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DERIVATION Basic Competence Understanding derivation which discusses about classes of word (verb, noun, adjective, and adverb), and the change of word classes from one class to others because of the use of suffixes. Besides part of grammar focus, derivation is also very helpful in reading comprehension. Suffixes In English language, it is known four types of word, they are: Verb, Noun, Adjective and Adverb. Knowing about words and their classes will automatically enlarge vocabulary. In derivation, a verb can be changed into noun, a noun can be changed into adjective, and so on, by adding some derivational suffixes. Pay attention to the following table:
Verb Beautify Standardize Communicate Act Direct Succeed Simplify Popularize Endanger Sharpen
Noun Beauty Standard Communication Action Direction Success Simplicity Popularity Danger Sharpness
Adjective Beautiful Standard Communicative Active Directive Successful Simple Popular Dangerous Sharp
Adverb Beautifully Standardly Communicatively Actively Directively Successfully Simply Popularly Dangerously Sharply
Every class of word has certain derivational suffixes which become their characteristic. In other words, class of word can be recognized by paying attention to derivational suffixes attached to the words. Pay attention to the following table and learn it. VERB Suffixes -en
Noun Fright Length Short
Verb Frighten Lengthen Shorten
Suffixes [s] ending [z] ending
Noun Advise[s] Excuse[s] Use[s]
Verb Advise [z] Excuse [z] Use [z] Applaud [d] Succeed [d] Defend [d] Believe [v] Prove [v]
-ze, -ize
Apology Apologize Memory Memorize Standard Standardize
[s],[z] ending [d] ending
Applause[s] Success [s] Defense [s]
-fy, -ify
Beauty Class Terror
[f] ending [v] ending
Belief [f] Proof [f] Relief [f]
Beautify Classify Terrify
Relieve [v] NOUN Suffixes -ment
Verb Agree Argue Develop
Noun Agreement Argument Development
Suffixes -al
Verb Refuse Deny Arrive
Noun Refusal Denial Arrival
-ion, tion, ation
Act Produce Admire
Action Production Admiration
-ure, -ture, -ature
Depart Mix Sign
Departure Mixture Signature
-ance,ence
Appear Disturb Attend
Appearance Disturbance Attendance
-ery, -ary
Bound Bribe Deliver
Boundary Bribery Delivery
-t
Complain Contain Fly
Complaint Content Flight
-age
Marry Pack Spoil
Marriage Package Spoilage
-er, -or, -ist, ant, -ent
Compose Direct Type Serve Reside
Composer Director Typist Servant Resident
-ness
Happy Sad Weak Kind Ill
Happiness Sadness Weakness Kindness Ilness
Adjective
Suffixe s -less
Noun
Adjective
Worth Pain Use
Worthless Painless Useless
Mistery Danger Fame
Mysterious Dangerous Famous
ADJECTIVE Suffixes Noun -y
Sand Blood Risk
Sandy Bloody Risky
-ly
Friend Mother Week
Friendly Motherly Weekly
-ous
-ful
Beauty Pain Use
Beautiful Painful Useful
-al, Accident ial, -tial Difference Confidence
Accidental Differential Confidential
Basic Simpathetic Economic
-en, -ed Gold Experience
Golden Experienced Educated
-ic, -atic Base Simpathy Economy
-ent, ant -ish
Differenc e Defiance Child
Different Defiant
-able, ible
Reason Sense
Dedicated Reasonable Sensible
Childish
-ive
Imagination
Imaginative
ADVERB Mostly, adverb is composed of Adjective + ly, but there is exception for some words. Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb Soft Softly Good Well Quick Quickly Fast Fast Careful Carefully Late Late Patient Patiently Hard Hard Loud Loudly Calm Calmly Serious Seriously Exercise 1. Classify the words based on the class of word Beneficial decision differentiate reliable Strengthen successful anger heat
signify wise
Exercise 2. Change the word in bracket into the correct form, or let it as it is, if it has alreday been correct! 1. The children are crying because they are _______ (hunger) 2. The actress was very _____ (fame) in the past 3. He talked a great about _____ (success) 4. I think he is a very ______ (suspicion) man 5. He left _____ (tire) after a long walk 6. The first information is quite _____ (differ) from the second 7. You must be _____ (care) in order not to get any accident 8. _____ (surprise) thing may happen anywhere 9. They thought that the restaurant will be _____ (profit) 10. Have you ever come to the _____ (month) meeting 11. I am very ____ (thankful) for kindness 12. The workers protested ____ (loud) the new unfair policies 13. The buyer should contact the ____ (own) of the house before buying it 14. Living in this village is a ____ (peace) life 15. Students are not allowed to make ____ (noisy) during the lesson Exercise 3. Find the class of word and the root word!
- dissastrous - explanation - imagination - evaporation - qualification
- appropriateness - bribery - destruction - justification -proveable