Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to Demosthenes [1] [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

P.-,

367 C-38

Southern Branch of the

University of California Los Form

Anf eles

L-l

"TA

a

COG. E.

I

.

LOS

ANGEi_Eii. CAD/-

SYNTAX OF

CLASSICAL GREEK FROM HOMER TO DEMOSTHENES FIRST PART

THE SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE EMBRACING THE DOCTRINE OF THE MOODS AND TENSES

LANNEAU GILDERSLEEVE

BASIL

WITH THK CO-OPERATION OK

CHARLES WILLIAM EMIL MILLER OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

61904 NEW YORK

AM

E R

I

C

:

AN

CINCINNATI

:

CHICAGO

BOOK COMPANY

3735^

Copyright,

i

ooo,

by

B. L. (JII.DKKSLEKVE.

Entered

at Stationers' Hall,

Greek Syntax. \\.

V-

3

London.

1-ivliFAC

Ix compliance with the wishes of many of my former pupils, have determined to publish my Greek Syntax in parts. The framework was planned many years ago, and corresponds in its I

scheme of my Latin Grammar, the first edition which was published in 1867. In fact, the Latin Syntax was based on the MS of the Greek. Doubtless the syntactician of structure to the of

(4

f} t

^ .

to-day will find ample opportunity to criticise the arrangement, but to refashion the book would require more time than the speeding years will allow me to presume on. Nor will I undertake in this place a vindication

guided

me

in

my

order of the examples

^ ^; t

4

^

of the principles

that have

A word, however, as to the deemed appropriate. A catena

syntactical studies.

may

be

of syntactical usage would be a memorable achievement, and I do not deny that at one time I thought it possible to organize

such a work, for which a large staff of helpers would have been needed; but I have learned to renounce this ambitious scheme,

and even the present far more modest undertaking would have been impossible unless I had associated with myself a scholar who is acquainted with every detail of my syntactical work, published and unpublished, and who has brought to the task not only a hearty sympathy with my views and methods, but a clearness

have been of great In completing the list of examples, and in filling up the gaps in the presentation, I have availed myself freely of his help, and we have worked side by of

judgment and an accuracy

service to

me

in

my own

side in the collection

in details that

researches.

and the scrutiny of the passages cited; and

to this pupil, colleague, friend, Professor C.

W.

K.

Ml

1. 1.

MR, the

P KEFACE

iv

completion of the work has been committed, in case the privilege should be denied me of putting the last hand to the labor of

many

years.

Like myself, Professor MILLER is thoroughly imbued with the conviction that the study of syntax is of the utmost importance for the appreciation of literary form, and we both believe that the presentation of the phenomena under the rubrics of the different

departments of literature

struction and even

will

be found useful for

in-

more

so for suggestion. Taking the Attic of conventional Greek, we have worked Orators as the standard

backward through philosophy and history to tragic, lyric, and epic poetry, comedy being the bridge which spans the syntax of Individual syntax we the agora and the syntax of Parnassus. have not been able to set forth with any fulness, but the different departments have been represented to the best of our ability and judgment. The plan has saved us from giving the usual medley of examples, it has forced us to rely largely on our own collections and to examine the texts for ourselves, and it will enable those

who come

after us to

fill

up these outlines with

greater ease.

BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE. THE JOHNS

HOI-KINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE.

CONTENTS OF PART

I

Simple Sentence, 1-467. Nominative Case, 3-13. tions, etc.,

5.

As Subject, 3-4. In Titles, InscripIn Citations, Enumerations, and Indefinite In Exclamations, n. In Suspense, 10. In Apposition with Vocative, 13.

Predications, 6-9. For the Vocative,

12.

Vocative Case, 14-25. Repetition of

16-18.

Vocative, 21-23. Vocative. 25.

Forms

with Vocative, 19.

Vocative

of the Subject, 26-59.

Masculine and

J> , 295. Periciple with forms of aivo;jLai, 294. phrastic Perfect Participle with ?xfjuiTa vaid, A wooded island, and in it a goddess Jiath her abode. II. 6, 395~6 p.fya\ffropos 'llfriwos, :

'HtTicov 6f

Ibid. 10,437.

fftitfv.

For the

547-

and frequent use of

free

this

nom.

Msth.'J

in inscriptions, see

82, 3 a-c.

CIA.

II,

809

(3 2 5/j24 B.C.): lino rf/s TfTfit'ipovs '.\i>vs, '\vri?iu>-

I54~55

C,

pov ffjyov, 1'roin the quadrireine Anysis, the in

the same inscription.

Ibid.

NOMINATIVK

10.

work of Antidonts.

179, 7 sqq. (433 B.C.)

I,

:

irap(8o

So often .

The nominative

IX SusPKNSE.

rpfls KU\

.

.

is

some-

suspense (ttominativiis pcndcns, anacolntlion, want of sequence), an equivalent construction being substituted.

times

left

SiaXc-yopevo? avru seemed to me.

it

ISOC. .

in

.

.

4,

OflOlS

.

.

PLATO, Apol.

3. 3,

1

6.

C

21

4'

2, 5.

:

II. 2,

;

PLATO, Apol.

K(KTTJp.(VOl

.

12,

Km yap

I

I

ol

.

.

C; Talking with him

21

KpdTOVVTfS

.

.

I

>

6T( S

.

.

.

rovrtav ovv

8.

Xoyoi

TUIV KOTtjyoptov

.

.

Ibid. 95.

(see above).

Crat. 403

A

(bis).

TOVTO i>

s,

(pi\s.

efj.i>s :

\

'He'Xios

1

$'

or

TTUVT' e'fpopas.

For the occasional use of the Nom. Adj. with a Voc. Subst. or of a Voc. Adj. with a Nom. Subst., see Index. This is a curious coincidence with the Yedic rule (Delbruck, Synt. Forsch. V. 66| which prohibits copulation of two vocatives by ca (rp or, ov

XXoi

l6: n/xifi/f KU\ oi

C

KH\

o>

:

irepi-

KT(.

(note difference

d rty

uXXo? tort &i 1r)-

(prj

oiKfrai

Protag. 337

way I OVTOS,

doing ?

KU\ oy, 'ATruXXcJSwpf ,

rots UHFIV (ntdfcrde.

.

You

;

there, w/iat are you

enicrTiis ir(piip.iva(C(iyo)

;

between nom. and \os

You

:

t

tlvftpfs, (

oi irapi>i>T(

v.

ol

TrapovTt s"E\\rjvfs, OVK lcr-e on iroif'tTf, Proxenus and the rest of you Greeks that are present, you do not know wltat you are doing. Cyr. 4, 5. '7 '$' M (l/ ^" (Tl'' *'0'/> irpftrtivTaTas, I,

5.

t> Ttiirra Xt'yf. '

Ibid.

5. 3-

43

rfs.

Ibid. 6,

8

irapovTfS

ot

roGroj/,

(^)r;,

Al

.

fiftfif\(tr&f

33

3,

i

crv

Ka\ ol

Tr\rj

Ach. 242 Vesp.

:

I

(r

.

.

up^ovrfs Km

8e 6 (7/j^oai'

airovTts

*0'?' " r ^ t/ 'Ypxavitav

^

"^

oi rt

.

.

.

irt'ivrts

Ibid. 8,

(KTUTTOV.

Mem.

vu>i> avao-a-a

.

.

. \

H?IT(p

t]

A('pov

yt-

'

patd,

X

ll

l

Pf -

HOM. Od.

3,

427

:

ol

aXXot.

Cf. 9, 172

:

1

XXot

p.tv

vvv

fj.ip.vfT

e^uil fpiijpfs

fTaipoi. II. 3,

94

:

oi

aXXot.

19,

83

:

id.

Cf. ibid. 190

:

aXXot.

Vocative Case 14.

The Vocative

(the case of direct address)

is

not affected

by the structure of the sentence, and does not enter ment into syntax, except in the matter of concord. 15.

i

vocative.

WITH THE VOCATIVE.

S>

is

commonly

as an ele-

prefixed to the

GREEK'

6

SYNTAX

DEM. I, w' Gentlemen of Athens, at! opoios PLATO, Conv. 1730; You are always alike, Apollodorus. DK.M. i, &> uvftpt $ 'A$^

ytvvaiov.

MfWA > f ^Ta

Alcr^ivr);

dteotitis,

:

nonsense, Athenians.

i*t>8pfs SiKaarui, as for

"wbpts 'AGtjvaioi.

rare by the side of

18, 196, is

;

tivdpts 'A&ji/mot, as for example

(see above),

8, 31

31

175 A.

173 E.

(bts}.

Lach. 197 E.

(iraifit ov8fi> irfp\ yvfJLvaa-TiKtjs.

Gorg. 518 C: nvBpwnt, II A. Soph. 22O D.

Phileb.

Theaet. 143 C.

XEN. An.

i,

16 (see 13).

5,

2.

Cyr.

2,

7

;

avdpunf,

ri

noif'is

;

Mem.

i.

2, 8,

THUC. 2. ii, i. HDT. i, 8 (bis).

4, 126,

i.

11.

9.

5, 9,

i.

162.

7,158.

AR. Ach. 1097. 1098. 1099. uoi,etc. EUR. Hel. 858. SOPH. Ai. 36 et saepe. Ant. u. 223. AESCHVL. Pr. V. 3. 144. 635. SIMON. C. 145 Bgk. 4 HOM. Od. i, i. 60. 62. 64. 158. 337. II.

i,

i.

26.

17.

37.

59.

106.

346, etc.

122.

131, etc.

In quiet passages the 21. POSITION OF THE VOCATIVE. When it heads the senvocative does not begin the sentence. tence, the omission of &> heightens the excitement still further. 22.

Vocative Postpositive:

DEM. more than a thousand times, as in 8, 5. 21,1. 23, AESCHIN. I, 122 avrrj p.(v fanv, 2> Ti/iap^f| ili>8pbs dyadov

i.

1

:

.

and so in the other orators. PLATO, Conv. 173 D. 212 B. Gorg. 518 E. Phileb. XEN. An. 1,6, 6 (s). 7. 8. 9. THUC. Postposition is the rule for Thuc. as in I, 75, i.

HUT.

i,

9

u

(s).

1136.

SOI-H. Ant.

49.

1

(s).

AKSCHYL.

P. V. 144

HOM. Od.

i,

II.

1

I,

26

i

(s).

s

I,

i.

ajroXoyia,

(-?')

76,

I.

(s).

Nub. 794.

307

(s).

319

(s).

635

(s).

(s).

131

(s).

158.

In this section and the following, u

followed by an

n A

30, .

(s).

AR. Ach. 1099(5). EUK. Hel. 744. 1

.

siitf.

is

used

in all those

passages which arc not

GREEK SYNTAX

8

Vocative Prepositive:

23.

1 72 (once in 67 times). in as 8, 35 (s). 20, i (s). rare, 32, i (5). AESCHIN. i,\2\ (s) (only once, and that a quotation). ISAE. 3. I (s).

DIN.

i,

DEM.

PLATO, Conv. 173 E. Crito, 46 B. Euthyphr. 3 XEX. An. i, 5, 16 (s). 7, 3. 3, i, 27 THUC. 2, n (s). 71 (s}. 4, 10 (s). 95. 5, 9 (*). HDT. i, 8 (s, to). 7, 158 (s). 160. 161. 162 (j). AR. Ach. 432. Eq. EUR. Hel. 858 (s). SOPH. Ant. 223 (s).

400

AESCHYL.

P. V. 3

HOM

1,45.

Od.

C.

7,

61

(j).

Vesp. 136.

1194.

572.

Sept. 203.

(s).

64

Si.

(s).

255.

158(5).

337

346 (j).

(*)

384(5).

389(5).

(s). II.

24.

used

VOCATIVE

'HpaicXeis,

DEM.

122(5).

106(5).

442.

The

EXCLAMATIONS.

IN

DEM.

24,

1

9, 31

vocative

may be

Herakles!

;

(see above).

9, 31

86

;

id. 39, 21

PLATO, Prot. 310 D XEN. Mem. i, 3, 12: AR. Nub. 153:

a)

Ibid.

Il()(Tfi8oi'

ai/^

74-

exclamations.

in

*ai $foi.

59 CO-

17 CO.

i,

:

ZfO

a>

:

a>

308:

!

21,

'HpuicXeiy.

66:

id.

22,

78;

&>

yij

id.

:

Zei. O. C. 221. 532. O.R.i 198. AESCHYL. Ag. 1257 ororoi, Avxet' "ATroXXoi/, ot fyu> (yea. ALCMAN, fr. 29, Bgk. 4 Zev Trarep, at yiip f/j.os TTI'HTIS (1^. :

:

:

HOM. Od. II. 2,

25.

4,

371

:

341

:

ZeO re Trarep

/cal '\6rjvair] KU'I

"AnoXXov (not real prayers).

id.

The

PREDICATE VOCATIVE.

vocative, not being a case

proper, cannot take a predicate, but the predicate (nom.) adjective is occasionally attracted into the vocative. Clear cases are late

:

di/ri

yap ocX/^s- "ipfipaaf Hapdfviov, CALLIM. O Imbrasits, instead of Parthenius.

fr.

213,

T/lOlt

wast called

(hnbrasus),

oXfiif Kovpt, yivmo, TlIEOCR. 17, 66 1

Rockel,

/.

c.

;

,

Uaf>f)y laddie, mayst thou prove pp. 49-50.

(so).

VOCATIVE CASE

g

In the classical period the examples are only apparent, or, at most, the may be picked out from the attribute which precedes the verb.

predicate

AR. Av. 627 o> (piXrar' EUR. Tr. 1221-3 (TV T .

*ETopoy

i>

(piii"]6\ to

ftr)T(l

AESCHYL.

npt(r;JvTi> f

t^difTTov fifTtmiirro)!/.

nor' oScra tcaXXiviKt p-vpiutv

\

i

n\ay KTJ,

fita TTOVIUl' irdjTfl)!'

Ph. 759~^

'cXavrf

Pers. 674

KuXXoviac \iovnKTvnov

p.(vu>.

e^oi/ri 8ia(f)fpti

Pax, 384 I.

KUKO>V KIIKKTT(.

vTos.

8,

apurroi,

OplOTOl.

n^XtwTfiTO) Si/o (ace.).

119

I,

OfJ.olov.

XeycOJ/ fV^tp&S o

Z>

8, JO',

Ax'i'iPH. 3

II, 658'.

dpfLOl. '

6,

I

435

6,

.

237: TOV

TpfTTfTdl \pUlS.

p.f]

opo'iav

:

Suppl. 393, 644

dpvivtav.

Kill

ToX/ir}-

n

I'OCATIl'E CASE

THEOGN. 1025. duXm'. HOM. Od. 3.74. d\\oftanolwt\v.

Mc-in. 3,462, 13-4. ritv

ttKptiTov i^^v.

Much

KL'k. Cycl.

5^

Ho.M.

2(J3

II. 9,

J

9

iiiiikt-s

wrris

:

:

Eq. 105: uieparov

TTI;/

wpuTf puv

.

.

rm\vv.

Ibiti.

$;)

17

Traooiut'a,

ry

(sc.

e/^f)

-y'

B:

Ibid. 41

Xa/3ay).

TO ray

pa8iov tivai 8ia(p(vyfiv. ixrTtpaia (SC. f]fj.fpq)

TI/

\omrjv (sc. Trope i av

Tjjf

a

/i

iiviuvT(s fls ras opaias (SC.

yvu>^rjv).

(sc.

C'/XT})/

aTratrns (sc. Xa/3(if)

(SC. yr)

Trj

evavrtav (sc. -^/-rj^ov)

r/}i/

Kara yf

(SC. 5 IK

Ibid. $12

(picrTiKt], vofjiodfTiKi), prjTopiKij.

184

8p a ^

84

21,

p.olpa).

(SC.

7TfTTpfJ.evr)

{]

PLATO, Apol.

24, 7-

(sc. fjfj.fpav^).

*at ^iX/as (sc.

He

rols TroXXoty,

dyKvpas) 6pfj.fl. same anchor as the people.

TTJS avrr]S (sc.

on, the

depend

at,

rots'

Trotrli/

?)

iov(riv

a^a^fl

.

.

ry rpirj)

.

vp.(Vf(TT(pa

T9

.

.

.

f]

re ruprrj.

TIJ

Ibid. 4, 6,

Tropfvcropeda.

1

2

:

?}

6/zaXi) (sc.

rj

rpa^tla

y

Of

/}

Ibid. 5. 8, 12 TOVTOV KftpaXas jSaXXo/ieVotP. dvixpayov a>s oXt'yas Ibid. 7, 8, 20: T^ vcrTtpaiq. Hell. 4, 4, 13 iyyt r)i/ Vi (sc. 7rX>;ys) iraitrfifv.

^copa)

:

.

.

.

:

and T^V fVl .\aK($aip.ova ofiov). d(f)iK.ecrdai and tcvro r/yy

Me'yapa (SC. oSoi/ (rvvrofjiov (sc.

2,

)

.

.

fjifpida)

.

HDT. 6Sos).

.

5,

26, 5

TT

Ibid.

(pfvyeiv rljv fpavrov (sc. y^v).

:

2,

TO Te t^os.

a p a

13:

r/)i/

Hiero,

y^s Of ^copas).

8: 8ta TroXe/iias (SC.

THUC.

Ibid."],

untxuipfi.

6, 54,

5

:

fiKoV yiyvofJ,evaiV.

.

64:

3,

7^/Vf. 8,

:

t)

Ak. Ran. 685:

Ibid.

TrXiyyj) f'8o^t Ttrvfydai.

Kaipirj (sc.

27

5,

17

:

(rvi>Tnp.os (SC.

SfKurrj (sc. /iolpa). to-ai

K*W/

(SC.

-^^(poi)

Ibid.

yivtavrai.

1096:

TUTrro/iei/o?

Tulai TrXaTfiais (sc. j^tpcriv).

EUR. Ale. 784: T^J/ avpiov p.fX\ovcrav (sc. f)p.fpav), SOPH. Ant. 1308-9: dvrai'av (sc. TrXayav) eiraurfv. lo-r;^

(sc.

Phil. 139^

8(Ki;v?) y' frurtv.

AKSCHYL. Cho. 639-40: TV'RT. 15 I^g^-

MOM. Od. ii,

[75])

:

4,

4

Xaia

:

588

i?)

i/

Theaet. 200

f\0otfjn fyvyt.

fiaicpav 7T(pi(\6ovTts.

XEN

T .

An.

3,4, I7

Hell. 4, 5-^

t\dot.

THUG.

6, 98, 3

:

Itvrfs

:

Ibid.'j, 8,

paitpdv.

Mem.

iJKfw rf/v Tuxicrrijv.

:

20:

ort

OTTU>S

10:

3, 6,

p.aKpordrT]v

TTJV Trpu>rr]i>.

paKportpa v.

diroo'itiBvao'dai

AK. R. 434 fjStv paKpair dniXdris. EUR. Phoen.9o6: ov p.aKpuv airtam.

Neuter Adjectives and Participles are freely employed any relations, but Homer's range is limited, and the boldness of Thucydides is to be noticed, nor is 36.

as substantives in almost

poetry ever very

free.

TO Trap\Tj\v86s ... TO p.c'XXov ... TO irapov, Ol'.M. 8, 192 the The />

The law

'A\(at>8pos.

xpn (Tl ^ niv

20 -&'

-

-

*' v

&

v-

forth two lines of legal 23, 206 (see above). [6iJ, 6: sets

b~VOlV TOtll

AF.SCHIN.

3,

165

:

TO

(cr6p.f vov.

8'

3,218: dpKt I yap

^101

i \j.

K p a Kaifjifi-

6v 54TT/KJ TpuiKtav

189: ^iryuXa

ANTIPHON,

31

fJL(\\OV.

40: ^tytiTTov

diavtpoi. p.( Ti)t

:

29: TO

tv

.

.

^^

.

.

piKpd.

.

.

.

11,43- ^ l"Jlt> TOIV n

.

i

IT

.

V ecr^arcai' aTTf^et.

\fVKii

2,

Ibid.

Lys. 214

/3tou.

Ibid.

Ibid. 1,6, 14:

GI

TO

TO 8e i8iov.

.

TOTTOV.

fit)

An.

eV eVj/Kow.

Tafpptv p.i v

Km

caXc yiyvfTai KaXa.

TTO\V

.

O V.

TO(?

/JLeV

:

TOO

(iTtui/

Ib.'d.

Theaet. 184

:

.

V

ev fipaxvTfpois.

.

oivbv

/>

/xej/

f&v eV;

.

.

O>

I

.

etVat.

.

TO

:

.

(T

avfv yap ytXoiuv ov SVVCITOV. fvavria padflv

:

iXlKOV TO TV paw If.

E

Ibid. 6

D E

Ibid. 816

vrai/Ta TO.

(rp-iKpbi> ev

fV fpvfj.vq>.

Ibid.

f

TO

i^fxp-

6

Trepl .

:

E

Ibid. 187

XEN. Ag.

A:

0tXov

dvoaiov

A:

Legg. 642 fj.

TO Ofriov

:

7TO\Xo)l/

Gorg. 449 C:

Rpb. 338 D TO lipxov. Ibid. C: TO vTro\fi(pd(v

KOI pi]. TTtpl Seii/cof Tf

.

Kin ftapea.

i,

del

TU>V

.

.

OCTICI.

Til

s.

evavritav

A:

.

Euthyd.

D

5

TO KpeiTTov KCU TO j3(\Tiov

:

Xov

i

KaXw

TO>

cra(pis ... TO /3e/3atoj/.

p.ev

KCU

.

8llO

fj

Phaedr. 230 C: TO tvuvovv TOV

TOVTO.

vypbv

p.'}

7,

D:

Ibid. loo

etAciiTwi'.

.

Euthyph.

Parm. 145 Bl TO ye ^iaov 'i(rov Phaedo, 90 C: irdvTa TCI OVTCI.

di(pi\ifj.ov.

66 B:

(p

TU>I>

885 A: els KOIVUV. Ibid. 932 TO 0/j.oiov Tea ofjtoiof dvdynr)

.

r)pbv vypco.

eaidivov.

e'

TO ucriov KOI TO

.

.

.

Tl

eis KOIVOV.

Ibid. 875

i>iKr]Ti']pia.

(V

.

f'xfLv.

796 E:

Ibid.

TTIIVTOS

.

D

488

Tv(p\ovTai Trtpl TO

TO yfvvl)O~la

Til

.

.

.

ro

6o~iov

p.fv

TO

:

488 E: TO 'ivov

Ibid.

Ttpov.

D .

dfois TTpocrcpiXes

TOV

.

.

.

Ibid. 6

iJCTlOV.

B

34

Ibtd.

22O C:

Ibid.

dtl irf\dei.

6/iO('o)

OTTO TavTOfjuirov.

Kcil

.

TO

tvavTitoTciTa, fyvxpov 6epp.oi, TriKpbv y\vKf~i,

TCI

f^dia-Ta

8

2, 3,

...

:

1,6,

/(^/C/.

ev KOIVO>.

:

fv

d(pavfTv.

v^rj\OTfpov.

eiffpooroficorarotf.

K TOU to-ou

Kill

iii'tivTfs. d~j)'

.

^r;

TO dcpuvts

:

.

.

.

.

al(T\pd

(f>ai>(pa>

tV KaXtji

o^/c

54: Ttpbs

4,

Tins

3, 5.

f\tv6fpiov

25

TW

12: /ieyiiXa

eK TOV 6fjM\ov,

vTraiQpta.

Ibid.

I,

8, 2,

/$/

:

Ibid.

I,

:

31

I,

34: TToXf/xiKaii'. 1,2: eK ToG eptpavovs. Ibid. 2,2, 6 Tpflj fj.r)vus Kal n-Xf w.

fj.u\uKii.

fix

:

2,

Ibid. 4,

To>

4

dcf)(ivf't.

Hell.

21

I,

.

.

.

:

I,

Ibid.

Ibid.

3.

-9 I,

2, 6,

1.

ai/eXt vQt pui> KUI

A'EL'TEA'

ADJECTIl'KS

TO (T(i)(f)pOl>T)TlKnv Tt KOt (^pOVlfiOV Ibid.

10,9: rh btoptva

3,

Ibid. 4,

vos. TO)

8: TO>V

7.

vitiv

//'/V

14,

X

Ibid. 4. 6, 15

jj-Toy TII.

(I

/foV/. 4, 7,

iiroptvtro.

^ifino-Ko/xfVcof.

:

\ovt>To>v TH

"*rri Ttov cot^f

:

6/ioXoyov/i*

/tciXtora

Oec.

7

5.

TO V f$ p I (T T I K It V T( KOI H IT f t p It K a X O V. TO \t\pov uvr\ TOV fttXrio5. 6

Kill

Ibid. 4,

(TKf'irijs.

15

7rr>XXo>/

5:

o'ffTTroo-uftoi'.

l(T\vpoTt pu> TO dcrdt vt (TTf pov (sc. Xf>'}) TOW 8(i.

1,

5:

13,

36, 3: T^i'a

I,

.

.

.

TO fjov\6[i.(vov KU\

:

ap^au'tTfpa bioviXTia. yv-

63. 3: TO jiirpaypov

2,

aTTiipa).

-

Tti

:

3- To opyi^ofitvov

62, 5- 4 TO O'wfoi'. 44: TO \VTTQVV TT\V

dcfropfjif)

TU>V

(I

K

O)


-

I:

T"

f)

7r'"'/>u>-

f)

irnv Tip.((i}.

TO

W,

:

KUKOV diKaiov fiVfTTpd^aro. KCIKOV /xf'ya. Or. 397: .

.

.

Phoen. 597

AcaKov.

0tXo^u^oj/

:

:

236: trw

^eydX'

f^etf

Ka\a

nvpioicri ru

yiyvtTtu TTOVOIS.

^o/itfe'Ta).

ISa TO

KCIKOV.

-rrav

Antig. 77

(frpavf'tv.

O. T. IIO-I: TO 8t ^r/rov p,fvov

TOUT(O).

TCOV

T

o-uyyeref

:

TOV peyav bLuai t\v "V ytvoiro ^co/jis faOXa Kal KciKii. So ^)fi) 0eti, TU

fKKi'i\v\l/ov, tos

333-

559

fpwre?

(ra(pis.

p.fj

/ca/cd.

o-/iiKp' 6^17 Tts,

Ai. 1003

O.C.77I:

Med. 33

dvrjTa. TOLUVT(II).

TO

TO:

(ro(f)6i>

F.

I.

0iXouf.

xpi]

f/uXotfri

iiXcoTov,

Ibid. 800: TaX^^es- e'^epw. Ph. 446: ovSev TTCO Ta/n.fXou/xei/or'. epfvyei xaKov y' aTrooXfTo. Ibid. 674~5 TO ... i/oo~oi}v. Ibid. 9'9 o"*^""" 1 /caAcov. Trach. 474: TTUV croi (p TaX^^f's. fr. 100 N 3 TO Tr. 196: TO iroQovv. 5

:

:

(caXcos

fr.

TTtfpvKos.

321

AESCHYL. Ag. 79:

N'"'

TO

0"

KCIKOV. irapovros d^dr]8u>v

8iKaiov

N

idovTfs.

fr.

.

326 N Cho. 212: ti'^ov

S. C. Til.

2

iv Tfruf/>Xcoi/Tat 0pa8ai. TOT' av

OVK fX w

8'

KaXaJy e^ft.

dya^w.

o-wi/

N

adesp. 31

2

TU

T'

y\vne

*v a]Atf$OVTl.

KCI\>V.

.

TO ye Stivdv.

TW ydfj.j3p(a. dpdcravro be trd^Tvnv eaXa KdKii TrXfio-Ta Trd\d 8vofj.ia napf^fi. |

32

:

Kru ttTtp ^aXfTroio TTOVOIO.

28: d.\rjd(n

Tr\iov

HoM. Od. I, 40] =4, 56 = 7, (m o-(j)(Tfpn triciSvaa-Oat. 1

f

369:

Vi

Travros. f)e

Ibid. 91 TTUVTCI |

aTfp rr KaKuiv

:

Theog.

TO'KTIV trfv.

yrjpvcracroai.

1,274: 2,

rjfjucrv

Ibid. 116-7: f'o-$Xa

crolcrt tcadrip-fvos.

3,

I

1

76 =10, [372] =15. [139] =17.95 1,428: xtovii

15

:

lov'ia.

2,

231

Trei/Taerff yf *cm e'ufTff.

:

3,

:

irapfdvrtav.

atcrtfia fifiwr. I

l8

:

eivdfTfS.

NEUTER ADJECTIVES 247

0'Xa

*t5oT*r.

aXrjdf's.

3,

277

319: (vtpyiuv.

4,

696 and 7''

3t

ftv.

:

1

I4-9 1

ftSa>f.

14,

XuypH

TjfjitTe p(a).

45-

17,

pr/dfVTt 8iKaia>.

21,

TU

II. I, JO'.

107: TH

I,

8ov

:

15,

19,329: oy

jjfttt.

T*

6,

.

.

eV

4-

Ic)>

277

7,

357

Troloj/ e dirts.

13,824:

:

:

:

.

(i7Ti;i/a

.

fif'p(>l>,

To ^ StKOiOU TOI^TOU.

[j^j'

~&

l)Ut '

18,

138:

ll)ld.: TTfpl

pCTU TOV

(TVfJi-

Xl'H.MA A.\'D III'AI'MA

IN. 3.

ISOC.

3.

LVS.

2

[

irpotTi)Kovras,

24

2,

8O: TOV

1

and

12.

7-

9

:

C TO:

i>fji(Ttpu>

Kpfirrovos

but [2], j6:

(Xff'tv,

12,

trvfKpjpovTti.

79: irapa

.

TOVS TOVTOIS .

TU>V roirrovt

.

TOVS ITplXTIlKUVTtlS

'.

TOV TfXfvTiiO-airos,

A

Pliaedr. 240

B

and similarly often.

:

59:

5,

TO>V irpotrrim'iv-

Cf.

TOll TfXfVTIIfTUVTtlS.

ibid.

947

avrov yXvKv.

TO

:

and

but

irpofrr'iKovfTiv,

tfio'is

Cf. Legg. 868

ol TOVTU>V irpoo-i'iKovTfs.

:

but JUSt bcl()W

vp.(p(pov,

.

iS: Toly

5,

oiKtiitf.

irpot

(Kfivtav

ov yap xPTl101

and airy

md

XP'HH- 01

ifpaYjia.

substantive of an adjective. of dvrfp.

The use

n oiTnijs i

T'

(KflVOV ft

O V-

a Masculine or

TrpaY^a are often used to make a of xp'HH101 aiu Trpayfta resembles that '

PLATO,

t

O

335:

TO Kfll/OV

1 7T

Ion, 534

B;

A

a light

is

post

thing.

ORATORKS ATTICI:

xPVM" not in DEM., LYS.. and ANTIPMON. DEM. [35!- '5~^ AaicptTOS p-f'yn irpiiy(j.a, 'itroKpt'trovs p.ndrjTijs. PLATO, Gorg. 485 B: irtxpov T'I p.oi SoKt't \pr]p.a tlvai. Ion. 534 B :

(see

above).

XKN. Cyr.

I,

4,

8: KnTdftdXXd

lll>T. 3> 53' Tvpnvvis

XWP"

elsewhere

in

xprmu

T>}II v Tt xpf)p,a

(fxtX

f

pt> v.

5-

Km ptya.

W

9^' ^ av XP J

Ak.-Nub.8i6: TI xpi^n iri\

T( TTdfrav TTTaTOf

They had substance enough.

\nrr}v,

8iKo>v.

:

498-9:

'/ioi> ai>

iruvov \

Kpdrtjp.' 'O8v(rcrtvs.

\

2\

fr.

patrrols vfalro.

[Rhes.]

530: KvirptSos

8( p.i(rrj-

" She is my pet aversion." Cf. SOPH. Ant. 650: ^vxpov napv.

2O

ftlovs iyx

.

.

.

[uipTvpw

that author.)

in

y' (vavriov ol firi$uv\tvovT(\; TOVS

oavarovs

rois irtXas fU)\av&VTtn.

Pl,ATO, Legg. 625

B-C

:

Kvirapirruv Tt tv TOJS

The height and beauty of the cypresses in the rt ru>v vfotTt'fxav trapa irptafivTipois, Silence

u\

grm't-s.

3, 3,

19:

/ja>/zatj.

Hell.

6,

Ktii

A

KaXAr;, :

a-iyar

of the juniurs in the presence of

seniors.

XEN. Cyr.

v^l

Kpl). 425

1,5: TUIV

r/Xixuitr.

GREEK SYNTAX

22

*a THUG. 7. 55- 2 """Afcrt HDT. I, 2O2; 2, lo: p.fyudfa.

pfv (Xdcrtrova,

TrAftWy

ot

>

pa>i

dX&>7rfKa>i> 5e

pav? Kni

'

pe'^wa.

3>

tTTTrou? Kal fjLfyfdri e^ovcrair.

102:

3,

107

7,

103

:

6,

TGOI/

58:

davdrovs

aura) yo/xw ^ptwvrai KOTO. TOIIS

TO>

the death of their kings.

KVVU>V

p.fydd(a f^ovrts

fj.vp/j.r)Kfs

peyu$fa.

:

-yap MI/ /3ap/3a-

TUIV ftav,

At

p-tyddta.

AR. PI. 53^* ipaTi-utv ficnrrtav Bairdvais. EUR. Phoen. 870: at ff a(^ara)7roi Sfpy/zarcoi/ 8iapa.Ki

.

4412:

-

d/cp.a7ot

pu>v

'baiftpovs, '.\yt'i0(i)i> p.ti\iyp.a rtLf TRAG. fr. adesp. 289 N" f'^XdWErropf'r r

I'TT

'iXiw.

J

:

Ho.M.

II.

18,

157:

fit)'

Atdj^-ff.

!

I'd/)7rr;fi(i/f9.

Cf. ibid. 163: c^o) AuifTf.

Plural expresDi\ KRCKNT I'l.i'RAi. Rxi'RKSSioNS. 47. sions that diverge from English proceed from different concep-

GREEK SYNTAX

24

tions. irvpol, ivJicat (grains), icpi9ai, barley (corns), meat, SXs (grains of) salt. }Vood, wheat. ijuXa, irvpovs, DEM. 19, 145;

(pieces of)

Kpe'a

DEM. 19. 145 (see above). 19, 189: TTOV 8' oXfj; 19, 191 TOVS iiXas. PLATO, Conv. 217 D SieXeyo/^j/ irappat riav vvxTtov, Till late in :

the

:

Prot. 318 E:

night (watches). Huiv

.

.

XoytT^oi/s (computations) re KCU aa-rpwoRpb. 37-C: a\as. Ibtd.()2.l B- fj.((ras VVKT as y(ve(r6ai

8i8ii(rKoi>Tfs.

.

(SO regularly piaai VVKTCS). X.KN. An. 6, 4> 6: Kpidas Kal Trvpovs KOI fj.{\ivas Kal (Trj(rap.a KTC. Hell. 3, 3, 7 v\a. Tpia. Cyr. 2, 2, 2 Kpea .

:

THUG.

1

4.

vas KpiOds.

HlJT. \ifj.vrji'

6,

.

.

I

:

7> 87,

8:

4,

.

8vo xoiviKas I

.

.

:

ot

:

UTTO

.

.

.

.

6,

dX^/rwj/.

.

22: Trvpovs KCU

nf7rr and o-Ttpva elsewhere. V. 65: (rripvtav ftuifjLTru. and so forms of (TTtpva else:

Kl

P.

TW

i/

criav Trpocrianow,

(TTfpv(),

where; sing, not in Aeschyl. Ibid. 430: i/eoroic (of Atlas). Pl\U. P. I, 19: (TTI pv a \a\vdtvTa. N. 9. 26: yiuT-n. HOM. Od. 6, 107: fi(Tu>irn (the only instance of the plural of this word 8. 85: in Iliad and Odysst-y). 6, 225: VU>TH. and so forms of i>d>ra often. so of and forms elsewhere. often. and so 18, 69: WI/

?

TV/I/

Aeoi/riVovs.

:

similarly often.

The

PLURALIS MAIESTATIS.

52.

idea of fulness

I, 2,

AeXcpovy, and similarly forms of

ft?

use of the plural often gives the

AK. Rhet.

23; hence it is Longin. apartments ; peyapa, halls ; yd/j-oi, nuptial

e. g. 86p.oi,

Ps.

6,

3,

-

Compare also the poetical use Tav avrov. TUS avTos oiKoSo/j.rja'aTO. HDT. 3, IO f Tc'ifprj (v Tr/tri Ta(pi] (Ti ;

.

AK. Ach. 450:

Ran. 423:

EUR. Hipp.

II

apTTtus. Ai. 231

SOPH.

O. R. 825: 1006:

:

.

'iTrTrdXuros',

P.

N.

26

3, 3,

:

.

fj.i>rjfj,a

Ion, 192: XP V ~

ayvov Ylirdiws TrniS t iip.ara. K(8pov T( -^VIKT para. .

.

.

:

3,

28:

:

P. V. 909-10: f< rvpavvibos

o-K^Trrpn.

dyyfXiais

Ibid.

Evpvv.

i\vpus (v Sii/iioiy.

HOM. Od. 3,476: CTTOIO fti>p.oiI/ '

fifyd.pni

17: Kap.nv'ha T

'H(^)ai-

arrows.

5,

745: ox fa

TOI Stotrco KdXoi/ Bpovov,

22, 503

6vprjv.

nv\u.i,gate,

8,

ij/uevor.

vTos. :

AESCHYL. Ag. 1265 PlNI). O.

'

ev ra'is Ta(pui(ri (parod.).

ydpois,

o-oi; TT/JOS-

63

5'

d6pa>v (parod.). 456: Sd/xcoj/ (parod.). Vesp. fls TOVS ydpovs. Av. 132: eVnai/ Pax, I2o6: crm

Or. 1053:

crocus

.

dir. P. 3i 66: (o~Xolo~i. irapao'xdv dvftpdcriv (SC.

PlND.

Hec. 4 02 ~3 *' tri> I. A. 1015:

(f>ovf vcriv "Kicropos wpfavofjuti.

:

TOKtixrtv

^(iXa

|

ov xpijv o/iiXcov

'if'pcavi).

FIRST PERSON PLURAL FOR THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR. first person plural for the first person singular is due to modesty, which readily becomes affectation. The particular is sunk in the It generic, the individual in the class, the woman in her male kindred. occurs less frequently in Greek than in the more rhetorical Latin. 54.

The

use of the

ISOC.

[l], II

:

fj.(

(TriTifjiij(T(riv

hiatus.

12,

tus), vvv 8(

42

:

8 av fjfMas o iras xpovos,

(TTtXtTToi

da

.

.

8rj\o)(rnfjL(v

d

tjfji.lv

.

.

.

.

.

e

ro\/ji(arji/ olp,fv (SC. Antigone) ^apr^KoTes, El. (Only) wJicn I have met my doom, shall I awake to consciousness of sin. |

:

7m rp' rt^iiopoy/xe i>ot, I'll fall, if fall Tr. 491-2: KOVTOI vdaov y eVaKToj/ t^apov-

Trecrovfjif 0' (SC. Electra), ei XP'h

399:

I

my father.

must, avenger to

dvcrpaxovv res

dtolcri |

56.

SINGULAR

sometimes used s,

Delaneira).

(SC.

IN A

The

COLLECTIVE SENSE.

singular

is

in a collective sense.

vinc(yard)

;

ap-yvpos, silver-plate")

;

cavalry ; ^

iirirosi

TJ

Kap.t]\os

(HDT.), camelry, etc.

LVCURG.

79- Tp' a yap fcmv e^ (W

ap\a>v, 6 81-

TroXtreia a-vvfarrjKf v, 6

r/

K(l

.

>

A/$ot>?

(cat

.

Kfpdp.u>.

IO 3- T '-"

4'

/

0*771 y p.vpia (cat

3,

89, 4:

(cat

fi'/Lta

Tv\ivdov

" ^* TTO\VS OfjLl\OS

6, 24. 3

auTTt'Sa.

174

(Cat :

.

KadaipovvTfs.

.

(TTpllTlddTT]

7roXX ^ 8,

.

fr.

243

SOPH. O. C. PlN'D. O.

.

113:

.

Plioen. 78: TroXX^j/

(as in English).

AKSCHVL.

2:

5, IO,

9:

S.

T/)I/

tmrov

rip

^tXt'r;i'

x f 'P'-

/^V/.

ITT7TOV.

:

Xoy^^i>.

4, 90,

^ftpi (sim. elsewhere).

4

r " Kvp.a.

'93

7>

i,

.

AR. Ran. 1466: 6 diKna-Trjs. Ibid. 337 TroXX?/ EUR. Heracl. 275-6 7roXX;)i/ alxf-^v. Med. 86: TTUS TIS avruv TOV it(\as (/i is neighbor} 1035: x f P'' I

Ttrpa-

KVJJ.O.TOS eVaj/a^copT/o-ir.

iroXep-iov dfivortpov eo(j.fv.

8f Kap,i]\a> twea-dtu.

rrj

o(cra*ct(r^tXi';7i>

TJJl/

dpidfios eytvera TUJV fiev 'EXAr}i'&jt'

21, 8: fj,yd\rj xeipt.

7.

'9

162

i,

.

.

oXtyov akxifjiov

:

:

o-7ri'8().

//;/V/.

441-2

.

/xaXXoi/ 0tXei :

pvpiav

liyutv

N

2 :

'Apye/a :

86pv.

Si'tKpvov.

304, 7 :

.

.

2

1251

fr.

IIoM. ()d.

N

.

:

o-ra^vy (sim. o-uj/

elsewhere

in tragedy).

al\fia..

(cC'/ia.

In 5, 490: VVKTHS rt Km ^ap, and II. 4, 422 (cCyxa, and sim. elsewhere. 16, n elsewhere, vP'P s an adverbial expression. (more than fi(i(c/)i;oi/ one tear is shed, as is shown by 8uKpva Otpfia \iu>v u>s re Kpi]v>] fj.t\dw8pos, :

'

v. 3),

and sim. SaKpvov elsewhere

57.

:

in

II.

and

Those Nations whose names

()d.

are thus used are chiefly

barbaric despotisms ("as one man"): 6 Ilc'pcrr)?, tJic Persian; 6 AvSos, the Lyitian("\\\v Ilivite and the Hittite"); 6 MaKcSiiv (DEM. in con-

PLURAL

SJ.\'CL'LA/l J-'OK

the Athenian;

6 'Aerjvaios,

Thucydides, however,

tempt).

29 6 ZvpaKo-

the Syracnsan.

o-tos,

DEM. I, 23* THUG. 1,69, Kocrioc

.

.

.

HOT.

Tii> Tf

5:

rta 'A0ifvaii/

AiV'oii',

.

Trupinrflt. fir/^.irm

sim. alib.

:

et

sim.

alii).

Kan. 1417;

GREEK SYXTAX

30

EUR. Cycl. 59 " 1 **y f ^"7> Aiovticrou TralSey SOPH. Tr. 1255 tiy e'yKOi/eir', aiprdf. AESCHYL. Pers. 140 sqq. dXX' aye, Ilepo-cu '

tv8ov |

p.ev dvfjp.

:

:

but Cho. 803-4: "iy(T( PlND. P. I, 60: ay

HOM. Od. ay fd'

.

|

.

.

.

2124,

2,

.

sim. alib.;

0&>/ue#a, et

.

.

\ixraa-d(().

.

fgfVpafJLfV.

669: dXX' aye

but

Sore, et sim. alib.;

jioi

22,

252:

aKOvria-ar ', et sim. alib.

.

.

.

II. 2,

331

dXX'

:

ye

et sim. alib.

/xt'/zvere,

COPULA When

the predicate is not in the form of a verb, but in the form of an adjective or substantive or equivalent, the socalled copula is generally employed to couple the adjective or 60.

substantive with the subject. The most common forms of the copula are the verbs elju, / am, and yiyvo\ia.i, I become, turn out, prove, be hare. fifii'

flavaros elo-iv,

C

195

ytyvofiai'. r6 r acre'pTj(xa T|p.Tpov

LYS. 1,7-

ANT.

The penalty is deatJi. 13, 69; These are brave. So everywhere.

LYS.

tort,

r)(jiia

T|

PLATO, Lach.

;

A NT. 203; The

yiyveTa.i,

cnS-rot

avSpeuu

impiety becomes ours.

TtavTutv TQ)v KaKcoj/ aTTodnvovcra alrla p.oi ytyfvrjTai.

OVTOI TOV p.ev Ttdvecaros (povfjs yfyevr/irai,

dvTi8iKOl

KCI-

PLATO, Lys. 223 B: KarayAaoroi yfywapfv eyco re ... Kal vfj.fls. XKN. Ag. IO, 4: ftcuriXfvs eyeVero (sc. \\yrja-i\aos). (See 64.) The Tenedians turn THUG. 3, 2, 3 Tei'e'Stot fjLTjvvT-ai yiyvavrciL,

in-

I,

4:

fp.o\

S'

2 a 3 (see above).

6TTH(Ti.

:

.

.

.

formers.

HOT.

8,

86:

rfcrav ye Kal fytvovro ravrrjv Trjv ij^fprfv lucre really and showed themselves that

fv, They than their uwnt.

AK. Vcsp. 207: SOPH. O. C. 272

The

crrpnvdos avrip yiyvfrai, :

ovS'

at> a>S' f'yiyv

day

dfJ.flvovfS avTol

to be

far

better

turns to a sparrow.

615

:

ra Ttpm/a TriKpu yiyvf-

Tai Kavdis (pi\a.

PlN I).

P.

10,

22:

v8aifj.a)i>

.

.

.

otVoy

avfjp yivtTcn

(approves himself)

(TO(p()'lS.

MlMN.

fr.

H()M. Od.

708-9

'

61.

(ti

5.

4.

4~5

f

*^X' o\iyo)(pQviov yiyvtrai (ttmrfp

36l-2:

6' (iXos ijnroi

I

m

ovap

(SC. OVpOl TTVfiOVT(s) ptl T( W]U>V

\

I

fjfirj

n/xTjetrcra.

TTO^TTIJfS

yiyvOVTM.

di>8pd(Ti yiyvovrat.

PERIPHRASES WITH

yiyvo^ai.

Periphrases with yiyvopai are espe-

COPULA

31

common in elevated style. In addition to the pomp (oyicas) gained by the fuller expression, the moral character of the agent or action is brought more distinctly to the consciousness. v 5

(trrtv, fVfiSf/TTfp

83 (V

Lvs.

I,

nfp\

ojj/ ((TTII>

:

Ibid.

4-

[58]. 16

//"

;

The other (daughter)

120;

I,

1

1

6

:

(ii^/jtoTroy (vdt>i>

yap

1

19,

1

:

rjv.

13.

44

f&riv.

^'

uvuyicj

Ibid.

above).

1

B

Protag. 325

153 B:

tyfyovuv (had taken place} tv

p.ux*l

crv f^f^drjs,

will not go

X KN. man who

ov\ opoiots on as ?iv//.

An.

7.

28: tori

I)

2: ovarjs

TIS OVTUIS

u(}>p(i)i>

Ibid. 335

below).

i,

If YOU go

SniXoyot,

VCTTIS utfTdt

rf)s

'

\vcrfi

) T'.HT'

:

(!>

:

rt>

vjptos (py.'

nfp,

BaCCh. 773~4

irt'ivois. .

,

there the

'

to last}.

OVK ftrriv Kvirpts

oj/ros

prjKtr' 3

yap

4- I IO. XX/Xoi'f yiyvoivTO. 4, 118. 10: ul 8(

'

fit

lireatlics

',

d(i)s TTfp'i TOVTOV roO EUU. Ale. 1076: oiiK (trn TOVS dainivray tis i

as to think?

is so foolis/i

THUC.

ffroirrai

fljiiv

Tlorti&uiq.

rfj

dyadoi (see the

(TKe\l/m u>t davpairivs ylyvovrai (iicf, /'s

rfi>.

//


23. f>43

hart

i>ur

'.

htii-e

our

GREEK SYA TAX T

32

the head of a sentence or clause

63. etvai at

com

equivalent to the later OVTUS OTI,

is

DF.M. 2O,

LvS.

I,

1

8

1

6

:

eon

eori

:

Se rovff ourcotri

PLATO, Gorg. 449 B Kpcav TOVS

fieri p.ev, d> 2.,

:

and

regularly emphatic, in fact.

aKo{;(rat Xoyoi/ -iv' f'xov.

^iei/

S', f9, 'E.p:iTO(rOvrjs

is

?s really, zs

Qirjdev 6 ravra TvpaTTOiv. eviai

diroKpicrfatv dvayKaiai 8id p.a-

Tcoi>

Xoyour TroifHrdai.

XEN. Cyr. 4. 3 Kai ')" M*'' io"a)s TToXuXoycorepo?. THUG. 7, I, 4 a>i/ OUK ddvvaros. HDT. 5, 124: TJV yap '\piovfs

ov< uxpos.

-fyw)(i]v

86:

8,

avrol eaivTwv (see 60).

AR. Lys. 1037 u>S eore GanriKcii (pvcrfi. SOPH. O. C. IOOO ei yap ov SiKaios. O. T. 255 :

ft

:

YL. Ag. 958 PlN'D. O.

I,

SAPPHO,

fr.

HOM. Od. II.

IO,

36 85

:

eort

292-3

2,

3/8-9

ear>

:

xuXa

fioi

rroXXat eV

y'P fv8ov

bcu^ovum KaXd.

.

.

.

'idaKjj.

Other Copulative Verbs are:

atcoveiv,

Kvpeiv, chance,

ruYX*veiv > happen,

SiartXeiv,

XaYX^veiv,

inra.p\fiv, be (a basis),

SvvacrOai,

jxe'veiv,

= yiyt'f(T0at

Ka0ierracr3ai

p.f)

^aXKtiy.

COPULATIVE VERBS.

64.

TO Trpaypa

TTUIS.

da-l 8e vfjes

:

e/crrt

TJV

^dXacrcra, rls 8f viv KaTaa-/3((rei;

fcrri 8' dvftpi (pdp,fi> e'oi/co? dp.vvai,

appear,

comp. fuisse,

etc.

TtXe'Oeiv,

In the better days of the language such verbs as Kadia-rao-dm, rvyxdvfiv, and (pvvai are not mere fluxes for the predicate. The frequent use of (pvvai. and rvyxavtw arises from the Greek division of all manifesta,

two spheres

and

n imdp^fiv, which ultimately something to fall back upon, of resource or residue, was not wholly effaced in the good period.

tion into the

became

DEM. 18,46: 0(ois /tiff

of

'$- dXd^uw (paivtrai. EUR. Hoc. 1229: vnt)px((). Ion,4l2: p. (T atr fir oi sc. Mod. Kuicurrof 229: fjf\Tiova, dpSpaii' (K/Sc'/SiJx' "^M" 4 TT"""'*'-

ui>&^-

:

ni

(

'

Ibid. 728:

(pvitas.

SOPM.

El.

45~^

AESCHYL. FIND.

"X^P

Pers. 59^

(). i,

HOM. Od.

47

:

:

fr.

360, 8 N-':

fftirtipos

TT*'-

TTj 8' ("(pavTos

51-2

7,

acri^Xos.

^*/tij

To\p.a

:

141

2,

dvftpia

fVOflicrdrj,

i\fTaipos

8vvdp.f(i>s irapu8eiyiJ.a TOIS dp%Ofj.fi>ots ftrjXov fjievov.

fJiitros

KOI vvv OVTOS 6 ftacriKevs tcrTijKf

:

AR. Nub. 1079:

.

.

.

\idivos.

6, 33,

88

3,

:

3:

Aapflor

et siin. alibi.

dTT(8i8(KTo,

/Sao-tXfuy

yap dXoyiaros

p.fv

was considered bravery of good comradeship.

wit/tout reflection

poL^os yap

f/v

Av. 79&~9

u\ovs.

TV^TIS

Aurpe^Mys

:

.

.

.

lipiBr) (f)v\ap^os, fid' 'iirirap^os.

EUR. H. F. 150: (TV 8' ob? dpicrTov (f)a>ros (K\i]dr)S SOPH. El. 95 O. T. 57^' fJ-ovn \f\fipfj.fdov. Ph. 908: SfVTfpov \r)()

8dp.ap.

y ap

^

Xco-

^ovevs

^"7

25-6

:

n^taei/rey

.

.

Xe'-yovrai

.

TTpo^tvoi ~(f).

HOM. Od. 8e

\iirovro II.

1,293: V y

a"

(

SeiXds rf

'P Kei/

(cat

ovrtSai'oy *caXf otfj.r]v.

4>

84

Zf us, os

r*

COMBINED WITH A COPULATIVE VKRB. Even after " Paul called to to be is in English e. g.

elvai

66.

67-8:

2O,

Tapirs Tro\tp.oio rirvKTai.

dvdpa>7ru>i>

fij/at is

(yu> TTf/ATTTOs p,fTa TQL

tlice,

Di;.\I.

irivto,

19,

46;

luinc.

46

21, 28

(/d) tiXX' 6 r?;j TniXfcos vtipas, (it

yoj

about to kill

19,

(rov

yap v8up, ^yu

This fellow {drinks) water, I drink L^'s.

The

and second person is not expressed unless example, in contrasts.

first

is)

Ak.

tyU> (TVV

VfJ.IV

THUG. 6, HDT. 6, 7,

172 B: a-v ovi> p.oi Kn'jyrjtrm. Protasj;. 335 D (see 62). ^ "^" (nd vp.fit fpol OVK (6(\(T( TTf iOtvdni, oiifit (ir((T0ai, '

f^fOfUll,

Km

14: I

(TV,

TOVTD TU

:

0> TTfil/TUVl, TClVTll

(I rjfJ-fis f)(Tv^ii)i' ti^itfjifv,

1 1

AR. Vesp. 1426:

a-v

(\Kd cr(f). EUR. Hec. 609-10:

.

.

.

tmtyi]lf.

tppn^my p.(v aXX OVK (Kflvoi.

vjro&rifia

Eccl. 1055-6:

Xf'yf.

(TV

8'

2j

times,

SoLON, fr. HoM. Od. i'

avTu

2

:

I,

dr/it 81}

33"5

TOVTO povvrf

(TV

and

T(I>V$( K.a$pd(av ('tpus. TV together 10 times.

TUT' e'yo> o\(y(iv?ipti>s

"vrap tyiav nil

l>r)ti

f)

StKivijnjr.

0ot)i>

K(i~

in

AF.SCHIN.

70.

3.

OMISSION OF THK SCHJECT OF THE TlIlRD PERSON.

personal pronoun of the third person has no nominative. Hence, the unemphatic subject of the third person is omitted when it can be readily supplied from the context.

The

GREEK SYNTAX

36

71. SUBJECT OMITTED EVEN WHEN THERE CHANGE OF SUBJECTS. So free is the Greek in

the subject that there out further warnin. yuvr)

r\

(SC. TO

LYS.

LYS.

26:

I,

Tvy^uvfiv (SC. ravTijv) XEN. An. I, 2,26

THUS ovv Tavrr]v f\(flv Trap' v^s

:

(SC. SveVcetrtr).

(sc.

M^Sor

avrois 01 re (f)pvKTTU>I>

(

SC. Ofpinrnvrt s

21,

).

otvo^otvti (SC. 6

142:

olvo^oos). II.

1

49-~3

8,

73. 6tia

vvft^MS

Not

^rj(jiaTa.

use of the so-called

qyivtvv

(sc.

myi^wyeoyor).

essentially different from this use is the which the name of the divine

Oeia p^ara., in

omitted, such as Si (sc. o vu> = Zfvs), lie mitts (the miner So ppovri}, he thunders ; vit, he snoics ; a-dti, lie sliakes

is

agent

|

= Zcus).

(Poseidon). LVS.

fr.

THUC.

4 (Sch.)l

75I,

5'. -

rjftrj

(rv(TKnrti^oi>Tos.

wt }5;.

S-


r

fKyiarr]

.

.

i]v

.

.

.

So

/}.

Kidwvi no8r}VfKfi Xiviai,

rjTii

t

(SC. o

8(>Kip.ii(v).

2,

6$

:

f4t.irovp.fd' OVTJ

:

ro

01 2upaK(!(rtot (^i/ Se Kprj^Lva>8fs [sc.

e>7r '

dartpd

^topt'oi']).

roG (povov a7re'/y^ eV fiowap^ir/v.

e'

:

:

7 V Ka T ^ f

Tf roO iroTap.ov Trapaerrai/res Se HDT. 3. 82 HOM. II. 22, 410:

4

Trpov^copei, matters.

avT

? 8e

109, 3:

I,

things.

TJV,

6e /idXtcrr'

ra>

a/j'

e^i/

(the situation) tvaXiyKiov,

o>9 ei

Kre'.

See also exx. under

One may be expressed by

OXE.

80.

37.

rt?,

or,

chiefly

in

phrases, by the Ideal second person, an imaginary you. r

i

c

:

DEM. ei

yup

i,

21

:

(prja-ed

epoird rts vp.(is.

ns l8,

tiv.

3,

io

:

eiTrot rty a/,

252: Travra^o^ei/

and so elsewhere. ns 1801,

4,

25

:

roivvv uv

p.ei'

T'L TIS PLATO, Legg. 905 C. Soph. 220 D Seat'rr/re, etjrot KaXXiov and so elsewhere. XEN. An. i, 9, 3 Kamp-ddoi t ri'r re

^"f r ' J Tf 8puKoi>ru

KiirtxTnvt 0vv eVi I8 Hl)T.

2,

106:

5

o'iovrai

5"

(Kpivov ontp re

.

.

.

Rpb. 428

^yoCwcu(?)

B

:

ACT/.

19,

oy yap TTUV

tv [3ov\{ vuvTat.

'

TJJ

:

8i'j

UVTOV.

irao" %ov(rtv tv TOIS ptyaXoit iiyaxn.

* rrjs 'Efptcrirjs ts Kaiav

(p^ovTiit KIU

r;}

s ijftf. V^ U X') 7raa a uduvaros. Theaet. 144 D (^/.f). dfiKivrjTov (iOavciTov. 145 A o-KfTTTfov. rarop.

:

:

'

i

:

XEX. Ven. I, I THUG. I, 32, 5 7

:

(ivftpfS

H DT.

yap

:

Km

vprjp.a 6fu>v

(SC. fo-riv)

avi'iyK.ri

TroXis,

8

(sc.

'

EUR. Hel. 276:

TCI

flapfldpaiv

SfiiTtpcii TTCOS povri8es (To(pa)T(pai,

334.

2 234 N etc. SOPH. O. T. 84.

fr.

eWiV).

vyyva>fj.rj (sc.

.

.

aypai Kai Kvvfs. 3, 82, 2.

7, 77,

avbpa>v Ktvai.

vrjes

40

/c/.

:

aXX'

ot

TTpvravf ty

Nub.

:

ovrott

yap

2-3.

/

(X.1-

7rXfto"Toi/

[456],

et)i K "' TTovi^pdr ye (SC.

fflfXoi/Tr;y

Kat'rot

-77

tyvy

Kvpiovs (sc. oi>rar).

i).

a>f

KI ^f oTj f%dpos yf (sc. e t). ANTIPHON, I, 4: i'pflf yap poi f5i/ay*caioi (SC. (crrf). PLATO, Rph. 499 D TTfpi TOVTOV froipoi (SC. f(TfJLtv) TCO Theaet. 143 D: o-oi 817 OUK oXiyioroi TrX^o-id^ovKrt, Tf.

yap

(sc. e?)

(SC. 6 T)

Ibid. 346;

:

l8: ei'SoK evrpfTm? vpdy (SC. oi/Tnj).

TIJS Tcof XfydvTcoi'

250:

T oj/etSos.

177, etc., etc.

OTiovv eroipos (sc. ftp/),

TTiifr^fiv

fit

wpi; peV TroXe'cui' p.vdu>v, u>prj Se

Other forms of the copula

85.

19,

So.

i,

ov&fv ovetSor, depylr)

fpyov

(Common).

HOM. Od. II, 379 and elsewhere.

pa>

'

O. et D. 3''

01; o"w

Xoyoypa0or

;

:

TTjr TotauTT)?

Tw unfamiliar with

t/iis style

of talk.

dijdijs

OMISSIOX OF VERB THUG.

23, 2

I,

ovTt (frvym Tovi>Tti)i>

DKM. (SC. Wi?>,

IbOC.

24. 187

:

ri

SoKovtrtv

yiyvuxTKf iv *cit

iip.iV)

:

?;

(j>t\(iav

:

PlND. P.

94.

On

'\irnia,

/SXa/S^i/ TniXfcos- flvai

;

88:

I,

rapids

TroXXcoi/

r]fJ.ir)

f)

fTTlKffrat.

errat.

the use of the Predicate Nominative,

etc.,

where the Latin uses

the Dative of the Object For Which, see under the Dative. 95. For the Substantive Predicate agreeing with the Subject of the Leading Verb, see 91.

SUBSTANTIVA MoDiUA.

96.

ed as adjectives and

Siibstantiva mobilia are treat-

number and gender

follow the

of the

subject. .

rf,s 'A4>po8i-rr]s

.

.

Sepdircov ytyovtv 6 "Epo>s,

IS the UtCin-serVcint (valcf)

CepaTraiva, DE.M.

ov8e

maid

[47],

i

is

T)

;

Rros

avdpuiros,

cf no kin to you, not

ei'cn

a

70 (see above).

PLATO, Conv. 203 C Ka\oifj.(i>.

I

itn.

Xl-.X. Cyr.

Hn

I.

I,

1

It

D

22 ,

9

4,

I

:

7: "\yi>u>v

I, 205 of Saratx. Ak. Ran. 1127

for

of Jlpltrodite. 'I'he wench

[47], 7

troi

(-servant).

DKM.

1

PLATO, Conv. 203 C

ou ya.p eerriv ev yivti

:

TJV

(see above). o

fi

iin'iv

NflXoy

cri*

yup viv yt

.

.

ft

.

.

.

fti

a .

TJp.T)V ovrai; ftafiai, owv po6idovcr a> TroXvn'/i^' '\\pdx\f (9. 7Tt>f>>nrii .

i$pvvo-a>

yiyvoirnt.

8

tm. ^ft'Xca 437- Tfdvrn

(sc. TCI 8(pp.aTa) vfdSapTii.

II. 7.

IO2:

VIKTJS

TTfipaT' fftnvTai

v ddnvuTttim

fl(olcrii>.

Tilt'

cords

(lit.

= rope-ends) where \(ipu>v

in

of victory are in the holding of the immortal gods. (ElseHomer irftpara takes a singular verb.) Ibid. 16,403-4* oc 5' "ipa

fjvia Ti'i\6ria-a.v,

|

The reins leapedXlike a pair

NKUTKR PLURAL SUBJKCT WITH

103.

A

of living things).

DUAL VKRU.

The neuter

when the

subject comprises but two. 8vo nvpof (rw/xara ds (v ^vvivTatrdov twos dipos, PLATO, Tim. 56 Two corpuscles of fire combine into one figure of air. Compare ibid. 56 D-E (124), where ytvoia-drjv is due to the neuter plural predicate 8vo o-oyuiru.

plural subject

may

take a dual verb '

I*.

104.

The

AF.SCHIN.

singular, however, I,

Il6:

fit'o

of the accusation are left

On

is

the rule

:

8t p.m TJjt Karrjyopids eifir;

me

\t\tilTTat, Tu'O heads

/ ha~>e two heads of the accusation

left.

the use of the Neuter Plural Adjective Predicate for the Singular,

see 37.

Dl'AL Sl'HJKCT WITH Pi. URAL VKKH. -Wlim the subof the dual number, but of the first person, the verb is -

105.

ject

is

4

GREEK' SYNTAX

50

regularly of the plural number, for in the first person the dual and the plural forms of the verb coincide, the dual in -p,edov occurring but thrice in classic Greek, and being even then ques-

some

tioned by

scholars.

IJ'e laid our claims (to the heiresses), co, AND. I, I2o; vu KarafJavTe els TO Nvpi^wv vafia T|KOijcra(Xv Xdyajv, 01 KT|., PLATO, Phaedr. 278 B \Ve both went down to the fount of the Nymphs and heard utterances, which etc.

eireSuKcuraaeSa

botJl

Its.

of

.

.

.

;

AN DOC.

i,

1

20 (see above).

PLATO, Phaedr. 278 B

(see above).

When the dual subject is of the second or of the third person, the occasionally in the plural.

106.

verb

is

Si(r

(/)i'Xai.

.

.

irinTovfriv

(JMiirj

TT\( icrruv

Toi'rci)

If any one should say that both these cities (The dual in - rivif "iv&punroi

ISAE.

2,

Isoc.

7,

ANT.

6,

112.

*'O"t npiiyfj.(i(Ti

yiyvovTiu

19: fivo yap (icriv

8vo.

.

I

'

60

.

.

.

tv

142

irpoffdrJKat.

So: fjSiicrjvTO

6,

nvrr/.

ftvo

.

ft!)

An/x-

ol $\io riav ftaa'i\iii>v,

(See above).

46 (see above). 42 (see above).

The

Kai 8 lair

Phaedr. 256

Plural Verb

paap.c'v u> TO

C

;

./// e'pixrap^iures 37 \iirov app-ar' avaKTcav. 1

6,

with a complementary plural predicate par-

ticiple. !

KvicXovs -yovv -ypaiv'\

AR. Vesp.

ff.

58

:

ytif)

i')iJUi>

rols 6f\ t^yovvra.i Ocovs, of mankind do not belie?>e in gods. .

.


V 7recoi/

dKovcracra.

fie

ru>v iTnrttav

ACtti

TTO\LS

r;

.

.

.

'Ayi/cri'AcKW

u>yp.(vov eiXoi/ro

|3ao-tXe'a.

THUG.

I,

89, 3.

I.

125,

II2 3

4-

o

:

'

a\\os o/ziXos Kara irdvra 6/iouos

fie

fs

(f)dcrav

.

Cf. IJ,

rip.

.

.

.

eVacro-aXeucrai/.

davfiamos.

\

34~5

15.

$

75S~7-

avrap

^iaXi(rr