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Lithuanian Pages 373 Year 2005
VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS
EKONOMIKOS TEORIJA A.BuraþDV$-DNXWLV93HWUDãNHYLþLXV$6WHSDQRYDV /âHþNXW¡6=DLFHY ( 5 leidimas)
VILNIUS 2005
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'DUER SULHPRQ¡ Darbo pasidalijimas Darbo tempas Dinaminis efektyvumas Elastingumas Gamyba Interesas Licencija
Pirma pakopa Nuostolis Paslauga Patentas
3ULHPRQ¡ Produktas Poreikis Rizika Sertifikatas
6XVLG¡Y¡MLPDV Sutartis Taupymas Turtas Vartojimas
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Darbo pamaina Disponavimas Diversifikavimas Efektyvumas Eksportas
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Darbo objektas Darbo vieta Gaminys Gamintojas
Statyba Statybos trukme Technologija
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modeliuotojas gali panaudoti ekonomikos nuostatoms modeliuoti.
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tada buvR
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LãDXJ V LU QXRODW GLG¡MDQWLV SRUHLNLV YDUWRWL âLXRODLNLQLV åPRJXV QH WLN QRUL EHW LU
MDXþLD EÌWLQ\E QDXGRWLV FHQWULQLX ãLOG\PX YDQGHQWLHNLX NDQDOL]DFLMD ãDOG\WXYDLV
automobiOLDLV
NRPSLXWHULDLV LU W W MDP UHLNLD NHOLDXWL åLQRWL NDV Y\NVWD NDLS WLN
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WRV 7DLJL NDG YLV JHULDX LU JHULDX J\YHQWÐ åPRQLMD WXUL YLV GDXJLDX LU GDXJLDX JD-
minti... ir tik tada vis daugiau ir daugiau vartoti. Ištekliai -
\UD YLVD WDL NDV QDXGRMDPD åPRQLÐ SRUHLNLDPV WHQNLQWL
-Ð SDJULQG VXGDUR JDPWRV LãWHNOLDL 6NLULDPL UHDOÌV LU SRWHQFLDOÌV JDPWRV LãWHNOLDL 3LUPLHML QDXGRMDPL
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*DPWRV LãWHNOLDL \UD QHLãVHQNDPL LU LãVHQNDPL 1HLãVHQNDPÐ LãWHNOLÐ \UD QHGDXJ
2UDV LU YDQGXR SULVNLULDPL SULH MÐ WDþLDX PDWRPH NDG LU MLH ULERWL ,ãVHQNDPXV LãWHNOLXV JDOLPD VXVNLUVW\WL åHPLV
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PXPV LãN\OD MÐ SDQDXGRMLPR SUREOHPÐ
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YHLNVQLDLV 6NLULDPL WU\V NODVLNLQLDL LãWHNOLÐ WLSDL
äHP¡ ekonomikos teorijoje -
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åHP ¡ GDUEDV LU NDSLWDODV
YLVL JDPWRV WHLNLDPL LãWHNOLDL SDWL åHP¡,
GHQ\V LãNDVHQRV LU SDQ 9LVL MLH \UD ULERWL GDXJXPD MÐ
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QHDWNXULDPL 7DþLDX MÐ UL-
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mybineV LU ÌNLQHV IXQNFLMDV 7DþLDX kas, nes tai ne vienas ir tas pat.
PDW\W UHLNLD VNLUWL GDUER LU GDUER M¡JRV VYR-
1. EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS OBJEKTAS
23
WDL åPRJDXV WLNVOLQJD LU VPRQLQJD YHLNOD EÌGLQJD WLN åPRJXL NXULRV PHWX MLV JDPWRMH HVDQþLXV GDLNWXV DSGRURMD LU SULWDLNR VDYR SRUHLNLDPV 'DUER M¡JD - WDL åPRJDXV IL]LQLÐ SVLFKLQLÐ LU GYDVLQLÐ EHL PRUDOLQLÐ VDY\ELÐ YLVXPD OHLGåLDQWL MDP GDO\YDXWL GDUER SURFHVH NXUWL JDPLQWL 5\ã³ WDUS GDUER LU GDUER M¡JRV EÌWÐ JDOLPD DSLEÌGLQWL WDLS GDUEDV \UD GDUER M¡JRV IXQNFLMD 'DUER M¡JD WDLS SDW \UD ULERWDV LãWHNOLXV -L SLUPLDXVLD VXVLMXVL VX SDWLHV åPRJDXV GDUELQJR DPåLDXV ULED VX GDUELQJR DPåLDXV J\YHQWRMÐ VNDLþLXPL VX MÐ SDUHQJLPR O\JLX LãVLPRNVOLQLPX ËNLR VLVWHPRMH GDUER M¡JD \UD SDJULQGLQLV SURGXNWDV - SUHN¡ NXUL WHLNLD QDPÐ ÌNLR VLVWHPD
Darbas -
Kapitalas - åPRQLÐ GDUEX VXNXUWDV SURGXNWDV QDXGRMDPDV SUHN¡PV LU SDVODXgoms kurti. Kitaip tariant, kapitalas - WDL YLVRV åPRQLÐ GDUEX VXNXUWRV GDUER SULHPRQ¡V QDXGRMDPRV ÌNLQ¡MH YHLNORMH 7DLS NDSLWDO EDQGR DSLEÌGLQWL 9LOQLDXV XQLYHU-
VLWHWR PRNRPRVLRV NQ\JHO¡V DXWRULDL P 6DPXHOVRQDV >@ SDEU¡åLD NDG ÄãLXR PHWX SDåDQJL SUDPRQLQ¡ WHFKQRORJLMD QDXGRMD GLGHOHV NDSLWDOR PDVHV GDXJ VXG¡WLQJRV PDãLQLQ¡V ³UDQJRV GDXJ GLGHOLÐ ³PRQLÐ LU IDEULNÐ GLGHOLXV NLHNLXV SDJDPLQWRV SURGXNFLMRV SXVIDEULNDþLÐ LU åDOLDYRV 0ÌVÐ ekonomika JDYR SDYDGLQLP ÄNDSLWDOL]PDV WRG¡O NDG ãLV NDSLWDODV DUED ÄWXUWDV Lã HVP¡V \UD SULYDWL QXRVDY\E¡ WÐ NXULH YDGLQDPL NDSLWDOLVWDLV 'DXJ\E¡ HNRQRPLVWÐ SUDGHGDQW $ 6PLWX LU ' 5LNDUGX NDSLWDOX YDGLQD SURFHV kai gamintojas, atskirtas nuo gamybos pULHPRQLÐ JDPLQD QDXM SUHN NXULRV YHUW¡ GLGHVQ¡ QHJX YHUW¡MR VNLUWL JDP\EDL NLWDLS WDULDQW NXULD QDXM YHUW YDGLQDP SHO-
nu, o pelnas ir yra viso gamybos proceso variklis. äLQRPDV LWDOÐ HNRQRPLVWDV $ 3H]HQWLV SDEU¡åLD NDG NDSLWDOLVWDV DWHLQD ³ ri QN NDLS SLQLJLQLR NDSLWDOR VDYLQLQNDV ³VLJ\MD SUHNLÐ JDP\ERV SULHPRQLÐ LU GDUER M¡J %DLJ V JDP\ERV SURFHV MLV JU³åWD \ ULQN VX SURGXNWX NXU³ Y¡O SDYHUþLD SLQLJDLV 3URFHVDV SUDVLGHGD LU EDLJLDVL SLQLJLQLX NDSLWDOX 7DþLDX WDL Y\NVWD WLN G¡O WR NDd JDOXWLQLV SLQLJLQLV NDSLWDODV JDXWDV UHDOL]DYXV SUHN \UD GLGHVQLV Xå SUDGLQ³ NDSLWDO ,NL PDãLQLQ¡MH JDP\ERMH SDJULQGLQLV JDP\ERV YHLNVQ\V EXYR åHP¡ R DWVLUDGXV PDãLQRPV MXR WDSR NDSLWDODV 3OHþLDQWLV PDãLQLQHL JDP\EDL GDUER YHLNVQLR UHLNãP¡ YLV GLG¡MD - OHPLD NDSLWDOR UDLGD %H WR WDUS åPRQLÐ ÌNLQLÐ IXQNFLMÐ VDQW\NLQDL VDYDUDQNLãNDV WDPSD YHUVOXPR YHLNVQ\V NDåNDGD QHDWVNLULDPDL VXVLM V VX NDSLWDOR YHLNVQLX NDLS NDSLWDOR VDYLQLQNR IXQNFLMDL GLG¡MD DXWRQRPLQ¡ PRNVOR LQIRUPDFLMRV SURfesinLR SDVLUHQJLPR LU EHQGURMR LãVLODYLQLPR ÌNLQ¡ UHLNãP¡ R WDL QXOHPLD ÄåPRJLãNRMR NDSLWDOR NDWHJRULMRV DWVLUDGLP LU MR YDLGPHQV GLG¡MLP WDL HNRQRPLQLÐ LãWHNOLÐ JDP\ERV YHLNVQLÐ QDXGRMLPDV SURGXNWDPV JDPLQWL LU SDVODXJÐ åPRQLÐ SRUHLNLDPV WHQNinti teikimas. Ekonomikos teorijos poåLÌULX YLVLãNDL QHVYDUEX NRNLH WLH SRUHLNLDL - PDLVWR SURGXNWDL GUDEXåLDL DYDO\Q¡ DU J\YHQDPDVLV EÌVWDV SRUHLNLDL åLQLRPV DU SRLOVLXL EHL ODLVYDODLNLXL - svarbu tik tai, NDG MLH åPRJXL UHLNDOLQJL LU MXRV SDWHQNLQWL EÌWLQD (VPLQLV JDP\ERV EUXRåDV \UD MRV WHFKQRORJLMD W \ EÌGDL NXULDLV VXNXULDPL NRQNUHWÌV SURGXNWDL - SUHN¡V LU SDVODXgos. Technologija OHPLD JDP\ERV SURFHVR RUJDQL]DYLPR EÌGXV - tiek atskiro gaminWRMR DWVNLURV ³PRQ¡V WLHN LU YLVRV YLVXRPHQ¡V PDstu, o gamybos organizavimas lePLD ÌNLQLXV HNRQRPLQLXV åPRQLÐ VDQW\NLXV NXULXRV NRQNUHþLDL LãUHLãNLD ijIRUPL-
Gamyba -
24
1 . E K O N O M IK O S T E O R IJO S O B JE K T A S
QD HNRQRPLNRV LQVWLWXWÐ LU QXVLVWRY¡MXVLÐ YHLNORV IRUPÐ YLVXPD âL YLVXPD NDUWX VX HNRQRPLQLDLV VDQW\NLDLV VXGDUR YLVXRPHQ¡V HNRQRPLQ ÌNLR VLVWHP äLQRPL WU\V LVWRULQLDL HNRQRPLQLÐ ÌNLÐ VLVWHPÐ WLSDL - QDWÌULQLV ÌNLV FHQWUDOL]XRWDL YDOGRPDV LU ULQNRV ÌNLV 1¡ YLHQDV Lã MÐ QLHNDG QHSDVLUHLNãGDYR JU\QX SDYLGDOX NLHNYLHQR WLSR DWVNLU Ð HOHPHQW Ð DSWLQNDPD LU SULHã NHOLV W ÌNVWDQþLXV PHW Ð LU GDEDU 7DþLDX QDJULQ¡MDQW ÌNLR VLVWHP ODEDL VYDUEX VXSUDVWL SUHNLQ¡V JDP\ERV LU SUHN¡V DWVLUDGLPR VO\JDV MRV \SDWXPXV DWVNLUXRVH YLVXRPHQ¡V UDLGRV HWDSXRVH -XN WLN SUHNLQ¡V JDP\ERV SDJULQGX VXVLIRUPDYR ãLXRODLNLQ¡ ULQNRV VLVWHPD LU SLQLJDL NDLS \SDWLQJD SUHN¡ âLRV SUDGLQ¡V SDVWDERV OHLGåLD PXPV SDVLWLNVOLQWL DQNVþLDX SDWHLNWXV HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMRV REMHNWR DSLEU¡åLPÐ YDULDQWXV Ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie WDL NDLS åPRQ¡V LU YLVXRPHQ¡ SDVLUHQND YLHQ Lâ ³YDLULÐ JDOLPÐ ULERWÐ JDP\ELQLÐ LãWHNOLÐ QDXGRMLPR YDULDQWÐ VLHNGDPL JDPLQWL ²YDLULXV HVDPDP LU EÌVLPDP YDUWRMLPXL UHLNDOLQJXV SURGXNWXV LU SDVNLUVW\WL MXRV WDUS YLVXRPHQ¡V QDULÐ EHL MÐ JUXSLÐ (VDQW ULERWLHPV LãWHNOLDPV NLHNYLHQDV JDPLQWRMDV ³PRQLQLQNDV ³PRQ¡ VXVLYLHQLMLPDV LU QHW YDOVW\E¡ VX VDYR ELXGåHWR O¡ãRPLV \UD SULYHUVWDV ULQNWLV NDLS jis naudos VDYR LãWHNOLXV .LHNYLHQ YDULDQW JDOLPD ³YHUWLQWL DOWHUQDW\YLDLV NDãWDLV ,ãWHNOL Ð QDXGRMLPR DOWHUQDW\YÌV NDãWDL \UD WDV YHUW ¡ V G\GLV NXU ³ JDOLPD EÌ WÐ VXNXUWL QDXGRMDQW LãWHNOLXV NLWX QHJX SDVLULQNWDV JHULDXVLX EÌGX .Ltaip tariant, DOWHUQDW\YÌV NDãWDL DSLEÌGLQD W GLGåLDXVL YHUW NXULRV DWVLVDNRPH QDXGRGDPL LãWHNOLXV SDVLULQNWXRMX EÌGX $OWHUQDW\YÌV NDãWDL VXGDUR SULHODLGDV NLHNYLHQDP ÌNLR VXEMHNWXL YHLNWL SDþLX UDFLRQDOLDXVLX EÌGX W \ WDLS NDG SDVLULQNWDV LãWHNOLÐ QDXGRMLPR YDULDQWDV GXRWÐ GDXJLDX HNRQRPLQ¡V QDXGRV Xå EHW NXU³ NLW JDOLP MÐ QDXGRMLPR EÌG 3DVLULQNLPR SUREOHPD YLVXRPHQ¡V PDVWX SDSUDVWDL GHWDOL]XRMDPD WULJXEX XåGD-
viniu:
. gaminti? .LHN LU NRNLÐ J¡U\ELÐ UHLNLD JDPLQWL NDG EÌWÐ JHULDXVLDL SDten-
Kaip gaminti?
•
NLQWL YLVXRPHQ¡V SRUHLNLDL" .RNLRPLV SRUFLMRPLV QDXGRWL LãWHNOLXV NDG EÌWÐ JDOLPD SDJDPLQWL GDXJLDXVLD SURGXNWÐ" Kam gaminti? .DLS SURGXNWXV SDVNLUVW\WL YLVXRPHQ¡V QDULDPV"
-HLJX YLVXRPHQ¡ WXU¡WÐ QHULERWXV LãWHNOLXV MDL ãLH NODXVLPDL QHWXU¡WÐ SUDVP¡V 7XULQW QHW ODEDL GLGHOLXV LãWHNOLXV WDLS SDW LãNLOWÐ SUREOHPD NXULXRV Lã MÐ QDXGRWL SLUPLDXVLDL NXULRV SDVNXL NLWDLS VDNDQW ULQNWLV DOWHUQDW\YLXV LãWHNOLÐ QDXGRMLPR
variantus. ,ãWHNOLÐ ULERWXPDV UHLNDODXMD SDVLULQNWL DWVDkymus \ pateiktus klausimus. PasirinNLP JDOLPD LãUHLNãWL JDP\ERV JDOLP\ELÐ IXQNFLMD 7DL ODEDL VXG¡WLQJDV XåGDYLQ\V -HLJX VXSDSUDVWLQWXPH XåGDYLQ³ SULHODLGD NDG UHLNLD SDVLULQNWL WLN GYLHMÐ SUHNLÐ - A ir B gamybos apimtis, o joms sunaudojami visi turiPL LãWHNOLDL WDL þLD UHLN¡WÐ GDU YLHQRV SULHODLGRV LãWHNOLÐ DSLPWLV LU WHFKQRORJLMRV QHNLQWD 7DLJL XåGDYLQ\V VXSDSUDVW¡MD
Tarkime, kad visi ištekliai panaudojami prekei A gaminti. Tada galima gaminti 14 MRV YLHQHWÐ R % SUHN¡ DSVNULWDL QHEXV JDPLQDPD Priešingai, jei visi ištekliai bus paQDXGRWL % SUHNHL JDPLQWL MRV EXV SDJDPLQWD YLHQHWDL %H DEHMR JDOLPD DLE¡ WDUSLQLÐ YDULDQWÐ .HOHWDV M Ð SDWHLNLDPL OHQWHO¡MH
1. EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS OBJEKTAS
V,6820(1 6 *$0