX SDVLULQNWDV JHULDXVLX EÌGX .Ltaip tariant, DOWHUQDW\YÌV NDãWDL DSLEÌGLQD W GLGåLDXVL YHUW  NXULRV DWVLVDNRPH QDXGRGDPL LãWHNOLXV SDVLULQNWXRMX EÌGX $OWHUQDW\YÌV NDãWDL VXGDUR SULHODLGDV NLHNYLHQDP ÌNLR VXEMHNWXL YHLNWL SDþLX UDFLRQDOLDXVLX EÌGX W \ WDLS NDG SDVLULQNWDV LãWHNOLÐ QDXGRMLPR YDULDQWDV GXRWÐ GDXJLDX HNRQRPLQ¡V QDXGRV Xå EHW NXU³ NLW JDOLP MÐ QDXGRMLPR EÌG 3DVLULQNLPR SUREOHPD YLVXRPHQ¡V PDVWX SDSUDVWDL GHWDOL]XRMDPD WULJXEX XåGD-

viniu: ‡

. gaminti? .LHN LU NRNLÐ J¡U\ELÐ UHLNLD JDPLQWL NDG EÌWÐ JHULDXVLDL SDten-

‡

Kaip gaminti?



NLQWL YLVXRPHQ¡V SRUHLNLDL" .RNLRPLV SRUFLMRPLV QDXGRWL LãWHNOLXV NDG EÌWÐ JDOLPD SDJDPLQWL GDXJLDXVLD SURGXNWÐ" Kam gaminti? .DLS SURGXNWXV SDVNLUVW\WL YLVXRPHQ¡V QDULDPV"

-HLJX YLVXRPHQ¡ WXU¡WÐ QHULERWXV LãWHNOLXV MDL ãLH NODXVLPDL QHWXU¡WÐ SUDVP¡V 7XULQW QHW ODEDL GLGHOLXV LãWHNOLXV WDLS SDW LãNLOWÐ SUREOHPD NXULXRV Lã MÐ QDXGRWL SLUPLDXVLDL NXULRV SDVNXL NLWDLS VDNDQW ULQNWLV DOWHUQDW\YLXV LãWHNOLÐ QDXGRMLPR

variantus. ,ãWHNOLÐ ULERWXPDV UHLNDODXMD SDVLULQNWL DWVDkymus \ pateiktus klausimus. PasirinNLP JDOLPD LãUHLNãWL JDP\ERV JDOLP\ELÐ IXQNFLMD 7DL ODEDL VXG¡WLQJDV XåGDYLQ\V -HLJX VXSDSUDVWLQWXPH XåGDYLQ³ SULHODLGD NDG UHLNLD SDVLULQNWL WLN GYLHMÐ SUHNLÐ - A ir B gamybos apimtis, o joms sunaudojami visi turiPL LãWHNOLDL WDL þLD UHLN¡WÐ GDU YLHQRV SULHODLGRV LãWHNOLÐ DSLPWLV LU WHFKQRORJLMRV QHNLQWD 7DLJL XåGDYLQ\V VXSDSUDVW¡MD

Tarkime, kad visi ištekliai panaudojami prekei A gaminti. Tada galima gaminti 14 MRV YLHQHWÐ R % SUHN¡ DSVNULWDL QHEXV JDPLQDPD Priešingai, jei visi ištekliai bus paQDXGRWL % SUHNHL JDPLQWL MRV EXV SDJDPLQWD  YLHQHWDL %H DEHMR JDOLPD DLE¡ WDUSLQLÐ YDULDQWÐ .HOHWDV M Ð SDWHLNLDPL  OHQWHO¡MH

1. EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS OBJEKTAS

V,6820(1 6 *$0