Reading Greek: Grammar, Vocabulary and Exercises 0521219779, 9780521219778 [PDF]

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Γράμματα μαθεΐν δ ίΐ καί μαθόντα νονν €χαν Menander

THE JO IN T

ASSO CIATIO N

C LASSICAL

T E A C H E R S’ GREEK

Reading Greek

G R A M M A R , A N D

V O C A B U L A R Y

EXERCISES

C a m b r id g e U N IV E R S IT Y P R E SS

OF CO U RSE

PUBLISHED UY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OP CAMBRIDGE The Pin building, Trumpington Street. Cambridge. United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building. Cambridge C B 2 2 R U . UK

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10 Stamford Road. Oaklcigh, Melbourne 3 1 6 6 . Australia © The Joint Association o f Classical Teachers' Creek Course 1978 This book is in copyright, Subjcct to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant eollectivc licensing agreements, no reproduction o f any part may take place without the written permission o f Cambridge University Press. First published 197ft Reprinted with corrections 1979, 1980 Reprinted 1982. 1983. 1986 (twice). 1987. 1988. 1989. 1990, 1991. 1993 (twice), 1994, 1995, 1996 (twice), 1997 (twice), 1999 Printed in the United States o f America Typeset in beinbo

A catalogue rctordfer this buck is available from the British Library Library of Congress C ataloguin -lhiblieation Data is available ISliN 0-521-2 1 9 7 7 -9 paperback

CONTENTS

Prcfacc ix

Abbreviations x

A G r a m m a r, V o ca b u la rie s and E x ercises fo r Sectio n s O n e-N in eteen Alphabet and pronunciation

i

Part One Section One

5

Section Two

25

Section Three

34

Part T w o Section Four

44

Section Five

58

Section Six

80

Part Three Section Seven

97

Section Eight

10K

Section Nine

1 30

Section Ten

>44

Part Four Section Eleven

152

Section 'Twelve

174

Section Thirteen

193

Section Fourteen

201

Part Five Section Fifteen

207

Section Sixteen

221

Section Seventeen

236

Part Six Section Eighteen

241

Part Seven Section Nineteen B Reference G ram m ar A .i Preliminaries A .2 The Greek alphabet A -3 Accentuation A .4 Homeric dialect - the main features B.

Nouns

24K 2 59 2_sy 260 26.4 2(, 7 270

C .i Adjectives!pronouns

^71

C .2 Comparison o f adjectives

27 i

C-3 Nounjadjectiue endings - a summary

274

D.

2 7>

Adverbs

E.i The verb - synopsis

~7 >

Έ.ζ Verb summary chart (uncontracted, tveak aorist)

27S

E 3 Irregular verbs E.4 Important principal parts

2iS 1

F.

Prepositions

290

G.

Particles

292

H.

ώς (ω ς)

2X4

I.

Participles

297 298

JK.

Infinitives

2 99

Indirect speech

301

L.

Temporal clauses

M.

303

Purpose clauses and verbs o f fearing

N.

304

Polite (potential) av

O.

Conditionals

P. QR.

305 305

Wishes

306

Commands (orders)

306

Deliberatives

307

C L a n g u a g e S u rv e y s ( 0 History o f the Greek language (2) Active, middle and passive (3) Aspect

308 308

(4) Optative (5) Subjunctive and opt at we usages part thv item ) and what pan changes (we call this part the ‘ending ). Von in// find one or two slight inconsistent ies in rhis ternΐΜοΙοςγ. It should he stressed here that the positioning of the hyphen should not he taken to imply anything about the historical development of the lan^ua^e.

O

Grammar for Section One A -G Summary: Pres. ind. act. -α>, -άω, -coj Pres, impcr. act. -to, -άω, -«υ Dot. art. ό ή τό (nom., acc.) κ'αΑ-όί -τη -όν ( ήμίτςρος) (nom., acc.) άνθρωπος, ϊργον (no m , acc.) Som e preps. μ ίν . . . S i Verbs Present indicative active, β α ίν-ω Ί go’

4 The forms o f the pres. ind. act. arc as follows: .Sion linding βαίν-w βαίν-ςις βαίν-ϋΐ βαίν-ομ(ν βαίν-€Τ€ β αίν-ουσι(ν)

Meaning Ί go/I am going* ‘you go/you are going’ ‘he/shc/it goes' (etc .) ‘ we go’ ‘ you go" ‘they go*

Description lit person singular ( tst s.) 2nd person singular (2nd s.) 3rd person singular (3rd s.) /st person plural (ist pi.) 2nd person plural {2nd pi.) 3 rd person plural (3rd p i)

All uncontracted verbs ending in -ω follow this pattern. You have met ακούω, βλέπω, μένω , φ ενγω , διώκω. Note This way o f laying out a verb is called a 'conjugation . Present indicative active ('contracted'), όρά -ω ‘ I see’ , notc-w Ί do, make' 5 ‘Contracted* verbs are verbs o f which the stem ends in 3 vowel (-α-, ·. The vowel coalesces with the vowel o f the endings, with the result that the conjugation o f contracted

,7

A . ( ;™ »ι»κΐΓ, I

, Γ:Μ rit-i.

verbs looks different from that of uncontraeted verbs; but the pattern on which

-

-

a,,d w “i with the,r e3r"er forn“ in ti,c

s ,m ,u n t ,c s -

(όρά-ω)

‘I see’

Mi i.

op-to

i , yds.

όρ- V 6ρ-ά

β ρ ί 'Ο

‘he/shc/it sees

ΐίίρ/. 2nd p i yd pi

όρ-ώμ^μ όρ-άτ€ ορ-ώοι(v)

(ορα-ομ€ν) ( ορά-€Τΐ) (ορά-ονσi(v ))

we see y o u se c ’^ ‘ they sec

,5fs. 2nd s. y d s. isfp/. 2nd pi 3rd p/.

ποι-ώ ποι-€Ϊς irot-tl 7τοι-ονμ(ν ποι-etr€ TTot-ovoi(v)

(v o t i-v ) ( wote-cts) ( 7Toi4~ti) (ττοιί-ομΐ,ν) ^Trocc-cre^ (ττοιί-ονοt(v))

‘I do, make you do he/shc/it docs we do you do they do

*

O f these types of verbs you have met όράω, rroicw, σκοπέω , βοτηθέω. Notes (i) English may use a pronoun to show who is doing the action (e.g. ‘ J V you', ‘ we', etc.). In Greek this is shown by the ending of the verb, e.g. βαίν-ω Ί go’ βαίν-ομίν 'wego' (H) if die y d s. appears on its own with ho stated subject, it means ' he, she, it - s’ , according to context. 'Die sameform is used when the subject is stated, e.g. βαίνει ‘he, she, it goes’ ο άνθρωπος βαiv« ‘the titan goes’ (tit) Note that Greek distinguishes between the s. and pi. forms o f ‘ you’ . Thus βαίνΐΐς means 'you go’ where one person is addressed βαινπ* means 'you go’ where more than one person is addressed Imperatives 6 The following forms, called imperatives, are used to express orders: ραιΐ'-ί go i'j ^addressed to one person) Cn«r f ' ST€ g° r M essed to more than one person) Contract forms are slightly different: op- a (oaa-t) ‘ sec'1 /«I t όρ-ίτ€ (ορά-ert) ‘see·’ (v\ I π C_€1. ( π0ί