Laser Cutting Machine [PDF]

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TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................viii NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................2 1.1

Types Of Laser Cutting Machines................................................................2

1.2

History Of Laser Cutting Machine...............................................................4

1.3

Laser Engraving Machine............................................................................4

1.4

Methods of Laser Cutting.............................................................................7

1.5

Materials that can be cut...............................................................................8

1.6

Common laser types available in the market..............................................10

1.7

Problem Statement.....................................................................................13

1.8

Objectives...................................................................................................14

1.9

Scope of Project..........................................................................................14

1.10

Methodology...........................................................................................15

CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................16 LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................16 CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................18 PORTABLE 3-AXIS DEPLOYED LASER CUTTING MACHINE................18 3.1

Specification of Components.....................................................................18

3.2

Coding of the Arduino................................................................................22

CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................28 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS........................................................................28 4.1

Design Specifications.................................................................................28

4.2

3D Design using Solid Works....................................................................28

4.3

Calculations................................................................................................31

4.4

Selection of the best alternative using PUGH matrix.................................33

4.5

Selection of motor......................................................................................34

CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................35 ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE................................35

5.1

Advantages.................................................................................................35

5.2

Limitations..................................................................................................35

5.3

Applications................................................................................................36

5.4

Future scope...............................................................................................36

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................37

LIST OF TABLES Fig 1.1: CO2 Laser Cutting machine......................................................................3 Fig 1.2: ND-YAG Laser Cutting machine..............................................................4 Fig 1.3: Working principle of fibre laser..............................................................11 Fig 1.4: Working principle of excimer/ UV laser........................................12 Fig 1.5: Working Principle of CO 2 Laser......................................................13 Fig 1.6: Working principle of nd- yag lasers................................................13 Fig 3.1: Laser Diode.............................................................................................18 Fig 3.2: Stepper Motor..........................................................................................18 Fig 3.3: Arduino board.........................................................................................20 Fig: 3.4: 12Volts D.C supply................................................................................20 Fig: 3.5: Motor driver I.C.....................................................................................21 Fig 3.6: D.P.D.T switch........................................................................................21 Fig 3.7: GRBL-based environment to input g- and m- codes...............................22 Fig 4.1: Mild Steel Extrusion................................................................................28 Fig 4.2: Y-Axis Block ( 3D Printed)....................................................................29 Fig 4.3: V Wheels.................................................................................................29 Fig 4.4: Leg Support(3D Printed).........................................................................29 Fig 4.5: L- Clamp.................................................................................................29 Fig 4.6: Laser Head...............................................................................................30 Fig 4.7: Z-Axis Block...........................................................................................30 Fig 4.8: Block Assembly......................................................................................30 Fig 4.9: Final 3D Model.......................................................................................30 Fig 4.10: Forces acting along Screw rod..............................................................32

LIST OF TABLES Table 4 .1: Components of the final design..........................................................28 Table 4 .2: PUGH matrix for selection of laser diode..........................................34

Portable 3-axis Deployed Laser cutting Machine

2020 - 2021

NOMENCLATURE SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

dm

Mean diameter

p

Pitch

dc

Collar diameter

W

Weight to be lifted (pushed)

D2

Pitch diameter of the internal thread (nut)

α

Helix angle of the thread

µ

Coefficient of friction between nut and screw

µc

Coefficient of collar friction

T

Torque

F

Force in direction of motion

F0

Pre-load

m

Total mass to be moved

a

Acceleration of moving mass

r

Radius of lead screw

η

Efficiency of screw thread

θ

Tilt angle

g

Acceleration due to gravity

i

Gear ratio

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE.

Page 1

Portable 3-axis Deployed Laser cutting Machine

2020 - 2021

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION A LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a nonconventional source of energy which is being increasingly implemented in industrial machining due to the high precision and quality products which can be obtained. Lasermachined work-pieces have superior dimensional tolerances and accuracy and minimal heataffected-zone. Most laser- cutting machines are equipped with CNC capabilities for ensuring quality and timely outputs. By varying the intensity of the laser beam, we can cut/engrave a variety of materials. Engraving using CNC-controlled lasers is different from traditional engraving processes as there is no requirement for a resistive mask. The path of the laser tool, and consequently the laser beam, is controlled precisely by the CNC system.

1.1

Types Of Laser Cutting Machines

There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting:

 The CO2 laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving.  The Nd laser is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition is required.  The Nd:YAG laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and engraving. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in application.Both CO2 and Nd/Nd:YAG lasers can be used for welding.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE.

Page 2

Portable 3-axis Deployed Laser cutting Machine

2020 - 2021

1.1.1 CO2 Lasers Since the discovery of lasers, CO2 lasers have been the most employ in the material processing industry. The emission of carbon dioxide lasers results form an electric discharge maintained in a gas mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium. The classic wavelength of emission is in the infrared, around 10.6 μm, but lower wavelengths are now being used

for processing specific polymers.CO2 lasers offer a high average power output;

from a few Watts up to 50 kW. CO2 lasers are currently used in automotive industry or other steel parts manufacturing activities. The CO2 laser is also an ideal tool for industrial marking, annealing, engrave or weld metals, plastics or wood if applicable. While providing excellent beam quality, they offer a much lower electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency (