Indonesian Grammar [PDF]

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Indonesian Grammar, Proverb, Simple Conversations, and Reading Evi evi @ writeme.com, November 2004 For Thomas’s web

Indonesian Grammar, Proverb, Simple Conversations, and Reading..................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................3 Characteristic and Major Difference Compared to Other Languages.............................4 Kata Benda (Noun)..........................................................................................................6 Base Form and Derivative Form ......................................................................................................................................6 Singular Form and Plural Form...................................................................................7 Gender..........................................................................................................................7 Kata Kerja (Verb)............................................................................................................8 Kata Ganti (Pronoun).....................................................................................................10 Personal Pronoun ....................................................................................................................................10 Kami, Kita..................................................................................................................11 Referring an Animal..................................................................................................11 Possessive Pronoun(Kata Ganti Kepemilikan)..........................................................11 Kata Ganti Penunjuk (Determiner Pronoun)..............................................................11 Kata Ganti Penanya (Question Word).......................................................................12 Kata bilangan (Number)................................................................................................14 Ordinal Number – Bilangan Ordinal..........................................................................14 Kata sifat (Adjective).....................................................................................................15 Comparison (Perbandingan)......................................................................................15 Kata Keterangan (Adverb).............................................................................................16 Kata Penghubung (Conjugation) – Konjungsi...........................................................19 Kata Seru (interjection)..............................................................................................22 Artikel (article)...........................................................................................................24 Proverb (Peribahasa)......................................................................................................25 Simple Conversation (Percakapan Sederhana)..............................................................27 Greeting (salam).........................................................................................................27 Introducing people (perkenalan)................................................................................28 Asking for time and date (Menanyakan waktu dan tanggal).....................................29 Asking for direction (Menanyakan Arah)..................................................................30 Phone conversation (pembicaraan telepon)...............................................................31 Sentence.........................................................................................................................33 Pattern........................................................................................................................33 Active sentence and passive sentence........................................................................33 Kalimat Tunggal and Kalimat Majemuk...................................................................34 Indonesian Affixation....................................................................................................35 Reading..........................................................................................................................45 1

Translating a popular Indonesian song......................................................................45

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Introduction Where should we start? At kindergarten, children start with pronunciation of alphabet, and then try to make syllable (suku kata) ba-bi-bu-be-bo, ka-ki-ku-ke-ko, until all 21 consonants have been in paired with 5 vowels (za-zi-zu-ze-zo). And then you are expected to combine syllables to make words. Twenty to thirty years ago, the first sentence taught at elementary school was: "Ini Budi." (This is Budi) Continued with the whole introduction of Budi's family. Father, mother, sister, brother, uncle, and aunt. At my third grade at elementary school, my father taught me English. It also started with the same pattern of sentence. “This is a table. This is an egg.” Let’s start with that for the sake of memory! Demonstrative pronoun ini (this) and itu (that) Ini Budi. This is Budi. Itu bapak Budi. That is Budi’s father. Does Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) is the same as Malay? Indonesian is one of Malay dialects. Malay, known as Bahasa, is spoken at Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei. It has many dialects that sometimes speakers from different dialects confuse one another. This is why, Indonesian is declared as the unified language at Indonesia (1928). As for the sake of standard writing, a general Indonesian spelling standard is released from the 30th Congress of Language Board (Majelis Bahasa) Brunei Darussalam – Indonesia – Malaysia (1991). For more information about Malay, check http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu Check some difference in the following table. English Public notice

Indonesia Pengumuman, pemberitahuan

Have fun

Bersenang-senang

Emergency (notice near the lift: In emergency case, do not use the lift)

Darurat (dalam keadaan darurat jangan gunakan lift)

Malaysia Maklumat (maklumat is known in Indonesian, but rarely used except in old stories) Berseronok (in Indonesian it has negative meaning: to wear a sexy cloth) Kecemasan (dalam masa kecemasan, jangan gunakan lift) In Indonesian, kecemasan means a feeling of uneasiness, but not that

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Child

Anak

Car

Mobil

urgent Budak In Indonesian, it means: slave. At Palembang-Sumatera island, the word for anak is the same, budak. At Sundanese, it is barudak. Kereta In Indonesian, kereta means train. At some dialects, it means bike, even motor-cycle

For information check:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbedaan_antara_sebutan_Bahasa_Melayu_basahan_dan_B ahasa_Indonesia But, don’t worry too much about the difference. It is not so bad compared to me as native speaker of Palembangese dialect (that has the same dialect as Kuala Lumpur dialect) when I meet my friends with Javanese dialect. I do not speak Javanese; therefore I am completely blank as they talk in their mother tongue :-) There is another special course for language such as Javanese or Sundanese.

Characteristic and Major Difference Compared to Other Languages. 1. Just like English, Indonesian consists of 26 letters (a-z) and 5 vowels (a,i,u,e,o). However only 3 diphthongs (ai, au, oi) and 4 dual-consonant conjunct (kh, ng, ny, sy) are known. Sentence is read from left to right. Notice that letters are read differently compared to English. The main trouble of Indonesian learning English and vice versa is on mixing pronouncation of two vowels. Letter i is pronounced as e in English, letter e is pronounced as a. 2. Punctuation is known just like English. 3. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjugation, interjection, article, pronoun are known. 4. Passive sentence and active sentence are known. 5. Subject, predicate (verb), and object are known. 6. Proverb and idiom are known. 7. Slang language is also known. Spoken among young people. 8. Words in Indonesian are very rich with suffix, infix, and prefix. 9. There is no gender for words. 10. Indonesian does not have tense. 11. Pronoun is only known for person. There is no pronoun for animal or other unanimated object such as ‘it’. 12. There is no determiner like ‘the’. 13. The plural form has the same form as the singular one for noun. However, reduplication may occur in some rules. 4

14. The concept of “we” is further defined as “we” without listener, and “we” with listener included.

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Kata Benda (Noun) Base Form and Derivative Form There are two types of noun based on how they are formed. 1. Base form (bentuk dasar, stem, or kata dasar) 2. Derivative form (bentuk turunan, or kata berimbuhan) Derivative noun is formed by adding affixation (prefix, suffix, infix, konfiks) to a base word. A base word need not be typed as noun, it can be adjective or verb. Example: Paman dan Budi membaca koran di taman. Uncle and Budi are reading the newspaper in the garden. The words paman, Budi (a person’s name), koran, and taman are all noun in the base form. Now, consider this sentence. Pendukung Arsenal merayakan kemenangan timnya dengan penuh kegembiraan. Arsenal supporters celebrated the victory of their team joyfully. The words pendukung, kemenangan, kegembiraan are all derivative nouns. In Indonesian dictionary, we search by base form first, and then try to find the specific derivative form. Therefore, we will not find a derivative word as first entry in the dictionary. Pendukung = pe + (n) + dukung Kemenangan = ke + menang + an Kegembiraan = ke + gembira + an In this example, dukung is a verb for support. Adding prefix pe- converts the word as noun. Menang is a verb (to win), and gembira is an adjective (joyful). Adding ke-an converts the words as nouns. ke-, pe-, and per- are most common used prefix to form a derivative noun. The complete rules for noun are given below: No 1

affix Ke-, ke-an

2

pe(n)-, pe(n)-an, -an

3

per-, per-an

4

-el, -er, -em

5

-wan, -wati

6

-at, -in

example Kekasih, kehendak, kemalasan, kediaman Penyelia, penerjemah, penerjemahan, terjemahan, penyanyi pertapa, pertanyaan, perbaikan, persaudaraan gelembung, serabut, gemerlap Bangsawan, wartawati, hartawan Hadirin, hadirat

English Lover, will, laziness, residence Supervisor, translator, translating (process of), translation, singer ?, question, fix, brotherhood bubble, ?, sparkling noble family, reporter (female), rich man audience (male),

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7

-isme, -isasi, -logi, -tas

Nasionalisme, nasionalisasi, terminologi, komunitas

audience (female) Nationalism, nationalization, terminology, community

Note: Indonesian also derivates affix from foreign language as seen in number 7. It is better to predict first what a suspicious noun word serves as in a sentence. Noun can serve as subject, object, predicate, or complement. Check this example: Kakek ketagihan masakan menantunya. Grandpa is addicted to his daughter-in-law’s cooking. While all other words are nouns, ketagihan is a verb. It is formed by ke + tagih + an. Ke-, ke-an, pe-, pe-an, -an, per- can form other types of word beside noun. To avoid confusion, refer to complete rule in the Indonesian Affixation page (last page of this document). Singular Form and Plural Form The simple way to make a noun plural is by repeating the word. In Indonesian grammar, it is known as reduplication (kata ulang). Reduplication also happens on adverb, adjective, verb, and number. We’ll cover Kata Ulang in detail next time. A lot of fun! Rumah-rumahan for example, does not mean houses, but doll-house. Example: No

Singular Kucing Sepatu Pendidikan

English Cat Shoes Education

Plural Kucing-kucing Sepatu-sepatu Pendidikanpendidikan

English Cats Shoes Educations

“Di sana ada kucing-kucing.” “There are cats.” Kucing-kucing does not tell the listener how many cats are there, and neither does sepatu-sepatu. If we know there are four cats, we will say: “Di sana ada 4 kucing.” “There are 4 cats.” Notice that we do not repeat kucing any more as we have a quantity word before the noun. The rule also applies if we know there are a lot of cats (more than 1): “Di sana ada banyak kucing.” “There are a lot of cats.” Gender Indonesian does not use gender for words. Therefore, there is no gender for noun.

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Kata Kerja (Verb) Just like noun, with verb we have basic form and derivative form. Example of base form: Saya mandi, sarapan, kemudian pergi ke kantor saya. Setelah saya pulang dari kantor, saya langsung tidur. I took a bath, ate my breakfast, and then went to my office. After I had come back from the office, I went to bed directly. In SPOK pattern sentence, verb is mostly found as Predicate. Monyet memanjat pohon kelapa. Subject + Predicate + Object The monkey climbs the coconut tree. Me-, di-, ter-, ke- are the prefix used to form a derivate verb. No 1

Affix Me-, me-kan, me-i, memper-kan

Example Meminjam, meminjamkan, meminjami, mempertanyakan, memperbarui Dipinjam, dipinjamkan, dipinjami, dipertanyakan, diperbarui

2

di-, di-kan, di-i, diper-kan

3

Ter-, ter-kan, ter-I

Terjebak, terpuaskan, terlampaui

4

Ke-an

Kehujanan, kejatuhan, kehilangan

English To borrow, to lend (+noun), to lend (+ personal pronoun), to question, to renew Passive. To be borrowed, to be lent (+noun), to be lent (+noun), to be questioned about, to be renewed To be trapped in, to be fulfilled, to be passed over To catch rain, to be hit suddenly, to lose

Example: Rakyat mempertanyakan kenaikan harga barang. People questioned the raise of goods’ price. Kemarin adikku kehujanan, di samping itu dia juga terjebak macet. Yesterday, my sister was caught in the rain, beside that she was also trapped in a traffic jam. Berita tersebut menimbulkan sensasi besar melebihi riuh rendahnya pemilihan umum sendiri. The news created a big sensation bigger than the fanfare of the General Election itself.

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Saya meminjam jaket dari Selvi = Selvi meminjamkan jaket pada saya = Selvi meminjami saya jaket = Jaket dipinjam saya dari Selvi = Jaket dipinjamkan Selvi pada saya = Saya dipinjami Selvi jaket. All means: I borrow a jacket from Selvi. This sentence also means the same, using base form: Jaket saya pinjam dari Selvi. Dari mana kamu dapat jaket? Where do you get the jacket from? Pinjam dari Selvi. I borrow it from Selvi. Notice that intransitive verb (verb that does not require any object), will change to transitive verb (requires object) after affixation. This pattern also works: Object + Subject + verb in base form More examples: Sensasi besar timbul. A big sensation has arosen. Koran mereka robek-robek  Mereka merobek-robek koran. They tore down the newspaper. Nomor teleponnya sudah saya catat  Saya sudah mencatat nomor teleponnya. I had already written down your number. Kenang-kenangan pahit bersamamu akan saya lupa  Saya akan melupakan kenang-kenangan pahit bersamamu. I will forget the bitter memories with you. But not always! You can’t say: Bayi saya mandi. It will mean: My baby is taking a bath by itself; instead of: I give my baby a bath. Be careful of reflexive verbs, verbs that are against the subject. In poetic sentence, personal pronoun can be put after verb. Verb + Personal pronoun Terhanyut aku akan nostalgia. I am drifted away in nostalgia. Check the page on Indonesian Affixation for detail how prefix will change if added to a word started with certain letter. I think we’d better put detail of each affix means here, but let’s see.

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Kata Ganti (Pronoun) There are three types of pronoun in Indonesian: personal pronoun (kata ganti orang), determiner (kata ganti penunjuk), and question word (kata ganti penanya). There is no pronoun for animal or unanimated object. Personal Pronoun

Indonesian knows the concept of first person, second person, and third person. No First person

Single Saya, aku, ku-

Plural Kami, kita

Second person

Kamu, Anda, kau, Saudara

Third person

Dia, ia, beliau

Kalian, Anda (sekalian), Saudara-saudara Mereka

Explanation If listener is not included, use kami. If listener is included, use kita.

Saya and aku are used based on how close relationship between speaker and listener is. Saya is more formal compared to aku. In national ceremony, speech will use saya, but between close friends, aku will be used. You will also notice the slang language gua used among young persons extensively, along with lu for second person. This is the same case with second person. Anda or saudara both are more formal than kamu or kau. A mother will call her child with kamu, but a lecturer to his student, a television reporter to his audience, will use saudara or anda. If a young person address an older person with kamu, kau, or saudara, he will be considered impolite. For this case, use Bapak or Ibu to be polite. Same case with plural form. Kalian for kamu or kau. Saudara-saudara or Anda sekalian for formal occasion, Bapak-bapak or Ibu-ibu for older persons. Example: Asking how are you: To an older person: Apa kabar, Pak? To the radio listener: Apa kabar, Saudara? To a friend: Kamu apa kabar? Saudara-saudara sebangsa dan setanah air! People of my nation! Third person, dia and ia are used both formal and informal. Beliau is used to refer to someone respected. Example:

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Jenderal Sudirman adalah pahlawan nasional. Beliau akan selalu dikenang. General Sudirman was a national hero. He will always be remembered. Polisi menangkap orang itu. Dia memalsukan uang. The police are catching that person. He forged the money. Kami, Kita. Check this example: Kami membeli dua ekor ayam kemarin. Hari ini kita akan memasaknya. We bought two chickens yesterday. Today, we will cook them. The speaker bought two chicken yesterday not with the listener(s). However, she will cook them with the speaker(s). Note: This is a bad example for referring two chickens as –nya. The full correct sentence should be: Kami membeli dua ekor ayam kemarin untuk kita masak hari ini. Referring an Animal There is no pronoun for animal or unanimated things, like “it” in English. We refer to animal with its name followed by determiner ini/itu. Example: Saya melihat seekor kupu-kupu di sebelah sana. Kupu-kupu itu berwarna kuning. I saw a butterfly over there. It is yellow. Changing kupu-kupu itu as dia is incorrect. Incorrect: Saya melihat seekor kupu-kupu. Dia berwarna kuning. Possessive Pronoun(Kata Ganti Kepemilikan) Possesive pronoun is formed by adding personal pronoun after noun. There is no change in writing or whatsoever. However, it is more convenience that aku is contracted to -ku, kamu to -mu, and dia to –nya. Example: Buku saya, rumah Anda, kursinya, komputer mereka, beasiswaku, pekerjaanmu. My book, your house, his chair, their computer, my scholarship, your job. For animal, same pattern, with no change in animal’s name. Gading gajah sangat mahal. The elephant’s ivory is very expensive. Kata Ganti Penunjuk (Determiner Pronoun) Kata ganti penunjuk in Indonesian replaces: No

Determine which

determiner

English

11

1

Thing

Ini Itu Anu

2

Place (also known as locative pronoun)

Sini Situ Sana

3

How to

Begini begitu

This, these That, those Something that speaker is not sure whatabouts Here There Place far from both speaker and listener Like this Like that

Example: Begini cara melakukannya. This is how to do it. Do it like this. Saya tidak begitu! I am not like that! You can see ‘begitu’ in the second example can be replace with other noun phrase. This will answer question: Begitu bagaimana? Like what? Saya tidak menerima suap seperti orang itu. I do not accept bribery like that man. Other examples: Payung Anda yang ini, jaket Anda yang itu, dan sepatu anda di sana. Your umbrella is this one, your jacket is that one, and your shoes is there. “Di mana kakakmu?” “Di… anu, saya lupa.” “Where is your sister?” “She is at … err… I forget.” Si anu memiliki seekor kambing, sedangkan tetangganya si anu memiliki padang rumput. Someone had a goat, on the other hand his neigbour had a meadow. (A name used in a story, Mr. A, Mr. B, etc)

Kata Ganti Penanya (Question Word) No

Affix SiMengKen(a)k-n Ber-

Base word

Apa

Mana Di Ke Dari Bagai-

Question word Apa Siapa Mengapa Kenapa Kapan Berapa Mana Di mana Ke mana Dari mana Bagaimana

English What Who Why (kenapa is informal) When How much, how many When used alone, can be any of below: Where (one is placed) Where (one will go) From where How

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Yang Examples:

Yang mana

Which

Di mana jaket paman kauletakkan? Where did you place Uncle’s jacket? Mau pergi ke mana, Bibi? Where do you want to go, Aunty? Kapan sepupu Anda lulus ITB? When did your cousin graduate from ITB? Apa penyebab semua masalah itu? What was the cause of the whole trouble? Siapa yang bertanggung jawab di sini? Who is in charge here? Berapa harga sekilo ikan teri di pasar? How much does 1 kilo of anchovies cost in the market? Mengapa nasibku begini merana? Why is my fate this miserable? Bagaimana mungkin menyelesaikan tugas sebanyak ini dalam seminggu? How is it possible to finish task as much as this in a week? Klab bola mana yang Anda dukung? Which football club that you support?  yang mana Mana saja dirimu selama ini? Where have you been?  ke mana (informal conversation) Mana kursi kesayanganku? Where is my favorit chair?  di mana One of common mistake with which is when translating from English sentence formed with more than 1 sentence, and joined with which (not in a question), like this: I will sell the house which I bought last year. Incorrect translation: Saya akan menjual rumah yang mana saya beli tahun lalu. Correct translation: Saya akan menjual rumah yang saya beli tahun lalu. There is no ‘whom’ like in English.

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Kata bilangan (Number) Indonesian has two types of number: ordinal and cardinal.

Check vocabulary: bilangan. Ordinal Number – Bilangan Ordinal

Ordinal number starts with ke-, followed by its cardinal number. Example: 1st, 2nd kesatu (pertama), kedua Or as combination of ke and digits: ke-1, ke-2 Other note: Se- is a prefix that stands for one. Sejuta is as same as satu juta. Ke- also means collection. If we do not know how many things are, we will use kata bilangan tak tentu. The following words, except sejumlah, also used for uncounted noun. No English Beberapa Some Banyak A lot of Sedikit A little of sejumlah Some Sejumlah mahasiswa memprotes kebijakan rektor. Some students protested the dean’s policy. Di daerah pedesaan masih banyak perumahan tradisional. In rural area, there are a lot of traditional house. Tambahkan sedikit garam jika suka. Add a little salt as you like. Sedikit banyak saya memahami masalah itu. More or less I understand that problem. Sekitar seratus warga negara Indonesia mendatangi ketiga tempat pemungutan suara di Sanaa pada Pemilihan Presiden Kedua bulan Agustus tadi. Jumlah ini jauh lebih banyak dibanding Pemilihan Presiden Pertama. Around a hundred Indonesian citizen came over the three voting sites at Sanaa on the second Precidential Election last August. The number is bigger compared to that on the First Precidential Election.

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Kata sifat (Adjective) In Indonesian, noun comes before adjective, also known as DM (Diterangkan-Menerangkan) pattern. Example: Malam Minggu kelabu. Noun adjective Dark Saturday night. Malam Minggu is the thing being explained (diterangkan). Kelabu explains (menerangkan) malam Minggu. Notice that the English translation has different pattern, MD. Example : Saya memakai sepatu baru. I wear new shoes. Gedung-gedung tinggi menghiasi sepanjang Jalan Thamrin. The tall buildings decorates alongside of Thamrin Street. (Note not to repeat plural form like this: Gedung-gedung tinggi-tinggi. No lexical meaning) Comparison (Perbandingan) There is no change in adjective form for comparison. We only need to add lebih for ‘more’, and add paling or prefix ter- for ‘the most’ before an adjective. Pattern: Lebih + adjective + (daripada | dari) Paling + adjective + (di | di antara)

or

ter- + adjective

Example: If Ali is 180 cm tall, Budi is 160 cm tall, Cici is 158 cm tall, and Bambang is 160 cm, then: Ali lebih tinggi daripada Budi. Cici lebih pendek dari Budi. Ali paling tinggi di antara mereka. Ali is taller than Budi. Cici is shorter than Budi. Ali is the tallest among the three. Budi dan Bambang sama tinggi. Or: Budi setinggi Bambang. Budi is as tall as Bambang. If we know, in fact, Ali is the tallest in the class, we can say: Ali paling tinggi di kelas. Or: Ali tertinggi di kelas.

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Kata Keterangan (Adverb) Kata Keterangan (Adverb) in Indonesian is a word that explains other words. It differs from Keterangan in S-P-O-K sentence pattern. Take some examples: Mereka mengerjakan ujian dengan baik. They do their tests well. Saya selekasnya berlari secepat-cepatnya. Soon I run as fast as possible. In the first example, dengan baik = well is Keterangan not kata keterangan (adverb). In the second example, selekasnya and secepat-cepatnya are both adverbs. Keterangan in sentence pattern covers a wide range of function. Beside how-to, it can also explain time, place, tool, and cause. It can be formed by noun. Rather than 1 word, it is usually formed by nominal phrase and prepositional phrase. Dosen saya sudah pergi kemarin. My lecturer has left yesterday. Kemarin is keterangan in sentence pattern as explanation of time. We can change it to ‘beberapa hari yang lalu’ (several days ago) and it still serves as explanation of time. Confused yet? Don’t worry, (unless you are going to face an Indonesian national test, or your major at university is Indonesian) the confusion between Keterangan in sentence pattern and kata keterangan should be negligible. Just remember it is much like –ly in English. Se- + reduplication of adjective + -nya = as + adjective + as possible Example: Sedalam-dalamnya. Adjective is dalam (deep). Translated: “as deep as possible”. Reduplication of adjective = in + adjective + manner Example: Pelan-pelan. Adjective is pelan (slow). Translated: “in a slow way.” But, try to scan the table below: No

Adverb Sangat Hanya Lebih Segera Diam-diam Lekas-lekas Habis-habisan Mati-matian Gila-gilaan

English Very Only More Soon In a silent manner In a hurry manner Till all ways are exhausted In a crazy manner

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Sebaiknya Secepatnya Sebenarnya Sesungguhnya Agaknya Kiranya Rasanya Biasanya

In a suggested way As soon as possible As for the truth Looks like that… Feels like… Usually

What is the simplest way to translate an adverb ended with –ly in English? In most case, just put dengan in front of the adjective. My sister sleeps soundly. Adikku tidur dengan nyenyak. The Lion King started his story sadly. Sang Singa memulai ceritanya dengan sedih. Taufik hit back fast. Taufik memukul balik dengan cepat.

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Kata Tugas: In Indonesian grammar, kata tugas covers kata depan or preposisi (preposition), kata hubung (conjugation), kata seru (interjection), and artikel (article). Kata tugas only has grammatical meaning, but no lexical meaning. Therefore, it can’t stand by itself. Kata Depan (preposition) No Preposition Bagi, untuk, buat, guna Dari Dengan Di (oleh) karena, (oleh) sebab Ke, menuju Pada, pada saat Tentang, mengenai Sejak Bersama, beserta Menjelang Menurut Sekeliling Sekitar Selama Sepanjang Terhadap Bagaikan Daripada Kepada Sampai dengan Selain dari

English For From With, using At, on Because, caused by, as To, into, onto At, by the time About Since, for Together with, along with A moment before According to Around Around (time or place) For, during, along Along (time or place) To (an object) As, like Rather than To (a person) Until Other than, beside, but

Example: Perjalanan dari Jakarta ke Bandung memakan waktu 3 jam dengan kereta api. Selama perjalanan ia selalu tidur sejak kereta meninggalkan stasiun Jatinegara, dan baru bangun menjelang kereta memasuki stasiun Bandung. Oleh sebab itu waktu tiga jam bagaikan tidak ada artinya baginya. Menurutnya tidur lebih baik daripada melamun sepanjang jalan. Pada saat ia meninggalkan kereta menuju rumahnya, tubuhnya akan terasa segar. Travel time from Jakarta to Bandung takes about 3 hours using the train. During the journey, he always sleeps since the train has left Jatinegara Station, and wakes up a moment before the train has entered Bandung Station. That’s why, 3 hours is like nothing for him. According to him, sleeping is better rather than daydreaming along the journey. By the time he has left the train going to his abode, he will feel well.

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Kata Penghubung (Conjugation) – Konjungsi Also known as kata penggabung. By grammar, there are three types of conjugations: 1. Konjugasi Subordinatif (Subordinative conjugation) used in kalimat majemuk bertingkat (kalimat majemuk where one pattern is higher than the other(s) 2. Konjugasi Koordinatif (Coordinative conjugation) used in kalimat majemuk setara (kalimat majemuk where all pattern at the same level) 3. Konjugasi Korelatif (Correlative conjugation) used in any of sentence types above However, stop worrying about the grammar’s jargon. Let’s go straight to the mapping. No

Conjugation Dan Atau Tetapi, tapi, akan tetapi Time related : - sesudah, setelah, sehabis, selesai - sebelum - sejak - ketika, tatkala - sementara, sambil, seraya, selagi - selama - sampai Condition related : Jika, kalau, jikalau, asal(kan), bila, manakala Assumption, wish, or example related : Andaikan, seandainya, umpamanya, sekiranya Aim related : Agar, biar, supaya Concessive related : Biarpun, meskipun, sekalipun, walau(pun), sungguhpun, kendati(pun) Similarity related : Seakan-akan, seolah-olah, sebagaimana, seperti, sebagai, laksana Cause related : Sebab, (oleh) karena Result related : (se)hingga, sampai(-sampai), maka(nya) Explanation related : Bahwa How to related :

English mapping And Or But, however - after - before - since - when - while - during, as long as - until

If, provided that Example, wish sentence In order to, so that Eventhough, though, despite Like, as, seem Because So that, until, that’s why, resulted in That By, with, using

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Dengan Tidak hanya…, tetapi juga … Tidak hanya…, bahkan bukannya…, melainkan bukannya…, malah Makin… makin.. Jangankan…, pun Baik… maupun… apa(kah)… atau… entah… entah… Demikian (rupa)… sehingga…

Not only…, but also… Instead of… Comparison like in example : The sooner is the better. Even… ? Either pattern So that

Example : Dia mengetuk-ngetuk pintu dan memanggil-manggil, tetapi tidak ada yang menjawab karena sedang tidak ada orang di rumah. He has been knocking and yelling at the door but nobody answers him as nobody is at home. The sentences are created from 4 sentences: - Dia mengetuk-ngetuk pintu. He has been knocking at the door. - Dia memanggil-manggil. He has been yelling at the door. - Tidak ada orang yang menjawab. Nobody answers him. - Tidak ada orang di rumah. Nobody is at home. Jangankan seribu, sesen pun aku tak punya. As a cent I have not, a thousand rupiahs is out of question. Entah akhir minggu entah hari kerja, dia tidak pernah menjawab teleponnya. Entah penting entah tidak, dia seakan-akan sudah tidak peduli lagi. Either weekend or weekdays, she never answers her phone. Either it is important or not, she seems care no longer. Bukannya sadar, kelakuannya malah makin mengesalkan. Instead of being aware, his attitude is getting annoying. Makin bertambah hari, makin jelas mana teman sejati mana kepentingan sejati. The more days have passed, the more clear which are the true friends and which are the true benefit-takers. Saya katakan ini supaya kamu mengerti manakala waktumu tiba kelak. I tell you this so that you will understand when your time has come someday. Setelah mengemasi buku-bukunya, ia berlari tergesa-gesa sehingga hampir menabrak pintu kelas. After taking his books, he hurriedly run till he almost hit the class door.

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Andaikan aku punya permadani terbang seperti Aladin dalam dongeng Seribu Satu Malam, aku akan mempelajari modelnya sampai aku bisa membuat tiruannya dalam jumlah banyak. Setelah itu, saya tidak akan khawatir jika sampai ada musuh Aladin merebut permadani yang asli. If I had a flying carpet like Alladin in One Thousand and One Nights story, I would learn its model until I could produce its reproduction in a large amount. After that, I would not worry if any enemy of Alladin got the genuine carpet by force.

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Kata Seru (interjection) No

Interjection Ayo Nah Hai, heh, he Ah Halo Eh Oh Wahai Yah, ya Wah Hem Ngomong-ngomong Aduh Asyik Senangnya Duh, aduhai Idih Ih Sialan, brengsek Lo, lho

English Let’s There Hi, hey Polite disagreement Hello Err O Greeting in respected conversation Sigh (dissapointment) Wow, well Hmmm By the way Argh (pain expression) Great (considered informal) Great (formal) Awesome expression Negative expression (why listener does such thing?) Negative expression (strong dislike) Negative expression (cursing) Wondering expression

Example: Duh, bagusnya rumah beratap hijau itu! Wow, that house with green roof is very pretty! Wah, ada apa ini ramai-ramai? Well, what all noise is about? Wah, cantiknya angsa hitam itu! Wow, that black swan is sure pretty! Nah, itu ibu datang! There, there, mom is here! Aduh, kakiku sakit! Argh, my foot is hurt! Ayo makan! Let’s eat! Halo, bisa bicara dengan Pak Bambang? Hello, may I speak with Mr. Bambang? Ah, masa iya sih? Is it so? Ah, mana mungkin. How could it possible? Ngomong-ngomong, tadi saya bertemu Santi. By the way, I just run across Santi. Asyik, gaji naik lagi. Great, another new salary raise. Idih, kamu sudah kaya masih hitungan! Argh, despite a rich man you still count on small things!

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Ih, memangnya dia tidak malu berpakaian begitu? Why isn’t she ashamed of herself by dressing like that? Sialan, berani-beraninya dia mempermainkan aku! Damn her, how could she make fool of me? Lo, Ji, bukannya tahun lalu kamu bilang mau melamar kerja lagi? Last year you said you would apply for new job, didn’t you, Ji?

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Artikel (article) Article in Indonesian grammar limits the meaning how many a noun are there. There are three types of article : 1. Singular meaning : sang, sri, hang, dang 2. Plural/group meaning : para 3. Neutral meaning: si Sri, hang,and dang are used before a royal family member. They are not extensively used. While sang is used for a respected thing. When sang is found before an animal’s name, the speaker is doing a fable. Si is neutral, can be used for animal or person. Usually used in conversation. Example : Hai, sang kodok, mengapa kamu memanggil-manggil sang hujan? Hey, Mr. Toad, why are you calling Mr. rain? Para undangan dipersilakan duduk kembali. The invitees may sit back. Siapa bilang si Budi sakit? Si pembawa berita mengada-ada saja. Says who Budi is sick? The news spreader just made it up. Sang Saka Merah Putih = the way Indonesian call Indonesian flag.

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Proverb (Peribahasa) Indonesian is rich with proverbs. There are about more than 500 well known proverbs. The following are some examples: No Proverb Cabik-cabik bulu ayam Tak ada rotan, akar pun jadi Menepuk air di dulang, terpecik ke muka sendiri Ada gula ada semut Besar pasak daripada tiang Kalah bisa karena biasa Berakit-rakit ke hulu, berenang-renang ke tepian. Bersakit-sakit dahulu, bersenang-senang kemudian. Anjing menggonggong, kafilah berlalu. Tong kosong nyaring bunyinya. Air tenang menghanyutkan. Kacang lupa kulit. Seperti buah simalakama, dimakan ibu mati, tak dimakan bapak mati. Air cucuran atap jatuhnya ke pelimbahan juga. Buruk muka, cermin dibelah. Sedikit demi sedikit, lama-lama jadi bukit. Sedia paying sebelum hujan. Menari di atas bangkai. Orang makan nangka, awak kena getahnya. Musuh dalam selimut. Sekali merengkuh dayung, dua tiga pulau terlampaui. Sambil menyelam minum air. Ada udang di balik batu. Bergantung pada akar lapuk. Seperti telur di ujung tanduk. Seperti menegakkan benang basah.

Meaning Blood is thicker than water By hook or by crook Despise your family, despise your self. People come to wherever the source of wealth is. Spending more than one can afford. Practice makes perfect. Great things have small beginning. Work hard before harvests the result. Ignore others’ objection, just carry on. Empty vessels make most sound. Or: great talkers are poor doers. Be careful to deal with a man of few words. He is wise who speaks a little. A success person forgets how he was before. As between the devil and the deep sea. Like father like son. A mock to person who does against this English proverb: “Don’t break the mirror if you see your face is bad.” A penny saved is a penny earned. Make hay while the sun shines. Both means: Someone who blames others for his fault. A wolf in sheep’s clothing. Doing several things at once. To have an axe to grind. To depend on something undependable. In a very serious situation to fall into trouble. Doing useless thing.

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Sesal dahulu pendapatan, sesal kemudian tak berguna. Ada api ada asap. Makan hati berulam jantung. Kalah jadi abu, menang jadi arang. Ada uang Abang sayang, tak ada uang Abang ditendang. Tuntutlah ilmu hingga ke negeri Cina. Mendengar guntur di langit, air di tempayan dicurahkan. Seperti orang buta kehilangan tongkat. Seperti anak ayam kehilangan induk. Membeli kucing di dalam karung. Datang tampak muka, pergi tampak punggung. Kasih ibu sepanjang jaman, kasih anak sepanjang jalan. Lain ladang lain belalang. Ada ubi ada talas. Ada budi ada balas. Seperti pinang dibelah dua. Sudah jatuh ditimpa tangga. Seperti kucing dibawakan sapu. Menerka ayam di dalam telur. Ayam dapat, musang pun dapat. Tangan mencencang, bahu memikul. Mencabik baju di dada. Berjalan sampai batas, berlayar sampai pulau. Menjual bedil kepada lawan. Jauh panggang dari api.

Everything must be calculated for not being sorry afterward. Rumor must have a source. There is no smoke without fire. In a very miserable condition caused by person one’s loves. People who fight both will lose something. Friends are many while the pocket is full. Search for knowledge to the highest level! One who lets certain luck away for hoping bigger uncertain luck. Completely confused. Be at one’s wit end. To do something doubtful. Be courteous! Greet when you come, greet when you leave. Mother’s love is forever. Different country, different custom. Gratitude is the memory of the heart. It will be returned with gratitude someday. Two persons very much alike. To be in continues bad luck. To be very scared of something bad. Counting chicken before hatching. Catching thief with his stolen goods. Who does, he takes responsibility. Despise one’s self to others. Everything must be done until finish. To trouble one’s self. Far from expected.

Oh, all right, that’s too many of them. I’ll stop. I just enjoy writing it back from my memory 

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Simple Conversation (Percakapan Sederhana) Greeting (salam) Halo Salam kenal. Apa kabar? Salam buat orang rumah. Baik-baik, ya? Selamat pagi. Pagi. Selamat siang. Selamat sore. Selamat malam. Ke mana saja? Kamu baik-baik saja? Baik-baik saja. Sehat-sehat saja. Sudah dulu, ya? Buru-buru ini. Selamat tinggal. Selamat jalan. Semoga sukses. Sukses, ya? Selamat, ya? Salam hormat. Sampai jumpa lagi. Sampai bertemu lagi. Dah! Dah! Salam. Salam sayang Salam jitak. Salam kompak. Tulis surat, ya? Halo, masih ingat saya? Jangan lupakan kami. Hai! Selamat makan. Bersenang-senanglah!

Hello Used in personal email or letter to introduce one’s self How are you? Say hello to your family. Take care. Good morning. Good day. Good afternoon. Good night. Where have you been? Are you just fine? Just fine. To end a conversation. I’ll be making my track. Good bye (if you leave someone) Good bye (if someone leaves you) Good luck. Congratulation! Regards. (in formal email or letter) See you soon. Bye, bye To end an email or a letter where relationship is not close. Love (to end an email or a letter between close relationship) Slang words to end an email or a letter between young persons. Write me. Hello, do you still remember me? Don’t forget us. Hi! Bon appetite. Have fun!

Where is good evening, you asked? I am not sure. At 10:30 AM, a non-native Indonesian speaker once asked me, was it selamat pagi or selamat siang? My answer was simple, if he was already hungry for lunch (makan siang), it would be selamat siang. OK, not a good answer. On the time when I was crazy with night live football watch at 2 PM, the commentators were confused as well if they should greet the television audience with selamat malam or selamat pagi. Someone put that confusion as a theme in Bahasa Indonesia column at a national newspaper. Unfortunately, I forgot what the column said! Another volunteer should help me here. 

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Introducing people (perkenalan) Brian: Hai, perkenalkan nama saya Brian. Nama Indonesia saya, Yayan. Hi, let me introduce my self. I’m Brian. My Indonesian name is Yayan. Eko: Hahaha. Saya Eko. Bahasa Indonesianya bagus sekali. Belajar dari mana? Hahaha. I’m Eko. Your Indonesian is so good. Where did you learn? Brian: Dari Gungun, bagian informasi. Itu Gungun. Gungun, ini tamu hotel kita dari Indonesia: Bapak Eko. Gungun from information desk taught me. Here comes Gungun. Gungun, this is our hotel guest from Indonesia: Mr Eko. Eko: Halo. Panggil saja Eko. Hello. Just call me Eko. Gungun: Halo. Sudah lama di sini, Mas? Hello. How long have you been here, Mas? Eko: Wah, saya bukan orang Jawa. Tidak usah disapa Mas. Saya dari Medan. Well, I’m not a Javanese. Please don’t call me Mas. I’m from Medan. Gungun: Oh, saya orang Sunda. O, I’m a Sundanese. Eko: Baru datang tadi malam. O, ya, kenalkan, teman saya yang baru datang ini namanya Iwan. Wan, ini Gungun, ini Brian. I just came last night. By the way, let me introduce my friend, who just came, his name is Iwan. Wan, this is Gungun, this is Brian. Iwan: Halo. Hello.

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Asking for time and date (Menanyakan waktu dan tanggal) Joko: Kapan ada rapat perkenalan manajer baru kita? When will the meeting to introduce our new manager be held? Anton: Besok, jam sepuluh tepat di ruang Anyer. Tomorrow at 10 o’clock sharp at Anyer room. Joko: Bukankah pada jam itu ada jadwal presentasi selama setengah jam? Isn’t it a presentation is scheduled for a half hour at that time? Anton: Oh, presentasi itu diundur minggu depan. Oh, it was postponed to next week. Joko: Presentasi itu sudah dijadwalkan sejak sebulan yang lalu. It has been scheduled since one month ago. Anton: Manajer yang baru sudah mengubah jadwalnya. Ngomong-ngomong, jam berapa sekarang? The new manager has rescheduled it. By the way, what time is it? Joko: Jam dua belas lewat seperempat. A quarter past twelve. Anton: Jammu kecepatan sepuluh menit, tapi memang sudah jam makan. Your watch is 10 minutes ahead, whatsoever, it is lunchtime already. Joko: Ya, kita sudah terlambat makan. Ayo, pergi! Yes, we’re already late for lunch. Let’s go!

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Asking for direction (Menanyakan Arah) Bajuri: Permisi, numpang nanya. Excuse me, could you show me some directions? Yusuf: Ya, silakan. By no means. Bajuri: Kedubes Singapura di mana, ya? Where is the Embassy of Singapore? Yusuf: Oh, jalan saja terus sepanjang Rasuna Said. Kalau naik taksi dari sini, letaknya di sebelah kanan jalan. Just keep walking along Rasuna Said. If by taxi from here, it is on the right of the street. Bajuri: Kalau Menara XL di mana? What about XL Tower? Yusuf: Kalau mau ke Menara XL, Bapak tinggal menyebrang jalan di zebra cross sana. Jalan terus, lalu belok kiri sedikit. Itu gedungnya kelihatan. If you want to go to XL Tower, you simply cross the street using zebra cross over there. Keep walking, and then turn left a little. You can see the building from here. Bajuri: Terima kasih. Thanks. Yusuf: Sama-sama. Don’t mention it. Other common used asking for direction: Saya mencari bagian bumbu dapur. Ibu mau ke mana? Putar balik. Salah jalan. Saya tersesat. Di mana pintu keluar? Antarkan saya ke Kuningan. Saya baru dari sana.

I look for spice section. (at a supermarket) Where do you want to go? Turn round. Wrong way. I am lost. Where is the exit? Take me to Kuningan, please. (to a taxi driver) I just came from there.

Numpang nanya is a conversation form. The formal form is: “Bolehkah saya menumpang bertanya?” May I ask? Unless you want the person you ask leave impatiently, do not use the formal form. Do not use that form to ask your teacher a question if you seriously want an answer. Numpang is simply expecting a person will be kind to help you.

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Phone conversation (pembicaraan telepon) Formal Phone Conversation Resepsionis: PT Penterjemahan, selamat pagi. Receptionist: Penterjemahan Co., good morning. Khaidir: Pagi, Mbak. Saya Khaidir dari PT Percetakan. Bisa disambungkan dengan Pak Saleh?

Khaidir: Good morning. I’m Khaidir from Percetakan Co. Can you connect me to Mr. Saleh? Resepsionis: Tunggu sebentar.

Receptionist: A moment please. Khaidir: Baik.

Khaidir: I’ll wait. Resepsionis: Pak Saleh sedang rapat. Ada pesan?

Receptionist: Mr. Saleh is on meeting. Would you like to leave any message? Khaidir: Ya, tolong minta Pak Saleh menghubungi saya segera. Penting.

Khaidir: Yes, please inform Mr. Saleh to call me back soon. Urgent. Resepsionis: Akan saya sampaikan.

Receptionist: I’ll tell him. Khaidir: Terima kasih. Selamat pagi.

Khaidir: Thank you. Good morning. Resepsionis: Selamat pagi.

Receptionist: Good morning. Bahasa Indonesia does not have phrase “Have a nice day”. Other common used phone conversation: Untuk layanan dalam bahasa Indonesia, tekan satu. Siapa ini? Salah sambung. Saya panggil dulu orangnya. Bu Ade sedang keluar. Bu Ade sedang tidak di tempat. Halo? Halo? Putus, ya? Nomor yang Anda panggil sedang di luar jangkauan.

For service in Indonesian, please press one. Who is this? (very rude, if spoken without the caller mentioning his name) Wrong number. I’ll call the person whom you want to speak to. Bu Ade is not here. Testing if a phone connection is broken in the middle of a conversation. The number you’re calling is outside the coverage area.

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Cobalah menelepon beberapa saat lagi.

Try again.

Informal Phone Conversation blablabla

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Sentence Pattern A complete sentence (kalimat mayor) in Indonesian is formed by at least two parts: Subject + Predicate (known as S-P pattern). A wider pattern is by adding Object (S-P-O pattern), and explanation or Keterangan (S-P-O-K pattern and S-P-K pattern). At Indonesian, predicate can be from verb, noun, and adjective. Also notice some verbs do not require object, such as: makan (eat), hilang (lost), bernyanyi (sing), bermimpi (to dream). Saya menyurati Budi pagi tadi. S P O K I wrote Budi this morning. Dia bermimpi. S P She dreams. Sepedanya baru. S P His bike is new. Kamu penjaganya. S P You are the security guard. Surat garansi televisi kami sudah hilang beberapa tahun yang lalu. S P K Our television’s guarantee letter has been lost several years ago. S P K

Active sentence and passive sentence Active sentence and passive sentence is easily recognized from the form of its verb. Use this rule: Active: Passive:

Subject + me- + (per-) + verb + (an|kan|i) + Object. Object + di- + (per-) + verb + (an|kan|i) + Subject.

Example: Active: Mahasiswa mengumpulkan pekerjaan rumah. Subject + me + kumpul + kan + Object

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The students are collecting home works. Passive: Pekerjaan rumah dikumpulkan mahasiswa. Subject + di + kumpul + kan + Object Home works are being collected by the students. More examples: Hal kecil jangan dipermasalahkan. Do not make a small deal as a big matter. Mengapa cinta dipertanyakan? Why should love be questioned about? Undang-undang pernikahan sudah diperbarui pada tahun 2004. The marriage law has been renewed in 2004 year. Sehari menjelang harga BBM dinaikkan, antrian panjang terlihat di pom bensin. A day before the oil price had been raisen; a long queue was seen at the oil station. Segala tenaga dan waktunya sudah tercurah dalam pekerjaan itu, tetapi upah yang diperolehnya tidak layak untuk hidup. All of his power and his time have been devoted to that work, however the pay received is not adequate for living. Prefix ber- is also used to create active sentence, while prefix ter- to create passive one. However both are less used. Kalimat Tunggal and Kalimat Majemuk Note: I am not sure about the English grammar term for kalimat tunggal. Is it single sentence? Kalimat majemuk, is it double sentence? Based on number of sentence pattern, in Indonesian grammar we know two kind of sentences: - kalimat tunggal: sentence with only one pattern - kalimat majemuk: sentence with more than one pattern Example: Kalimat tunggal: Pendapat Anda kurang tepat. Subject + Predicate Your opinion is incorrect. Kalimat majemuk: Pendapat Anda kurang tepat dan Anda juga jelek.  Subject + Predicate + conjugation + Subject + Predicate Your opinion is incorrect and you are ugly too.

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Indonesian Affixation Note: I am not an expert in linguistics; therefore I try not to go into detail on grammar theory such as morpheme, stem word, lexical meaning or grammatical meaning. However, here is some basic for Indonesian grammar: - Vowel is known as huruf hidup (a, i, u, e, o) - Consonant is known as konsonan (b, c, d, f,g,h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) - Diphtong is known as diftong, when 2 vowels is read as one syllable. There are only 3 diphtongs in Indonesian (ai, au, oi) - Dual-consonant conjunct is known as gugus konsonan. There are only 4 of them (kh,

ng, ny, sy) -

Affixation is known as pengimbuhan (afiksasi). This is a process of attaching grammatical morpheme (morfem terikat) to a stem word (kata dasar or morfem bebas) to create a new word. We learn that there are 4 types of pengimbuhan: - Awalan or prefiks (prefix): adding a grammatical morpheme in the front of a stem word - Akhiran or sufiks (suffix): adding a grammatical morpheme at the end of a stem word - Sisipan or infiks (infix): adding a grammatical morpheme inside a stem word - Konfiks: combination of awalan and akhiran. (I do not know what the English word for this. We’ll keep calling it konfiks)

Affixation is an important key in mastering Indonesian grammar. Many new words are formed from foreign language by means of affixation. Beginner of Indonesian should focus on main affixation first, i.e: - prefix: me-, ber-, di-, ter-, pe-, per-, se-, ke- suffix: -kan, -an, -i - konfiks: combination of prefix and suffix above This is the basic map No Prefix MeBerdiTerPePerSeKe-

Infix Rarely used

suffix -kan -an -I -nya

konfiks Me-kan di-kan Memper-i Diper-i Ke-an Pe-an Per-an Ber-an Ber-kan Se-nya Ter-kan

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Next, we will notice the existence of other less important affixations which can be easily studied as not many words are formed from them. Example: a-, adi-, dwi-, eks-, maha-, pasca-, pra-, -el-, -er-, -em-, antar-, ekstra-, non-, kontra-, pro-, semi-, sub-, swa-, tuna-, supra-, -isme, -isasi, -logi, -wan, -or, -wan, -wati, -man, -at, -in, -anda, -nda, -da. Suffix me-, pe-, per- as well as their konfiks forms (me-kan, pe-an, per-an) vary in form when added to a base word started with certain letter. Variation

Word started with this letter l, m, n, ng, r, w

Me-, pe(no variation)

Mem-, pem-

b, p p will disappear c, d, j, t t will disappear

Men-, pen-

Meng-, peng-

Vowels, g, k, kh k will disappear

Meny, peny-

S s will disappear Word with 1 syllable

Menge-, penge-

Example Melawak, pemalu, To act like a menganga, clown, shyperagu, pewarta person, to open wide, doubtfulperson, reporter Membalas, To pay off, pemukul beater Mencari, To search, pendatang, comer, vendor, penjual, challenger penantang Mengintip, To peek, to mengarang, compose a story, mengkhawatirkan, to worry about, penggila fanatic fan Menyulap, To put magic, penyelamat savior Mengelas, To weld, bombpengebom doer

But be careful, there are some exceptions. Pesulap (magician) is not written as penyulap (any person who does something great of fast like done with magic, but not a magician). Penatar (person who is being taught) and petatar (tutor). Pejantan (usually for cock), pejalan (pedestrian), pejabat (government officer), pegulat (wrestler), pesepakbola (footballer), pesenam (gym athlete), pebulutangkis (badminton player). The moral is, for certain professions, these rules can be broken. Suffix ber- and ter- as well as their konfiks forms (ber-an, ber-kan, ter-kan) also vary for certain first letter of base words. Be-, teBel-, tel-

r-, or first syllable contains ‘er’ Only for limited words

Terasa, bekerja, teperdaya, beterbangan, terasuki Belajar, telanjur, telantar

To feel, to work, to be cheated by, to fly, to be possessed by evil spirit To study, already being done, to be abandoned

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The next important affix is di-. This is the passive form of me-. The meaning is straightforward. Check active sentence passive sentence part.

Tabel. Imbuhan Bahasa Indonesia (taken from Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan & Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah) No

1

-an

noun

Noun (conv.)

noun

Noun (conv.) Adj. (conv.)

Hasil tulisan; catatan; manisan; asinan Tulisan = hasil menulis Yang biasa dikenai tindak Makanan; minuman; utusan; (buku) bacaan Makanan = yang dimakan Tempat Tepian; lapangan Yang ditempatkan di Awalan; akhiran Awalan: ditempatkan di awal Alat untuk mengukur atau menghitung, ukuran: Meteran; lima lembar puluhan ribu Hasil mengukur atau menghitung” Membeli lusinan lebih murah daripada membeli satuan. Kumpulan; gugusan: daratan; lautan; puluhan; ribuan Yang mempunyai atau mengandung: Durian; rambutan Durian = yang mempunyai duri (buah) Yang menyerupai Gunungan = menyerupai gunung Lebih Gedean = lebih gede (jawa) = lebih besar

English (they’re too many, sob... Volunteer please. I lost my motivation on this part ;)) Result/product of. writing; note; sweet; sour Object of Food; beverage; courier; reading Place Edge; field Placed at

Measurement

Result of measurement. Buying by dozen is cheaper than buying by piece. Collection/composition of Possession of

Similar to More, much Bigger

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Verb (conv.)

noun

-anda, -nda, -da

Antar-

Ber(be-, bel-)

verb

Melakukan sesuatu yang pelaku atau tindakannya banyak (beralasan, saling): Jualan; pacaran Kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan pelaku yang banyak atau tindakan yang banyak: Syukuran; natalan; lebaran Anakanda, ayahanda, ibunda, pamanda

Di lingkungan atau berhubungan yang satu dengan yang lain: Antarbangsa; antarbenua; antarpulau; antarnegara Memiliki: Beristri; bersegi; bergaram; beruntung; bergambar Mengatakan; mengakui sebagai: Berkakak; beradik; bertuan; berguru Menghasilkan; mengeluarkan: Bertelur; berbunyi; berapi Biasa melakukan; bertindak atau bekerja sebagai: Bertinju; berjudi; bertani; bertukang Melakukan pekerjaan yang mengenai diri: Bercukur; berhias; berjemur; berangkat Mendapat; dikenai (pasif): Bersambut; berterima; belajar Menggunakan; memakai; mengendarai: Berpayung; berbaju; bermobil Berada di keadaan: Bergembira; bersenang hati Menjadi (kelompok): Bersatu; berdua

Used in old generation, language among noble family: Children, father, mother, uncle Among (geography and politic terms)

To posses:

To admit as:

To produce:

Reflexive work

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Ber-…-an

verb

-el-

noun

verb

-em-

Noun Verb

-er-

noun

verb

-i (-iah, -wi, -wiah, -ni)

Adj.

verb

Melakukan sesuatu yang pelakunya banyak atau tindakan yang dilakukan banyak (berbalasan, saling): berlarian; berguguran; berpergian; berpukulan Yang melakukan: Burung pelatuk Alat: Telapak; telunjuk Benda yang: Kelopak; gelembung Kumpulan (banyak, aneka): Geligi Terjadi, berlaku, atau melakukan yang pelaku atau tindakannya banyak: Geleser; kelupas; kelojak Kumpulan (banyak, aneka): Gemunung; temali Frekuentif (berulangulang) atau terusmenerus: Gemerlap; gemerincing; gemetar Alat: seruling Yang memiliki; mengandung, atau bersifat: gerigi Berulang (terusmenerus): geresek; seruak; seruduk Mengandung (bersifat): kerontang Berkenaan dengan; berdasarkan pada: Alami; alamiah; badani; badaniah; duniawi; diniawiah; surgawi; gerejani; rohani Di, pada; memberi di, pada: Datangi; hidungi; masuki; pagari; parasi; selimuti; turuni Berulang-ulang: Lempari; potongi; pukuli

Doer: Tool:

Collection (various of)

Collection (various) Frequentative

Good:

Repetitive action:

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-kan

verb

Ke-

noun

Verb (conv.)

Ke-...-an

Adj. noun

verb

Ku-, -ku

-man

noun

Me(meng-, men-,

verb

Menjadikan: Bukukan; ceritakan; datangkan; hitamkan; masukkan; satukan Sungguh-sungguh: Dengarkan; kenangkan Untuk; kepada orang lain: Belikan; jualkan; pinjamkan; sewakan; ikatkan (tali ini); pukulkan (kayu ini) Yang mempunyai sifat atau ciri: ketua Yang dituju dengan sifat itu: kekasih; kehendak Telah mengalami atau menderita keadaan, atau kejadian (dengan tidak sengaja atau dengan tiba-tiba): Ketabrak; kepergok; ketemu; ketawa Dapat atau sanggup (dilakukan): Tidak kebaca; tidak keangkat Terlalu; terlampau: Kebesaran; kekecilan; kesempitan Yang mempunyai ciri atau sifat: keadilan; kemakmuran Tempat: kediaman; kedudukan; keindraan Menderita, mengalami kejadian, keadaan: kecanduan; kelaparan; kemalaman; ketagihan (bentuk klitik aku) pelaku, pemilik, tujuan: kuambil; rumahku; memukulku Yang berprofesi dalam: seniman

Be able to do

Too much, or too many

Profession of. Same rule as in English. Sportman = person who does sport for living. Notice, sportman is translated as olahragawan in Indonesian.

Melakukan: membaca; menjual; mengukur

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meny-, menge-)

Pe(peng-, pem-, pen-, peny-, penge-)

Noun

Menjadi: Menyatu; mendua; menguning; memburuk Hidup sebagai: membiara; menjanda Menggunakan: memakai; menggunting; menyabit; menggergaji Menikmati: Mengganja; merokok; menyusu Membuat, menghasilkan: Menyambal; menggulai; menggambar; menyayur Memberi, melengkapi dengan: mengecat; mengapur; menyampul; memagar Menuju: menepi; menyebrang; mendarat Mengeluarkan (suara): mengeong; mengaduh; mengerang; mencicit Menyatakan: Mengaku Mencari: merotan; mendamar (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal me-) Yang melakukan atau alat untuk melakukan: pelemparan; pemukulan; penyapu Yang menjadi atau menjadikan: pendua; pemerah (bibir) Yang menggunakan; memakai: pengguntingan; penyabit; penggergajian Yang membuat; yang menghasilkan: penyayur; penyambal; penggambar Yang mengeluarkan (suara): perintih; pengembik; pengerang; pengaduh Yang memberi; melengkapi dengan: pengecap; pengapur; penyampul; pemagar Yang menuju: penyebrang

To live as: To use as a tool: To enjoy:

To declare as: confess To search for:

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Pe-...-an (peng-... -an, pem-...an, pen-...an, peny-...an, pene-...an) Per-

Noun

per(pe-, pel-)

Noun

Per-...an (pe-...an, pel-...an)

noun

Pra-

Verb

Yang mencari: pendamar; perotan Yang berprofesi atau yang biasa melakukan: penari; penjahat; penyihir (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal me-) proses: pengaturan; penghijauan; pemasyarakatan; pembatuan; penyatuan

Menjadikan: perindah; perjelas Membagi dua: perdua; pertiga (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal ber-) yang memiliki: persegi; pertanda; pemalu Yang menghasilkan: petelur; pedaging Yang biasa melakukan (sebagai profesi, kebiasaan, kegemaran): pertapa; petinju; pelajar; petani; pemabuk Yang melakukan pekerjaan mengenai diri: peubah Yang dikenai laku, tindak perbuatan: pesuruh; petatar; petaruh (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal ber-) perihal, yang berhubungan dengan: perolehan; pelajaran; pekerjaan Tempat: peristirahatan; perkotaan; pedesaan; pegunungan Sebelum, di muka: zaman prasejarah

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Se-

Si-

SwaTer-

Adj.

Ter(te-, tel-)

verb

-wan

noun

(Bentuk klitik dari esa) satu: sekamar; serumah; sekampung; sedunia Sama: Setinggi; sepandai; sepanjang; seberat; semahal Dengan; seturut; setelah: seizinku; setahu ayah; sepergimu; sepeninggalmu (dalam gambungan bersi-) membuat dirinya menjadi; melakukan dirinya menjadi: bersibisu; bersitegang Saling menjadi; saling melakukan: bersikuat; bersipandang; bersirobok Sendiri: swasembada; swakarya; swadaya Paling: tercantik; terpandai; tertinggi; termalas Telah dilakukan atau di keadaan: terbuka; terduduk; termenung; terpojok; tertulang Telah mengalami; menderita keadaan atau kejadian (dengan tidak sengaja atau dengan tiba-tiba): terpesona; terkancing; tercirit; terkentut; terbangun Sanggup atau dapat dilakukan (biasanya didahului kata tidak atau bersufiks –kan): tidak terkira; tidak terangkat; terserapkan; tersalurkan (bentuk pria) Yang memilki: sukarelawan Yang bergerak dalam; yang berprofesi dalam:

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-wati

noun

dramawan (bentuk wanita) yang memiliki: sukarelawati Yang bergerak dalam; yang berprofesi dalam: dramawati; wartawati

To do: (not directly in the spelling book, but taught at school) Me-kan and di-kan Memper-I, diper-I

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Reading Translating a popular Indonesian song Kangen (Longing) by Dewa Kuterima suratmu, tlah kubaca dan aku mengerti I have accepted your letter, I have read it, and I have understood betapa merindunya dirimu akan hadirnya diriku how much you miss my presence back di dalam hari-harimu bersama lagi in your days together again Kau bertanya padaku kapan aku akan kembali lagi You asked me when I would come back again Katamu tak kuasa menahan gejolak di dalam dada You said you couldn’t bear the wave in your heart yang membara menahan rasa pertemuan kita nanti which flamed for bearing the feeling of our later seeing saat kau ada di sisiku when you are at my side Semua kata rindumu semakin membuatku tak berdaya All of your longing words make me helpless menahan rasa ingin jumpa to bear the feeling of seeing Percayalah padaku aku pun rindu kamu Believe me, I miss you too Ku akan pulang... melepas semua kerinduan yang terpendam I will go home… to let all deep longing go Kau tuliskan padaku kata cinta yang manis dalam suratmu You wrote me sweet love words in your letter kau katakan padaku, saat ini kuingin ada pelukmu You told me: “at this moment I want to be in your hug” Dan belai lembut kasihmu And the tender touch of your love Takkan kulupa selamanya, saat bersama dirimu I won’t forget for good, when I was with you Semua kata rindumu semakin membuatku tak berdaya All of your longing words make me helpless menahan rasa ingin jumpa to bear the feeling of seeing Percayalah padaku aku pun rindu kamu Believe me, I miss you too Ku akan pulang... melepas semua kerinduan yang terpendam I will go home… to let all deep longing go Jangan katakan cinta menambah beban rasa Don’t say that love adds a burden in feeling Sudah simpan saja sedihmu itu, ku akan datang Just keep your sadness away, I will come

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Yogyakarta is one of cities in Indonesia that still keeps its old building and tradition over the time. Yogyakarta song indirectly describes the atmosphere of Yogya, especially in Malioboro Street where buskers and food street vendors are many at night. Yogyakarta by KLA Project Pulang ke kotamu, ada setangkup haru dalam rindu Coming back home to your town, there is a bunch of melancholy in longing Masih seperti dulu, tiap sudut menyapaku bersahabat, penuh selaksa makna Just like in the old time, every corner friendly greets me, in a deep meaning Terhanyut aku akan nostalgia I am drifted away in nostalgia Saat kita sering luangkan waktu When we used to spare time Nikmati bersama suasana Jogja To enjoy the atmosphere of Yogya Di persimpangan langkahku terhenti At the street junction, my feet stop Ramai kaki lima menjajakan sajian khas berselera Crowded street vendors are selling delicious authentic cuisine Orang duduk bersila People are sitting feet folded Musisi jalanan mulai beraksi seiring laraku kehilanganmu The street musician starts playing by the time I start feeling blue of losing you Merintih sendiri ditelan deru kotamu ... To sigh by myself, ignored by the crowd of your town Walau kini kau t'lah tiada tak kembali Eventhough now you have gone and never come back Namun kotamu hadirkan senyummu abadi Your town presents your eternal smile Ijinkanlah aku untuk s'lalu pulang lagi Allow me to always come back again, please Bila hati mulai sepi tanpa terobati When heart starts to be lonely uncured

Other source of reading can be from online newspaper: kompas and republika.

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