Standard Arabic An Elementary-Intermediate Course [PDF]

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Standard Arabic An elementary - intermediate course

This book presents a comprehensive foundation course for beginning students of written and spoken Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), providing an essential grounding for successful communication with speakers of the many colloquial varieties. This long-established and successful text has been completely revised with the needs of English-speaking learners especially in mind, and will prove invaluable to students and teachers alike. • • • • • • • • •

step-by-step guide to understanding written and spoken texts develops conversational ability as well as reading and writing skills Arabic-English Glossary containing 2600 entries fresh texts and dialogues containing up-to-date data on the Middle East and North Africa includes Arab folklore, customs, proverbs, and short essays on contemporary topics grammatical terms also given in Arabic, enabling students to attend language courses in Arab countries provides a wide variety of exercises and drills to reinforce grammar points, vocabulary learning and communicative strategies includes, a key to the exercises accompanying cassettes also available

Eckehard Schulz is Professor of Arabic Studies at the Oriental Institute, University of Leipzig. He is an experienced teacher and interpreter of Arabic and the author of several textbooks in the field.

STANDARD ARABIC

.. JAIl·!...... 4.. !

111

•••

AN ELEMENTARY - INTERMEDIATE COURSE

ECKEHARD SCHULZ GUNTHER KRAHL WOLFGANG REUSCHEL Revised English Edition by

ECKEHARD SCHULZ University of Leipzig

leD . \P-I \., +;i..

CA5~fC~

\'NA/~110

Editorial Consultants lames Dickins (University of Durham) lanet C. E . Watson (University of Durham) Alan S. Kaye (California State University at Fullerton)

•

'. . '. . CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PUBLISHED BY THE PR ESS SY N DICATE OF THE U N IVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Piu Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 100 11 ~4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road , Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc6n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http;//www.cambridge.org © English translation Cambridge University Press 2000 Originally published in German as Lehrbuch des modernen Arabisch by Langenscheidt KG, Berlin, Munchen, 1996 © Langenscheidt KG, Berlin, Miinchen 1996 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in English by Cambridge University Press 2000 Sixth printing 2004 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Type/ace Monotype Times

[AU]

A catalogue record/or this book is available/ram the British Library

ISBN 0 521 77313 X hardback ISBN 0 521 77465 9 paperback ISBN 0 521 78739 4 cassette set

CONTENTS

Introduction ix Notes for the User xi Abbreviations xiv Lesson 1 1 1. The Alphabet (Pronunciation and Writing) 1 Lesson 2 14 1. Article 14; 2. Gender 15; 3. The Equational Sentence 16; 3.3. Agreement in Gender 18 Text 1: 4,1 (The House) 22; Text 2: 4 yili W~ (A Telephone Call) 23 Lesson 3 29 1. Number 29; 1.1. The Personal Pronoun 29; 1.2. The Noun and the Adjective 29; 2. The Adjective 30 Text 1: ~..wl (In the City) 34; Text 2:4,1 (In the House) 34

J

J

Lesson 4 44 1. Radical, Root, Pattern 44; 2. The Broken Plural 45; 3. Declension and Nunation 45; 4. Stress 48; 5. Prepositions 48 Text 1: Jy-JI J (In the Market) 50; Text 2: ~~.?JI J-i (How to get to ... ?) 50 Lesson 5 56 1. The Perfect Tense 56; 2. The Verbal Sentence 57; 2.4. The Objective Clause 59; 3. The Nisba-Ending 60 Text 1: J~ ~I (The Reception) 62; Text 2: ~..wl J (Down-town) 63 Lesson 6 68 1. The Genitive Construction (Naja) 68; 2. Affixed Pronouns 70; 3. Definiteness (Summary) 73; 4. The Adverb 73 Text 1: ~ Jl ~L.,.,) (A Letter to Mohammed) 75; Text 2: ~I ~ J (At the Travel Agency) 76 Lesson 7 81 1. The Imp~rfect Tense 81; 2. Demonstrative Pronouns 82; 3. Diptotes 85 Text 1: J~I ~ (At the Greengrocer's Shop) 88; Text 2: ~I (In the Restaurant) 88

J

Lesson 8 95 1. Subjunctive and Jussive 95; 2. The Imperative 96; 3. Negation 97 Text ~: ~~ )l:>-i (World News) 101; Text 2: ~I J (At the Bookshop) 102

VI

Contents

Lesson 9 109 1. The Dual 109; 2 . The Numerals 1 and 2111 ; 3. ~ "How much/many" 112; The Names of the Months 114 Text 1: ~\..:.,. (My University) 116; Text 2: J..L:A.II ,j (In the Hotel) 117 Lesson 10 123 1. Cardinal Numerals 123; 1.9. The Year 127 Text 1: 0 .,... 1 .. 11) i')L" ':jl (Islam and the Muslims) 130; Text 2: ~ ~I (At the Registration) 131 Lesson 11 136 1. The Perfect Tense of Verbs with) or c..S 136; 2 . Word Order: 01 and the Subject of the Sentence 138 Text 1: ~)I a.....1S"" (The Speech of the President) 141 ; Text 2: ~ ~~ (Interview) 142 Lesson 12 149 1. The Imperfect Tense of Verbs with) or c..S 149; 2 . Subjunctive and Jussive of Verbs with) or c..S 151; 3. The Imperative of Verbs with) or c..S 152; 4 . The Verbs ..;i, ~\..:.,. and c..SiJ 152 Text 1: yLG:.iJ ~ ) ...ul .}:>l:!)I .}:>p (The Riyadh International Book Fair 154; Text 2: jl~1 ~ (At the Exchange Office) 155 Lesson 13 162

Js'

1. The Use of 0L5 162; 2 . and ~ 164; 3. ~ 165; 4. , ~ o::u:. and c..S...l>-1 / ...l>-i 166; 5. ~i 167 Text 1: 0W')I1 ~ (The Human Body) 170; Text 2: ~I ~ (At the Doctor's) 171 Lesson 14 178 1. Forms IT, III and IV of the Verb: 178; 2. The Attributive Relative Clause 179 Text 1:~~ J~i (World News) 183; Text 2: ~~I ,j (In the Pharmacy) 184 Lesson 15 194 1. Forms II, III and IV of Verbs with) or c..S 194; 2. The Nominal Relative Clause 196 Text 1: ~I~I G (The Climate of the Desert) 201 ; Text 2:Jl4l>.)I ~I~I (A Trip to the Desert) 202

t

Lesson 16 209 1. Ordinal Numbers 209; 1.6. Dates 211; 1.7. The Time 212; 2. Numeral Adverbs 214; 3. Fractional Numbers 214; 4 . Numeral Adverbs of Reiteration 215; 5. Decimal Numbers 216 Text l:Jl...y- or.-" (My Curriculum Vitae) 217; Text 2: 4....a>- )I--4....l:>..J (Renewing the License) 217

Contents

vu

Lesson 17 224 1. Forms V and VI of the Verb: 224; 2. Word Order 225; 3. Genitive Constructions with)~ and ul~ 227 Text 1: y..rJI ~ 4....04)1 (Sports and the Arabs) 230; Text 2: ~I .; (In the Sports Ground) 230 Lesson 18 237 1. Forms VII, VIII, IX and X of the Verb 237 Text 1: ~~.r-JI i f 4.JL.. J (A Letter from Saudi Arabia) 241; Text 2: 6j~1 CJW1 .; (Driving Abroad) 242 Lesson 19 248 1. The Passive Voice 248; 1.4.3. About the Construction of Doubly Transitive Verbs 251; 2. Some Characteristic Features of the Derived Forms 251 Text 1: ..k...i:JI) y..rJI (The Arabs and Oil) 257; Text 2: 0J~ Jb.!;:....l (Rent a Car) 258

Lesson 20 264 1. The Collective 264; 1.3. Names of Nationalities 264; 2. The Feminine Nisba 265; 3. 0i and 0i 266 Text 1: ulJ)\ O)..Li (Symposium on Agriculture) 271; Text 2: J.r" .; JWz.;.:JI (In the Market of Fruits and Vegetables) 272 Lesson 21 280 1. The Participle 280; 1.1. Patterns of the Participle 280; 1.2. The Usage of the Participles 285; 1.2.2. Shortened Relative Clauses 285; 1.2.3. The Participle as Predicate 287; 1.2.4. The False 1qafa 288; 1.2.5., 1.2.6. Participles and Adjectives as 1st or 2nd Term of the 1qafa 289; 1.2.7. Impersonal Expressions 290 Text 1: -;...rJ1 ~WI .; ~~I ~~I (Political Systems in the Arab World) 292; Text 2: ~ ~~ (Interview) 293 Lesson 22 302 1. The Infinitive 302; 1.2. The Use 303; 1.2.2. The Infinitive instead of a Subordinate Clause 303; 1.2.4. Functional Verbs; Functional Verbs instead of Passive constructions 305; 2. Adverb and Adverbial Constructions 306; 2.3 . The Usage 307; 2.3.3 .3. The Cognate Accusative 309 Text 1:J.;;- Q\I) ~\ (Education and Future) 310; Text 2: Jl c..k;kJI .; J..,.-JI (On the Way to the Market) 311 Lesson 23 317 1. Subordinate Clauses: A Survey 317; 2. Temporal Clauses 318 Text 1: ~ Jl4.JL.. J (A Letter to Mohammed) 321; Text 2:-..,..JlA>JI a....a.; o~,.,A-WI (The Story of the Lost Suitcases) 322

Vl11

Contents

Lesson 24 329 1. Verbs R2=R3 329; 2. Verbs with Hamza 330; 3. The Spelling of Hamza 331; 4. Clauses of Reason 334 Text 1: 0-:!~1 .:.r.:: L..~":Ju. (Mesopotamia) 337; Text 2: J"'!~I C1- j>v ,j (Buying Clothes) 337 Lesson 25 343

o

1. The Pattern ~i 343; 1.2.1. The Elative as Positive 344; 1.2.2. The Elative as Comparative 345; 1.2.3 . The Elative as Superlative 346; 1.4. Common Elatives 347; 2. Specification (Tamylz) 350 Text 1: ~I y.;1)J) ~.rJI oI..L.W 1 (Arab Countries and Their Natural Ressources) 354; Text 2: 4.k rJI ~ (At the Police) 354 Lesson 26 362 1. Conditional Sentences 362; 1.1. The Real Conditional Sentence 362; 1.1.l.I~t 362; 1.1.2. ot 365; 1.2. The Unreal Conditional Sentence ("J ) 366; 1.3. The Concessive Clause ()), Ob ) 368 Text 1: 4..:-:.rJ 1 4..iJJI ,j 01~1 (Animals in the Arabic Language) 370; Text 2: ..l.,... ~I r# ,j aJ,1~...LII (Democracy as Understood by the Lion) 371 Lesson 27 377 .;J

iIi

J

1. Exceptives 377; 1.1. ':it 377; 1.~. ..k.-O and ~ ~ 379; 1.3. Other Exceptive Particles 379; 1.4. 0i ~ ,0i ':it 380; 2. Diminutives 380 Text 1: y.rJI ~)..,; r:..r-" (From the History of the Arabs) 383; Text 2: .:f' (.1))\ (About Marriage) 384 Lesson 28 393 1. The .lfiil-Accusative 393; 2. The .lfa/-Clause 394; 3. Survey of Use of the Accusative 396; 3.1.1. 396; 3.7. Exclamations in the Accusative 399 Text 1:

Ji..

~

..Jt...

.$-

..Jt...

.$-

J J .!l

C: C: J-

-L

j

J-!.L

-L

j

S--

.s-

J

J-

J..

J

i

~

~

-"

0

Lr

~

+

0

~

)

.r

.r

)

-:!

6

~ A3

Lesson 1

1. The first letter of the alphabet is actually Hamza, but since Alif is the chair of Hamza in

most cases, it appears in its place as the first letter. In the granunar part of this book Alifis written as

f when Hamza is vocalized with Fat~a, ifit is not a Hamzat al-wa.yl (cf. Lesson 2, p. 38). ""

0-;'

2. The transliteration system in this book ignores Hamza in the initial position. That is to say, ...:..;\ "' I

0

~\ , or 01 are transliterated as umm, anta and in, and not as 'umm, 'anta and 'in.

3. Ya' (l» without diacritical dots in the final position is always preceded by Fat~a and is

pronounced as the long vowel a.:

J1

ila,

J>-

ca/a,

t..i-"

mata.

Final Ya' «($) with diacritical dots is usually preceded by Kasra:

.j

ft, ~l;:S"' kitabI.

However, many texts do not seem to be consistent in regard to the use of diacritical dots with ($ when it occurs in the [mal position.

Exercises In the exercises of Lessons 1,2 and 3 (which will take about 3 weeks) the basics of the Arabic pronunciation and writing are taught. The principle is hearing speaking - reading - writing. Since it takes a certain time - according to our experience - until the student is acquainted with reading and writing the Arabic script, we begin with exercises for hearing and speaking, which are based on a vocabulary of about 80 words denoting things and persons in the room. Using the direct method, we start speaking straight away, although the student does not know yet how the words which are used are written. At the same time the student memorizes the correct stress of the words without being required to know the rules. Since the first exercises are to be read at home by the students after having been discussed in the lessons, we have added the transliteration of the words despite some doubts which exist from the methodical point of view. The arrangement of the exercises in the form of three columns enables the student to check his way of reading at home with the aid of the transliteration. Nevertheless, we advise the student from the beginning to uncover only the Arabic column. The texts of the exercises of Lessons 1, 2 and 3 may be used as writing exercises later on. First, however, the student has to do the writing exercises of Lesson 1 (Ex8), which are composed according to the principle of similarity of the letters, and are to give him/her a feeling for a certain technique of writing. All words used in the exercises of Lesson 1 can be found in the vocabulary of Lesson 2.

Lesson 1

7

Ex! The teacher should read the following words aloud, and the student should

repeat them after himlher. The teacher will correct the reading and comment on the pronunciation when necessary, and will make sure that the students understand the meanings by pointing to the things he/she refers to. The students are also advised to test their knowledge by covering the transliteration one time and the English equivalents another, and [mally both the transliteration and the English equivalents. as-saliimu alaykum C

ana

Peace be with / upon you

(one of the numerous Arabic forms ofgreeting)

I (the ii at the end of

.

J

"

"

~J~i ~ i "t

[;J is pronounced

\.j\

as a short a) °t

anta

you (m.)

~\

anti

you (f)

~\

wa

°t

and (it precedes the following word )

without a gap between them) ,;

o#-

J!

0't

$.

anawa-anta

I and you

~\)\.j\

anawa-anti

I and you (f)

~\)\.j\

anta wa-ana

you and I

anti wa-ana

you (f) and I

anta wa-anti

you and you (f)

~\) .,:..j\

anti wa-anta

you (f) and you

~\)~\

huwa

he

r

hiya

she

"

huwa wa-hiya

he and she

"

hiya wa-huwa

she and he

r)~

ana wa-anta wa-huwa

I and you and he

r)~\)\.j\

ana wa-anti wa-hiya

I and you (f) and she

~)~\)\.j\

°t

~

\.j\) ~\

°t

~

\.j\) ~\ o~

o~

""

°t

°t

" J

~ " J

~)r "

" J

"., J

".,

o~

/-;

°t

"t

8

Lesson 1

Ex2 See instructions for Ex 1!

'" .~ '"

I am a teacher.

.~

I am a teacher (f). anta talib.

You are a student.

anti taliba.

You are a student (f).

huwa talib.

He is a student.

hiya taliba.

She is a student (f) .

ana mu calUm wa-anta talib. ana mu calUm wa-anti

;;

ui

;;

ui

I am a teacher, and you are a student.

taliba.

I am a teacher, and you (f) are a student (f) .

huwa talib wa-ana mucalUm.

He is a student, and I am a teacher.

hiya taliba wa-ana mucallim.

She is a student (f), and I am a teacher.

hiya taliba wa-huwa talib.

She is a student (f), and he is a student.

Ex3 See instructions for Ex!!

huna

here

~

hunaka

there

:!J~

huna wa-hunaka

here and there

ana huna wa-anta hunaka.

I am here, and you are there.

.:!J~ ..:.,.jl) ~ UI

ana huna wa-anti hunaka.

I am here, and you (f) are there.

. :!J~ pi) ~ UI

huwa huna wa-hiya hunaka.

He is here, and she is there.

.:!J~~) ~ ~

anta huna wa-huwa hunaka.

You are here, and he is there.

huna waraq.

Here is paper.

:!J~ ) ~ ,.

,., J

...

"J

...

... J

/

,. J

o~

... J

/;'

o~

... J

/~

,. J

0;'

,;'

.:!J ~ .J'b) ~ ..:.,.j I .-

" /

/

~

.'-'.J) .

Lesson 1

hUnli qalam.

Here is a pen.

hUnli kurrasa.

Here is a notebook.

hUnli kitab.

Here is a book.

hunli shanta.

Here is a bag.

hUnli waraq wa-hunlika qalam.

Here is paper, and there is a pen.

hUnli kurrasa wa-hunlika kitab.

Here is a notebook, and there is a book.

hUnli kitab wa-hunlika shanta.

Here is a book, and there is a bag.

hUnli tawila.

Here is a table.

hUnli kursI.

Here is a chair.

hUnli khiziina.

Here is a cupboard.

/

/ /

Here is a lamp. hUnli lawl).

Here is a blackboard.

hUnli tawila wa-hunlika kursI.

Here is a table, and there is a chair.

hUnli khiziina wa-hunlika mi~bah.

Here is a cupboard, and there is a lamp.

hUnli khiziina wa-hunlika lawh·

Here is a cupboard, and there is a blackboard.

hunli bab.

Here is a door.

hUnli shubbak.

Here is a window.

hUnli jidiir.

Here is a wall.

hUnli bab wa-hunlika shubbak.

Here is a door, and there is a window.

hUnli jidiir wa-hunlika bab.

Here is a wall, and there is a door.

9

}

.~\?~

·C·~~ /

·C~~

10

Lesson 1

Ex4 The teacher puts the following questions to the students: What is here?

~~~

What is there?

~!)~ ~

Who is here?

o ,~~ • ,

1 Wz>

if

0'

if

and points at an object or a person while doing so. The student should answer accordingly by using the phrase

... ~ or ... !)~ and adds the word that is

asked for.

~~ ~

Teacher:

What is here?

Student:

Here is a door.

Teacher:

Who is here?

Student:

Here is a teacher.

Teacher:

What is here, and what is there?

Student:

Here is a door, and there is a table.

Teacher:

Who is here, and who is there?

Student:

Here is a student, and there is a student (f).

.Yl!~

0,1 Wz>~~ if •, ,

~

.~~ ~!)~ ~J ~ ~ '"

"'..

...

'"

... "'-,

.4.l J\1 !)lAJ y~ lA o'

Wz>

if J

if

.aJu,!J~ ., J ~u, ., ~

The following words can be used: /. ..

,.!J~ ,)~

",

'C:,..J

... "

." 0

...

,~ ,~ ,J~) ,yl;:f

/. J

"...

J"

,GI'}" ,4.l ~\1 'c..s'""~ ,d,.jl~ ,yl! -

yJ

;J

...

~ ,~I:: ,~\1

r-- ....

...

,aJ\1, ." C·L.a...... .

Ex5 The teacher should ask the students to read the words and sentences of Ex 1- 4 again, covering the columns on the left and in the middle. Ex6 (Homework) Repeat Ex5! Ex7 The teacher prepares Ex8 by explaining the different letters according to the order given in Ex8. The teacher explains how to do Ex8, which is to be done as homework, and lays special emphasis on those letters which cannot be linked to the following letter. Ex8 (Homework) The following exercise is planned to develop the students' writing skills; it should not impart new vocabulary items to them. The examples given for each group of letters should be considered as an orientation for proper writing. It is very important that the teacher gives general hints with respect to writing in order to avoid the students using incorrect forms of writing.

Lesson 1

w

...:l.

U

. . ..

..:j , '-J L..l...

....l.. ...J ,

11

l 1\ , \ ~

• ~~

j

'>.J' ~ ~,

.l. J

Connect the following letters which are written in their isolated form: ~+\+~+~ (4 J+r..,fo+y+~+u (3 J+\+~ (2 J+y+~ (1

y+r..,fo+ J+~+u (7 r..,fo+ J+~+i (6 ~+ J+C+~ (5 C +r..,fo+ J (11 y+ J (10 y+~+y+~ (9 r..,fo+ J+~+r..,fo (8 ~+~+~

(14 y+r..,fo+u+ J+u (13 C+ J+ J (12

y+\+y (17 u+r..,fo+y (16

~+r..,fo+~+~

(15

J+ i (21 ~+t (20 J+Y+C (19 y+\+ J+y+i (18 -t - i I J:>I} ~i ~ illI ;.UI)

by God (prep.) to

mother (prep.) in front of (loc.) I

.

..

~I

••

pI i

you (j.)

Jo • oo '

you (2 nd p.p/.m.)

~

you (2 p .p/f)

..::;1

- ~

(f)

. ,.

I.:F . "

~

Text 1

U.J-) ~

r.r-ill U.J-) J'~ U.J- ~I ~..L>.-f -

.~) p$' ~I

~ y\rl .~~..l>- ~IJL.t) rl->-)~) J :i..9.J-) ~~ UjJl ~) o~ U.J- ,-:?J....:.>. . ~i ~1.1 L;t) 41.1 ~\rl) ~ r\rl) j4>--) J~4 ~..y jlg.>.-)

r-:..li ~~I.J) 6,j1j>-) p$' f-.r) ~ ~) ~)1.1 .p$' .!J~) r-:..li L ~ ) ~.b:- J J:!p

Lesson 2

23

~pW~

Text 2

~,!j\..;.)) if ,}~:~ .~/\..;.))

:~/

" ~..:..lll> J-:f ..;::>JI C~ .~ \..;.)) .l:>- /:~

.ill..w.JI ~ \.ji .JyJI C~ :~/ ~0~1 ~i 0:!i:~

J

~ JWI J-:f '~J~

0~1 \.ji :~/

~~I J-:f.~ \.ji:~

~WWI Jl> J-:f) .U"'~ '1 ,I~ :~/ $

"

~y\11 J-:f) .i~ ,~ WWI:~ .ill ..w.JI ~ Y') of\.A.lI

J

0~1 Y' :~/

~~lj J-:f:~

.ill ..w.JI ,~~ :~/ ~~lj 0:!i:~

.4l1 c:

~I

J

~ :~/

~~J~ J-:f:~ ~~l.p 0:!i ."op$') ~ ~..lo ~J~ illl) :~/

.Y' 0:!i '-fJ~i '1 :~ .>-LAJJI

Jl) A.AJL.JI c:'~ :~/ .A.AJL.JI

c: :~

Exercises: Ex! (Homework) Identify and write all the nouns seen in Text 1 and add in brackets the appropriate personal pronoun!

Ex2 The teacher reads the nouns: ,Ulj>-

'pr ''-:f"''.? ,aJ)\.k ,~J.>.. 'i~

~) ,J.i.....

,J))

'F 'i.Y ,V"'."k- ,a.;):- ,)...I.>.-'~

'C} ,~ ,~d~ 'C~

,0J:!..rili

'j4>--

'J:!-Y 'J:!~I)

24

Lesson 2

explains the writing and ask the students to speak the words loudly. Ex3 The teacher repeats the words quoted in Ex2. The students repeat them and

add the definite article

(Jf).

Ex4 The teacher reads the words of Ex2 with the definite article. The students

repeat them and add the preposition t: to them.

-J. Same exercise with the preposition J>-.

Ex5 Same exercise with the preposition Ex6

Ex7 Same exercise with the preposition iLoi. Ex8 Same exercise with the preposition ...1.:>-. Ex9 Same exercise with the preposition Jl. ExlO Same exercise with the preposition ~/ J.}. Exll Same exercise with the preposition J. Ex12 Add the appropriate preposition(s)!

... J.....->.i . ~~I .. . ~\.j . ~I ... ~..wl . ~I ... ~I .4,1 .. . lii

' i~1

.. .

~

.Uly=J1 . ..

.J-:!~I}I .wjJI

.. . :U )~I

. 3.k.~· 1\ ....,

,

J.J}I

. ~I ~

C."..lJI .0f'UlI ... y~1 'u.':UY . .. ~i . ~I . . . J.....,I~I . ~I . .. ~t.kJI ~

~

.:U )t.kJI ... J.J}I .:U )t.kJI . .. '-.?' ~I .)J.>.JI . . . Ex13 The teacher reads the following words: ., ... ~I ,j>--.J ,~~I ,y~1 ,~I.k ,~ and the students form equational sentences by adding the personal pronouns Y', lii and..::..Ji . < . ~~I..::..Ji
--}I C ~I ''-.?' ~I

,4,1 'C}JI

'~~I '~I

'C~I ,~\~~.l\

,U"}>.JI 'i)1

,y~1

Lesson 2

25

and the students form equational sentences with the following adjectives:

~ '~'r-? Ex16 The same as Ex15 with the words:

-

-

~

~

'i~1 ,0 ~uJI ,~..wl ,;;~I ,WUJI ,Uly:J1 ,L.,I):JI ,UJUJI ,~I ,a;.;JI

.~..wl ':L..(,5:.I1 Ex17 The teacher explains the meaning of the following adjectives

~ J/ ~

,

~/ J-.,k , ~Jj/--4..1.:>:-

and the students form equational sentences using the words mentioned in Ex15 and 16: .. . ~ Jj

'-:?' jJ.. 1J

0--4..1.:>:-

.;; ~ 4.:JUJ 1J

J-.,k

a.l J UJ .. 1

~UJI

.~ J C}JI J ~ a;.;JI Ex18 The teacher reads the following equational sentences: ~ ~

.~ a;.;JI .~ 4.:JUJI .~ .!Jc;..:;.JI "

C.,JJI

.;;~..I.:>:-

Uly:J1

'0r-? ~1j>JI

I""""t

.~Jj 4,1.--4..1.:>:- yl.:>-JI I

. '" .~ ~I .~ ~LkJI .~.,k ~I . ,

.'4.>.-J

J:'.J~I

.~ ~I .;;d,UJUJI .~..u ~I.~ C~I .'4.>.-J a;.;JI.~

.~ j>.-)I and the students should repeat the sentence and than replace the subject by Y' or ~. Ex19 The students form questions using

~i "where" and the words given in

Ex15 and 16 and answer the questions. Ex20 Answer the following questions!

J) a;.;JI .. J ..I.:>:- y.. I~L. ~ ('-:?' jJ1 Js- 'f-;.JI Js- ,~I j>J 1 Js- ,)..L>.J 1 Js-) a.l J UJI Js- ..I.:>:- y.. I~ L. ,

~(d.,6..·~·1I

J

,~Iy:JI

J

,4,1

Ex21 The teacher points at certain objects in the room and asks the question: ~0..,L" L. ~I..,L" L.

The answers should be a complete sentence! Ex22 The teacher asks:

the students answer with ~ ''yes'': ... 0..,L"

or with ':1 "no":

'r /... I..,L" 'r

... 0..,L"

,':1 /...

I..,L"

,':1

26

Lesson 2

Ex23 Answer the following questions with ~ or '} and the fIrst personal

pronoun singular as a subject: /.

'iI

'11

#.

'r-? ,... ~I_ 'j>--.J ,~I ,~) ~\.b ~I ~ '/I" ~(~}:o ,;;~..G:- ,;;~ ';;r-? ~':JI ,;;l:; ,~I ,~) 4\.b pI ~ Ex24 The teacher explains the usage of i.?~ "I have/possess" and ,p~/!J~ ~(J.}:O ,~..G:- ,~

t.

L ••

/

"you have/possess" and asks:

~( ... y.JJ ,a.;.J- ,a.....I:,s-- ,4.j I.r=- ,~ ,~ ,~

'J:!.:lI.J)

t..?'.? ,p~/!J~ ~ ~

The students answer:

. .. i.? J.:.>.

,~

Ex25 The teacher asks:

~ ( ... ~ ~ 'J.}:O ~ ,;;~..G:-

a.;.J-) r-? ~ ,pJ.:.>. /!JJ.:.>. ~

The students answer with "no" and the antonym of the adjective:

,,}

~

...::...>- ~ I i.? J.:.>.

~

. ~ 4.

i.? J.:.>.

Ex26 The teacher asks:

The students answer as follows:

. .. i.? J.:.>. .~ I i.? J.:.>.

Ex27 The teacher asks the student to give himlher or offers himlher something and the student should thank:

... JI ~I.A> ... J\~

teacher: student:

~ ~

?

teacher:

\~

~

\.#'

~

?

student:

Ex28 The teacher explains the forms of greeting and practices them with the students based on Text 2. .JyJI /

~I L~ ~~I e::

~

~

t.

~) ")U.\ J

.;.ll/~ ~i ,..J

...

i~I~)

~~G- / ~G- ~ ~~\~

Jl

~ ... J\~

~I,,- ~I

r--~i

~WJI ? L.;': / .f" .J.rJI /

~I ~t........

.ill ~\

. lii iW lii

~

LessQn 2

27

Ex29 The teacher asks: ~

~ ( ... ~l.6JI ,~I ,,--:?,.?J1 ,a..\)l.6JI ,d.,6..~.1\ ,~jJI) ~I j:!i

~

The students answer as fQllQws:

Ex30 Translate into Arabic! (written homewQrk)! I am big. He is a student. The bag is new. The rOQm is big. The mQther is a dQctQr. She is a student. I have a Japanese videQ-recQrder. YQU (m.) have a big garden. Y QU (f) have a nice bag. Ahmed is a student. The table is Qld. The lamp is new. He is in the kitchen. The windQW is clean. The blackbQard is dirty. The father is a teacher. Ex31 All students answer the question:

Final Exercise: 1. CQnnect the follQwing letters!

C +I+y+ uP 6.

1+0+1 1.

)+~+t+J+I 7.

y+J+I+.b 2.

J+~+.!l 8.

~+.!l+~+ )+i+1 3.

.!l+J+I+C 9.

i+I+J+ u"+J+I 4.

o+J+J ~+i+C +J+I 10.

i+.!l+~+J+t.5.

2. Read and translate the wQrds in I.! 3. Translate into. Arabic! The table is big. The bag is Qld. The student is new. The blackbQard is dirty. You (f) have a bag. Y QU (m.) have a hQuse. He is in the kitchen. The father is a teacher. The mQther is a dQctQr. The windQW is Qld. I am a student. There is a garden in frQnt Qf the hQuse. I have a bed, a lamp and a radio. The lamp is Qld. 4. Replace the subject by the apprQpriate personal prQnQun! $

vP}-J1 .~ Wl.6JI .~ ~I .~ C~I .~ ~I

$

'0.r---? a..\)l.6J1

.oJ.:..b:- ~1y:JI .~I iL-i ~..wl .~Jj d.,6..~.1\ .~) 5. FQrm equatiQnal sentences with the follQwing wQrds and the adjectives.r-? and~.

,yL..::5'

,-- ,J..r ,J.L 'f.-r ,)..b:~ ,y~ ,.!l~ ,~ ,~ '~.J- 'C,J ,4..::.M ''--:?' ~ ,a....I:,s-

6. Answer the fQllowing sentences with "no." and the antQnym Qfthe adjective in questiQn!

28

Lesson 2

~~ ~ !L~

jAl ~o~ 0.J- .!J~ jAl ~~ C) .!J~ jAl 7. Add the appropriate preposition!

.~~I

...

4

1 ... Y' .0jJI ...

8. Write the following words in transliteration!

~~I ,t.~1 c:

,ill

~I '~I

.,

~

~1.4.1 )L.6JI

... yt:5JI

.,

,illl

'~I

,~L.6JI ~

,(jI.rJI

Lesson 3 1. Number (~~f) Arabic has three numbers as far as nouns, pronouns and verbs are concerned : °J,t

cO,!

0

t

singular (~ yWI), dual (~I) and plural (~I). This lesson will concentrate on the plural of the nouns and personal pronouns.

1.1. The personal pronoun pl.

sg. '

he

J

.Y' ,

she

~

~

they (f)

r:f'

~i

you (m.)

0,

you (f)

pI

you (f)

I

\.jl

"

we

J.

III ,

Jo

0,

~I

you (m.)

°J

they (m.)

~ h$.

~I J

°

,

~

.lot

~Al The auxiliary vowel for ~ and ~I isl)amma -u (cf. Lesson 2, Gr 1.3.2.). As to the order of the personal pronouns above see Lesson 5, Gr 1.3.

1.2. The noun and the adjective The Arabic noun has two types of plurals: the external and the internal, i.e. the sound plural

(~~\ ~f) and the broken plural (~I ~). The external or

sound plural is formed by suffixes being added. The internal or broken plural is formed by the structure of the vowels of the singular form being altered and/or by prefixes, infixes or suffixes being added to the singular form.

1.2.1. The sound plural has two fonns: The suffix (-una) for the .,masculine (~\.....

0;

~

.f'~ ~) and the suffix

33

,

...

,

, '"

0

,;

.o~~ i~\1i

r..I!'

In the last two examples above ~ must be used because

Q~1l1

i~i

and

are regarded as feminine singulars as they denote non-persons.

V

o ,..

0

...

meal, dish

Q%I C. ill"1 marmelade

emirate

QIJ~l

~

_

C. 0J~l ~~

Daddy

refrigerator

eggs (colI.)

~

01~..?JI J

4J,.,......

.AA: Syria

0J

country

01~ / ~~ c.

C' ~

o»-I}I) o

~;

Translate.

...

/

..u:

QL C. oJ~ -)

~)

J.f" ) ~) ~) ~ 0,:)1:).1 t}) .JI Js-

4.jjJIJ 4J )llJ I Js-

~I ....u..JI

3..ilj>J1

and complete it with a noun and an appropriate adjective. .J.:..G,.

yl..::5'

J

~

Ic CL,a.,.....u..JI · ....s-

~

.0~ i"::Ni ~I .

~

~

~ ~

The teacher repeats the sentence arid the student repeats it again.

38

Lesson 3

It is recommended to the teacher to comment on the sentences formed by the

students with ~ "right", ~ "great" and t.6>/. kli:. "wrong", "mistake". He asks the students to repeat the sentence with ~i,j ',?~i and to translate it with ~jf ~;.

Ex12 Read a) all nouns, adjectives and pronouns of the basic vocabulary of Lessons 2 and 3 and pay particular attention to the plurals. b) the examples in Arabic given in G 2.2 ... 2.5. Ex13 Copy the examples in Ex.9. The teacher should write the words on the blackboard. Ex14 (Homework) Write the following adjectives

as a definite attribute to the following nouns: )

,vy\.1 ,~\.1

)

,U.J- 'v:i)L1 ,U)\.1 ''-.?'..? 'i~i ,~ ~..\>.JI ~I


+i 6.

. J+(,.>+t +y 2 .

.o+J+ )+I+.k+J+I ~+J+t (">+07.

~!.I+J+I+c. J+(,.> +!.I +) 3.

o+i+ I+J +J"+J+I t +i 8.

~J+ )+.1+J+J+I 0+(,.>+i 4.

2. Read and translate the words in 1. 3. Form the plural ofthe following nouns and add an appropriate adjective.

'J~

,tJ W /

,~T ,o~l~

,L.. J.,l.

,~ ,~ ,o~ ,~ ,~ ,:tA:~ 'J>-- J ~

/

,0~ ,oJ~ ,~+-- ,J r ,~)lk ,~ 'iY- 'J~ ,o).lk ,yt::? 'U""~ ,~

t.,?':? ,4..I.)i ,d,....,I:?' ,~lk ,~lk ,~l>.- ,~ "

,.,, )

(#

J

,0t5'~

4. Form the masculine plural of the following adjectives and add an appropriate noun.

, ~ , ~ , ~J.>.. , ~ , ~

'J-..,k ,.r.s- ,~ 't:!..lt ,~

,~

,r.$' ~

5. Translate into Arabic. The students are new. The teachers (f) are beautiful. There are many men. The bags are new. The new drinks are in the refrigerator. The big airplanes are from Kuwait. The new clothes are from Tunisia. 6. Write the Arabic equivalents of Hello. / Good morning. / Good evening. / How are you? / Good bye. and the appropriate answer.

40

Lesson 3

7. Write the following words in transcription. ..

~,

....:

-J,

,~ ,~ ,O.J~ ,0lS~

,:,p..... ,a...,6.:..... ,~\.rJ\ ,~\ J

#}

~!\..v

't).r-

';;.Au, ,o.JL.l

d.~~

,~ ,;~ ,..:;.J\)\~

8. F onn a sentence with each Arabic personal pronoun using a personal pronoun, an indefinte noun and an appropriate adjective. 9. Translate into Arabic. a big table - The tables are big. a small house - The houses are small. a diligent student (f) - The student (f) is diligent. a big man - The men are big. an old bag - The bags are old.

Lesson 3

41

Peculiarities of Arabic Script Examples Script (RuqC a)

Printed type (Naskh) ~

..

~

)I~

.J/~

4l1j>-

1.J1y;.

~

..

, l........U.4.iI

.:J~

~W

c.~

C~

4J Ju,

.1JJ/..b

;ij~

~..;6

yl:S"

ylJS

~~

~fi

J)J

(J.JJ

~

~

J

~

~

~

r:r

jA

~

~

~

...

..

y

~r~1

#~I

JS'

JS

1JlS"

uLS

jl::.o

.J~

42

Lesson 3

Alphabet in printing (Naskh)

initial position

medial position

final position

isolated position

L

L

~

~

y

"

~

~

..I

.!..

I!.-

.!J

..:1:

-'!'-

~

[.

~

~

,.;;..

~

..:;i,..

~

c. t

~

..L.

..L.

~

~

.L

.L

~

J j

.r .r

.r .r

)

-!

.J to

...M

...!;,

-

-:.

j

I,}"'-

..r

:. I,}"'-

~

-P

-=-

~

vi'

...;p

-.Q....

JI:-

d'

.,1,

.k..

J,

J;

..b.. ..liL

~

j;

.;.

-"-

.s.

t"

t

.it-

t-

t

J J

.L

J.

J

..1.

J-

J

5

5.-

cl.

!l

J

..L

J-

J

..0

...i .A

J -!

.... .....

+ J...,.

('-

r

iJ-

4J

A..

0

J4.F

J !$

Lesson 3

Alphabet in script (RuqCa) initial position

medial position

L

/

fmal position

L

isolated position

/

...J

~

~

y

...J

~

~

W

.

..

~

:.

...J

'-l.

:. W

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

C C

J

..l.

..l.

J

J

..l.

..l.

J

...)

./

./

...)

...)

./

./

...)

-J./J

~

~ :.

U'J

:.

:.

:.

:.

. :.

-J./J

~

~

U'J

.....w:2

.....a..

U-

U-

~

~

U-

U-

....b

.b. A

.b

~

....b.. ...12.

...c

~

..&.

~

tt-

.J

.. .J

...L

t t.

~

'--'

...L

...s

. rJ-

...s..

~

~

.J

.J.

J

-'l

-4..

Jr

...J

~

~

'--L

J

..

f

u-

U

.A

+

~

"

J

..}-

...J-

J

-d

~

..

4r

if

43

Lesson 4 1. Radical, Root, Pattern 1.1. Most Arabic words can be reduced to a root, which, as a rule, consists of three consonants. They are called Radicals. We refer to them as RI. R2 and R3. This triliteral root expresses a certain conceptual content. Thus, e.g. the meaning "to write" is inherent in the root K-T-B (Y- u - .!.I), the meaning "to go" in the root DH - H - B (y - () - ~), and the meaning "to drink" in the root SH-R-B (Y-.J-J'). This conceptual content is specified by short and long vowels between the consonants and by prefixes and suffixes regarding the part of speech (verb, noun, adjective) as well as regarding the grammatical category (tense, mood, number, case, etc.). One can say by way of simplification that the root consonants (Radicals) fulfill a semantic function and the vowels a grammatical function in the Arabic word. E xamp:es: I

KaTaBa

(~)

KaTiB

=

he wrote / has written

(~t5')

=

writing; writer, author

KiTaB

(yL:f)

=

book

KuTuB

(~)

=

books

=

written; letter

=

library, bookshop

~

"

Jo

maKTuB

(y

p.:.)

"'" (~)

maKTaBa

1.2. The Arab grammarians use patterns, which they represent by J for RI (1 sI Radical), for R2 (2 nd Radical) and for R3 (3 rd Radical) in order to describe the numerous word forms systematically. Fa', cAin and liim fulfill the function of variable quantities in the patterns, for which theoretically any consonant can be substituted.

t..

~

facala

J

is the pattern used for the perfect (3 rd p.sg.m.):

~~ ,;. ;S--

~

Jfl; ~

J&

~

finl

is the pattern used for the active participle:

facJl

is a typical pattern of the adjective:

~t5' ~

,p$'

Lesson 4

J~ o.

Jwl

flca!

is a typical pattern of the broken plural:

ajiil

is a typical pattern of the broken plural:

45

L)

.J '/

r~i

A reliable knowledge of the patterns occurring most frequently is useful for obtaining a good command of the language. o

~

2. The Broken Plural (~I ~) 2.1. The majority of nouns has the broken plural. There are hardly any rules according to which the appropriate plural form can be derived with certainty from the singular form. Therefore, the student has to learn (at least) two word forms for every noun, namely singular and plural form. ~ At Regularities in the fonns of the plural only occur in some groups of verbal nouns which have the sound plural. Appropriate hints are given in the respective lessons.

2.2. There are numerous forms of theo broken, plural. The ones which occur most frequently are the following: J~

,Jwi ,J~

The following words have the pattern J ~

\~ J( L \. 1c~ c ~' .Y:' C U-.r'

\/ -~

'.J~

:

C

The following words have the pattern J~i

•

\~ -

~ '.J\J/..;P

C

L)

.

~ '.J./

C

~

~

:

yl;.f C y~ 'C,)f c C} ,JI~)f C J.JJ 'r~f c ~ ,

The following words have the pattern J~

:

~ A2 Other patterns of the broken plural are the following: '" "" J .. 0,. ~W ,~;W ,~~I

'"

-i

~ --4~1 4.1

:t:!f

!.!.I)r.' :.4.>-i

YuL.,.:,L:JI

~l ;;y.UlI tJ w

:.re)

~I ~l .!.I~

~ ;; ~I Jb.....!. ~I ~ .!.Iw)

.~ .!.I ).~.Jjl

:t:!f

~ Jl J:~I.:.r.i

:.4.>-i

Jl 0 i f :t:!f ~I Jl .r.$JI :.f-JI ~) JL--::JI if)

.r.$JI 4.1 llA

Y~~ .uL.,.:,L:JI

Lesson 4

~I ~l,!}b:r)~1 ~I ~

,!}b) ~I

Ih

51

•

Jl ~if ~ ,~~~,~ :~i

~l p-$JI ~I ~) .JWI

Jl 0~WI

t.Jw"

if)

. ,.::A..pWI ~ 0p$JI .J k..,.!:. \11 .;'w" ~i .wl) ,~ ~i ,~Ih .to")LJI

.~Wjl

:t:!/

~ ,i~ :~i

Jb to")LJI ~

:t:!/

Exercises:

Lt

Add an appropriate adjective to the nouns in Text 1 which do not have an attribute. L2 What is the root of the following nouns? ,L.,.,I:,s--

"

,yL..::5" 'C..,J ,u.J- ,)J....>.. ,,!}~ 'C~ ,d,jl;>- ,~..l.p ,~\..b ,~ ~..lo ,0y:..o '.J1..,b; ,o.J~ ,J.JJ

L3 The teacher reads the following nouns. The student repeats them and adds the plural:

,~.? ,~ ,~L..b

" 'J->.-.J ,yL..::5" ,L.,.,I:,s-- ,y~ 'r-1-

" ,U)\..b ol:; '.J1..,b; ,o.J~ ,0y:..o 'C~

L4 Add a subject in the plural to the sentence ... ~..wl the city." Use all appropriate nouns that you know.

,,!}~ ,~

,j ..l.:>:-'; "There are .... in

L5 Insert the correct prepositions in the following sentences. Choose the

prepositions from the list below.

,j ,~ ,J,Y 'i\.Ai '~ 'Jl 'if 'Y .,!}~ ... ~..L,a.ll ... ~~ .~I

...

1... ~L9..l.p~1 ~i.J

.0~1 ... . 0 ~ .!.1Gb ~

. ~~..wld

-

~

. ) l,k; a.,b....JI ~ .~

;;L::.9Gb

G3 The student reads his homework (G2). The teacher checks the spelling and pronunciation.

G4 Add an appropriate adjective to the subject of the sentences ofG3 .

-J ...l>.'; < . U y.:l ~..wl ~ ...l>.'; Same as G4 starting with l jjJI -J ...l>.'; "There are ... in the room." .~..u

G5

u

y.:l

~..wl

~

G6 Add an appropriate adjective to the subject of the sentences ofG5. G7 Same as G4 starting with 4.J )lkJ 1 ~ ...l>.'; "There are ... on the table." G8 Add an appropriate adjective to the subject of the sentences of G7 as an attribute.

G9 Answer the question ~4.1 i\....i ~i) I~\"" "What did you see in front of the house?" with ~I iGi ~i) + undefined object in the plural. Use the plural of words like

Lesson 4

53

GlO Add an appropriate adjective to the object of the sentences in G9 as an

attribute.

Gll Same as G9. The question is

~}-JI

I~L..

/01$-..ul if ...::...:";:'::'1

"What did you

buy in the shop?"

•

b~

G 12 Expand the sentences formed in G 11 with ... if

"some, a number of",

in accusative.

G 13 Add an appropriate adjective to the object of the sentences formed in G 11 and G 12. In the sentences of G 12 you have to add an adjective to the noun ~~ and to the object in the plural.

.o.;$' uL...I:? 0~1

.~I i~~1 i f

if ...::...:";:'::'~

i.r.? i~~ 0~1 i f ...::...:..;:.::.~

G14 (Written Homework) Defme the object in the singular or the plural in the following sentences by adding the article. ~

.~J.j \.j j.:-!

.

J

~

...::...:I J

~~ 00 ~iJ~ ~

~bJ..>.. ~ ~iJ ~ • ~o ... L.. ~I ...::...:";:'::' ~

••

I~

J

1

.~Jj 0J~ ...::...:";:'::',

.o.;$' Gj.:-! ~.;kJI ~ ~iJ 'I

~

~

'I

. I..r,>-) L..~i) L;J)) L... yL; ~..;:.::.~

.o..;k-.-) ol>...o...) •

Gl:S' ~..\bJI ~I -J ~rJ

~")Ls. )

J,/ ) ~) u~)? ...::...:";:'::'1 ~ ~01$-..u1 -J o.;$' ul)~ ...::...:iJ ~ ~uL,l) • J ~ . u\'"

~L.yL;~ ~

Cl

(Homework) Read Text 2 several times until you are able to run a similar conversation without using a written text. The students should work in groups with role-play when preparing the dialogue which will also be asked for in all forthcoming lessons.

54

Lesson 4

C2 (Homework) Write a short essay about shopping and read your paper in the next class hour.

C3 Describe the way from the main station or from your flat to the university. Use the patterns given in Text 2. The teacher checks the pronunciation and the correctness of grammar and vocabulary. Final Exercise:

1. Replace the Radicals in the following words by J respective vowels.

/ t. / j

and insert the

,~ 'r.-::- 'i~ 'C~ 'j4>-- ,yL:S' '.JLk,; " j.JJ 'r-i ,~ ,~ 'if.J~ '~J ,~ ,.r-? ,o.J~ ,a.;.J- ,a.,6..:.:;. ,41:,lt ,6jj~ '41.1 ,~1.1 ,~l5" ,o~

0l5'-~ de;.;. ,~..lA 'C) ,~ ,~ 'J.:~ ,~ 2. What is the root of the following words?

~).?

'.Jl>.....::.i

,.r-? ,~ 'J.:» ,»w, ,y~ , o~ ,~I.J~ ,~

3. Insert the appropriate preposition. J.J.".JI ... ~ .o~ l,?'""1.? UjJI .. . .w

~

~

J..>..y

'U""WI. .. ~I .. . ~~ ~

yI

o~I::r.,.JI ... ~I.J .~I .. . ~~ . ~I ... ~I .~ J\.kJI ... ~I .--4J..>.JI ... J .JWI .. . o.;AL4j1 t..Ju, ... ~~~ .}.:,:......~\11 ...

~I

.o.r.s-

v~Jr-

. .. ~..wl . . . ~I . . . ~~ .~ ~I . .. ~Pi . ~I ... ~I ~I

.~I

...

.!.l~ ... J ~I

.. . }_--::-ll ...

~~

.o};;'..JI

4. Translate into Arabic. I saw a new train. I bought new books and pencils. I saw cheese, butter, bread, marmelade, milk and vegetables in the refrigerator. I bought a dictionary, ink and an eraser. I went to the city. The bus-stop is under the big trees. There are a few small and many big houses in the city. There are planes from Egypt, Yemen, Syria, Tunisia, Iraq, Algeria, Libya and the Emirates in the airport. 5. Translate the following words and groups of words into Arabic and add the proper form of the adjective ~.b:- and include the correct vowels on the endings. house, in houses, trains, with the teacher, the woman teachers, men, on the papers, chairs, with the drinks, in front of the shops, by car, in the universities, in front of the station, in the libraries, with the female students, the friends, busses, street, in the airplanes, to the tree, in the novel, in the beds, on the apparatuses 6. Write the words you know which have the following pattern structure:

~ ,J~,~ ,J~ '41;~

'Jf1.9

Lesson 4

55

Arabic Ligatures: Arabic has developed numerous ligatures. We didn't use these ligatures in the previous lessons in order to avoid additional problems for the students when reading and writing. Starting with Lesson 5 we will use those ligatures provided by computer programs and to be found in printed texts. Common ligatures:

~I ~i irll.r:. ~ ~ ~.J~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~I ..u--i i rJ.I fi .J: .)- .;>: .J~ J$ J1 ~ ll.

t {-

Lesson 4 Text 1 (without ligatures)

,..:...\}~~ ~..wl ~l ~..,kJI c) ~i)) o--4.A>.JI 0)~~ ~..wl

Jl ~I if ~~

~..,...lj '-,?i ~ ~I:r- ~y:..:..I)? Jl ~~ ~..wl c))

.opS \.:.A..o~)

o~ ) \~ ) L.")I.;i) ~L:5JJ U))) ~I))) ~f - ~Wi ~ ..,...lj) ~Wi - ~f ~ ~I

oiA.

.~I ~ c) ~1.1 wi .a......I)'ill4.:..I.k-~) :..r..J?) o~) ~

.4.!.;...l>-)

0.r-? ~

Lesson 4 Text 1 (with ligatures)

ul};...... ~JJ.I

Jl J-!..,kJI

Lebanese; a Lebanese

)

~

Syrian; a Syrian

~)r'"

Lebanon

\S )

Syria

-)r'" ,

c... > Gc... -,

~

political; politician

>

)

~L::J u '.

policy

~ -, ~

~~ > ~~

gold(en)

gold

~ AS Details about certain changes of sounds which occur when the Nisba is added especially to words which tenninate in rather rare endings can be seen from a more voluminous grammar (e.g. the "Grammar of the Arabic Language" by W. Wright). A noun followed by an adjective with the Nisba is often equivalent in English to constructions of the type noun + noun: school-book, textbook trade relations 3.2. The rules of agreement given in Lessons 2 and 3 for the equational sentence (subject - adjectival predicate) and for the attributive construction (noun adjectival attributive adjunct) also apply to the relative adjective. 3.3. Nouns tenninating in a Nisba ending which denote persons and relative adjectives which are related as an attributive adjunct to nouns denoting persons mostly have the sound plural: ~ "'0"

..::..>~L:.';l

,.,'"

~ ",oJ

#1

GI

J

,.,oJ /

..::..>QI.k ,0JiL:.';l y')l.k 'Q~L:.';l

;li

"",oJ

~ ",oJ /

~L:.';l ,0JiL:.';l

~

,.,oJ

J-L:.';l

~ A9 Some Nisba nouns or relative adjectives have a (collective) endingless plural: "

Arab (adj.), Arab(s)

J

y;' / ~;. / Arab students y;' y~.

They have to be learned as vocabulary items just in the same way as some descriptions of occupations need to be learned which tenninate in the plural ending have a broken plural, e.g.

J~

pI.

aS~~, "pharmacist", -.f~

pI.

0 , or other Nisba nouns which

.!.lIji "Turkish; Turk".

Lesson 5

v

lS;:'f /';-T

other (m .lf)

J

dance hall

J5"i

to eat

_\

_0

~/~~/

U~I - . , center

Spain

61

~

21/

P''.rJ

~).J

Russia

0,

(~)

JL

Germany

~WI

to ask (about)

yesterday

~i

I asked him.

" ~L

to travel

)L.....

~ $.

,I'

01

that (+ accusative)

JlA>i ~ ~i

family, relatives

~

Portugal J

program

\./

~f.~C:- f.

~~;

Great Britain

~

Belgirnn

(prep.) among, between

~

r..f.J~ / o.J~

trade

'"

°

~J~

to hear so., sth.

...Jt:, ,

0.r~ \"S"""~

political, politician

,

0'-" r

0t;;

fIrm, enterprise, company

°

.. 0

"

°, l...>-I

.

~?

if ~..r>­ .!J0.J ~:UI

to exit, to leave Denmark

J

~~

disco

~~

that (dem . pr.)

(Jl)

yt... .

.J

~~

~ ~L.....! ~.J

:.

~..r"

.J

!'

..:..J L ~ :is'

0

J J

$.

0

~I '.J~~~

J

talk; ~~~\ ~ ~;l>also: tradition of the actions and sayings of the prophet and his companions .J .

...Jt:,u· . ..r"

eastern, oriental

J

J

~r

J;

..:..JL~ ~.J~

republic

0'

Switzerland

month ..:..JL ~ t~1 "

meeting

J

o.4.,...JI 1 °

Sweden

rW to drink sth.

tired, exhausted, colloq. ill

tf

0

a......~

,J

.!J1;i ~

Turkish

to dance

~J~

(fem.)

:I )

.JG:.; ~

trader

letter

~

Sus an

Poland

to go (to)

~

~~..w , . politics

after that

news

~

!(..li"-i) ~ ~

Regards to (Ai)mad).

Jli;~1 Give my regards to so ...

1

0

J

"

~~I ~ ~~

thing, matter

$.

"

""

J

appr.: May you be well !.;::> ~ ~ tomorrow. (parting word at night) ,

~ (fem.)

J

.;::> ~ ~

~i if ~i)

(answer) The same to you. pharmacist meal

~ ll\,o_ 'U::,I.::-P ~ '-?::.'~

.1,1

~i ~ ilAk ° r-fl6.o ~ ~ J

restaurant to know so., sth. to hold (conference); to make a contract relation

62

Lesson 5

~~ / C

sites

~ J~iC~

to work work

J 0'

Y'

0'

you (m.lf) were

~/~

he/she was

~ l5" / 0l5", ~LJ I,,) '.

0

(prep.) about, over

"'

~

I was

Lebanon

0

.:u..u

W' y! tasty

France

~J.U

to do sth.

"/

.,AI

Hungary o

) l5:ii C oh once again ill, ill person ~:?l.;; C J~ o I..l±; wine

idea

0'

hotel

0

Finland

J.;

/

0

~/C~!

y. ,J

~).?I

uL C J\.;;:o,,~ Austria

~I

~I}

I~~

0

.

to read sth.

0

/

Holland

you (m.lf) said

~:?L..4~ to arrive (at, in) ~~ to put sth. o.J oJ o;.JJ/~ home country

he/she said

~li / Jli delegation

economic

~

(Jl) ~)

0'

I told him.

~~)

0l1)i C .:;1) 'J

0

;)jJ)C..Lt)

~~

to write sth.

J~~I

Text 1 '-.r'"

~~

Norway

(prep.) before (temp.) reception

l

LS/:-Io/

!~lk.:!f.

l)

~) ~i : u

..:..J.j)

)L6l1

:dL J~I

4 ) WWI 4)..!.lJl>. 4

Jl ~~ .0..G Jl \II) ~

.~ L-..JI

Jl ~

~ •

J..J..I)

~i ~liJ...,.::>\II) ~)

iliWI) #. lii :Jli

~ u;~ .0~1 ~ J--JI :JU) J--JI ~ dL ..!.lJ~~) .~.

01 ~) 01--lYI ~.u if )~

c: u~~1 ~l:A u~) w;) 1...l:.J.Y') I.r-:!..r" ) d

~

, .1

~G '-.r'" ~) 4...rJ I 01--lYI) 01--lYI o~ 0!! o~ ~)b::JI) ~;)l..,a;:j'JII uli~1

~..u iWt.k.l1

.~i ~\I1 Jb ~..rJI.:;1}1 l) ul5"~ Jl o.#' yL....) :...u--i JU) ~ ~ ~w." L:.l.5"i) ~I Jl ~~ J-JI Y' ~...t;ll ~) .~~I ~~ JS'\I1 ~) . i:b.-

Lesson 5

63

Text 2 .~I ~L.....

!}LA.

:..u--i

Y~ .::...ii ..JyJI ~L.....

Y.!lJl>-

~

4

.~I

Jl ~~ , ~

4) 1

Y.!lJl>-

.J-.:lI ,~ wi

C. P .:r. •1 .~ ~I~ Jl ~ ) 0j.J-" 0i ~ Yc..r-" i ,,;:.,...:S .:r.i Y.::...ii) ~ IJ:.I l) 8 (.)"""i •

Y(.)"""I

Y~lh~.J~1

. J~I l) 0'J11

i./"

.~ Ih , ~

:..u--i

Y(.)"""i ~ I~L.)

Jl

~ J

0-'

,

cJ) J~I cJ 0jy e:: (.)"""1 ~ ,All I) .~ ~~ cJ C~I Jl ~.J) ~f

y~) J~I ,y l>..;>- ~L...lI

Yl>.;>-i o~ ~~ Y C:""wpJI ~ L. Yi~l) . ~..ul

Jl J..-:!.;kJI l)

wi 0'J11) ~..ul oh

tL..... c.r J~I cJ 8L i ~I ,":1

.o.#' ~ ~~i .!J~ Y0jy)

~ I:L".~)

J.-:r. ~

.~i ~..ul

.~~ i./" .f-~I l) -t ,1 I) §'f Jl ~~ wi .o~ o.f.:, L..a:i oh ~

.

c: ·i~I Jl ~~ wl) .)':?- J>-~) t~ J>-~) ~')LJI c: .~')LJI c: .a.L.i ,y .::...ii)

.0jy

J>- J rL)

,~')LJI

:..u--i

Exercises:

L 1 Put the correct form of ~ )

in front of the nouns. ~

~

.0b.\1 .... y')\,bJI .... 0yo-WI .... ~I ... ~

.uLo.WI .... Jk-)I .... ~';}I .... u~1 .. .

.i:> ... .~ L;~ \'1 ... ..y..L,aJ1 ••• • J.j)l .. . L2 Put the verb in L1 after the nouns. Remember to apply the rules of agreement. L3 Complete the sentences by adding the verb ~~.

64

Lesson 5

Jl ol:YiJI . . .. ~l;..l...:>~1 Jl Q~I .... J~I Jl ~l;..l...:>~1 .... ..:...:JI Jl J,!..L,aJI ...

·t~~I

~

J10~WI .... djjJI Jl yJ\kJI ....

~

r-W 1Jl ~lkJI .... ~..L,aJI

.}kJ.I Jl ..u--i .... 0.rJI Jl QWlkJI '" .~I Jl Jl>..)I .. . L4 Put the proper form of ~) in the following sentences without reading the nouns and pronouns in brackets. ~ C~I ... (Ui) .U)lkJI ~ ~I ... (Ll.J.I) .(jlj:L1 ;, yl:;5:j1 ... (~lkJI)

... (~) .djjJI;' (jlj:L1 ... (~) .uP.J~1 ~ C~I ... (~i) .~j:JI ~ .~lj~1 . .

L5 Answer the following questions.

c:

~~I..rJI ..u)1 ~) j:i Jl ~~..L,aJI ~l.AI Jl ~~ ~ ~J,!..L,aJI Jl ~~ ~ ..w)1 ~ ~~ :.r.. i Jl ~~I..rJI ..u)1 ~~ j:i Jl ~4...rJI ~ ~)I ..::.l...o) j:i Jl ~-WI ~r- if ~4JL..)I ~ J. ~~I ~ ~ ~~I~) j:i ~-}I..rJI

c:

~~Lj..l...:>~1 ~i.J j:i ~.!..U~.:;W ~ ~t ~~I ...w. if ~C~I ~~I j:i if ~I~~ j:i Jl ~.!..U~ JU if ~.Jy.:. ~I Qi; ~ ~~l.AI Jl ~~ if c: ~.!..U~ J f

0-"

~y..rJI ~l;..l...:>SU

cJj

I~~ ~0.rJI if ~~I I~~ ~~l.AI ~i.J I~~ ~I)}L.. j:i Jl

L6 (Homework) Put the vowel endings in the sentences given in L7. L7 Ask about the subject, the object or the prepositional phrase of the following se~tences ,by using the the following interrogatives: 'j:i ,I~~ 'if ,~ 'if j:1 Lr: 'j:1 Jl.

c:

Change the 1SI person of the verbs into the 2nd person.

JU if


.-I Q~ 4 i.J .J,!..l...:> .!..U~ JU .o..,\,!..l>.- Cy.:.i ~ .~l;..l...:>~1 -WI ~r- (jlj:L1

c:

.

...L>.-y. ·uP.J~1 ~ U)lkJI) ~1j:JI...L>.-.f .~I ~ C~I..l>.-y. .Q~ .4..rJI 01-lWI if ~ ~)I ..::.l...o) .)..G:-I ~ C}JI L8 Add the Nis ba to the second noun.
~ /

~)

Ii; / Y?

G2 The verbal sentences given in the 1st person are to be changed into interrogative sentences in the 2nd person.

~.!.m ~ ~

0i ~

~~:.:...w


~ ~lkJI 0i ~f .0l:..iJI ~f .J>.-)I ~f .cJJ. Jl ~) JI.rJI ..1.9)1 ..u)1 0i ui~ .)y.:.~1 ui; .p:ll ui; .4,1 Jl I~~ y~1 0i ~f . .!.I~

ui~ '~J. Jlj.-P) (tf~1 '~~I ,tf~yt---ll ,tf)I~1 'JI.rJI 'tfJ..,....JI) ~~ .J~I Jl ~~. cJ J. Jl..:...1..o) . .!.I~ Jl..:...1..o) .yL..)I ui; .4JL..)I " ~l ~~ .J-!..l.,a.\1 Jl ~~ ..!.Ib Jl .0)WI ~~I .uWI I.::_J) .~I t 'i:i l ~L.. .0~1~? .~I ~I .~I ~L.. .tfL.:JI~? 'JlkAJ~ u}L.. .\>'~I u~ .0y:J.I l} ~ .4,1 l} ~ I

J.

" $ .

~

~ All Since}L... "to travel" - although differing in structure from ~ ,~ ,~~ and the other verbs known until now - is conjugated in the perfect tense in the same way as the verbs mentioned, we use this verb in the exercises as well as ~i) ,~;-.;.\ etc. which you learned as vocabulary items. G3 Same as G2, but starting with the 1st person plural. ~4JL..)I ~ ~ < G4 Same as G3 but starting with the 3rd person singular masculine which has to

be kept in the interrogative sentence.

~4JL..)I ~ ~

, (The sentences with

~IJ

and

~p..:;.1

< .4JL..)I ~ must be omitted in G 4; 5; 6. )

~

G5 Same exercise, but starting with the 3rd person singular feminine. G6 Same exercise, but starting with the 3rd person plural masculine.

G7 Transfonn the following sentences into objective clauses introduced by

.)Lkil Jl..u)1 j.-P)

.u---- i ~~)I~)

" .J.,k ~I

0i.

'r;!-u 4,1 .~ a;jJI ~

~~ .o~ ~)b..:ll u\..j~1 .~J. Jl ~\..j--l.,.:>~I}L... .u~1 ~";)I u~

.o,p ~';)..:...1..0)

.~I Jl ~..l.,a.\I..:...1..o) . .!.I~ Jl y.rJI ~U--l.,.:>~1

66

Lesson 5

Start the sentence with one of the following main clauses according to the objective clause you wish to form:

~ ~~ ~ .Gi; ~-.::.jf ~ .~4.10i~

.~4.1


." ut;~

.4...,.,.J...l.o -

- ~~

.U-P -

j ) ? .yf

- ~.J~

yl5 .yf - ~) .JI.;JI - ~ .0W

4. Transform the verbal sentences with the verb in the 1sI person singular into interrogative sentences with the verb in the 3rd person plural masculine and translate the answers .

.i~ C~ ~ . ~I..::.d- yl::SJI~) .J~I Jl~) .0.r=JI l) ~

t ~ ~ ~L . ~)I l) ~.J .~.riJI 4S'rJI l) ~ .J:.;kJI :f ~L ~

~

.U~ 4-kL.; ji ~ . ~~ LoW, ~I l) ~i .~.,,14.JL.J ~ .~..ul

.4.J)LbJI"p

W-I~)

Lesson 5

67

5. Translate into Arabic. Good evening. How are you? I am fme. How are you? I am fine, thank you. Where were you yesterday? I was in the university in the faculty of medicine with Al)mad. What did you do there? I read books and drank tea in the restaurant. What did you do in the evening? In the evening, I was in a disco with Al)mad. What did Al)mad do in France? He wrote many letters and held meetings with French companies. 6. Write a list of words in the plural having the pattern structure

Jwi and ~\.;.

7. Write the following terms in Arabic: equational sentence, verbal sentence, perfect tense, number, singular, plural, masculine and feminine.

Lesson 6 ...

.J

J ...

1. The Genitive Construction (lcfafa) (~1 J~IJ J~i)

A noun cannot only be defmed more closely by an attributive adjective, but also by a subsequent noun in the genitive. The relation of both nouns to each to an attributive adjunct (nomen other is that of a governing noun (nomen regens) }"" "'" J/ nd st rectum) in the function of the 1 term (0Wi) and the 2 term (~1 0Wi) of an lcfafa (a genitive construction). 1.1. The governing word is in the so-called construct state; it does not take the article or nunation.

the house of a man

.

l~'"

J ..

0..-

U-.J ~

the house of the man If the word in the construct state terminates in 0, the '11

into -tu in the nominative into -ti in the genitive into -ta in the accusative

0

J", 0

3:J::J1~ 'iI

0

0

Pronounce: shan{atu /-mucallimati

.... 0

3:J::J1 3..6:\ '11

Ta: marbu{a changes

Pronounce: shan{ati /-mucallimati

...... 0

3:J::J1~

Pronounce: shan{ata /-mucallimati

By no means does the genitive construction only characterize possession, as in \:,. ... J the example U-.J ~, it also characterizes membership or close association: 0..-

•

the member of an Arab delegation and a characteristic feature or a quality: the symbol of a deep friendship

~ Al Inquiring about ownership is also expressed in the form of a genitiv~ construction. "\ • _ • _ J ._ "Whose house is this?"

1 ..lA>

if

~

As there are almost no compound words in Arabic, the genitive construction, along with other syntagms, is also used to create word combinations with a stable lexical content, which are roughly comparable to compounds in English.

1the students' hostel

9W 4.'1 1

Lesson 6 ,,,:'''''

J

69

0 ....

In this connection, the translation of the indefinite flk ~ is not "the house of students", but "a students' hostel". • ~ A2 Word combinations like "a house of the man", "a member of the Arab delegation" etc. are expressed by means of prepositions. Particularly the preposition ~ (sometimes

J ) is suitable for this purpose:

a house of the man lit.: a house out of the houses of the man a member of the Arab delegation

~;1\

;) .. ~i LT: ~

..!.it::·.. ~. ~~I!!-.~~~..?~~ .~r~.~ .~.~.~~.~.~~ .~rt?~.~~~.A~!.~Z.~!!.