Floor Plan Atlas 1 [PDF]

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"II@IEEIE6ffi. G!6itshorld

possiblo - inwhich to bo

give. a vi9jb|.ló.ń to.ń id.. ol do.. ńot comb.n.'Unć. lion.|a'€a. |ik. a pń.d.t.tmin.d puz|ą |n nosr ca3.. w. haw ćhó..ń ńot. !ńiv.rśl.. Óasilv |ĘlrR!!'!l!|FĘ|lttl+'!tl j howovof' it al3o app.sEd h.B and rh.B' ro iq u., poss' blY n€va.ro. b.{6p..r.d d.. |g n !. 'ud|l|.d.

Jrg'ńd.3ign6d to mołe lh.

;;;;;;..'" '";..b'. ".. ' ,."*.r-rr'"**q-""-.3*,poci|icd|kofTh.GEEIffit :.-^:-'."L-ddbu'rd-c'nvo :t:: i ;;;;i"., "".",J*". ll^l.","-",r a*-. r umea

ii.'i"i;;;'I....;.@lwndhó.i.!o''ńgpU.|ic.pnv.to.ordh.r j']^1J***ł *a tnooasmd3 ołtho hou.ing |loor p|.n' Fo iliiJ

-o "]' 'p*. .il.'"*i,-,.-

**l"'.",ion.h|p5lo.sn sFcó.' lorox.ńp|.lpóS'o|.

**o *

ll]"'- '..l.i-*.l"'.s-có, .;" ; "'.." '"""" ';i;;;;'

t

gm.;:.lr.nr:'m:

iń th6

"||ow.d

h.ńewÓlkol lh.'nt

in a

pńv.t.|Y

mol. fle€dom in th. d..idn o|.ntrywavą n.ir.

;s-'t'm

rh' EE! jTi:ljT. ffł'"f ;

iJl"flTffi :: lJ:T,;lłiil;"*;: ó po'nB o' lh. compas l' .-'li i* -*'tl" -.*ł. *teqory Ói EIEE |isrs J|' lYpes o' hoti2ont| andv.ńi-| inii."n l.ii'" 'p**l.rt. w"rc" ń.'b.Efleafu h.d lóBad |n th. cas. of $B6 ].|"."'-a lo'q' '";'.".o-*I"*' d acc5ss lloE ńol. c.nduciv. io cońńuni.adond..r6d

musr bó mado h.E b.tw€n ^' ';-" h""t""{ "Ńhóooh. diśiind'on or lh. óroiccl' .i.".'d' ih. @BB''ro!h..iz. 'i;;;;;;'"..i" "". o.n.qłiv6| on 06 -n..l' *-*ll" n"".-'t'*celpoetit si,.6.nd tYp.. in d bui|dlńowilh a l.tg6nlmb.r .n. ''"ń, tt'"*'nń€ńt ';',"'v "t "l"ii'r"' so|udon in a bui|ding wŃh low ap.ńm6n*. Th. EEIEI iiiiiii-;'ii."!

-^".''."

|tiFń l.bouoh

if'im*"]

not

"., 3taied a|w.F "."n wtrh .qua| pEcisnEg.l

a*.-t'"i *..

.iiffi*.@' *.Ęń-*ł"q"ry

r'.ia.n-!ńm-'".ua.*..n"*-

o| thB

hlnobooktmo

and !h. ;ndividua| apańmont w..h wo.dś: by

.n.

sń.'n .izo' Th...r€goli6ś

a|'o includ..rho* 3p.ci|iod |or pńv.to uE. lt6nanb, point€r ai ths top ol th. pag. 6'..s to thó ońen.

"t "p* "pac.ś au&nońh ,.*..ó.;.-ł.n. ".iiij."otihalloo.plan.'sca|. ]:2oo. talioń i;; i'iiĘrErrt th* -..'..

.r'- ł. t.* .

"i.."ra. Śhould h.|p hiń ro pblil

3oru

dua| tundion: oń lho ono

bv quidinghim thlough

(h.building idea' lh€y

suńń.ri'nq rh. fioor pl.ń t h. 3@g

b.lor.

him. Ta6v

tn. idoa bshindth.ll@' p|an.nd ńol'rcm rń6lo.F it h.3

#i:jńł:*mi: ffijł'*J".*:.".J"*"$ffi1.1i*r* 'bm

;:;

jłł

ollh€ A1l'.tov.rious [email protected] ińtbduce rh. r€.der Th€..1eńs 'udh.rmd. rh.lloo] p|.ns cont.in€d' on. [email protected] i3 to c.nsid.r th.lloór p|.n a wav9 ol €adinq sr;.ture o'.nd.vidua|dws|lhq unir3iń.I.ccss. ń.fuorr - crńi6| a5 thk nawork |E{or and us€.

;;;;;;

;;;;'i.ińiiśii"g.I"o.^'..i" ni".".at.t." l@dthE*p.d.Ańdh co.".F or orao

riErcu

i66'o*act

ffiffi"J"-;:iT:t

:::::,'*""

""" ai6nq* th. hou$ cr."i'.""" *'i "rt"-" rn" . " dh.t d€ve|opód' how ń..v v

;ooo€||v

".." "

m. Trjó$ rhB. l.xls ć!.a! rcms9B mńwd 6a|izaiiÓn' a thÓ.€ader luńh.r |ovo|s otcońpaljson' ónd th.y d€ńonitrat.th.l ono may *tBrac. lo.i.va!Droachrh.compl.xitv print. ol viow. - on.Y by sup.'position o{. gr.ar va.i6tv andnJnb.rotana|Yś..and

10

work' conśóquo.t|Y. w. a ;.d.'sand Uś66olrhil bookwho l..|thol c.ń.in .dditiónal

Tho.|ool P|an At|Ń H5usińq dmoinsa9 b.'ors ań un@mpkr€d lopoat out invitarioń10

Bi.kh5u.d - Ve aq'0r Archłektur

I fI

Histoiical Development of Housing Plans

-

-l .

"qs

ńdv do|ins row hou3€

p9' onó

Jsr s"

ń

'nło'Pnedtsto -liEE!@lE@ Th6lol|owinq diŚtinotion. aJe possib|o in th. rYpoloqy ofih€ p.tio hous.:3ńgul.i s.ni. atiuń, mlllip|Fpario' 3nd Eised b|ock typ.l. Th.g€ lolń. progr€*.wly

I

f

aiium' l!l|

e. in

bui with incraśińg spaiia|benelirs

conllnclion wth

fl.

a

d6ae

otherwodŚ: thoŚ. 9t or€nqaqo.n 3ocia I int.ract.. n. wiih p vacv and wii|l d heai' Th. cos!8f'.ćtiv. rw hou* @nnd ono. $.s6 bBnetirŚ' o.qen€ra||y lour oulsid€ wa|k, it ha31wo (lsullYtno |onq6rl in connÓn with its n€ighhols' and it3 y..d b c.ńri!uo!3.t th'eo sideswith at lea$rhE. neighbors. The low house' f,ewńh.l.3., i3 Ć!,

list.3

|n

łt3 chjef ar1ractions the e

od.st s.zo ollhe vald' manaq€

--@ .

t t

f

a

f

a I

I

a

tudi8o a.

a a

J

.

Ónóńom8nón

th

Emp|oyóls alwavs wetcom€d

Óci.ljgE: thóir idóólogy dić-

ssp.ivat€pbpe.ty'

|n lhe midd|e oltho nin€ie9nth c€ntuiy. cÓnditions in Eurcp.w€.. citi€9 tor building Ćompany'spo.soJed dev.|opmenrś wirń q rrorion boom initiatsd bY ind

nól pńp.t|ouswithin

inrhelamoJs bÓok pub|I.fud bv F'iódnch Eńg.|.' "cón. f,qland" (wri.t.n ń 1343',.nr with baćiiÓ'baĆ!(tvp.ś. in Śń.||óńd dirty couńy.ld3.

d

Th.$

oih€r dw

|vp.ś

'djoin.d Ón6 bui|djng śjd6. Th.

p.

Durińg thiŚ

n.'o'nv

od' ńot

n772.]a37' and

a||

.nrr€pren€uB

we€ .rpbn.t.v.|

Śo

Rob.ńow.ń l]771.]a53l. Manv. jnd€€{.l.vćd

oi1h€l

in'oo'ol3@iali3tic

q€.o inspn.d byph.kńrhrop.. motivós. |. Eng|ald.suoh ontreplonÓuE w6r6 known as paierm..sls. Undórtho.dical|v cońpe|linq ciJcumstan.es oi tho time in |.on. nrikes'

ot

ini1iatedtniś ńov€mont which

'eatuled

such

.ial vilIaqes lol rhen wolk€rs theB- Jam€s s' Buckinqham in ]349. B6.w..n ]a60 and 1a63' Titussax. a manJfadu.erol

'acilities

lot 1he rcside.ts as a school' church' hospŃal' parĘ af,d d (2)' Th€

chocolalo p.oduc& G€o.q€ c.d mlnghań' social g.n8'ositY ń.rk.d thiE d.v€|opń.ńr:

|isl€siaiosiollow€d

in

ig..6thónhóh.

dw.l|ings bUi|t

clNing śtE.l!, l.Ę.r p|oB w.th

th. l37oś' ińć|Jdińg tłoń Śuń||ghl bli|.

Kllpp'

{3.

sl.dIun0 bv th.

4 !-

by th€

Addltjon. 3Óap

I

p6t6.ńa-

ń.gńat6wi|.

Malgarerhenhóho, built in ]906' diśp|aYód l6na.k.b looń hous€swnh ja.qe kit.hons l5)' Eb.ń.z.r How.ld. p'ofo!ńd|Y ińpl.33.d byth8s. dev€|opnents' lol|owed by iounding th. ifut g.rd.n citv cÓńp.nv' |n |90a' th. archi. lecrl Unwinand Pai|.o. built tho galdon city ol Lotcnwońh lor rbw.rd, in m.die.|śtY|.. Thorowaf,d lif,łed housosoroct€d1hÓl. had E|ativ.|Ybl@d.ńdsh3|lów p|!n.(6'7lAlthÓUgh

f

ru rururuWY

,r app'odćh.1h6v p|a.ned

smo a.ohnec8 6nth

rchitods Bi.mo6chmid.

MuthesiJs, and ló$6ńow buj| andlh€lowel midd|oc'a$. t|oin.icb r..5. ńow l.ćÓgn.ż.d th 1Ypo si.ndadiztion and d.siqn6d ,ow ho!$3. .x..dód in h.|i.tińb.ńd ..y|. wirh s had thro. rcoms, an oat-in kitch.n. toil.r..nd rdd.d-on f.ciIiti€3 lol anima|Ś.nd Iaundry l3'.

Eaiy

in

rhiscenlury; pot.r

B.h

''Building Economica||y" {Bś ]91ą iń which th6v.dvocar 'n,

an inftu6n a| ss$.y .alred

.ńn.' Adol| Loos wo.kod

atonród h(9' |o'' only th€ rirswa ded rho ceiling boams oi two !dj...ńr ń€ighbors' Tho nd rhs yald con9i9ićd oi wood.ń wa|l..Inb hoG.typo ieteroud was the inst.Ehit.c.

wnh his €xtrcme|y

(i.lho€k 'n

1925l1ll, Bruno

loducod

coińdor.p...' hó.chl.v€d

hall-lurn stairc!... blt wnholt b.t|roońló' ńali.od

Ta

i.

ou. witfi hi3 3pac...ln h..

.lihan wó.xpsdtoday.

ffiffi

wir! ]lvińg/dining room

k'tcn.n ]0m,, óńd paB.rs,b.drcom 20 m,.Th6ho!€.3 a.d !oi|.t 02). lx.ńp|3ry fo. all alcIit€ds involv€d consl.udion, howov.i was ttu developm6nr rearizod bv 4. oud b!i.t gór.os oltwo'p.ń

of 2a m:,

h tub

entronc.3 (]3l' B.tw€€n 1922 and 1925 Vidor onstruction by building unń9 c.nfigur€d in saw'tooth. st'w€31oiien.6d stlo€tin cltó Mod6rnsin Brusselsl|4l' nd seoaf ate

st May

nklurt

diare|y pl.ńńńq

b.gonwork.9

.n

a

d.p.fuońtmanaqo. in1ho Build. wo €d as a youno m.n iot

Main. M6y' who had

ing of Hamps.old Ga.d.n

pńlabl.cat8d

cltł

pli.c'p.||vimp|€m.nt.d.ś€qućncaofiwo'andthree3torY

póriph€ry

o'th.

citY-

May

rheirśudound.ng topog'.phy.ln addirion to p'e'ab.ic.t.d cońpÓń.ńtś' h..eaIilsdaddi' tiona| coś-olfćctiv. id...such as *andadi.ed boi|t.in kiićh.ns: buii|in dbingts| tl.t mols shich cou|d b.

Mlk€d

on: asw€|| as sla.dardted l!.ń s (5 to s.1s m widet diff6r6d b

itrdina

y

ro the hous.axjs o5).

onth6inn.5t.vaofth€o.lisch

i.d|unewalb!.lt in 1927 in an do5ign by |ldwiB MlĘ van d6' aoho' contarY to rh' stullgad lradjtioń iń bui|ding - with in. gabl€3 of ho!3.śpeipondicul€rro th. góUnd is hÓUse3 paE|le|toth. conto p..ct.c.d in Ftank'uń houdag dove|opm6nts. M.ń st.ń formulated lh. m.xim ofplan. i.ng heE| hóu.6.a9 obi€dso'dai|y ugo' and nor..3btu.symbolś'Thomo.tint.r€dlne Ćonł'burion ń.d.ró bwłisaconst.ućlion c.n..gain Jakob!! Pi*.r oud:a d.€p 'óm o1 hi. d$ign w.l. th.ioibr hleÓ |.vóls' sp6.i.| f6.tue. rhrom, a w.rr.d-in counyE.d m on th.l.v6| ol tń6 śaircase laading {16).

wo.liEt p.z.

th.comp€lii

'n sturtgańand F'ankluń d.!.|opń.nt, Śiock si€d|uq in K6nśtuhe' Gelm.nv Un|ikó th. lhe simp|icny ol p6r.l|.l.ońh. ololdod bycrop.u..9 p3ń ol his plincip'o o' -df'ic'.nr consłUdioń.s.to orqańiżation."H. rośeped 22% ol prcp.rtv

aBa asoutdoo.publiclpaca,af,dhowasab|.ro l.a|iż..aćh dwo|ling u.itono.|v j49 ńż s bu.lt h€E, órolnd ń.|l w.re i. tb. lom ol Ew hols69. f.' the BauhalsŚi.dllng in Dessau.róńońi G.'m'nv wa[er G@piB .nd Hańń.ś M.vel deve|oped a sp|itr.v.l typ. in 1926' l..ving sp..ó w.śon gtouad |d.l, aud b.droń. i'basomónt a śp.ci.l lorń ofa l|oo. p|an with rooń clG. teB 07l' For !h. o.ńm.'śocl si.dlung, onlh.óth.r hand' G.opiu. coftribut.d a rcw. hous. iYpe 5.60 ń widó' wńh peĘendicutaFor.€nt.d n.iMav in th. m.ddb nal. onó ol he.. otpandod rh. een.y plot ao. by.ddlns . ft.t root which colld bówa|k.d on, a.d dssiqned. p|anfB.ruringtholiving bom a. c.ńór: ż pi..

bauconvibltion.

Fo. do.iqnins

ih.

mo'6 picluresquo

vi.nn. w.rkbund siedluns

an 1932,

. hB work

rh. orqaniz.r3

wi$ rcw-houss

1yp6 and sma|l-holso p|.m' ln h.s Vi.nna low ho!s6. lńngpionoebdtwoidoa.otour lim.: |t.xihility a.d pa36iv. ŚÓ|.r.n6rqt His dif'oBńt.siż.d hou6s5 aB ori..t.d wnh ihen blo.d śidestacjnq th€ so idsnb'path.Th. brcad 3id. con.BrGd ol wood a.d g|63.i .nd th. otho. rhreó w6ll! wóń mad. ol m.s.nry wńh .hall

o.r.n

s wE sftr.r.d on rh.lu y ńit.iy nomsand tno śor.o€ loon low.ńlh.n.ń|l.s|id. inq dooJ. b.N*n th.livinq .oofi .ńd on. bonBom off.Ed c6d.in {lotibi|i.v ol B. ngl In his Wo'kbundsi€dIUng.Ado|fLoo6te&lhooppodun.tyÓ'ńali.inq hi.naumpl.n con. Ć.pr in lhofotń ola thBo.s1orY low hous.' A two.story.ivińg mom is bord6rsd oń two

oponang3. Losicarry, tho

nd$

by

During

a

qanory"w h bujh

an

rors

and window! with

hou..ng dave|opnonl took forń oulsido

th.3ph.E o' Na.i

p

t I r I I

lheso y.ar..

n..ńt

. ńorwońhy

nal ailinitY wńh th. Hńh a.tt !h. |and'Bp.. f{t.il kilch. only tor oooki.q. Al th€ w.' pbgEl..d' .ońdrldjon ol liold! of .ctlvht... D! nq

Aalio b.g.n woik oE th. €.id.niia|

prcject bui|t bY th. suni|. pape cońpany lo' its

usi.q gó!p. on th. south Ilin93 ińclud.d

in

lh. middl.' l&ćh€d

'bm

i

r$!i_.tf

Ll T' rĘ iff tą

l*r

sotu (2ot.

th.era o' Nationa| so.ja|isr architocluro, b6tw..ń 1933 and .1939.loB{i.. ho!s. o mw*a.dpoin!s: |lńlGd hoĘ6! !ńd dup|ór..€niovad

ens disp|.cód kit.n6n.

+J!!rn-l'

thre'sio.y

.dfuo hal!b.$ń.nton.. |Ówer |ying south 9id6s' lwo 2łoom.p.dń.nts 'Bmrh€ rhó nońh side' a5 wolt .l rwo Up9ó. 2łoon .osnmonts iŚo on thó nońh sido l21.22l. |n otbo. wo.ds: s.,ins ond witn

En..ś.Tha no1iYalion' inn.ad' wó..ocio|óglca|:

tb'€.low

toldb.sr privaą.

n. wai impołanrto !h. €rchit.ci' ow. rh. cÓurś€ollimg. thil artituds'óund propon..r3 ańonq Eńqlish snd' |aior. G.rman a'.hilóct.'

-F t

I

coslot''eorivo Utiliz.lioń of1he etp.nśive propońy i. citiB l6d to wido.pr.6d

enl bui|dińgs a.e con.lrud€n d.siqn hasessen.ial

inf|U8ncgo q

con.t!c'

iv. common .ccsss to rhe wirh p.ż||e| |oad'

€ith€.

nn .yrtems. Th. n.u.!ur.l

||śalologi..l|Ya$ocia!

.orido.s, and cb33wa||s ar. us6d in coniuńcri.. wńh

nth Ć$rury r.pBlgnted rhó p.r|od ol

gEar.fl oretcrwd-

holsino p|.ns o'lhiltjm6 rcl|óct.d chang.bg so. nd' ińduślia|jżariońand mig}dion nom rh. coun.ryśid.

inq and wÓrs. ho!3ińg conditioń.' Th6

lh63. c'.ś3.śol sociory, in rurn, ocćupi€d hous.ng cha.act6 |djng cod. wentinroóń.d in 1a53 and remaińed in torc. mrn 13a7. Thó pmpcg oł rhd avjng o' śreer.' the supp|v ll.rion ol a Śswaqg sysioń ' wa

I

the cfuo1ic o|owthÓlrh€.itŁAccoding torhese.ow.6gulatio..' ńoim.lórh.n 1.5lo3 po.sons wÓl..utho.iz€dlo |iv6ina.o.mfrcm 15to30 mżin si ]ng un.t had ńot Yei bo.ń d.fined a. . śćpal'r6€nrńŁ Th. kiichen,lor.xanpl., was ofren s€par.r.d frcn th6 ii soŃ.d by a conidorwhich próvid€d.ccóś3 to sev...| 'oomss no1róqlned fol bui|dińgs up to Ś6ven s1or...' T}e sif€ of cou.tyads d.p6nded o. ń...nge o' tt.spray f'om noso3.

'l.6.dcpann€n(

Anonq th. bourq€oi3i6

! I I I

the ulqó to

Frcnt.ńd rca.

lho goony

ń mmłs- Tho$

inposing impćssion w3śnoro

w&

no n.ód lor

llool p|ans

hć.ó!dyard l23t' rqo apańm€nrs

bui|d

dw€||inqs-

ń.k.a.

ed in each hous.ho|d' th.l6

efliciońJumli

-whjch'..3s.u€d

I

olthk oE,

and .n prepond.ranco of módium3.fld o maximif. Ólp|oitarion ol trh w,n6 .rt;ndino .rono

rcoms l.oqućntly seru.d

(Bł|D R@m|'nńred *tho'ouohiaBs to bódroon.l.c.';

apańmóhis o' l.Ś at,|Uónl tonanB' couĄ5rd. and l.ght f lheso inń.rb|ock buil.Ilngs. p|.n .nd d;jgń of ń;3€ sign.fl cant eif ect on ihe qu!litv o' tho ap.ńm.nt.' l

vods havinq

a

Emnen.ytvprcal w*. 4adm.ńt.housjng b|ockśwńh ć.ntral'coridor plan.sd€velop. A cental cortidol.f'oded.cc.ssto all rcoms. Tho gEat i|ock depth is;' n' o'rha36.padmont buildingŚ - .śwgl| a. ń.w buildińg cod6 ref|.ciinq..ł.

Bd jn V.€nń.'

prox' l2

6d the rocat.on or rho$ corid".. w.u_, rJ tr," bt.n..ts ol sov.ńl l.miliŃto ".** &słh*. * **..i"i |actor in tińós ol critic.l hoJsing ne.d. a6thrcon9 in3r.|bd 'I""at lhó bsqinning ol th.

.oentb ..

or

w.ta. rin6.

becam.app...ntdurinq th. €ar|y yo.ld olrn. new.antuly.ln B€nin, B sius t"gan to i-pioment t.|y prcqEhma1ic śocBl holsisq idgag. ]xńuqhout Europ.. -.ł'lt"i,t" a*Ęi'J *J I H6ńor Gu'mad in Pans. Gaudi in 6.ć€|ona' ańo viclol t|od. a|E.skl24l. sing conslruct.on

'n

|n

la27 3 census in Bodiń ..vealed lhar 496 r.ńi|i€s

nooi Aloundth. midd|.olth€

-r:7f]Effi'!ĘttilYfit

in !h. vicinity ol H6mbuĘ6r Tor which 25% wgl.lubdivid.d bY oh!|k l|ń.5 dEwńon thÓ nin.io€nth conrurY. rh. plol.1a.i!t m.do up6bund aa%

cla$lрdundoidGadlul

na.rs' .oJńm€nr.'

I

ońtś on tho our.k'rl.

By €9o'

rv

-st..o,ns otac6r-: rh6y

th..iato*.

o'th..iiy.

s"..

"l |op.E bóq.n"irłi* wirnih.con-

lr'e siiuarion was |itr|. dif'ercnt in Vienna.nd L.ndoń. The boi|dlng cod. Ólthocltv ol vimm ól|owd a5 % o.lhe ł€a ol a plola'6s 10 b. Ćov€Bd by buj|ding.l25). For iho dir..tly

on thi3

thoiouqhl.r. i26t'

condtiotu also srsduaUy inpm

|t was nor

uńii|$o.nd ol th.

"ń*.*lh;

;ih;;

EJ!:t'!nł''!r |Ę.p'an

etrwł6*@dvd6

n iń

oncoptŚ'

A.o.sid.rsb|o numbł ot

G.lmony w.snot.b|g

a-t'ltrcg.i"-..ai.

intńocl.aljo' ofmod..n conc€

and

linq'Hi|b.rs.im.i

sch.dun- Anothe' wasA|gxand.r Kl6.n. who m.y b6consjdorcd

in

UruavÓr lor

th. c.ly o' st'

arsd10 B.rlin in t92o.wh.6h6workedtorton

Kl€in

Alreadyin sl. Petetsbu.g.

l.nilv ..ń

tnen

conc€p.wasat

wi r'uńcnońś '

h3 was ab|s tÓ

slble lrom th€ livińo

óom'

|n

iń

funcrion.l.d.viti€s. Th€ 1fu$ grups witholt dtt!rb'ńc.." K|€in,s v.rl which e.v. pBlo.enca ompót..ion'ord.3igning

p.o$nr hi3 op.dmónt p|an idoa' Kloin,g thr.ó pl.n3 tvia a natur.l|v l.t€nt.nc. hal|'whjch in ilrn lo.d€ onro on. In two ol hi. iyp.3, thó b.doons welo diBclly .cc€..

holsjngiYp.!' th.r

Pantofl.|gan{, |h.'..|y

y6ar3.

divisionolth.roómśotan

p.r'olh thói.

varianco

Rading.

gBat.r d.b|l aś

hjs1hild tvpó. h. inr.rpog.d

a

''house3lippł thoblghr!rc1with

comhon a.toroom iG.'mań: a do.r to tho bathroon (27).

H€€, snal|anresp.c. ofióś ac.€ss to a T'shapód.onidor oń o.€ sido Ó'tnocon.dor al. th6' .6.lto.v .ooń. {with s.pararo wate' |ines||oń lh. Óth6raBthe dining and |.ving adsto a 1inY privot..ńt.roń. Th. stotge bom plovid.d in th. dh.'rh6ó p|.ńs has dwi.d|.d to. buih.i. c.blfu( in tno k.t.hon (23l.lń ]92a' Kl.i. d.vólop6dth3 c|.ssi.a|c up wilh its b.l.orvlac.s ihew63ż:th.sl..ping groĘ isorienledto th..asr (29l.

s'o.aqr.atv.ridyo'luńh€rdevolopm6nlg

ó3p6Ć'.lly{or

pe.iod in whićh ńuo'ćipa|buildilg cod.g gtipu|ar.d th€ 5. Xloin work.d koń th. pr|ncip.|st.ndpoint oloff.ńng llnctiońa|' non.pl.d|qious apartmont p|an. l.niii.3 wiihottt sóru.nB. Kl.iń's ap.

'ol

wi1h

diogr.ń3.3 rook'

on

eneĘ€iic n'.d did not' howło.' ł tnig pornr' ln 'topin a |owłis€ hÓul. 1926 h. te.sived a.ontEcr tÓ d.siqn alivo.stoly ópańm.ńl buildinq jng d€v.|opm€niHoqa.n.d |d..s for his wo.k 1h. two.srory plan. or1ńs.di.c.ńt 'bm ńo conś6qu€nt|Y d.siq..d.tYp€ EngIish aleńp|a6' 'ńd .' again €cent|v baok in x|6iń pBvid.d moison. etes on 1ho ground.nd i|rśr upper lovo|, in.ddirion ro '$h.on. Śmal| apadmónls op.ning Ónto

dandlhid uppó'l.v.|ś.Th.th

es. Ii'Gwi36.cc..s.d byóp6n"an qa||.'ió.. ho@ing d.v€|opments' walt6' GloDiu..|.owÓ.kBd on lho ba3i3ol1h6 clJst.r l|Ódp|an (3o)'l. hi. Franklud Preiect Ól 193|, h. fudh.r d.velopsd ittoa c|a$.c.| plan wh.ch Uńri|roday ha. b.ón wide|y emu|a.e.]. Hg comb.n€d lh. cBntla| coridor .nd th. .nt€rÓom ro fu.m ań !.3h.p6d ćoridor' Tllo Bśult wa3 .n .ćononical' d.op.r coń3tuć. non which Gropiu3 iin.l|y appli€d in 195? contibution' Ho6. h. m.chan. |n his |ate

rioUslunctions doqn. lońg' nałow controI conidor 'orhi3lnr6rb.U

wonqorlu|b.@uś.'lw'3

mod.l|.d on |ilo. Ho.r..t.d a .d 1o ns.ur6| light oń two sjdes. with |oggia and djn.ng .oń€. wnh fiówor w antoDom o' rh6 bsdbom group. H.r€ w. hav. iho ą3. oi .ń organi@||y concóiv6d

ap.dm€nis

ol conidÓr 3p.c. wa! an impoń.nt po.nt. Ado|' Rading, Hall in Br..|3u' próssnrgd a cabin pl.n lor g.ound'lsvól in ]92o. Hiśsolu1ió. plop!..d 3 connruc'ion aoobt.7 ń d.o!, with lh.

bunłg. óachwnhfuob€dś

I I

.n.l*.d hY ihre. *bń andblilt'in cab.n6l.:.h. kiichonIan ant..śp3cs with bó... nown in l.ow.G€m.n

dlthowh rh.y w€.e on|v b.d ńichB inrhow6||th.E' '.tmhou Lldwig Hilb.r$im€r'who |6r

accópted

Hi|b.t'.in.',s ahost .lt.Bny' Tb. sconomi. adtnbg.!

o'

lh.

prcsont. cab.n pl.n

"M.n and hb dwBltinq! aB c.p.bló of fanslo.Bation|

I

I

f|€xib|o' and v.t o.lmanonr'" ]92o iń his book "Di. A!'l&Unq d.l stldt. Ód6r dio Erdó6ińBguro Wohń!ńg- lTh. oi$olulioń oJ citi€s: o.. rh. E.dn al Good Dw.n|nd|.TaUt \'msoh' too.3ure' dld norns heńl. Ludwiq Mi.9 i.ndł RÓh€ did. how.vol' .ućcó€d iń ruaIizino hi. r.r|i.rpUbli'hod id... .nvo|ving apońmgnts Wth 3i.ól.sko|oton conlłJdio.s' al|ow.ng movablow.l|5 b.rw6.n |@dbo.rinq Ćolum' senhotsi6dr!ns in stunq.rt wa ing cÓnstruction.l con slrainl3. Thó ..lul|o n o.. b|.d 4' 5' Ór 6 ps.3oń. to bo hous.d in th€ same |iving o.... Van d..floh. aoDliod ido$ ftóń tńo cabin plan in gEn€bos lBhion h.r6 l34l. sovon Y.sll |at.r. E c Ftihsrg€r rcolizód hi3 epoćhal ob6iiÓn in Gólóbo!g.(.li.b6cr: buildino l.v€|. a3 invari.bl. ćóncElFg|abcoń. sł!d'on, into whi.h .p.dm.ńt' cou|d b. in3t.ll€d accoldióg ró !.nanl n..ds and

j.

stóifu.l|' and thr co.omn. shd (!.ó p.'.3rl.

F

I

r r I I

simi|a. dsve|opm.nls did not !al.śplać. in 3|l colntries. ln vienna,

;.". -* 4*. . .-'-.", -.*-a".-....'..v .'.'"".-", *-ual" a.-*. , - -''n '-. '."..*, tt.."'-" -*l.-." '.a "l."."' -,";--, (-*s"*q.*. iil*' uł' *'n .t"''q*"..dr' ".']

ańts, |oundi€ś' and Św'm. pdń ol vienna'

l9 23' bv lhe orĆhn€c! o{

'n rn rhs NouDUhldi3ii'cl or runq iha Uppót m'dd|. closl '36'. Bórwe€n

". *'i....o-" lfi"r'.r*"Iq*" g.i'|.-.ń'otblit ir'. ..hrr*t

rh" g.o-a noo.; one h.. its śldrw.v'onth.9€conoUpp.tl|oora..op€n

'ns

(.lI thn.

th. .pańmenr

19|9 and 1922 housinq dŃ6lopmon1 in

rh6 óxćńp|arv spang€n

o"**"a l'.. ihrouch

pr6r6F

ol pEdictl socialism Tł' .r. .ot th€ oi|mo obi.c' of

'ń impression waśm3de bY thó p|ans

'"

€xample.

'ór

owtr dround-r|oÓ

Jrg.l|.n.swn|

bu,loinss snrovs s

enolah for d€|iv.'ies

and lor children,3 p|ayinq.Th. fu3l hiqłldse ap.ńm.nt buildińg. 193a: B€tgpo|d..lbv W. vań njón. BrinlG3ńn.

t'ilt n-. ta**" l933 .nd

-"..r"

andv..d.rvrus.tandPlasrsan1bYw.van1!j.n.ndH A M'a3kanrll33l'

conśłlctiońin tno axtónlivolv

d€srroyed

€$ luńhor,gq'awtod lh.

n*"''q -.""s". n*-".* Dlooia;s Ól th$. vełs' sińp

c n.Ódl

oom'ń.l.d b.||ding

.lopm.nts ń.d. in apad e. *"l*"v ' waE |.v la!|ow: tho oo.ńdol gón.ral|ylorń6d rh..snt.r ui|dings w.ń.|iqned peF O.łńd'' A" ' hooo* v in oudv.ng ulo.ń disrids - w

i."i*"ł.-g d

'ho

;d-" rh..ha.no hk. it t dińioutt !o undeśtand how|ho móto ol i..6.citY Pl.n. ...-. 'h-".h "ou'tv*a"'-roouv. ning in c.m;ny ' 6pecial|y du ng iho 195fu . could h.vo pG.ibly bó.n "D.nsity RedLct{Óf,

wilh Gl.6n ltrouqho ."

śodovoid óf idoas.

Lgc.ń!si..buittrh.unitód.Habit..

]952'Thstvp. lealiż€d hólow uó5n.dosion .l.mont wnh i6n unns, Ls cotbusi9r wa.t.d to rcP|.c..n onrno citv d.. gtoy.d by ifi. w.i |n Mar9ój||€s during th. op.ning ot h.s bui|d|ńg in 1952, on rh. oth.r hońd' he eĘl.iń.ó a. follows|,,Tho intsńtion isżoslńply Ep|ac.th. citv nyapańń€ńls

a.o.'iqurat.oń unknowń unri|now-Th. Unitć il P|.ńn.d to ofl.r il.E..doŃ.tń.*ń6 ihŃ Mł;i .3 k abl. to plovido itsi€na.tscominglńm al| ie .r' lnto hir buildin9. onlv 7 co dor9 acc€$.dih.16 apańm€ńtand 2 shopllooB(39l. With his dosjgn' bco.busi.rbsstow.d yot ańotho.lruitlu|id..fo.lhs'Utur6' ilĆoni6.n. l.bolating oń hń l'|dtó: a photo{.6pn showć twÓ llnqorś m.nt mockup inroa sk3lotoń mÓdo|. H.th.Ebylnr.cipated ih6 aDom..h lakon Ę by oth.ra.chit.d3ofth.197&:th which th. finishińg 6|.ń.nt3 c co|umn/l|oór .|.b svśsm'

in

'nto

Am€ńć.n

'inancjal

aid th'ouqh ine EĆonomic

coop.r.tiv.Admini*ratloń (EcAl.nab|od

om th6 l920s, th.r. w..6 aqah ad6ńpt. in th. stuttgad ro .€s|iz. .oÓm c|Bt.B wn.ch W EcA l1oBi.g D€v€lopńófi l4ol' At the sam€ timo' Arn6 J Denmark' Th€ jin*inq ol rh. arćhit.ctu.a|ly app.llinq anqiod bui|din$ ondows th€m

wirh inlimacv

{41t.

*Wsir''i ot boÓn Óvercom. bv rhi. iimo

-rtr.{łEri:r

taal constldion lrchniqua3 Th. p3.iod ot m3jo. u.bar

n w$ applaod sv'rYwh'B: co.stBint.dicbtód byconńrlction..Dn. ru.waYB'.nd q rows. Th6 rcsuR w.. .n int6rchang@h|6 ńóltal.iy in

&ŃUm&En&wq'|Fd#{l$]hł

Gł

sań. tims' hieh .i'. apańm6ńB

lhogo hoŃinq po]e.is. At ih€

a-!". rt'*"

-'"v*o "i.ar. i.".-"o*--"o,n. *.oi

".." " bd.sde]ł€d

B

lL lI. rIrl

wote conrisuEd ltsnbon'_w

inq oxhibition wag op€nod

h'np'nod

Joe' Gropiuś. 'her ";. "". a. Eermańń''rc.em'd l.l ii"lJ * -.a*. t'.*.s. rwas s".*l.-' L"o;,,. l''i6ney.l, scharou, senn'.nd oihe.Ś. L€ colbusi€ '1-"*i . s..u -*t'". u'I.a *ńo disbńce awav' AatÓ'ś cont'ibutiÓn was 6ćp6.'!ly .tr" ;;.,,"."",h.''"h....'.'. ., ii. *^*. -*

--"

't'" ."*tl"..*'*"t..'nI'*lfuńhłdNe|dń€ Ńśe. ln on. s.nn s nig*'

"...:ól' *** +*" -t,t . ! ".*,.r oi ih€ cÓńpass 144l' di..Ćtionó

niov:

oii'nb'bn

NotNońhy low{i.. housin!' d6v.loPńónc w6B builr out.ido G.rń.ny du '

AloIi.r s bu||' th.6ń16ń€|v

.*.*ll""x.l*t"*p.s.zło)Th€p|on3n.duntsp.c|.qo

to Mo

ńg

lhoss

d

L.'Jvń. Pdrk m o.voii:a *..|"..'.'..cwtrń |l€x|b|€ plań.' Tts3. 'nc|u@d k6łjnsń.ó sni ;;;i;;";' ".Ia* in tń. l99os (45l' Fol lh.K'.|n on6.oloiodń tlo.g& .." '*I"-**d ";*"' l.,i,lłl'*i".a.'*"a*g..'.andBak6m.d63ig.odpl.ń.'! holizonta|lv orr!.t Ę on€.xb in Eiń. coss *a *I.t' .i.a "ppori|oo|s ".rlr....' i;;in"fi.'l.€ Dotd.@'oemi,i.t.-aguuitrinxaas.łącat oIraI"g".Ith ouGido accó$and ńo v.nicb |ńfńc l$o pag.266l' i.. "r*-r.*'i"ń

I-EEEIE'A periodwasoharadórized

bY ńajol Uń.n oxpańŚion and byemtruotion ol highłB. apa;m6n1ś.nd tgrEćs blj|dinqs. A younq 9.noBtion o' a.chit.ct. D'oded tho mbsń. d:!.ign apprcachasolL6 co'busił and luńh6' d.v..op€d Ha v*ai..i ru.qu.-l". ru c-buś../s maiśonót. pl.ńs onioyad gEater app.al anońo

Tnis

.a I" r'"

A.Ro! @bin

h"*I.g '--g iońsid.rab|. n*.o."*.*ru.a

l.r'It.a" rr'"i Erskinó,s ayk€l

p|.ń dovslÓP.

fuńh6rdov.|oPmsńt. somi"Publ|cspac.s.nd inimiz.d. This q.n..a| .óńd6ńcy djd ńot apply to Ran

wal|in Newdśteupon.lvne lb.q!n in 196r). H.ro'app..|ing op.n-ar

ńaBon.nŃ. one óf which i3 dsvsloP .ownwafd' Tn€ ba|conicsł€ loc.tgd b€1w.enrh€ćoridoBi47l' qa||6 ós access 1wo

.nd lhńhńical|v ŚvuctuBd b!ild.ng: ch.Edo.iz.d tho

AnqIed'oft stag9...d, rel€cad,

I.Jg..l'panńim p.i.ąs a'

d.sqno'.pac6'enc|osin9 hlilding.whi.hdólinod Iarg3..micourrY.ldl. cEat|ńg no'qh. bo.h;od.. j\ pbto1vp. ol lh.3 kind ol !.bgn d.v.|opmeńtonth. outgk|rt3 o' rh. ĆjtY wo.

€v.|oom.nś t.main.d .nd w

houśińg complox domonśtralod - iń rhÓ v6ńi.al dim€nlion o"u"lop.unr. a"n=irv' i..', tt'u d|.ńóvical opposito olrh€.p

-

on|Yon&lifth olth.ap.ńmonisiń th. M{.kkch.. \fier Ćtion oańs io an .ńd with thi3 prj.6t . at |..3r ror lhe iime beinq. Th6 b!i|i resulB ol1hs Mórkisch$ vlóń.l. fłoń view' rcpEs€ł.d . śiqnilicantadvonc.' Llrqo-scal.. 3hglt6ring g.stuBs pl.vidgd by high (p.lhaps too highIbuildińq! tooktha placs ot6na|'lik6 t;s. A simil.r sp.tial słUńub had b€sn Balif€d ..l|i6r t1g57.]96ll in P.ltHi||. sh6l.

p""a

i.l'

ń. *"ł l.l

i"*t-tI".

Thg pracrics or .ow

ll."* it rr'".ame |.inz.

Ausrio'

cÓn*

tim., t'".izońtl d.n.ity gxrrem6|y

Bv vidu6 of us.nq

.3iiońs

- whici d.śc.nd6d b

d!c.d

lorń.|lnd

gls b.ć.mo a m.t6} o' invo|ńmó.t'

dsn$ hoł.jng da

social mix l49l' |ń E.gland'

a

Duńng th.sp€riod'

archit.dg oncoagsin puEJ€d

q.gar

ln

fÓur.lofY ap.dm.nt'p..withv.ńical.a.có..cońr|q!. oń..storY hó!.ó. on th. D.nubo . f,.ln.. 3.hi€v.d a

' ntwirh d.v.lopń€

P.t.' Phipp.n

Bal.zód 6n atium.hou..

v.'i.tv i. tt.'loorplans (9.. pogg264). L6

cońJsi.

cept ol36pa..tin! rh€ 3uppońing śruduro freń t'B linishin

.."lbd'-hl.hlh..pet-.ń

or.t. socio|ogic.l inBigha inb

rno dasign ol apadm€nt ln ó tYP. ol so.ia| cońgulii.o. archii.ct3 dov€|oP€d sio.3 ioe.th6r wnh $. {urutu lsnsntr l50'

nt.

t.d in lavo. ói Ulb3n Bn8w.

-E:eEilErdr

I

rl

@l El=

ł42|.

*'iJ".i.'I..r..x.***""I.|957Highł'sedp.ńmenlbu|| ;;;;;.1;b" ;;""...

wi|h a to ]3

hi. "Wohnq.hóft6" I|iving ćoud3) p.oj.d. in si6m.n3.

|ń 1956 Han. scharcun cońpl€r€d

]iłr.'".. .'."."..

buitdin€g

ońp.riliv.. Th. Ó.| crki. of 1974 luńh.mol. prov'd.d .iU€| €ńo'qy {rom Ń|ór 6nd g

ffi ffi EtH€!

tE! IE

L-S

I

t-

iIJ.;';"; "'." "u"t''bamo; luńbdu' Raśi'u.leruńql Und ó'n6lad'kdIe *a n**", " ,rus--i. Jr ..^. la"";"ir..-;* e"-.n*' -I' Ił..- n ^iji,".']l"-.-j' *i" -'i4". ..".* -i.,i. l.l'i",".,"*.r. r.i a". s*r"iii']iI-i.

s.nie

l,li.ii''i śii'i";1;a..".".l" "..n"*.i *.p.*'"o.'t". *"i'ljIl i"ii*a*q t.. d|€ Eiiichtunq von staollandg 'ij. rr.ro"o**s*' *.h z6.|.n uńd d.r neus B.utyp ''stodfui|l.- gaĘlr wud.n."a ro3. Und B.wohneranzah| ." *óli'..ip""ńn'';.'" "l* *"n..ł f eil d.l Ubad'ńons'oÓlo' ili'.i"i.i'Jl]" "i"ili;';; "'.."a".ol.*-r '*q r5z', w*.h*the*-*

l,lHl

j

ill

tl l1

i

i

trr .l1

_! tl LI

I

fl

l

cH

trtElil

Ilt

I

_

rl:

t:

lti

I

!Hl iił[Hi I

!t1[]flr

ti il r.l

l

-l-l-

it

i

U!

q€m.ińsam

rEEEEEĘ

wohn.n wol|€n'

I

o|. B.u|iick6n Jnd qolii||l' die sEdrern€U.ruńgen

s""ru-*o** *" a.. ro" ;; ;;;i;;;;;";"i. c","h.

$ qu' wE abgeśch|6$ń' M8n

a-

"",ii """ iiii"*.r'.""*.

nl

ii"'i il'r'l

,i

b€ra&h durch oitle'dnzie' v6 ji,i i."'* **.l"o"t''l|hiq |iir dio Mih€|Ś.hicnr' -* '( sieo|uńq suni|a dbet€'ńan ńir...'*t'"a*'. "i"l-"' ind6r m J..*"i.t*. c-"a'i"* l.*nfeichń.n ein€ Epoche, .riJć**.ti."". **' t* nachb.u we.d6ń oiniqe wohn rr]i* śi;;Ja." ".. ..l.."ren Fańilien .Ussńmen .r|ćhier' dio Unter óinem D3ch Da3fl.ihenhals wird durch

slruktuBn wiEwchłg'

E.'*!d^ oŃ*hMden -d r.i..J" -.r"*r '"" R.ihunq d€r E'€ment6 t6bt wi.d.r aul - in sudteb.U ",. 'i". ol" ..l..;ló ó,..jińńlo."g. den ao.ini.nal" ńl., i. e.na,iB.inó Folge nutunqsn6ut6lor Rłuńo 153' 54,55}- ln G.Uńdńśssn wird F|.xioi|i!ćt

anq€st.lr.

d3

dG runfr'g.ń Be

-.''..-.n*-."'ln*.*' ***-.u s" liJi.ii... """ iI.n.* fug.'d.;.n .'s;-;'n F|.l'u|ń.t ii.''.t.ń.a. "ńi*'uń" ś"t"l"zi-.* **a 'I*ii."J ...". w..* n.lnr' *"'t*' cenaU.o be[.Ót

..ii*' i'.s* L.** * ,.i*.i*. o," u."-"*

-. 4",

Die P

a|s o|n. Bere'c

d.rwohnung€n

łvdriabi.

wohnon und lb€rur|i.hl

Albeiten.

't Śńd dis Mil1oIt

w.edersiń Gósta|iuńqsa|€ń.ntqswo'don. {ombindion ;;-;-;..ii;;:';ń"d"ń

vd

"n;ł das Ercobnis. D$ q.ht sÓ weir' d.B ,^.J r'i- i"' a* g'.,vp.c..driB ir."itl. a""*" *q.a.;ht--dón.dio.owoh|łiirB0ro. eket

in G.olśsiódt6ń

baurw.'d.n Łónn.n l56l'

oi6

Handhaouns

i**ic*ir'"**u* "r."' *p.* ...,i'"*.,r";a*. .r...**ł.

""."-.'iia* w.rd.n nun hl. und d. Wrkllchx6ir(571 '

ii a"ilii'it'j'""r"al'.s* -*a.n

""..iii.

R6ińh.rdGi.$|mann

f ,'

l

Itff

J-irl nlr tri!

lil

di€

GrundriBrYp.n in grcB.n $ng.n otn. v..iarioń.n in di. Arćh.toktUrb.jros tohń oł|snbar z{ ńtio.

oi" ń"rom,i" o." comput.6

The Layout of the Apańmentrrhe Floor P|an ldea l,::1""i#;;;;;;;J";i""'i' ,:::;;li-;;,;.; *^" *-

E9€nts

lh€'nl€rpr6tation

oi. coi.'ń nólon ól livinq.Th. ath..nd ń€vi.w3'sońo boxa. the

:'-::..."l ;;";.*."-"

csre..

",.,r *" * :;:;";i;;,;;*** ;::;....". dnoth.l |''lh '" ; ;;l;.;;;;..,""-"i;."

Ll#'j];1:;;i,i,;,.i".,"

l|Óol plan

'tu.rcd wńhorcuń'l'A

ił:i:]ł:i*:if:::l:ll;* :::":ilT::,TH:'s.irJ:illxl1Tl':.T.1l.J"T:T: @mdorrborÓ|an") or€v.n

d oi'orirv l-ńo i;;-i;;;;;;..;' *p"i"*..ch pNev hd domln.nt l"!h6 c.n@'od |ivinq ;;^,.' -"" h -h.h tho .ońdun'calvo ś'd. ol |i'€ 'ś ot p|anor9.n|zórion' since i;;..*''" ::.:l'il;|;;;"'ł .re JM.vg boinq ń.do |o liilj'...i.io. **."a * -

,.i1. ii"-p.*."arr"a" "r sxp.noaDrs i-_-r"--" '* ot careqo,ies

r"tho rr'xibr' rroor pran"r' rirvrhe svtluotion andrhe

shouid b.addea'lh.-pul6tYp."shouldnev.lb.co* pl*" i"''""..rl*i "^,-"i.i*'ir'."";"" -"lń."s'',ds Iu|vexcn|nqsolulidnĘot.n lio on th. |in. betw.6n -".lt'. "Il'ihe olthó.. cat€gońes. rwo or do.e

(Jr

@ n'".p""."..,"."".'*d

rccordino to an axi' arone whr:l'.'h: :iT,':li:-"-d 1! ::,',1: D|.6Jnrcl6tie ;;;;i;;J""'';;';'i""."| "..""g"ń"m' *. "-.p. t.tt'".ódUcd. Doin t:, dr.wl lh€ vi.ib. in i z **. rn" ..." .p '..." ihrou9h th6 Óoms'Th..Dodń r'I..-**' i"""i*ń." *"-p|es .' 4)' tn bóth cffie.ńel.voul o| ths.p6ńhonr i9 D€J li.]'11. "'i"r'.."""ll" th.ondpo'ńiolrhs*t(orłsl,which, i]liń-''i..."'"';v'*"*.'lv'mpodantń.ro 's wE€ n E oń€n lh6 kiehon'soń6l imeś **. .t'" l..q ..ń lesmo|€ Il; o.h.' i1i. " r'",,."n '.' ,i"i'iii."..i;'r'. u|! b. ol ón ofiic€ tt'" .u"un.g *"u'i i'"''.iiń" ;-. '.pl6$|on 'n.. *"ńpE ""';oo. 4 .odiliona'lv Iinślh. indiv'.lu6| rcońg ón th€ Nln9. n-lł. . -ń*".**.' l

".

rcom sidó by neań9 ol a sharod

Uńbrgafden.

I I

EETEET | I l l l .

l I

II

||v

-'-ro -urr"'.si.". 't o- orr'"-*'"a"n

'ńtÓlplet€o

Js a |alq€' op€n 9p.c€ wnh dn inś.ń.d cub. io.

3uqgeslh ordel to mak€ th. b closet|peicepiiblaa.oninseń.dqeomst.ćVolUń..ilisolt6nDrąiódoutolilsł.3.th!3 ..."...l'. ..i. - i." *"gs lh. vtew€r ń. box dividos Uo p.ths or.llM cncuń.mbu' h6 |ivinqłoońand bodrooń h.I. L*.'l - I 'o (ox!mp|. 3)'A coń wŃn "L*.'ben' *.v" e-.pl.. l ..o zl ol lhe hv'nq rcom |loń tno s|..9inq U.ct .pj. iIl"t'.i. *. p.a"* lI"k b.Meen living ioońanddlniń!..6a (.*mp|o4l''ń on. "

menL wtrh sk!||ohd.

Ex.mob 5 conla'nl no

a"*-."*..ńa'.,

ir'oauor,

wa||Ś at d||' onlv

sooc |8śoo3sibl6 w.||

rexamp,e ot

dlam.ric ifu mEdioto sp€cEŚ.

I

Thgl|oorolandev€|oosaroundthelivinqroom;iti9aronca

I

6cónlgranddi.tributoiand

ah6t.llpathsIeadrnroUghit',Ąteąis.dd€dtoth.IivinqÓÓmb.caus6drfi€assoo'ń.d .duclion iń h.l'-.v spa".' and even rh6 indivjdlal rooms ..n bo rcducad for il. b.n.lil: This des.gn iś6xĆeprional|y communicative,

Th.app.o.ch ńayiav€

bur

does

Eśnict oppońunitiBlo. priv.cY'

iG or.qin inrh63pari3| Ó.g.nizBrion of

o|d

mońg.t.ri..withth.ł

ha|t..ńdc€||s.Hilb.B.im..releBtolhis{vpóo'd6siqn...,.boóth3y.1.ńiA|varA.lto'j.

I

l I

his al| encompassing |iv.ne rooń$. "m3*.tp|.o6i Tl'6 .p..tmon| a.|eatIy delined c.nr.. whil6 tb. r6sr oi thó looN l.ń.in noutra|ińt.ms ol

contas!desclib€d

lhls

ha3

'uictionaidd.siqn(e'amp|.śl'2.3l'Thó|ivi.qroońć..a|sob6d.linóda3a|arg..t|lry, its oullińo d.!.ńined by rh. po.itioń oi th6 adiaconl rcoń. l.xaBpb a| Tno path. throlghth€|ivińgroommGth.vob€sńthoughroUtjns!chaw.Ylhdtth.ydonotimpan

livingqualily(er.mpb5l'sońgrim6El8j.rh.roomyoxamp|61)thob.dóońśandbdh9 hallw.v. inc|u 'no rń. qeomełićal Ćónbr oltho apanń..r (oxańp|s 6).

hav€ add.tiÓnal

oom

m

n6.d to p|aco th€ |ivng

Th.noorp|3nc|ea inq

v

s€parates

tho

diłletŃ

a'eas insido an apartm.nr: rh6 |iv.

and rhe s|eopinq a.6a w.tń ind.vidu.l 'unctional al6. wirh iivinq roon' kitchen. dining a..a|

bsdroońs ańd bath (example

1l.

Hobby .oońs or wo.krooms can

a

thłd or.. oith.n

'om ow..Thoaiń nol€ is10€nabIe smoolh imp|emenrationolrh. individua|fu.ction..3imul commlnity ra.eous|y ańd adjac€ntl' the individual membor ol th. 'amilY/apa.rnont as muĆl| f...do h a.ca reć.ive ha itl ow. h6lh'.v s}'ou.d

andlh€h.l|wayŚar..Ńh€rcońbińćdatth6ene...or.Eangedlńssqu€nco.Intho'iBt oas6 a b'th co.. (to bó.nr.i6d l'oń boin.'ćaślcan..pańr. th6 aróa. {eeFplo 2)ora kitcnen.|ntnsća..olbui|din$wnhśńal|.Óudy.rd.'1ha3p.t.ldlvi.Ioncanbehand|ed simplv byarangińqth.lwo6r..9 ÓdhogÓm||y'Th6.ćc.* |..dśińÓthe ha||MYwhich

ń3 l6r.ńpl6 3l' How.vóith. |iv.ng .6a cań a!'o provido bY |.trjng lhe |ivinq{oom h6||waY r!ń ińo the

indiń.taćĆ.ss10 :he sleepj.g .r€a

bed'oomhal|waYioxampb4)'ln.c,o$w.l|coBtruction..chań.ilott.ń.||óćar.dtoa

baYwith a cóńtrol t.ansveEo |ink' Living.ńd ś|..pingaBs.ón abo bó *p6iated by changingthódłeciionolrheha||wavInoldo'tocfoa1op'ivacYov6ninlh.ca*Óladk6d

cońnection b.tween living rcom and slespine 3.6.,6 s.cond p8th toth. Ó.ńŚ b otren rouqhthe kitchen or even thróogh th. bath (.'.mpl6 5)' since thc bedrooń hallway Ćan onlY bo Usen by one pań ollho ta'lic' it can alŚo b. exFnd6d intÓ a play or wÓrk conidoi zoning in maBon.tres is ho.izonto|. H6re th. .nrranc6 usually lies on the levelol tno lving 6.eo.more ra.elv onth.t ol tha individu.l a'ea.The 3ópa.atio. of a.og3 i3 no'. d€linit. h.r6.Gal|.ri.. ov6rlh.diń.nq arćaorliving lobm h.lp !o esiabIish a relationshjp bÓfu66n th. le!óE 5nd 1o 9romob cÓmńUnicdion' p|an Maxińlm p.jvacy i5 created in lho oxc.plion.| fo.m of th. [email protected]'pód '|ÓÓr {ex.ńple 6l' whe.6 the diffelent rooms arc ov.n sepaEtod

'

Thi.f|oorpl.niype isbasedonastldYo'th6pathśÓt€śideńrsduringdiffoBntactivńieś ]n.id. th. .p.ńneń' wdlls al 1ral€d'andth.śp.ĆesaEdovelopedacco.ding|y{.x.m9l.])'Th6parhśshou|db.shóń' the pu'e ha.l\!.v

ać.

ńmima|.and tno sp.c6 cań inb..ch otheiRightałgl$6.. rc.The llooi pl.rc do'|ow app.arorgan.c, and ofton ńó wa||.

seemiomovóawaylńnaceń.al,spaciou9h.l|w.ylp|.yfon6laśir'romano qin(ox.m. ple 2l'This plan emphasizes th.luńdiońal relatioń3hips bófue€n lho rcom3 and tal.es inlo.c.ount 1he individ!.|.p.rial śequeńcB: for ańmp|g'lho E|.tioń.hip b6. 'loor .droom and nu.s.ry (.xań. pl.3|.Th. spaces thus.r6tćd have unusul foims| how€v.i śt.ndard th.Y g6nor.l|y admn onlv on. fL'ńishinq optio. - th.t onvigion.d by 'or iń. archiroc!. sinc. th. 'umiluB paft óhś Órnovem.ń! (.ńdrhusthodosiredsp.ti.I r.l.tio..hipśl ihatdÓtemin.our|iv6. algconGbft|ychanging,rh€selloorpIans"ag.',qU.ckly:1h.varesÓ"pe.'ed"andsp.cia| uot th.y plov€ 10 b. ińaóiib|e'

Th3 {|owingaoo. plan c.n b. JndeBtoodasavariałto'thoorqań.ci|oÓrDlan'ltischaEc. 1eriz.d.ot bv. Pańiculal po.itiońÓlth. wa|'s but byth.noFis.ion.Th. tooń3 aró.aElY

ś.pa.ared rlom thó ciEuhnon.E.ańdrh.Yal6onlysliqtt|ysopa..t.dl'omó.ćh oih6r: they f|Ów inro ó.ćh orno., Ólf.' vb!.l r6l.lence6' inviro th. visitorto mov. óneórd.lh. .Pańm6ńslhus app€al mu.h Iarq.r.nd moE open, ńs individua| rcom.|w.vg Eń.in. 16laGd1oth€who|6'lnaxamp|o1lhoifontalińr.fu.n6m€ńt!,Iivingroom,dining.ń.'and kitchen b|ónd with th. bed.oom hal|waw ól th. p.l.n!., ańd ćh ar6 śraqg.r€d i6.p.d 10 each oń€randtoth. pdh .xi'. Vorilcal entwin.m.nt on ih6 'n h€.qnt..nd.p.rid.€lat.ÓnŚhipsthal incr....ln. óniry.

menlo1pa$ingrh,oughl€xample2l.Thef|owollooń.i.3o

!śeot |iqht|a |iqht sourc.' P'a.ed at

1ho ond

otth.g.th, i..pp.oaćhod bytho vi.iloi Ui|óinq' Ih6 gphG'.v.|

rv'.

worksmo.owithvi'ua|rclation.hip3th.ńwithimmodiatoo'oximiw.3oth.tth.Indlviduol

|oom rcńains l.'ge}y ondiśtuib6d.Th. dlsadvantaeB ol thk conc.pr|Óń,whlch hav. to oo Wth th€ v.rru.l impo$ibi|itY ol96pa.aiing tha ind|vidua| l'om g.n.rdl .v.nrl' aE

'L

The Significance of Access n mod.rn

m.s r6ad..tiar

grEtnuńb6rofbuilding c inq forn3haworiginated. ol all1hes6 conc.p$ wni.n hav. actUal|y bó€. iscted rÓ rhe póćri.alt'jaIs o'd

coistrudlon sń.Ó$a wo.ld WarIl,

a

boilt and.ub.

lEn 3randpoińt pBv..linq todoy. lt deliciencies in th8 atłaćtiv.no99 of ov ajn causE ol w.d.spbód dissatis'adio. wirh lhó p|.ćŃ in Śigń3 ol. which l.sidef,t. hodto iivo. |.deed'

lUccess'uiIv whón subjeoted to critićaI aE'6*mont

was on|y |at€ dorjo€ab.o

lhlt

of,.y in cas€s

in

wh

'niti.l

. ro r.organ.ż6

'uodam€

ó

rnlło

ambisn.eol ńsidGn|ial construdion:th. dweltinq aEa'th. bujIdlńq'.ndlh6ir suround'

aisń.nr

ol ihis

inrerabrbnsh.

Econońicasp.ct3 havr unlońUnate|y be8n a|low€d to dicta lo Bś.denti3l build.ńqs' wnhin ihe conrext o' ńu|tislory los.do.tial constructioń' th.ś places. GrE' .róas.s buildin cońśide.Bd to b. -p.ivacy gleen" (!o ksepśoĆi.ldiś.noe)and arc rhu. m.d. ińaĆćós.i. ar€a3 amÓńg bl€ 1€-g-, -Kó.p o{ ino orass,,). ln thć int.ńóE ol buildingł ap!ńments.l. |ikćwiso genelally reduced ro 1h. ńinimum d 'nto.acrion wÓ||s af,d coridorc' Floot spa.8 is 1ypi6l|y d6diEt.d to achiov. a maxim!ń of pur. dwe||inq-unil llool spa.ą This al|m€anŚ1hat pub|icand s€mipub|ic space'whićh w€ had odqinll|y inno ioil' lor olampla' in t.dit.on.|lY dgv€|op.d !.ban strućtur€! ih€'6 sth.ms6lvóś ańd bdwoen th. buildinqs' h35, in B E.i

d.ntial

l 9h{i3.

€tclusiv€|y

to

qh.rlos wilh 1heir monolunct'oń.|.€€35 lh. l!ń.lioń3 ol walking o. d'ivińg'

sv

arlial Usodfora ńu|rIpIicitYolo lhere'oń bćrn |ost - ónd common areassJĆh.s plaYg.ou.dsoanńd ofl.. a satiśfactory rep|ac6m..t. su.h areaiattypical|y locat.d t.o la. aon tho individu| ap.ńń.ńB.ńd

'8t

ro

th.n .6.idćnB. ln addition. d8irab|. n6ighbo.|Y tfi. d€gE. ot ańońYń..y

inhgGnt lo sucn lacjIities is too qreat f Ól dówIopn6nt otstab|o

ha3shown. atenanfs int€rcst in th. imńodi.lo reśdential su.mundińgś whjch he or sh€ can...di|y p€ pań łń $c..l nsell- T]r. G3id.ntŚobi|ilv.nd ló.dinesstotak€ ptiÓn and arc rh.rglón r63vic As exo€ri.nco

|i.t.nand1oca|lto pase.s.

sma||.p.3-..dÓfi nodbvrneabi|itvto.€coqńjż6póop|..to

ri6śl i.ó.'alound 2o-'.25 meleB. |td|śranc.hindor5uorcsidontofan

apańń.nrbui|dIng

h his or h€. śoci.l surbundinqs {o.g.' b6tw&n high{iŚB bui|din$|' it i3 vely otren the cas. that no 3ocia| contacts wi$ l.uow Bsid.flt. d€v.|ÓP olsuch bo|ation in ap a! a||. Th6 unlońUnaie consequ€n€. known' !l holsina is to eu|y prÓńot. communioation anon hth8 ńóc$..ry qu.l.ii.s. .|y ol uso. it blso app..rŚth.t ents' p.oviderb€ mdf.vońb|.ćondlt|on.lo.

l.r th. dóśtr6d p ńc.33..

by apańm.nt'huilding ń. of interaction ou6id6 th. ińd'vld u.l .p.ńn6ńl..

.có

cl6otion o'

Thsd.cisiv.ol.cÓnditionlorth.lunct.o.alefi.ctiwen.l.Ó'acĆ.3.f.c'l|ti..a.ól..|dol

itvof r.3id.ntsto rcadilv.dab faćilitl$: . cir6riÓń to'md6r.d bv tho sćiologisr Ja lh. ]960,ś'Th. Śocio.oqEt Nolh6rt schmid|R€lenbs.g sp.3k! ol -op.ńhe" th. apań. our rhes€

ń.n| |Au,ŚchlieBung| in rhis coniext.

Hg

us6lhi: 16ń

to

n.an.rlab||.hine cont.ń

wilh and l'om tnó.pattm€ń1bv means o1windows and doÓrs. Helu'!ap6..lhi. con' cepi olop.ning bY.onllasrinq itwi1h that ol "c|o.inq" th.3P.frńtńt lAbschlieBu,g)| hÓ in.Iudes in hi. ''Ćlosing" conce p.ivocvlbm !nw.n1edvi.o.| intusion- Wewould |ik'to u3. tń.' pa.rofconcópB. i'th. sćB.d.lin€d ho'.' j.luńhorconl€xts below. h€

aFńm€nt

i3

rh. 3ui6bi|itv ol acćó$inq 10 'aci|itios a.oa just fu most impońan.lo. iho

i..]'l|jŚ ch.r.d.ti.ric

!.|dIng oń'ance. oesign ol rhis vicinity.

l

I

l

atth.lhrcsho|d

senśiiivemanei on lhoone hałd' jt is a place whićh on.blć idontj.ication .nd s.l(pr.36ńra on. on tho oth€i ł fu a lavo rrhem. it @presgn1s th€ Poinrl to conqu6.rh€ł slróundings. Bur adlts as ws|l. esFci. Ił|Y enioy Usiłg thk seoce a "openine uC apadments and

To fi.s oltont, it has p.ovod bonolicia| to p|aco $. r which d.diłquishó. botw€on on|.v.n.d ..d qui.l...d c6sg sid.s ol msidonlial bui|dinq. aB |ómtod aclo$ lbm s. so'ca rlod acco ss c onc.ntra lio. ), rcom 3 r.kriv.ly Th6 oxbrio. sPao ro@i8d . oth.r h3nd' b3 qui3t.n€d

ńoJnced - noad ior sa

ch oth

1

(

p.6c..nd quiot.

I

r ńmont ll€$ lhdn th. l|Ów ót 89b|. nUńbgl d lUńclbm|Źnd @.G|re|4ionshiD.b.' |ivoo'n' Unl|ko th. pl€vious ..." i'l,.* .t'" .-* eDloJch' lho t dŃdrcn mĘ 6x|śt3 b€'we.n onB pl.c. ónd tho n€llwhóń th. ap.ń. Uń '.xamo|s 1' 2l' how.v.i vi3uoI reforoncH !o lhó oopó. o..t"a' t u"..". to thó rcomsis plovid6d bY.n ońra corid.rl.Eńp(6.2 .i'. -u 3l' rh. !ooń9 may have rń6 elfBct ot dbplay c.mp.ńm6nts alonqsid. a vi..to6, .nd "ia"

;

r

t r I

ddot o|sn ol hE rvpo

them*

'

Ćnclit'since rhiŚ incEases th.circulation a.ea 1oań !n!sua| gńent' how6v6.

ir

a|waYl

luxuly ior sjnqle.fańi|y housos. Eve.y plaćó'.vó.y room can bo r€.ch6d by two joom occupies rho cenl.r l.t.mp|. lormo.a) path9 iń a'|oorp|.n ol1hbżvpo it tho Iiv.ng 4l' |ń ex.mpl6 5 tho indlvjdu.l romg ale a|| ar.ng.d so.h!ttne bE.łdhrclgh3 iń in6

rcńains

a

Ćent.ro'thep!ltitionś.ńab|6''circu|ationinrh.'oundlThisisdone'hÓw6v.iatth.cost a a.e op€n€dańdć|os.dto ÓlslacsloJlurniture'andon6c a.sotan.1ojńrhesanilarva.eainb1hecenr.'lóxample6l,o.rh.Śt.irwól|it96ll.on|iein thećónrero'rheapanmgntlexample7l'H616,rhough'!h..€isthód.ng.rtfiar$oroms wil| becońe a1om|żed or iso|ated,as in th. ca3. ollhe ha||wav typą

Th. consranr|Ych.n9ine lami|ysłuarion lsiż6'compositionl and th6 ińc'.aŚińg diff.r.ń.

li.tionolhoUsinon.ed3a16coń.adici.dbYth.n..d'orBtionaIizatjonandst.nd.ldi2.. tion in ths ń.9s constucrion of hou.ing. Th. favo.ed solutjon sIóU|d b6 cónvóB.ón plan iath6rrfun. movo to anothar 3padń.ntTh. apptooch.s within th. óx.sting xl.ńa| w.|b. ńodifiab|e iń.rn6l wal|3 withiń:lix€d out6' '|oor 9'qń€d

to difi

.lont apafu .ńlś'lIlth. way10cisngInqrh.

lo.ń .nd si2e ol1h6 .oóńś bv ń..rc o' movab|o wall Ś6dión.. MGt Ed'..l ot undo!bt€dIvlheideaotrhe,'grÓwińqhÓuŚ6'.(assinq|€.'.ńi|YhÓu.ąóx.mp|.11.inwhich

a|l

is

A i--l y. tr ''ń,A. Y,

.-=ffi

&ń

gradJalrtp.nsioncalnodou|byrh6rcsjd.ńtkdŃiqnodtoincr.c6thririd.ntilication

wirhth6'ownhomo'InotamaIs1asinmośtolthÓśoIutions'rhsco.oolihóbuildh9'lbm which it b deve|oped hod.onral|v ańd Veńical|y. consis|s ol an j'f.l|atlÓn.nd acc.33 co16that5imutańeoclya5suńess&uduEl'unct.ons.Examp|62bań€.r|y.x.mp|.o'a

€

ćńór

ónruction ol f|.B: rno indi ućt.d on . p|.tfo.m with llght w.||9 iŃid. . concrotó s|€l6' bn.Example 3 also useśa cÓluńn śY.cm'.i.ng $o |o.d.b6arińq o!t.r w.|l. and thg an l!|lil| lh.ir indivjdJa| aoor p|.n dBł€s with sp@i.| hallown$s ot 1h6 built vÓi!ń6 c6.t.3 good |iqhting 4 ]9 a mod.|stluctu.e that pl.c..1h. iń.t.ll.l'on. in a sing|o axis conditjons' Ex€mp|€ a|ong rh6 9padm€nt p!ńitioB and |eavesih3 Bd UńdÓi.rmin.d' |obt6ms with l|€xib|.l|oo. p|ans mo1with |ittlo succ.ss. Th6 p.Ób|am o' noise prorediÓn Bńóin6d umolvod' tho c ll|.xib|e pow6ra.d l'qhting supplv p.rhŚl a3 w€|lar.jn 3omoc.soąofl|oo. hoarinq svs. 1em3'ótc'.Ćould notiustifyth..dv.ntao6oi3l|eljbl.lloorp lha1most losidonrs Et.r t.ńd 10 śhy aw.Y fbń rne oxpensÓ ol ćposit|oning . w.|| and lhodżonta||y) modi'iab|.

ple1erpartic'9.brypl.nńin9ińlt.sd'Bdldingsandhousinqtypo.aBstjIloxpóńóńć.dal 3omethi'g staiic in which ońó s€lll...nd to which on. adapt.. TÓdaY lldib.ltly i. thug l63łictedroapa.tm6nrsiz.:loom9olnoulEIoharactorćanbóa.giqńódtÓdlli.r.nt.p.ń' m6nc o. sewera| .oańm.ut9 ćan bó cofibined l.Emp|6 5l. R

ro a Iimitod 6xbń by means of movable inse*.AnÓth.r 3td69y.lIow! u*. b be €xch.ńged wiihin lhg apadmont bY incorpÓratinq n6!tr.| 9p....th.t non6th.|B3 dquno a cen.in.ia.nd propońiÓń andth.tmBtbo cap.b|. of accoss modÓ.n BJd.nt {€'.mpl6 6l. Apańm.fu iń niń.G6fth.c.nturY buiIdings ofion ofe.tho 'nd.p.ndont a gr.'br d6q.eo ol ll.xibi|ity rh.n m.nv clevo.lYthough!.out ńodom f|oo. p|anś.

ch.nq€d

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sol.hsr GrundriB th€ńatbigń dsn w6g dwoh di6 wÓhńunq (wanigór d.s F||.B€n d6s B.umoŚ)' ór 3chaffi mó9fiofut vi6l6 funktional€ und..lmlioho seui.hung€ń Źw|lchsn d.n vscÓhi.d.non .ńń.'n. dio . 6bt $d gglabt wóró.n kónn€ń.AndoB a|. in d.n voF nut zwischen €'n6ń od Uńd óF€m n€nqon Końz.prcn b€.bnt oio Vańinounq qeIsqr H IBoIlpieIe l'2|,onBt.h€n iódoch ńsĆŃ.n'w.nn di6 Wóhnu.q uF em AdNn 'mmsr B|iclthezi€hlng6n zu. g.g.nube'li.g.ndon seib' w6nn óin eig€ń6r Ganq di. f'mme. Ein

d-

flttl.

qa-

(B.i;pio| 2 und 3)kónnen di.zimmel wi. A!śst.||unqskabinotte 6npllnd6n w.den, di; mi von €in.m Wand.lgang be$haut. D€ abor dab€i di. vo.k.hl.l|lcho uńverh.tbiśm5cig a.w.chsi bl.ibt * 6in Luxus lor Eiń'.milionheu9.iJoderod'j.dćs ó€ch|ioBi

zimmei kańnin oinoń solch.n GrundńB.u' zw€i {mańchń.I soqar m6hr) wogrń.mi.ht weld6n.w.nn dor woh.'aum dIÓ Min€ ei'nińńt (B.ispi.l4)- lń B€fupie|5 nónmon di€ eińż.h.n zimm.rdió vg.k.hls'|.ćh. aut Di. fimmóf sind so.ng6ordnet'd.Bdi. ou..h' b.nch. in dorM|tt6 d.rWandl|.ch.n d€n "Ruńdq.ng'' e.Eóg|lch.n.Daś q$chi.hlaul nuńqón in deń M.&. geóft Kosbn d.rstellttó.hąund man kannannehm€n'd.&d..s6ofi net Und o6.h|Gs€n w.'den,wi6 $ die Fańili.n.itu.tion zU jed.ń Moment €rlorder! Der f,unaq.ng kann auch dóń s.óitóńa.eich zum Mittelpunkt macheń lBoilpie| 6), oderdaśTrapoońhau.sólbstkańnimz6ntrumd.rwohnunqIiegoń1B6ispie|7]'Do.hh|el beśteht di. Ge'ahr, daB sich d|. zlńm.rver6inż6lń

wi.

in einem

fluńyp.

oie sich 3t.adiq !ńd.rnde Fańi|i.nsifudion {G.óBą zu6.ńmensoElnql Und di. fu'oeń.a Difl.;n.'6rung o.l wohnogoiirtńE.€ wtdeBlncht dcr lotw.ndiqkri' !u' Me5eńwo.nungsbau' s RarónaB'.runo uńd fypisieruńq 'ń Umbsu innó.h.|bd6||exib|.nGfundissesd'.

Losu.qse'n.D|. Konuptóńćhen von drt innerhalb f65Gl AuBón. chl.qon wordon kónn.n bi9

v".ł"a"'"".r"n a.. fus".*and., vo6b||b.ren Rdtrml.'|€ń wand.' ub.. R.Um..dio

{eB

fU.Fo|ń. und GlóG.nv.Eńd.rung oer R.umo dulch b.w€g ń.ń i.tsichor d|. |d6. dB -w..hggnd6. H.uso9, la|6 Ein'.mili€nh.!3' Bći3pi.l1)' bei deń d.r al|Bilhl|cbą g'q6nhendig6 Alsb.u di. |doniifiziarung mir d6m oĘ.ńón H.us

st.tk6n 3ol|lo- |ń B.kpie|r,wi. iń don m6iEr.n Lósunqen' b6.t6hl dÓr Kstn d.9 Hau€os, voń dom aĘ 6! sich horibń..| und vsnik.| 6!t'ah.n wnd.aus einsń |rc1a||atiorc. und El.ch|i6Bun!.k.rn' d.r gl6jcnzgitig 6t.tischo Funtrion libonjńńi Beisp..l 2 ist ein im Gó.choBwÓhnungsbal: lńihes Exeńi'.lf ijrein61hońzonta|'v.r.ndeóarcAuG.nholl€ ln einań B.tonskobnlau ka.n a d6rj.woiIiqon PlatdÓrm mit Isiohbn Wó.d.ń dł indi

vidue||6crund.iBoinq.b.utwo.d€n.B.bp.ol3'auoh.instotz6n5ysr.ń.fixielrdi.!Eggn. den AuB6nwóndo Uńd di. |n.iall.tio8bo..iche' j.do.h kónnon sich dio a.wohn.f mil

9p6zió||.ń'd.moń3b|.n Innenwańd6n ihB pe6óńl'ćh6n GrundriBwonsoho € 0||.n.Die g;jng. n€fo des Balkór9oE.ch.ff. glto |.ichN6.hd|bi35o' Boispjó| 4 ist €in Mod.||bau' ;sr di. ln.talla.lon.n an dg. woltnungstl€nńwńnd.n in óine AĆh.6 |ggt und dón Best !ó3ung dór wohnungsprb|.m. du.ch llóxibl. Grund.issa h.tt. w.nig Edo|g.Das Pób|.m d.s sctla|llchutfB konnb kauF behob6n w..don'dić K6t.n fiil abg.h.ngto Drck.n i'Bi. strń'und Uchtt0hfungl,lnr qeq6b.ń.af.lls FuBbod.ńhóizung 6tc. konn. t.n dl. vo.t.i|6 eh6.l|.xib|on GfundńBgeśtah!ńg ńi.ht rochtlsńlq.n, Dio PaxE z.igt daB di. ńóbton Bówohn€r spet.r d6n Aufw.nd des umśótf€nś ai.or wańd s.h.Jón uńd sicn 6h6r .in. panLip.bń*ho P|ańung wuBchon' B.ut.n und wohnlom€n w€]d€ń noch ińń.r.l3 otwó. st.tilchs. ompfuńd.n.in d.n man śich oin ćhbt und doo ń3n sich unt6ro.dnet. so bBchl.nkt 5ióh h6ut. F|exibi|itit aut di. wohnun$g!óBg: zińń.r n6Ut.|.n charatllć.g (b.i spilInortYp.n m.ist goqenob.. vom TEppgnhalsl kóńń.n v.lŚćhi.d6n6n Wotńung.. fugesch|.q.n wó.don' ode' ń.n |ogt mehl.l. Wohnung.ń zusańmón(aoispt6|5|fl.umq.ó&9JńdJormonkónncnmit1.|.bow8gllch.rEilbaJbniń aińg$chr.lnktsń MaG. v.ń.d.ńw.rd.n. Ein ando6ś |rrnz.pt Ie& oin.n Auśiausćh d.l Nń:zung.n innorhalb d6. wohnung z!: durćł dl€ G€śtali!ńo noutralór fiJume' dlo.b.r €ino' g.wi...n GńBo lnd Pbporuon b6d0ń.n und di. unabhśngig a.9chIos*. śeiń mó*€n (B.i.pi.l 5L Artblurchnu.gof,' dl€ h.ui. vón ihnn róprd&datlv.n Fu.rdjon.ń ańb!ńd.n.ind,bi.tónd.m mod€m6ń B.wohno. olt eiń hóhaEs M.Ban F|oribilttll.l3

oi.

iod.r ńoch 30 ausq.t{tft.|t. modomo GrundliB.

śE.doo'nt''h€ taditiona' Iol o€ńeiols

areas has plovod 1o

nteriÓrblock

;.b,nd""iq4..d

has to.

ihi.

_ń"i'ł?l!f.T]'i!i$'rŃ'.lfi

b. ań ax€ńp|ary

'" E .orbinl€rior' c|os.d cori. ń. otton l'nd3 rc5id6ńtia|

hous.s inwhi.h1hoaPańmónt do.s. |n Go.cotrka1€d |Ówłisć dw.||inqswith a hlqhd.gl.€ o'isolatlon'A3ó|ienteEmpl.

i.'carpetbuiIding- I. oud dw.||.ngs'' H€r€ ońó lr.q hiĆh hav6'ewwindow. o' ńono.l al|.

cońbi

ds€||inqi with a hiqh d.gre Ól s€clusioń, n.ruEl|yappeaItorh. intro' veńrd kińd ol63id6ńt.This kind ol Esidcnts p.ima.ilv Ćon sUGh t€sidontial

'egórved

childien' and r.tiled men

coupl€3wńhour

buj|dings in wh.ch !h€

andwoń.n'

.qJ6ńtly as they 6.t!.l|Y exis apadmeńt.a.. t'ed in ro op6ń śt6iM.||s and coridoE and whele

|'ndinqs a.o provided with dnough 9pa.3' |Ighr and 6ncount€rs and s.llpresenratlÓn a.!r.c!ive iFiq.s'. op.n$s.s always prÓvid.d w.th sing|e..omilv dw€Illn$ in which rhs hólso opens rÓw.ld th. ś.oet. w3 may *l.ly isiho nod6 ofl|v.ng whjch most saliglńc. assum€ hóro that llvinq in "op6.ed" dw6l|in$ .norń!l" r.sid€nt aśp.ć.al|Ytho96 who are closó|Y tolily codespondś ro th. n6śds ol a boJńd to th€ir |iv.ng al.a bv their dep.ńdóncy lrol 8eńpl. .hildt..), bythei. actlvit|.3 p.'.on3)' {say, housewiv€s)' or by th.jr phvsjB| c.ndition 1sJch a3ó|d ńpBsonied bv th6 3ing|o.lami|y hÓu36 o{i.r. tho mo* Th. ńsjd.ntjal wnholt |Ópmont ol th. n.6& oJ tnis qBup o' Bgid.ntg:! la.t which'avoEb|. condi1.ons lord.v€'órń dolbt docis iv.lY contibulos to 1h. fińding thatihs sing|..f.ńily dw.||inq, in what.v.r vań.tion. is rh. ńo.i oo'ula. lorm o' ń3ido.tial dw.l|ińq. sudóy3 h6ve rcpóatód|Y queslion8d n.m. tno on€'lam

rh€

@l

ańd tia| ot ń.w folms ol acca33 iń ń!|ti.s sm.rl s.aloa.orndth..a.ly 197o's Th. iritilta.q i sv€Fńot. vóh€mo.tlv voic€d d.ń.nd3 lor qualh.tiv. €nh..c stuclion - att€r afuoluto prio.itY h.d so long be.ń ql.ńi.d to pbvidinq nerely a

Th. dóv€|opm.nt beqrnon

a

lici.ot quańn{Y o' dwó|lings. w Thepleńtifu|3lpplv olvision'ry Ulban.d..ign svst.ms |.ft ov.r

n€

id.6llstic p|ans exl€nsively

on

3!l.

p.p€rfromrhe]96()''

s and w€B

Unl6$ibló

ec.nomić.lp.cB' wo a 'or lć.tu.sd sYd6m9 with 6łgnsiv.|yop€n.a..ó$.part'

b€i.g

prctorypBrca|iz€dwhich ńents. ''1'!lo Habitat", stagÓd in speciacJ|a.{aŚhion by Mosho orthe 1967Wo d'sFatr{3.Ópaqo1a6l,didnotplovid.theho

rno lew

'esidentialconś.Uctjon.iho..initialefiodswhichplovid€daqo.uin6imp.rBlo.'uturg dosl' Apprc3.h.3 wódhy ol ins - haw b..n pramahlv based on lwo dnóćióń3 ot d.volopment rhŃ. fol|owinq tho principl.ś Ól th66xtohal. dccBs gd|z|y /k!be"gang), add o' ih. n3iśon6tt. .p.rtm.nt. l-access

salr.'i..

haue

enlov.d

6.rmany. thi.1Yp6 wa.lor ń.ny y.ań uii|izgd B.id€nri.|const.lction.lń p mar.lyfo.ap.ńm.ntbJi|dingswirh sń.|l dwo||inq Unjb.This ph€noń6ńon h.d.hie'. 36... Jp... i.delinitalv lyeconomic srolndsi ths Btio moro lor sEa]t apańn€nt. with oxremal.accE$ g.I|.ń$. |n .ddi{ion. smB|l 'avorabIo apaitment3 - und€r conditions o{ rh. 69tl..red oris.tarion ot thó apadm.nl in such ical fo.ń3 of

an exredoraocess

w.|

kw.ts o'

,,'oo{

blo.k

stirl allow satElactory

stB.tś" ' in

lloo.p

.ńd|ńq th. apaltmon| ove.

l tho tact tha! rh€ p'ovi3io. ol u lti 'slo ry bU i|dings i. .soci.t6d w.lfi .o. sidoEbl. t. ch. itn cÓfrcsponding|y hloh.r co

m

conjlnclion Witnth.rna| and sound insul.rioń, and moislulo p gińńinqs ba.l io d€v.loPm.nt leŚid.ńtia| cónnruDrion. |n Engli3h m!|tiito.Y ap.ńń.ht h

stucruE| pr.rcjpI.'

|t

i.

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1950

po.Śib|o on tho |ow*r I€w|

ol

s l

ń!

aPaftm.ńtbuildlng!toprovido.qloa1shaBoJm.iŚonótt..p.nn.ń.withgJoundJov.l multirooń .p.tm.nB wilh oli..ialion to iwo opposit. 3id* wthqoodv.nti|alion and €'pGuróto th.3un (.ig.3!' r

oi.€śid.ńti.| pbj6d3 havo

w '..i.l.dory

ol .n op€n qall.ry conbin€d a.d 7l' |t hń. oft.n prÓv€d

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b

to limir lh.building h

Thbac.osscan b. Providsd

sr s€v.ral

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such boi|dings, re|arion.shipsdevólop amo.q the ol each 3tory, with ih€k commoń|v G.d só.ilary loom3. day.ooms. ónd tho t in hosrel-1Yp6 buildanqs. acc etc.l.

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t

space {Fig.25'. The mu|ti.

ntth8 buirdins-physi.s prcblen olalto.nalins rooh uii-

livinq roomovera b6droońl' lń ordetto.edUc€rhgdis.urbancoinhe'e.iin . av.ilabl. which t6al!i. alrer lizarion. This ensur.. that id.rl Jorih6 3ańe pUrpos. IFig'26'. Iiza!ion 1€.g.'a

split-|.v.l u.its offć. va'iatioń śory(orbYspljttinq in a Btio ol 1/3 to 2/3l, a mo.e salis. aflangem6łt o' |iving .r.a. i3 p€sib|e 1han wirh full dorY separation Ól |evols 'ado.y maison6tt6 apadm6ńt3. ihB advantaqo is possib|e wiin invo|cinq ń . ć|o3.. sp.tial inien8larion ship ih.ou q hout. ln adual lo tour; lho uFp€. |imit o' W.d6ly a.c|aim€d prctoryp. ołthis lorm or anceŚ is iho buj|dińg bY Bb.k & nle|bau €łńlb{|on'ń l957 lFig,27'' All lyp.3 ol hońfońt|.ćc.$ of'oi tho

apadm€nt

.t I

advanraqeolv6rY6l'i.i.nr stanw.vańdÓ|.vatori.ćil.tió3'Th€irmai.benelil,how.ve.'c exlBnsiv.ly ińt.rćÓnn€ctine.p.ńn.nts in ń!|ii'sro.y bui|dinq o.o u9ó is ind6ed beinq nade oi

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|iP|ein mw dwel|ings in Ańs c63es' th€ Unconv. c6ńr|Y enhanc€d tho

ionaltYp€

qlality of

fuó

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bo1w.6. in.idó .nd óulsidó {|619ó n.nw6l| .ńban..!. |.ndingg wallwaY!' od' oft6n b6ńlńd qlas bli|dinq in rh. b|ocł o56.nt|a|lv h.Ś fuo ori.rtatlon'acadB)..lh. oo{rń!: 10 .hÓ 3tro6t Ór fi. courtyad. od6ńt.tlo. and oois. load. may cońsadd @ćh Óth6i oth6. cońpd.. poińr. cań bo add6d bY st.qg.nńq, bóndhg, r' br@|dńq th.voluh6s'G.ound'looB'duo to iho jńoviiabl. lac'. Óf

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srrl6..Bnd im sradtb|ockb6inh.|td.in.n B.bauun9Śabchnitt' d.roinos.it.oin.l Block$.ch|l.Btund nichinu.6.ń.L0ck6 a!9.

Dor Entwud kt aho ft.i uf,d unlr.i z!ql6iń,!ńEi |n b.2uq €!l d.n voĘ.g€h€n.n B|oćk, aui d6.on st'aBónlohrung' ori.ńtlF '0|f! rum' Hóh.. Bauti.'. !ńd dl. GóB. d.. Hrl..' lńi iń do. Eint9ilung in Hau.ab$hnitl.. fEiin d.r EnBch.Idung' ob d|. st.B.nl'ónt gohatton od.rdurch .in.n Roc|Gpfuńg g.g|j.d.n odo. d@n 9iń6n stafł.|un9 g.brech€n od.r dućh 6inó FUg6 g6*h|ir't wo.d.n sotl. Di. aoo./go.r J6hro nuu.n d|. ch.ń@' d|.6ln. Góbćud.2.I|6 iń Bloc& biot.t'um dar EBch|i.Blnodoń zwi*h.nr.uń &i.ch6ń

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