The CACAO A Sweet History [PDF]

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The CACAO: a Sweet History

Title: Mungo Man and Mungo woman The text is as follows: The latest research tips Australia's Adam and Eve are not as old as we thought - and lived much richer lives than we suspected. Deborah Smith reports. Gifty thousand years ago, a lush landscape greeted the first Australians making their way towards the south-east of the continent. Temperatures were cooler than now. Megafauna giant prehistoric animals such as marsupial lions, goannas and the rhinoceros-sized diprotodon - are abundant And the freshwater lakes of the Willandra district in western NSW were brimming with fish. But change was coming. By the time the people living at Lake Mungo ceremoniously buried two of their dead, 40,000 years ago, water levels had begun to drop.

A study of the sediments and graves at Lake Mungo, published this week in Nature, uncovers the muddy layers deposited as the lake began to dry up. Twenty thousand years ago Lake Mungo had become the dry dusty hole we know today, but 20,000 years before That it had been a refuge from the encroaching desert, the study shows. Families clustered around the lake left artefacts, 775 of which descriptor used to determine that the number of people living there peaked between 43,000 and 44.000 years ago, with the first wanderers arriving between 46,000 and 50,000 years ago. This treasure-trove of history was found by the University of Melbourne geologist Professor Jim Bowler in 1969. He was searching for ancient lakes and came across the charred remains of Mungo Lady, who had been cremated. In 1974, he found a second complete skeleton. , Mungo Man, buried 300 metres away. The comprehensive study of 25 different sediment layers at Mungo - a collaboration between four universities, the CSIRO, and NSW National Parks and Wildlife and led by Bowler - concludes that both graves are 40,000 years old. This is much younger than the 62,000 years Mungo Man was attributed with in 1999 by a team led by Professor Alan Thorne, of the Australian National University. Because Thorne is the country's leading opponent of the Out of Africa theory - that modern humans evolved in Africa About 100,000 years ago and then spread around the globe - the revision of Mungo Man's age has refocused attention on academic disputes about mankind's origins. Dr Tim Flannery, a proponent of the controversial theory that Australia's megafauna was wiped out 46.000 years ago in a"blitzkrieg" of hunting by the arriving people, also claims the new Mungo dates support this view. For Bowler, however, these debates are irritating speculative distractions from the study's main findings. At 40,000 years old, Mungo Man and Mungo Sheeps Australia’s oldest human burials and the earliest evidence on Earth of cultural sophistication, he says. Modern humans had not even Reached. North America by this time. In Europe, they were just starting to live alongside the Neanderthals.

"At Lake Mungo we have a cameo of people reacting to environmental change. It is one of the great stories of the peoples of the world." THE modern day story of the science of Mungo also has its fair share of rivalry. In its 1999 study, Thorne's team used three techniques to date Mungo Man at 62,000 years old, and it stands by its figure. It dated bone, teeth enamel and Some sand. Bowler has strongly challenged the results ever since. Dating human bones is "notoriously unreliable", he says. As well, the sand sample Thorne's group dated was taken hundreds of meters from the burial site."You don't have to be a gravedigger ... to realise the age of the sand is not the same as the age of the grave," says Bowler. He says his team's results are based on careful geological field work that was crosschecked between four laboratories, while Thorne's team was "locked In a laboratory in Canberra and virtually misinterpreted the field evidence". Thorne counters that Bowler's team used one dating technique, while his used three. Best practice is to have at least two methods produce the same result. A Thorne team member, Professor Rainer Grun, says the fact that the latest results were consistent between laboratories doesn 't mean they are absolutely correct. "We now have two data sets that are contradictory. I do not have a plausible explanation." Two years ago Thorne made world headlines with a study of Mungo Man's DNA that he claimed supported his idea that modern humans evolved from archaic humans in several places around the world, rather than striding out Africa a relatively short time ago. Homo sapiens would have had to move pretty fast to get from Africa to NSW by 62,000 years ago. Now, however, Thorne says the age of Mungo Man is irrelevant to this origins debate. Recent fossils finds show modern humans were in China 110,000 years ago. "So he has got a long time to turn up in Australia. It doesn't matter If he is 40,000 or 60,000 years old." In 2001 a member of Bowler's team, Dr Richard Roberts of Wollongong University, along with Flannery, director of the South Australian Museum, published research on their

blitzkreig theory. They dated 28 sites across the continent, arguing their analysis showing the megafauna died in 46,600 years ago. The conclusion has been challenged by other scientists, including Dr Judith Field of the University of Sydney and Dr Richard Fullager of the Australian Museum, who point to the presence of megafauna fossils at the 36,000-year-old Cuddie Springs site in NSW. Flannery praises the Bowler team's research on Mungo Man as"the most thorough and rigorous dating"of ancient human remains. He says the finding that humans arrived at Lake Mungo between. 46,000 and 50,000 years ago supports the idea that 47,000 years ago was a critical time in Australia's history. There is no evidence of a dramatic climatic change then, he says. "It's my view that humans arrived and extinction took place in almost the same geological Instant." Bowler, however, is sceptical of Flannery's theory and says the Mungo study provides no definitive new evidence to support it. He argues that climate change at 40,000 years ago was more intense than had been previously realised and could have played a role in the megafauna's demise. "To blame the earliest Australians for their complete extinction is drawing a long bow." Personal name matching questions: 1-8 B Alan E Richard 8l Tim C Tim D Rain B Alan F Judith Si Richard A Jim

A Jim True judgment questions: 9-13True/Not Given/False/True/True Passage Two Title: commercial ice in nineteenth century Question type: subheading 7, choice 2, sentence information fill in blank 4 Theme of the article: It mainly talks about the development and application of commercial ice in the nineteenth century. 14-20 Title Matching 14 iv eye-catching display 15 vii 16 iii basic requirement 17 ii doubt 18 vi 19 ix W' s insignificance 20 v new use of ice 21-22 Selection: C, E 23-26 Fill in the blanks 23 : unstable 24 : India 25 : Norway 26: To be added

Passage Three Topic: Termites Question type: short answer question 4, sentence information question 4, flow chart 5 Theme of the article: It mainly talks about the construction principle of termite nests. Short answer questions: 27 What are the termite nests compared to? - chisel blades 28 magnetic termites 29 to be added 30 Sentence information to fill in the blank: 31 insulate 32 hollow buttresses 33 gaseous exchange 34 chimneys flues 35 to be added Flow chart: 36-40 antennae/fluid/cement/moist mud/head

The Triune1 Brain The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs. Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and

comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship. Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex – 1 Triune = three-in-one 8 which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights). The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime, it can mean groundbreaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex. Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain

damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes. Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy2, “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathize with or express concern for others. One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life. 2 Lobotomy = surgical cutting of brain nerves 9

Questions 14–22 Classify the following as typical of A the reptilian cortex B the limbic cortex C the neocortex Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet. 14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains C 15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life A 16 experiencing the pain of losing another B 17 forming communities and social groups B 18 making a decision and carrying it out C 19 guarding areas of land A 20 developing explanations for things C 21 looking after one’s young B 22 responding quickly to sudden movement and noise A 10 Questions 23–26 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet. 23 A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as …………………. 24 ………………… in humans is associated with limbic disruption. 25 An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his ………………….

26 After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage’s ………………… and higher-order thinking. Section 2 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. brain dead 24. sociopathic behaviour 25. neocortex 26. animal propensities

Passage 1 Topic

Nautical time measurement invention

Content Review P1 The reality was that in the 18th century no one had ever made a clock that could suffer the great rolling and pithing of a ship and the large changes in temperature whilst still keeping time accurately enough to be of any use. Navigators had been unable to determine their position at sea with accuracy and they faced the huge attendant risks of shipwreck or running out of supplies before reaching their destination. Indeed, most of the scientific community thought such clock impossibility.   P2 Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. Until the mid-1750s, accurate navigation at sea out of sight of land was an unsolved problem due to the difficulty in calculating longitude. Navigators could determine their latitude by measuring the sun's angle at noon. To find their longitude, however, they needed a time standard that would work aboard a ship.   P3 In order to determine longitude, sailors had to measure the angle between Moon centre and a given star — lunar distance — together with height of both planets using the naval sextant. The sailors also had to calculate the Moon’s position if seen form the centre of Earth. The key to knowing how far around world you are from home is to know, at that very moment, what time it is back home. A comparison with your local time (easily found by checking the position of the Sun) will then tell you the time difference between you and home, and thus how far round the Earth you are from home.     P4 After 1714 when the British government offered the huge sum of ￡20,000 for a solution to the problem, with the prize to be administered by the splendidly titled Board of Longitude. If the solution was to be by timekeeper (and there were other methods since the prize was offered for any solution to the problem), then the timekeeping required to achieve this goal would have to be within 2.8 seconds a day, a performance considered impossible for any clock at sea and unthinkable for a watch, even under the very best conditions.  

P5 John Harrison was born in Foulby, near Wakefield in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the first of five children in his family. His father worked as a carpenter at the nearby Nostell Priory estate. Following his father's trade as a carpenter, Harrison built and repaired clocks in his spare time. During the latter part of this early career, he worked with his Younger brother James. Their first major project was a revolutionary turret clock for the stables at Brocklesby Park, seat of the Pelham family. The clock was revolutionary because it required no oil.   P6 In 1730, Harrison designed a marine clock to compete for the Longitude Prize and travelled to London, seeking financial assistance. He presented his ideas to Edmond Halley, the Astronomer Royal, who in turn referred him to George Graham, the country's foremost clockmaker. Graham provided him money to assist his earlier work on sea clocks. This support was important to Harrison, as he was supposed to have found it difficult to communicate his ideas in a coherent manner.   P7 After several attempts to design a betterment of H1, Harrison believed that the solution to the longitude problem lay in an entirely different design. H4 is completely different from the other three timekeepers. It looks like a very large pocket watch. Harrison’s son William set sail for the West Indies, with H4, aboard the ship Deptford on 18 November 1761. It was a remarkable achievement but it would be some time before the Board of Longitude was sufficiently satisfied to award Harrison the prize.   P8 John Hadley, an English mathematician, developed sextant, who was a competitor of Harrison at that time for the luring prize. A sextant is an instrument used for measuring angles, for example between the sun and the horizon, so that the position of a ship or aeroplane can be calculated, Making this measurement is known as sighting the object, shooting the object, or taking a sight and it is an essential part of celestial navigation. The angle, and the time when it was measured, can be used to calculate a position line on a nautical or aeronautical chart. A sextant can also be used to measure the Lunar distance between the moon and another celestial object (eg. stars, planet) in order to determine Greenwich time which is important because it can then be used to determine the longitude.   P9 The majority within this next generation of chronometer pioneers were English, but the story is by no means wholly that of English achievement. One French name, Pierre Le Roy of Paris, stands out

as a major presence in the early history of the chronometer. Another great name in the story is that of the Lancastrian, Thomas Earnshaw, a slightly younger contemporary of John Amold’s. It was Earnshaw who created the final form of chronometer escapement, the spring detent escapement, and finalized the format and the production system for the marine chronometer, making it truly an article of commerce, and a practical means of safer navigation at sea over the next century and half.   Questions & Answers Questions 1-7 Matching 1. description of Harrison’s background   E  2. problems caused by poor ocean navigation   A 3. the person who gave financial support   F 4. analysis of long-term importance of clock invention   I 5. definition of longitude   B 6. description of requirements of competition entries   D 7. examples of questions faced by timekeeping technology at sea   C   Questions 8-13 Sentence completion 8. Sailors was able to use the position of sun to calculate local time. 9. Any clock to win the competition, the invention can lose no more than 2.8 seconds. 10. John and James Harrison’s clock worked accurately without oil. 11. Harrison’s main competitor’s invention was known as sextant. 12. Hadley’s clock can use the position of sun to calculate.   13. The modern version of Harrison’s invention is called marine chronometer.   Passage 2 Topic

Desertification

Content Review How deserts are formed A A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. Deserts have been defined and classified in a number of

ways, generally combining total precipitation, number of days on which this falls, temperature, and humidity, and sometimes additional factors. (16 题) In some areas, the deserts are separated by rivers, mountains or other landforms and in other areas, the borders of deserts cannot be determined. (21 题，T)   B The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. (22 题，T)   C Sand and dust storms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is not protected by a covering of vegetation. Dust storms usually start in desert margins rather than the deserts themselves where the finer materials have already been blown away. As a steady wind begins to blow, fine particles lying on the exposed ground begin to vibrate. At greater wind speeds, some particles are lifted into the air stream. When they land, they strike other particles which may be jerked into the air in their turn, starting a chain reaction. Once ejected, these particles move in one of three possible ways, depending on their size, shape and density. (14 题)   D The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. (20 题)   E In a state of America in 20th century, a large area of farmland had become desert. And measures have been taken to prevent the reoccurring of desertification. (15 题)   F People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia. Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of

soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification. Some nomads take the desert wherever they go. (18 题)   G It is a misconception that the lack of rainfall causes the desertification. (23 题，F) Even in some arid areas, the land will recover as soon as rain comes. More desertification is caused by human activities. In the West Africa, a serious desertification causes a large number of people to lose their lives. (24 题，NG)   H Although there is tremendous publicity on the severity of desertification, (25 题 ， F) the researchers have never reached a consensus on the reasons and process of desertification. (19 题)   I Nowadays, new technologies are being applied to help solve desertification problems. (17 题 ) Satellites have been put into use to study the impact of people and livestock on earth. (26 题 ， F)However, other types of technology about the problems and process of desertification are still needed.   Questions & Answers Questions 14-20 Matching Which paragraph contains the following information? 14. the reference of irregular movement of particles   C 15. an account that a productive-land turned into a desert in 20th century   E 16. the types of deserts   A 17. the method of tackling the problems of deserts   I 18. the effect of migration on desertification   F 19. the lack of agreement among the scientists about the causes of desertification   H 20. the example of the fatal effects of faming practice   D   Questions 21-26 21. It is difficult to ascertain where the deserts begin in some areas.   T   (A 段说 in other areas, the borders of deserts cannot be determined.)

22. Farming animals will increase soil erosion.   T (Section B mentions livestock will be issued erosion) 23. The most common cause of desertification is the lack of rainfall.   F (G 段提到 It is a misconception that the lack of rainfall causes the desertification.) 24. The problems in West Africa are yet to be solved.   NG (Segment G mentions the issue of West Africa, but does not mention whether it has been resolved) 25. Media is uninterested in the problems of desertification.   F (H 段提到 there is tremendous publicity on the severity of desertification.) 26. Technology studying the relationship of people, livestock and desertification is yet to be invented.   F (I 段提到 Satellites have been put into use to study the impact of people and livestock on earth.)   Passage 3 Topic

Comparison of two sleep modes

Content Review The Science of Sleep ---Emma Bailey takes you to the curious world of deep sleep (or REM) and light sleep (or NREM). P1 Sleeping is vital to humans as it repairs our body, and a person’s life has about 25-year time spent on sleeping in average, it is an activity that different from other behaviors.   P2 (过渡段) Animals also sleep in different length of time or depth of sleep according to their needs in life.   P3 Examples and details of sleeping behaviors of certain animals. They have similarities and differences compared with the sleep of humans. For example, baby animals generally spend more time on sleeping.   P4 Proposal of light sleep (REM) and deep sleep (NREM), and their different roles played on health of humans and different animals. 4 stages of sleep, and the transfer from REM to NREM.  

P5 Current researches on the REM and NREM relevant to physiological change, brain activities, and body repair. People used to consider that the brain stops working when people are asleep.   P6 Doubt of the results obtained from the previous researches on REM and NREM, and some scientists claim that, human’s brain is still working during sleep but it runs less active during NREM.   P7 What brain activities are related to REM and NREM, such as the process of memorization, learning, and dreaming carried out in REM stage, in which the brain still works actively.   P8 The possible future research field on the sleep behaviors and the requirement of the improvement of relevant technologies, it is estimated that sleeping plays an irreplaceable role for humans.   Questions & Answers Questions 27-32  Name  matching  (AF option for each person name corresponds to a question) 27. All the body could be repaired by one type of sleep.   C 28. Brain can benefits from one type of sleep in the early stage of life.   F 29. The time humans spend on sleeping is more than that in anything else.   A 30. Function of one type of sleep has altered as across the time.   D 31. The brain activity of a type of sleep is similar to that when humans are awake.   B 32. One type of sleep includes the learning from experience.   E   Questions 33-39 Gap filling (2 words) Humans 33. Different from breathing and eating, the benefits of sleeping is shown in short term. Animals 34. Certain animals have longer times when they are babies. Research 35. It was considered that brain activity stopped when humans are in NREM.

36. The amount of REM rises with vigorous exercise. 37. Both metabolic rate and temperature of brain will decrease in NREM. Future Study 38. Research of Sleep will be less mysterious as the development of scanning techniques is further improved. 39. Sleeping is vital, and it cannot be replaced by the use of new drug so far.   Question 40 Multiple Choice

40. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is: A. Difference between animals and humans on the two types of sleep. B. The reason some dreams are easily forgotton. C. Why some people need more sleep than others. D. Difference between light sleep (REM) and deep sleep (NREM).

Passage 1 Topic

Sahara Desert Human Archaeology

Content Review

Ancient People in Sahara A  On October 13, 2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg, turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert” a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degreeheat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored.   B  Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of

small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones' Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."   C  In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a “moonlighting paleontologist." But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreed to join him.   D  Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.   E  Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea — along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits  — made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to the dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.   F  Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed some teeth and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burial sat roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller “sleeping” skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.

  G  In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.   H  Even at the site, Arizona State University bio-archaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long, narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment.” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he had a strenuous lifestyle and was eating a lot of protein — both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."   I  Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over  hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three cows. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery, M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.   J  Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle,” Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and

finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”   Questions & Answers Questions 1-4 1. The pictures of rock engravings found in Green Sahara is similar to other places. Not Given  2. Archaeologist believe that the people who came to the Sahara settled in one place.  FALSE (the first paragraph is not in the same area) 3. Hettwer found human remains in the desert by chance. TRUE (I found some bones...) 4. Sereno and Garcea have cooperated in some archaeological activities before.  FALSE (Garcea studied alone, not two together)   Questions 5-7 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 5. What did Sereno and Garcea produce in the initial weeks before digging work? a map  (E segment) 6. What did Sereno send to the laboratory? teeth (F 段) 7. How old is the bigger tightly bundled burials being identified? 9000 years old (F 段)   Questions 8-13 Summary Complete Kiffican  -Seemed to be a peaceful and hardworking people, because we did not find 8. ______ on head and forearm. (injuries) (H 段) -Their lifestyle was 9. _______. (strenuous) (H 段) -Through observation of the huge leg muscles, it can be inferred that their diet had plenty of 10. _______ (protein) (H 段) Tenerian

-Stojanowski presumed that Tenerian preferred to live on herding over 11. _______. (hunting) (I 段) -but only some animal bones such as 12. _______ were found. (cows) (I 段) -Sereno

supposed

that

Tenerian

at

Gobero

lived

in

a

13. _______

group

at

that

time. (transitional) (I 段)   Passage 2 Topic

An Early Study of Inappropriate Behaviour in the Classroom

Content Review A. Research done in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s were modeled on a 1968 study in the US.   B. These behaviouralist approaches have their characteristics.   C. Observers were trained, they categorised classroom behaviour.   D. Teachers outlined rules for the students in a positive manner.   E. Teachers were to ignore students' misbehaviour.   F. Teachers were to praise students whenever they display good behaviour.   G. Measures were taken to ensure the reliability of the test results.   H. The results for mid-first-grade level students were the same as that in the kindergarten context.   I. In summary, recording the results were very important, because they showed that change in context and consequences really can have an effect. However, the three strategies need to be used in combination to achieve optimal effect.   Questions & Answers Q uestions 14-18 paragraph information matching question

14. I. a statement regarding the usefulness of recording the results 15. C. categorization of classroom behaviors  16. E. reference of a problem that the teachers encountered in the process 17. D. nature of the rules that the students were presented with 18. B. characteristics of the behaviouralist approach to the study of classroom events   Questions 19-22 Multiple Choice Questions  19-20. Choose TWO choices that correctly describe features of the classroom study: D. the situation of the classroom is recorded E. the context in which the study takes place is controlled   21-22. Choose TWO choices that describes the procedure of the study: A. the teachers and observers were trained prior to the study E. the teachers were told to treat all the students in the same way   Questions 23-26 Complete the summary The Classroom Study, 1968 The study was conducted in three steps. In the first step, the teachers were to outline the rules to the students in a 23. positive manner. In the second step, the teachers were to ignore any inappropriate behaviour, unless these are really 24. harmful. In the third step, the teachers were asked to 25. praise the children for displaying good behaviours. These steps are effective in bringing out good behaviours on the students' part, but they need to be used in 26. combination. The results wouldn't be as impressive if the measures were used in isolation.   Passage 3 Topic

Communication and culture

Content Review P1 The book mainly discusses the relationship between culture and communication. We may neglect it when accompanied by close friends, but will realize its importance when facing strangers. How do we decode other behavior?

  P2 There are three types of non-verbal actions, including natural biological actions, technical actions and expressive actions. They are inseparable.   P3 Taking the action of tea-making for example. It is a technical action, but can also express my emotion.   P4. There are both verbal communication and non-verbal communication like gestures, clothing and body language.   P5 A lot of people don’t distinguish “symbol”, “signal” and “sign” precisely and if they do they may use them in quite different occasions.   P6. Certain signs are interpreted long after it is made.   Questions & Answers Questions 27-30 27. What does the word code refer to in Paragraph one? A. It refers to non-verbal communication such as gestures 28. Why does the author mention the action of making coffee? C. The example indicate three kinds of communication cannot be divided 29. What does the author say about the three words: signal, sign and symbol? B. He will explain it later. 30. What does the author say about expressive actions? A. Expressive actions can be interpreted later   Questions 31-35 summary 31. gestures 32. language 33. information

34. listening 35. codes   Questions 36-40 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 36. The author’s opinion is criticized by a lot of people.   NG 37. YES 38. YES 39. NO 40. NOT GIVEN

Passage 1 Topic

Desert formation

Content Review P1: Because of human activities and natural causes, in America there was a drought leading to dust storm and this caused one of the American economic recessions making fertile land into the desert.   P2: Desertification was created because human beings used up a lot of resources and in this way a lot of new deserts were formed.   P3: So the people in those areas had to migrant to other places but most of them were still infertile areas.   P4: In fact raindrops couldn't help to prevent from the formation of Desertification, the real reason was the poor soil conservation.   P5: In developing countries human beings activities such as cooking lead to serious problem of soil degradation.   P6: Another serious negative influence of human activities was the lack of rainfall.  

P7:  90% of the people living in the deserted area were from developing countries. 70% dry-lands were in Africa and the people die every day because of the Desertification.   Questions & Answers Questions 1-7 T / F / NG 1. "desertification" is used for the first time in the DB (location). NOT GIVEN 2. Desertification areas account for 20% of the Earth's surface. FALSE 3. Desertification has brought people to places that are not suitable for farming. TRUE 4. More rain will make the land fertile. NOT GIVEN 5. Due to the reduced population of desertification. FALSE 6．NOT GIVEN 7. Desertification is more serious in Africa than in other places. TRUE   Questions 8-13 8. The disappearance of grass is caused by animals 9. trees destroyed for erosion 10. more sunlight was back to the atmosphere 11. The amount of evaporation has increased 12.&13. dust and smoke form the Particles   Passage 2 Topic

Photography and art

Content Review P1 Photography has been in debate since it was invented in nineteenth century. The question that is photography a form of art was raised.   P2 A famous French poet supported this view, saying photography could only be regarded as a form of naturalistic documentation. He was anxious about the advent of photography would have a negative impact on authentic art.  

P3 Photography was criticized by a number of artists of painting since it was an alternative of painting   P4 The responses of artists regarding the criticism can be divided into two types. Some artists were trying their best to make photos which resembled paintings. They organized a variety of elements of the composition carefully. They tried to make the photos blurred.  They even scratched the photos in order to make them look like canvas.   P5 While the others did not want their photos to look like monochrome pictures. They tried their best to keep the appearance of the original photo. In the 1850s ，Some artists showed their interests to use photography.   P6 Photography enabled the public to appreciate their own pictures. It somehow replaced paintings. Moreover, light was used by a number of artists to highlight the underlying idea behind the painting. Nevertheless, photography did not bring portrait’s existence to an end since the aristocrats and bourgeois still need portraits to manifest their social status. Impressionist started to pay more attention to sense of movement and light than making it realistic.      P7 one more benefit that photography gave us was that it enable the viewers to appreciate the famous masterpiece’s reproduction at home   Questions & Answers Questions 14-17 which paragraph contains the following information? 14. Fears voiced about photography    B  (French celebrities raised concerns) 15. The skills the photography of artists used   F (the use of light) 16. The attempts of photographers used to imitate paintings    D  (deliberately blurring photos, even scratching photos) 17. influences of photography on art and painting    G  (making everyone enjoy a copy of the artwork)  

Questions 18-22 summary Responses to The criticism of photography The opinion of artists regarding the criticism can be divided into two types. Some artists were trying their best to make photos which were similar to 18. paintings. They organized all the elements of the 19. composition meticulously. Besides they tried to make the photos 20. blurred. They even 21. scratched the photos in order to make them similar to canvas. While the others did not want their photos to look like 22. monochrome pictures they tried their best to keep the appearance of the original photo.   Q uestions  23-26 23. Artists in the 1850s were reluctant to use photography. F  (Segment E has a lot of artists showing interest in photos and starting to use photos) 24. Photographer felt need to learn techniques by attending artistic course. NG 25. The advent of photography brought an end to traditional portrait. F (Paragraph F says that rich people still need portraits to show their status) 26. Some artists did not pay attention to the appearance of their paintings any longer because of the influence of photography. T  (F. in the article fell to the impressionist painter began to pay attention to the "feel" of color, light and action, can not pursue realistic effects)   Passage 3 Topic

Why adverts do not work?

Content Review It appears that the harder advertisers strive to get your attention, the more you ignore their information.   A  In a busy consumer society, attention is in short supply. When you are going shopping in the supermarket or store, surfing on the Internet or watching television, up to 4,500, or one in 15 seconds that you are exposed to adverts every day. World companies have allocated $400 billion to the consumer products, according to the World Advertising Research Centre.

  B  Jamie Ramsay, director in ID magazine, whose research expertise in consumer behavior proves that nine out of ten new products meet death. This tells us a lesson: traditional adverting ceases to work. It is obvious that even we look at loads of advertisements and brands around us, few of them get our attention.   C  Jane Raymond, thinks she know the reason, who is a psychologist in the university of Wales, Bangor, UK, had a well-known experiment in 1900s. In the procedure, participants monitored a screen with a visual stream of rapidly presented letters and pictures and they were required to identify the white letter and letter X. Researchers found that only half a second or so following the multiple stimuli can participants fall into a time window. It seems that people are easily blind to certain information when they shift focus from one thing to another, which is called as “attentional blink”.   D  Consumers walking on the street with a bunch of pictures around, they hardly recognize what the adverts show. But that’s the points advertisers hope us to see. Advertisers realise that people easily get distraction, but the solution they take is to cram much more information in a short time. Raymond suggests that, cut it loose and stop shouting out.   E  Advertisers now wonder if they can link emotions with the adverting. They acknowledge that good emotions involved in the advertising can raise people’s awareness. Research shows that people who are getting entangled in the intellectually demanding job would immediately turn to negative feeling if advertising images keep popping out. Just imagine the banner flashes just below the web pages or product placement while watching movies, which are progressively blatant and intrusive.   F  Consumers wear too much information imposed from outside. If people get full stomach, they would not want to eat more. The same is true for advertisers to decide how to scheme in the advertisements.   Questions & Answers Questions 27-32

List of headings i how to make adverts easily accepted ii the way that looks at the adverts in another direction iii adverts are everywhere iv enough is enough v how little adverts we notice vi which type of adverts is more effective vii when the timing outweighs feelings viii research about attention influences advertising ix what the technology do to change the adverts 27. iii 28. v 29. viii 30. i 31. vii 32. iv   Questions 33-35 Paragraph Matching 33. figure about high failure rate of new products      B 34. a reference to the expenditure on adverts    A 35. examples of types of advertisement connected to the negative desired feelings            E   Questions 36-40 Summary Jane Raymond’s experiment (C 段) In

Raymond’s

research,

volunteers

are

presented

with a 36. screen displaying a continued sequence of letters and pictures. Researchers direct volunteers to discern the white letter and letter X, which turn out a tiny gap in attention lasting approximately 37. half a second after the presented 38. stimuli. Results suggest that people are always 39. blind to targets if two subjects appear in close succession, they compete for 40. attentional blink.

Passage 1 Topic

What is the secret to live a long life?

Content Review P1 This year, the number of retired pensioners in the UK exceeded the number of under 18 for the first time in history. That's remarkable in its own right, but the real "population explosion" has been among the oldest of the old - the centenarians. In fact, this is the fastest-growing demographic in much of the developed world. In the UK, their numbers have increased by a factor of 60 since the early 20th century. And their ranks are set to swell even further, thanks to the aging baby-boomer generation: by 2030 there will be about a million worldwide.   P2 These trends raise social, ethical and economic dilemmas. Are medical advances artificially prolonging life with little regard for the quality of that life? Old age brings an increased risk of chronic disease, disability and dementia, and if growing numbers of elderly people become dependent on state or familial support, society faces skyrocketing costs and commitments. This is the dark cloud outside the silver lining of increasing longevity. Yet researchers who study the oldest old have made a surprising discovery that presents a less pessimistic vision of the future than many anticipate.   P3 It is becoming clear that people who break through the 90-plus barrier represent a physical elite, markedly different from the elderly who typically die younger than them. Far from gaining a longer burden of disability, their extra years are often healthy ones. They have a remarkable ability to live through, delay or entirely escape a host of diseases that kill off most of their peers. Supercentenarians people aged 110 or over - are even better examples of aging gracefully. The average supercentenarian had freely gone about their daily life until the age of 105 or so, some five to 10 years longer even than centenarians, who are themselves the physical equivalent of people eight to 10 years their junior.   P4 One of the most comprehensive studies comes from Denmark. In 1998, Kaare Christensen at the University of Southern Denmark, in Odense, exploited the country's exemplary registries to contact every single one of the 3600 people born in 1905 who was still alive. Assessing their health over the

subsequent decade, he found that the proportion of people who managed to remain independent throughout was constantly around one-third of the total: each individual risked becoming more infirm, but the unhealthiest ones passed away at earlier ages, leaving the strongest behind. In 2005, only 166 of the people in Christensen's sample were alive, but one-third of those were still entirely self-sufficient.   P5 Christensen's optimistic findings are echoed in studies all over the world. In the US, almost all of the 700-plus people recruited to the New England Centenarian Study (NECS) since it began in 1994 had lived independently until the age of 90, and 40 per cent of supercentenarians in the study could still look after themselves. In the UK, Carol Brayne at the University of Cambridge studied 958 people aged over 90 and found that only one-quarter of them were living in institutions or nursing homes. Likewise, research in China reveals that before their deaths, centenarians and nonagenarians spend fewer days ill and bedridden than younger elderly groups, though the end comes quickly when it finally comes. Of course, people can live independently without being entirely healthy, and it is true that most centenarians suffer from some sort of ailment. These range from osteoarthritis to simple loneliness.   P6 Not all of the oldest old survive by delaying illness or disability, though – many soldier through it. Jessica Evert of Ohio State University in Columbus examined the medical histories of over 400 centenarians. She found that those who achieve extreme longevity tend to fall into three categories. About 40 per cent were "delayers", who avoided chronic diseases until after the age of 80. Another 40 per cent were "survivors", who suffered from chronic diseases before the age of 80 but lived longer to tell the tale. The final 20 per cent were "escapers", who hit their century with no sign of the most common chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and stroke. Intriguingly, one-third of male centenarians were in this category, compared with only 15 per cent of women.   P7 Okinawa in Japan is the front runner. At 58 centenarians per 100,000 people (and rising), it has the world's highest proportion in this age group - more than five times the level of some developed countries. Like other hotspots, including Sardinia and Iceland, Okinawa is a relatively isolated island community. Of course, members of isolated communities or families usually share a particular environment too, but this alone cannot explain clusters of longevity. Gerontologists have found that the

influence of social factors such as wealth fades as we age, while that of genes increases. By comparing 10,000 pairs of Scandinavian twins, Christensen found that genes only start exerting a strong influence on our lifespan after the age of 60. Before then, both identical and non-identical twins have largely independent odds of reaching a given age. Beyond 60, however, the odds of one twin reaching a given age are greatly increased if their co-twin has done so, especially if the twins are identical.   P8 This makes the "centenarian genome" a key resource for identifying "longevity genes", an invaluable step in understanding the physiological processes underlying long lives. Such genes have been found in abundance in other organisms – including over 70 in the worms. Unfortunately, it's a different story in humans. While many candidate genes have been suggested to affect lifespan, very few have been consistently verified in multiple populations.   Questions & Answers Questions 1-7 T/F/NG 1. The largest growth of Centenarians all over the world is in the UK. NG (原文说 greatest growth in developed countries. in UK, increased 60%) 2. Fewer families are taking care of their elderly members. NG 3. People over 90 are now in good health. True 4. The Centenarians’ health conditions are better than supercentenarian. False (原文 Supercentenarian are better than Centenarians.) 5. None of the oldest old survivors in Christensen’s study could take care of themselves. False (原文 1/3 could look after themselves.) 6. The Cambridge and China studies conflicted with Christensen’s study. False (原文 The Christensen’s findings echoed all over the world.) 7. The Centenarians may suffer from stronger loneliness than the generation younger than them. NG (原文只说 they do suffer from some ailments, such as osteoarthritis and loneliness.)   Questions 8-13 Short answer questions ONE-WORD ONLY 8. What does Jessica Evert call the people who reached 100 years old without having chronic

diseases?  escapers 9. Which factor is contributing to men’s longevity? genetics 10. Which area has the largest proportion of Centenarians? Okinawa 11. Which factor should not be neglected if people want to have a long life? exercise 12. Which social element decreases as the age grows?  wealth 13. Which species, apart from human, have the longevity genes? worms   Passage 2 Topic

Patterns of Settlement in England Countryside

Content Review A: For many centuries, England has been consisted of a variety of administrative unites, which containing villages and several farmsteads and a group of helmets.   B: Villages are commonly in the west of England, where is drier and arable, while pastoral farms and helmet are usually in wetter and hillier places.   C: The characteristics of different patterns are various. The explanation to this is the difference of farming. The lackage of capital equipment makes cooperation a necessity in villages. Several villages cooperate in the clearance of woodland.   D: villages are rarer than west when moving east, pastoral farm are becoming popular due to the cultivation of cows and sheep.   E: Helmet is another pattern, which is harder to account for. Farmers and animals are generally

housed in the same houses, called ‘long houses’, scattering on the lands.   F: The layout of village depending on some factors. Farmers looked for first of all unfailing water.   G: The earliest picture of settlement maps can be dated form late 16 th century. Yet, it is very clear that very hard to find the original shapes and size of patterns. For the reason that, they have been changing for centuries.   Questions & Answers Questions 14-19 List of Headings i. Why certain locations are chosen for villages ii. Regional difference among different types of settlement iii. The layout of village has been changed iv. Sharing resources and laboring v. The complexity of patterns in England countryside vi. The design of farming building vii. Investigation and lifestyle of settlement viii. A form of pattern has not been fully explained ix. The impact of animals on living arrangement      Paragraph A: v (Sample) 14. Paragraph B: ii 15. Paragraph C: iv 16. Paragraph D: ix 17. Paragraph E: viii 18. Paragraph F: i 19. Paragraph G: iii   Questions 20-26

Different Types of Settlement For such a small country, England has been consisted of villages and several 20. farmsteads and a group of helmets. The reason for various types of settlement patterns is the 21. different farming.  (20 题在文章第一段，21 在第三段)   Capital equipment lackage makes the cooperation a necessity. Several villages cooperate in the 22.clearance of woodland and build 23. dikes where the water is a threat. （22 题和 23 题在第三段，）   Moving east, 24. Pastoral farm is a popular pattern, where farmers cultivate cows and sheep, Farmers and animals are generally housed in the isolated houses, called 25. long houses. （24 题和 25 题在第四段）   Helmet is another pattern. It develops on the 26. division of land’s descendants through centuries. （26 题在第五段）   Passage 3 Topic

What does video games do to our brain?

Content Review P1 Video games is originally created for children. James Gee conducted research about the influence of video games on adult. Other researchers are investigating the potential hidden benefits in video games.   P2 Intensive use of video games results in significant generalized improvements in cognitive function: pattern recognition, system thinking and patience.   P3 Video games challenge the brain, making it process incoming visual information more efficiently.   P4 In one study, scientists used fMRI (functional MRI) technology to study the brains of subjects.   P5 Fast action games require the player constantly to switch their attention from one part of the

screen to another while also staying vigilant for other events in the environment.   P6 The reject to the cliché that video games is the coordination of eye contact and visual contact. Prof Daphne Bavelier has compared the visual abilities of gamers and non-gamers.   P7 Science has failed to find a causal link between video games and real-world acts of violence.   P8 Players use adapted controllers that mimic the tools used in surgery - and those who perform well in the game also do better in tests of their surgical skills.   P9 Video game play is literally the neurological opposite of depression. It has been further discovered that dopamine, a chemical that the brain produces, is released when we play video games.   Questions & Answers Questions 27-31 Choose the correct letter, A,B,C,D 27. What is the writer doing in the first paragraph? B. to introduce the background of James Paul Gee’s research 28. What is the point of the second paragraph?  C. be helpful in enhancing brain functions 29. ‘the regime of research’ refers to the way people B. To reach the goals through the challenge of limits 30. The Gress experiment D. was criticized for giving an advantage for the game players 31. scientists used the machine fMRI (functional MRI) aims to D. show that subjects maybe unaware of their physical confinement   Questions 32-35  32. The most popular video games are to some extent of violence. NOT GIVEN 33. Game players develop more social skills. NO 34. Many schools are supposed to adapt video games into their courses. NOT GOVEN

35. Game players who are addicted to video games produce more dopamine in their brains. YES   Questions 36-40 Use the information in the passage to match the organization (listed A-E) with opinions or details below. 36. Shawn Green (C) 37. Daphne Bavelier (D) 38. James Paul Gee (B) 39. Steve Johnson (E) 40. The writer’s opinion (A)

Passage One Title: Rubber Type: Judgment 6, fill in the blank question 7 Article theme: The first paragraph: Background Introduction rubber tree growth area The second paragraph: introduced the initial use of rubber such as waterproof shoes, clothes The third paragraph: rubber in the extreme temperature instability and hard shortcomings Fourth, fifth: experts on the improvement of rubber, the first experts invented the recovery of waste strips technology T experts have discovered vulcanization, an improved technology that adds a new chemical synthetic rubber Sixth paragraph: rubber for further commercial use, such as an expert can be used as a new type of tire after improvement Seventh paragraph: Describe the increase in demand for rubber in the United Kingdom, the discovery of rubber and rubber technology advances and applications Judgment question 6

1. rubber exists in a certain region F The first sentence of the first paragraph, spread across the global, and the following grow in different places, denies the dry information. 2. The reason why Mexico chose not to grow the rubber tree in C book is due to the poor quality of the rubber latex. The last sentence of the first paragraph of the C-tree, which states that the rubber tree can not grow in Mexico right now, is not to say poor quality. 3. A French mathematician raised the Interests of rubber amongst the Europeans F The original French name is better positioned in the second paragraph, the replacement error. The original says he is engineer and a armature botanist. 4. T. Scientists locate the vulcanization of rubber by accident N scientist names and improved technology vulcanization nomenclature in the original text just mentioned scientists think that due to the rubber in the extreme temperature uncertainty can be added to the new composition of synthetic rubber but the whole The paragraph did not say whether it was accidental discovery. 5. Rubber turns to be rigid when exposing to cold whether T. 6. The import of rubber in the UK experienced a declining tend F The last paragraph of the import phrase • The original text that there is a confusion under, under six times as much as the before here is increased to nearly six times the original, not down. Fill in the blank question 7 T scientists found the rubber 7.waterproof features, but when in extreme climates will become 8.rigid, rubber, 9. Some experts pointed out that the device can be used after the waste strips were used in 10.steam engine, D Science plus the use of new technology, improved after adding new ingredients so that it will ll.stabilize, followed by 12.tyre led to the car 13mass production. Passage Two

Title: the rebirth of circus Questions: paragraph information pairing 4, fill in the blame 5, the name of the characters match 4

Article theme: The first paragraph: the circus show in the long history and people love the circus. The second paragraph: the circadian status analysis, can already be regarded as a discipline. The third paragraph: a well-born background named S university professor, studied the circus, became a circus master and analyzed the circus of several key elements: the picture to the United States, can be funny, but also stimulate take audience breath. The fourth paragraph: describes the hardships in learning these circus. Fifth paragraph: Circus is also a subject, in order to successfully graduated not so easy. Sixth paragraph: from a student's point of view do not think the circus performance is to learn some of the skills, in fact, students feel pressure will never be able to learn new technologies waiting for you, while she was in the initial performance of co-acting partner It took a long time. Paragraph information matching 4 14 section A: V 15 section B: vii 16 section C: iv 17 section D: iii Fill in the blank 5 18.S expert was a teacher but also an 18.master in a circus, 19. finest actor positioning the original best 20.s experts think humor is very important 21. viewers like to see beautiful things, it can attract the eye, beauty 22.charaterics Name matching 4

23 a description of a subject taught in circus B 24 the difficulty in training skills and may cause physical injuries C 25 trusting your partner is important D 26. the student show interests in acrobatic training A Passage Three

Title: Asian Space: Return of an Asian Invention Question type: list of heading 6, paragraph fine plot information match 3, determine the title 4 Article theme: The first paragraph: the development of aviation technology in Asia Presentation: From fireworks. Paragraph 2: Describe the application of space technology: As China, this country faces many natural disasters, aviation technology can be used to detect tsunamis, droughts and so on. The third paragraph: satellite wider use of seismic detection technology as an example. The fourth five: But the cost of the satellite is high, talked about the emergence of mcro satellite and use. Seventh paragraph: Japan's aviation technology, the leading attack, and the future prospects. Subheading 6 27.D. the varying types of satellite 28.C. application of space technology to detect the earth movement 29.B.a wide range of use of satellites 30.A.the background of space technology in the ancient 31.E.reducing the cost of satellite

32.F.the global development of space technology in Japan pairing details 3 34-36 EBC Judgment questions 4 37. the rock and powder were first used in past Asia for war F Is used to do fireworks The satellite is used in detecting potential earthquake T The original is said that the geographical movements between two positions 39. the satellite improved the literacy level of Asian N The original text just mentioned could be used for remote education but not specific to literacy rate has been raised 40.Japan will further develop the international space technology T

2017 Nian 8 Yue 12 Ri First post: Botany and Americas Part 2: The Internal Clock Part III: Vonich manuscript   2017 Nian 8 Yue 19 Ri First: Otters (9 points to read 3 - T4P1 ) Part 2: Roller Coaster Part III: Songs of Ourselves (Nine - pointed reading 1 - T4P3 )   2017 Nian 8 Yue 26 Ri First post: T-rex Hunter or Scavenger? (9-pointer reading 4 - T4P1 ) Second:    Senses Part III: Panting and Cinema   2017 Nian 9 Yue 9 Ri The first one: Long Muxiang (9 points to read 2 - T 2 P1 ) Part II:    Corporate executives train themselves or hire Part III: Various reactions to flower delivery   2017 Nian 9 Yue 16 Ri The first one: the development and application of robots (9 points to read 2 - T 6 P1 ) Second:    London fog Part III: Language and Philosophy   2017 Nian 9 Yue 21 Ri The first one: novice, skilled workers and experts (9 points to read 3 - T 5 P 2 ) Part II:  Fossil Database Part III: The History of Chocolate 2017 Nian 9 Yue 30 Ri

The first one: the development of refrigeration and refrigerator Part II:  Purification of aquatic plants Part III: Mars Exploration     2017 Nian 10 Yue 5 Ri The first one: children's food advertising (nine points to read 3-T1P1) Part 2:  waste  production The third part: filming the natural world with time-wrap pgotography 2017 Nian 7 Yue 20 Ri First post: Charles Dickens ' early childhood life in London Part 2: The purpose of facial expression Part III: Australia Megafauna Controversy   2017 Nian 7 Yue 29 Ri First: Going Bananas (9-point readers read 2-T1P1 ) Part 2: The Lost City (Nine -Family Reading 2-T4P2 ) Part III: Economies of scale

First article: decision  making and happiness Part II: Researching and mimicking natural creatures Part III: Research on the ancient virus of glaciers   June 8, 2017 First post: The history of a certain ethnic group in South Africa Second: What  is unfair advantage in sport Part III: The sense of sound, the sense of color     June 19, 2017

First: Coffee History Part II: Controlling the Australian wild dog (dingo) Part III: A New Zealand woman writer   June 24, 2017 First: Traditional Maori Fishing  Hooks   Part II: Tackling Hunger in Msekeni (9-point reader reading 2-T2P2) Part III: Behavioral Psychology Research   July 8 , 2017 The first one: Thames River and tunnels Part 2: The older , the wiser  Part III:  Does class size matter?   July 15 , 2017 First: the  Pearl The second part: European high temperature (9 points up to people reading 1-T1P2) Part III: science and knowledge April 20, 2017 First: New Zealand trees Part II: Coral reef  Part III: Travel Writing   April 22, 2017 First: Will.com-Online company Second: Muscle Loss  Part III: Arctic Oases    April 29, 2017 The first one: the change of buttons in Europe;

Part II: The expansion of a dog-like animal in a US city; Part 3: What are the shoppers thinking about (how do merchants research and develop market policies)   May 6, 2017 The first one: the reason for the left and right hands Second: smell Part III: Saving small languages