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Preface This document has been created with the public domain LATEX computer typesetting program. Diagrams were created using the LATEX picture environment. Musical examples were created using the MakeMusic Finale 2011 music notation software. Score examples were imported into the document as Encapsulated Postscript (EPS) files, using the graphicx package. The navigation links (printed in blue) in the Adobe Acrobat Reader file (the pdf-file) were created using the hyperref package from the LATEX distribution. Donations: This incomplete demo version e-book is offered free of charge. Make a donation and receive the full version through e-mail. Donations are used for document maintenance and expansion. See the website for payment instructions. Document history: Jan 2005: First complete version. Oct 2008: Restyled version. Dec 2012: Expanded version. Chapter on special techniques added.

Arranging by Examples: The Practical Guide to Jazz Big Band Arranging and Voicing Techniques, Frans Absil c

2005-2012 F.G.J. Absil, the Netherlands. URL Website: http://www.fransabsil.nl All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Author.

ii

Contents 1 Introduction

1

2 Sectional harmony in 4 parts 2.1 Basic rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Lead with chordal tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 The danger of repeated notes . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Prevent repeated notes . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 harmonizing non-chordal tones . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Dim. and sec.dom. chords . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Rhythmic aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Leading tone chords . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Substitute chords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.5 Exact parallel chords . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.6 Connecting minor 7th chords . . . . . . . 2.4 Extensions to four part sectional harmony . . . . 2.4.1 Sequence of similar structures . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Sequences of diatonic parallel structures 2.4.3 The ‘drop 2’ voicing . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.4 Repeated notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.5 Extended and altered dom. chords . . . .

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3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 10 13 14 18 18 18 20 24 27

3 Sectional harmony in 5 parts 3.1 Extended 4 part sectional harmony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Sectional harmony in 4ths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33 33 37

4 Ensemble techniques 4.1 Fundamental aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Four part ensemble technique . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Full big band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 Reduced big band . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.3 Intermediate size band . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4 Combining trombones and saxophones 4.3 Brass voicing for extended chords . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Dominant seventh bitonal voicings . . . 4.4 Percussive voicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Examples of brass voicings . . . . . . .

44 44 46 47 49 51 51 53 54 55 55

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CONTENTS 4.4.2

Examples of ensemble voicings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Special techniques 5.1 Bell chords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots 5.3 Intermediate leading tone harmonization . . . . . . . 5.4 Chromatic stepwise motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Diatonic and exact parallel chord motion . . . . . . . 5.6 Variable density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Pedal point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Classical music techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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60 65 65 66 70 73 75 78 78 80

Bibliography

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Index

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List of Figures 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15

Examples of chord structures in 4 part sectional harmony . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal tones in lead, straightforward procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-chordal tones in lead, application of secondary dominant chord structure. harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using leading tone chords. . . Cross relation between lower and upper voice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using exact parallel chords. . harmonization of non-chordal tones using exact parallel chords. . . . . . . . . Diagram of the ‘drop 2’ procedure in four part sectional harmony. . . . . . . . Close voicing and ‘drop 2’ voicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing from close voicing to ‘drop 2’ voicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Open voicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harmonization of non-chordal tones using altered dominant chords. . . . . . harmonization of non-chordal tones using altered dominant chords. . . . . . harmonization of non-chordal tones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harmonization of non-chordal tones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 6 8 9 10 13 14 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 31

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10

Sectional harmony in five parts, lead doubled an octave below. . . . . Sectional harmony in five parts, mixed voicing, ‘drop 2’. . . . . . . . Sectional harmony in five parts, open voicing, ‘drop 2 and 4’. . . . . . Sectional harmony in five parts, alternating voicing. . . . . . . . . . . Sectional harmony in 5 parts, chords in 4ths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sectional harmony in 5 parts, chords in 4ths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sectional harmony in 5 parts, chords in 4ths, close voicing . . . . . . Sectional harmony in 5 parts, chords in 4ths, leading tone . . . . . . . Sectional harmony in 5 parts, mixed chords structures . . . . . . . . . Sectional harmony in 5 parts, maximising the harmonization in 4ths

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4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

Example of ensemble voicing diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the ensemble voicing: sectional harmony in four parts. . . . Sectional harmony applied to full big band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voicing diagram full big band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sectional harmony applied to intermediate size band. . . . . . . . . . Voicing diagram reduced big band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass section voicings. (a): internal balance, (b): various chord types Dominant 7th chord S7 bitonal voicings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percussive voicing for brass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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45 46 48 49 51 52 53 54 56

v

LIST OF FIGURES 4.10 Percussive voicing for brass using bitonal triads in the trumpets. . . . . . . . . 4.11 Percussive voicing for brass using bitonal triads in the trumpets. . . . . . . . . 4.12 Rhythmic background for brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57 57 59

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

66 68 69

Bell chords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: minor third . . . . . . . Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: major third . . . . . . . Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: chords in 4ths at the diminished fifth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: tritone-related dominant chords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Chromatic stepwise motion: middle voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Chromatic stepwise motion: bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Variable density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 Classical music technique: chorale setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Classical music technique: counterpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vi

70 71 74 75 78 81 82

List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3

Basic chord structures S in four part sectional voicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic rules for four part sectional harmony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extensions and alterations of the dominant chord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 5 27

4.1 4.2

Checklist outer voices in big band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives for bitonal voicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45 57

vii

LIST OF TABLES

viii

Chapter 1

Introduction

Why write a book about jazz arranging techniques? Well, this practical guide to arranging in the jazz big band style is the result of studying scores, writing arrangements and of teaching experience. Although a number of books on this subject exist (see the reference list at the end of this manual), students keep asking for many examples and exercises as part of an arranging course. These exercises must gradually become more complex and introduce the student with alternative techniques of arranging. Also, I have found that students appreciate the detailed discussion of the examples. Therefore, this manual consists of a considerable collection of examples, that have been grouped into categories and presented in separate chapters. Within each chapter the sections will introduce new aspects and in general discuss more complicated examples. This practical guide will concentrate on a number of voicing techniques, such as sectional ⇐= harmony (see Chapter 2 and Chapter 3) and percussive voicing for a full ensemble (see Chapter 4). The detailed discussion of these techniques is meant to help the student master the basics of jazz arranging for big band. Following the instructions in the text will not lead to a personal style or an advanced voicing of a musical phrase; the material presented herein is standard practice with a guaranteed result that will sound acceptable and be playable by living musicians (as opposed to computers). There is also a chapter with special techniques, that can be used to deviate somewhat from the typical jazz big band idiom and create variation in an arrangement: see Chapter 5 for a catalogue of these alternative approaches. The examples are presented in a common, standardized format. • First there is a definition of the problem. Why are we presenting the example? What is the problem that has to be solved? • In many examples the lead voice and the basic harmony are given. These are shown in figures (a system of staves) that accompany each example. Usually each voice is printed on a separate staff. The basic harmony is written in shorthand on the lowest staff, labeled H, with either a basic bass line or with slash (rhythm) notation. 1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION • The details of the harmonization (this holds in particular for the chapters on sectional harmony) are shown below the lead voice. This voice also contains marked numbers (e.g., [*1]) that refer to items discussed in the text. • Each example is discussed in detail in the text, with a particular focus on voicing aspects. Sometimes a number of alternative solutions to the problem is presented. The text between the examples is the general introduction to the various techniques. Fundamental aspects and general rules (tricks) are discussed here. Important terminology is =⇒ printed slanted. and may be marked by an arrow in the margin. The book also provides an index for easy reference that contains most of the terminology; references in the index point to either the definition or the application of the items. Important information is shown in tables and diagrams, when appropriate. At the beginning of the book there is a list of tables and figures, also for easy reference. This book is not about instrumentation; it neither covers the theory of harmony. A great many excellent books on those subjects are in print and should be studied by the student arranger in parallel to this manual. For alternative discussions of voicing aspects, see [2, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15]. The bibliography at the end provides a list of books on jazz arranging (see [2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 18]), instrumentation and orchestration in general (see [1, 8, 6]) and composition or musical style (see [21, 10, 16, 17, 19]), that I find most useful. I hope that this practical guide provides a most useful tool for the student of jazz arranging or the musically interested reader. And remember that a personal style usually is achieved by first mastering the standard set of techniques and then gradually ignore them and replace them with your personal marks. Good luck with developing your own style and with all your creative endeavours!

2

Chapter 2

Sectional harmony in four parts

Sectional harmony in four parts is one of the basic techniques in the field of arranging (see [2], pp. 29–35, [14], Ch. 10, [15], p. 451). It may be characterized as a mixture of traditional functional harmony with (impressionist) modal harmony. The problem is that of harmonizing a given lead voice over a given basic harmony for ⇐= a total of four voices; we have to find the three lower voices. The lead voice may consist of chordal tones, non-chordal tones and non-diatonic tones. We will study the technique (alternatively described as the bag of tricks) that enables you to harmonize the lead voice, especially for the latter two categories (non-chordal and non-diatonic tones in the lead) and make sure the end result makes sense in harmonic terms and is playable from a musician’s point of view. Sectional harmony for more than four parts and some forms of ensemble technique often only come down to a doubling of voices from a given basic four part harmonization. This chapter will show you the technique of harmonizing a given lead in four parts.

2.1 Basic rules In writing four part sectional harmony there is a basic set of rules that we will follow: • Use a top-down method. Start with the given lead voice and find the three lower voices. As an arranger you will usually compose the lead voice first and then harmonize that leading part. In our exercises the lead voice will be given. Do not modify the lead voice unless you find its harmonization impossible. • Use four part harmony. Most chord structures in jazz and popular music have four parts or more. Table 2.1 summarises the types of four part chord structures that will be used in the four part sectional technique (remember that the symbol S indicates a chord structure): Figure 2.1 gives an example of each of these types. For the moment we will 3

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS

Table 2.1: Basic chord structures S in four part sectional voicing. Structure S6

Description the major triad with added 6th (note: the 6 does not indicate the inversion of the triad, but the 6 ajout´ee) the minor triad with added major 6th the minor triad with added major 7th the minor 7th chord the dominant 7th chord the half-diminished 7th chord the diminished 7th chord

6 Sm +7 Sm Sm7 S7 S∅7 S◦7

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Figure 2.1: Example of the chord structures used in four part sectional harmony (Root C, root positions, close voicing).

forget about extensions (higher numbers than the 7th) of the basic chord structures. We will come back to that later. • Use close voicing. The basic four part technique uses close voicing only when the range of all voices has to stay within the interval of an octave; the outer voices will in that case form the interval of either the 6th (imperfect consonant) or the 7th (mild dissonant). We will also discuss the so-called drop 2-technique, which, strictly speaking is not close voicing, but is easily obtained from a close voicing harmonization. • All parts use parallel motion. This means that the lower three voices exactly follow the motion of the leading voice. This is contrary to ‘classical’ harmony where ‘good’ voice leading obliges you to use preparation and resolution of dissonant tones (the 7ths, for example). Here this is of no concern. • Prevent repeated notes in any part. You will find the four part sectional technique usually in medium to up-tempo pieces. Noteworthy examples are the ‘Four Brothers’ (Woody Herman big band) and the ‘Supersax plays Bird’ (using a 5 part saxophone section) recordings. From a musician’s point of view it is better to avoid repeated notes in any part (unless they are in the lead voice); this makes playing easier. harmonization therefore must be such, that no repeated notes will occur. The list of basic rules is summarised in Table 2.2. Now we will discuss a number of exercises and examples that will gradually introduce and discuss problems of increasing complexity. We will illustrate the various techniques for writing four part sectional harmony. 4

2.2. LEAD WITH CHORDAL TONES

Table 2.2: Basic rules for four part sectional harmony. Basic rules Work in a top-down order Use four part harmony Start with close voicing All parts move in parallel Prevent repeated notes in any part

2.2 harmonizing a lead consisting of chordal tones only We will start with the situation where the given lead consists of chordal tones only (see the basic harmony on the lower staff of the example and check).

2.2.1 The danger of repeated notes Figure 2.2 shows what happens when the basic rules from the previous section are applied in a straightforward manner. Example 2.1: Chordal tones in the lead voice, straightforward procedure. Problem: Lead voice P1 consists of chordal tones only. Discussion: • The tonic triad C in m. 1 is harmonized using the added 6th chord type. Note that following the lead we pass through the various inversions of the basic chord. • On several occasions we may see the interval of a major 2nd between the upper two voices. This is no problem unless we are in a high range, for a specific instrumentation. Try to avoid minor 2nds between the upper voices, since this dissonant is too harsh. • The example shows two cases of repeated notes: m. 2, 3rd beat in P2 at [*1] and m. 3, 1st beat in P3 at [*2]. These have to be eliminated! ⊳

2.2.2 Prevent repeated notes using secondary dominants

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5

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS

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Figure 2.2: Chordal tones in lead, straightforward procedure.

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6

2.3. HARMONIZING NON-CHORDAL TONES

2.3 harmonizing non-chordal tones The example from the previous section will now be modified slightly in such a way that the lead contains non-chordal tones. Note, however, that the lead still is completely dia- ⇐= tonic. There are only notes from the C-major scale, which is the scale that is implied by the I − IIm7 − V7 − I cadence in the given harmony. The marked notes are the non-chordal tones that have to be harmonized with a different chord structure. the only solution we have seen so far is the use of secondary dominants and that is what we will apply here.

2.3.1 Use of diminished chords and secondary dominants Example 2.2: Non-chordal tones in the lead voice, application of secondary dominant chord structure. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal tones (see Figure 2.3). Discussion: • At [*1] the non-chordal tones b and d (in fact the ∆7 and the 9th of the extended C6 chord respectively; we will consider them now as non-chordal since they do not belong to the S7 ) may be harmonized using the diminished chord B◦7 , which has a secondary dominant function relative to C. Note that we may find two non-chordal tones in sequence, where the resolution towards a chordal tone occurs after the second non-chordal tone; • At [*2] the non-chordal tones g and e are harmonized using the C♯◦7 chord, which as a secondary dominant function relative to the Dm7 chord. • At [*3] we choose an alternative solution. The a is the non-chordal tone in the G7 (since, again, we consider four part chord structures as the starting point), that might have been harmonized using the F ♯◦7 chord. There is a difference with the previous two cases, however: whereas the other non-chordal tones move stepwise towards a chordal tone (here is the list, check for yourself: [m. 1]: b ր c, b ր d ց c, [m. 2] g ց f, e ր f ), now we find a leap (m. 2, beat 4) a ր d. Using a diminished chord here has a much weaker effect than in the case of stepwise motion. Therefore, we now choose to extend the Dm7 chord unto the 3rd beat of 4 chord, or, equivalently, a D that measure. his leads to a suspended Gsus m7 /G, 7 which sounds as a richer dominant structure than the plain G7 . Note that on beat 4 the lead is harmonized using B◦7 , since we work towards the C chord in the next measure. This is equivalent to the G−9 7 structure and although we were not to consider extended chord structures beyond four parts, here we have one! This is no problem, it simply sounds better (has a stronger dominant effect, since there is an extra leading tone a♭, see the next section) than the plain dominant 7th structure. ⊳

2.3.2 Rhythmic aspects: the use of syncopations Make a donation and receive the full version of this book. 7

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS [*2]

[*3]

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Figure 2.3: Non-chordal tones in lead, application of secondary dominant chord structure.

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2.3. HARMONIZING NON-CHORDAL TONES [*1]

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Œ #œ œ œ œ Œ Œ Œ

4

o o Eo7 B 7 œ nœ œ bœ bœ œ œ œ œ B 7

33

œ nœ bœ œ bœ bœ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ bœ 3

œ bœ nœ œ œ nœ œ œ bœ œ #œ œ œ œ

œ

3

bœ nœ bœ nœ œ nœ bœ œ nœ #œ œ #œ #œ

œ œ

5

Cm7

œ

bœ

œ

œ

o

E 7

[*4] Cm7/F

b

F7 9

œ nœ bœ œ œ œ bœ œ Œ 6

œ bœ œ œ #œ œ

œœŒ

œ bœ œ bœ œ bœ bœ

œœŒ

œ

Œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ nœ œ b F7 bB˙ œ œ œ œ Ó

Figure 2.4: harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using leading tone chords.

2.3.3 Use of leading tone chords The next example has the opening chords of the jazz standard “How high the moon” (or it’s derivative “Ornithology”). It is familiar chord sequence that leads to a tonic R−7 cycle (from C to B♭ through modification of the first tonic chord). The lead now has both non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Measures 1 to 3 are in the key ⇐= of C-major where d♯ and f ♯ are no members of the diatonic scale. These tones cannot be harmonized using the secondary dominant structure, since neither of them is part of the B◦7 chord. Therefore we shall apply a new technique, which is called the leading tone chord. This ⇐= means that we apply exact parallel motion locally, i.e., between two consecutive chords. All voices in the first chord move by the same distance towards the second chord, which, as you may remember, is our aiming chord. The distance of motion is either a minor or a major 2nd up or down. This is indicated as i ր and i ց or as 2i ր and 2i ց, where i is the step of chromatic minor second (the smallest unit in the chromatic 12 tone system). The effect of the leading tone chord is stronger using minor 2nds compared to the major seconds. It is used more frequently moving upward than downward. Let us now discuss the example shown in Figure 2.4. Example 2.3: harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using leading tone chords. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Discussion: • At [*1] we harmonize the upbeat tone into the C chord of m. 2. We find in the upbeat measure the sequence G7 − F ♯◦7 − B◦7 − C. The two diminished chords form a chain of secondary dominants. • M. 2 and m. 4 [*2] use the standard secondary dominant technique for the harmonization of the non-chordal tones. • In m. 3 [*3] we apply the leading tone chord technique. The aiming chord twice is th C6 chord, which is enharmonically equivalent to the Am7 chord. Exact parallel 9

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS motion (upward minor 2nd step) therefore yields the G♯ m7 structure as the preceding chord. • In m. 5 beat 3 [*4] we encounter another aspect that requires consideration. We have the sequence e♭ − g in the lead (the 7th and th 9th of the F7 chord). Now suppose we harmonize the first note with the F7−9 structure (again, this would be a small diversion from our basic rules) or its equivalent A◦7 , as shown in Figure 2.5. If we harmonize the second note with a pure F79 , or its equivalent A∅7 then we find a cross relation between the lower and upper part: there is a minor 9th between the f ♯ and the g that will sound harsh. Try to prevent this and use a now familiar trick: use the F7sus4 or its equivalent Cm7 /F on beat 3 of that measure. Save the real dominant structure A◦7 until the last beat. ⊳ b

F7 9

&

bœ # œœœ

œœœ œ

Figure 2.5: Cross relation between lower and upper voice.

2.3.4 Use of substitute chords

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12

2.3. HARMONIZING NON-CHORDAL TONES

2.3.5 Use of exact parallel chords The next example has a lead voice in C-minor and consists of diatonic tones only. In minor we have the half-diminished chord on the 2nd degree of the scale. We shall demonstrate two solutions to the harmonization problem for non-chordal tones from this 2nd degree chord. The first solution is based on the use of a substitute chord. The 2nd solution will use exact parallel chords, which is the new technique here. ⇐= Example 2.4: harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using exact parallel chords. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal tones (see Figure 2.6). Discussion: • At [*1] we harmonize the non-chordal tones with the standard technique of a single secondary dominant (B◦7 − Cm7 in m. 2, F ♯◦7 − G7 in m. 3) or a sequence of two secondary dominants (F ♯◦7 − B◦7 − Cm7 in m. 4. • At [*2] the non-chordal tone in the half-diminished chord e♭ is harmonized using ♭5/♭9 the Eb7 , or equivalently the A7 , although this solution does not sound ideal. • Notice that this example contains various syncopations (m. 2, beat 4 and m. 3, beat 4). The final 8th note of these syncopated groups is harmonized using the chord on the next downbeat. This is the same practise that we have used on tied-over notes. ⊳ Next, we will discuss two solutions for harmonizing the non-chordal notes in m. 3, see Figure 2.7. Example 2.5: harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using exact parallel chords. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal tones. Discussion:

P1 P2 P3 P4 H

b 1 &bb c Ó

[*1]

[*1]

Œ

œ œ

Œ

œ œ

Œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ o Bo7 B 7 œ nœ œ œ bœ œ

Œ

Œ

b &bb c Ó

œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Œ

? bb c b

œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ

∑

b &bb c Ó b &bb c Ó

2

Œ

Cm7

’ ’

’

’

œ œ œ œ œ œ [*2]

3

Œ

o F# 7

E b7

Œ

bœ œ œ #œ œ nœ

Œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ [*1]

[*1]

4

Œ

o F# 7

o o F# 7 B 7

5

œ

Œ

Ó

Œ

Ó

Œ

œ bœ œ œ œ nœ bœ

œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

œ œ œ nœ nœ bœ

œ

Œ

Ó

Œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ ø D 7

Œ

nœ œ œ œ bœ œ

œ

Œ

Ó

Û

Œ

Ó

’ ’

’

’

G7

’ ’

’

’

Cm

Figure 2.6: harmonization of non-chordal tones in the lead using exact parallel chords.

13

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS

P1 P2 P3 P4 H

bb

& b Π1

œ œ œ œ nœ œ [*1]

o bœ œ & b Œ nœ œ œ œ bb

b &bb Œ

D 7

2

Œ

œ œ œ œ nœ œ [*2]

ø ø bœ Œ nœ œ œ œ œ B 7C 7

œ œ

Œ nœ œ œ bœ œ œ

b & b b Œ œ #œ œ nœ œ nœ ø D 7 ? bb ’ ’ ’ ’ b

Œ œ bœ œ œ œ nœ ø D 7

œ nœ nœ bœ

’ ’

’

’

Figure 2.7: harmonization of non-chordal tones using exact parallel chords.

• At [*1] we harmonize the non-chordal tones d and f using the substitute chord B♭♭9 7 , which is not exactly equivalent with the D◦7 chord (because of its lowered 9th). It, however, is equal to the G♭9 7 chord, since the four upper functions of both chords form the same diminished chord B◦7 . What we in fact do here is to pull ahead the dominant chord of m. 4 (this has been discussed in previous examples. This might though lead to a clash with the rhythm section in case they play the half-diminished structure (the clash between b and c) and probably it is better to correct the chord symbol for the rhythm section in that measure. • At [*2] we apply three consecutive exact parallel chords (B∅7 − C∅7 − D∅7 ) working backwards from the aiming chord on the chordal tone d. Although we now find quite a few non-diatonic tones in this sequence they are no problem, especially at higher tempos. ⊳

2.3.6 Connecting minor 7th chords

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17

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS

2.4 Extensions to the technique of writing four part sectional harmony 2.4.1 Sequences of similar structures on parallel diatonic degrees In this section we will discuss various other aspects of writing four part sectional harmony. First we will deal with the technique of using diatonic parallel structures. Then we will discuss the ‘drop 2’-voicing in four part sectional harmony. Also we will discuss the occurrence op repeated notes and the use of altered dominant structures.

2.4.2 Sequences of diatonic parallel structures

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2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY [This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

19

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS

2.4.3 The ‘drop 2’ voicing So far we have strictly adhered to the rule of close voicing. However, there is another standard form of four part sectional harmony, that can easily be derived form the close voicing. It is called the drop 2 voicing and it is obtained by transposing the 2nd voice from the top, =⇒ i.e., P2 to the octave below. This is shown in diagram in Figure 2.8. The next example will illustrate the process (see Figure 2.9).

P1:

p1

P2:

p2

P3:

p3

P4:

p4

?

8ba

p1

p1

p3

- p3 - p4

p4

- p2’

- p2’

Figure 2.8: Diagram of the ‘drop 2’ procedure in four part sectional harmony.

Example 2.6: Close voicing and ‘drop 2’ voicing. Problem: Assign the parts for given 4-part sectional harmony: use close voicing and ‘drop 2’ voicing. Discussion: • Figure 2.9.a shows the solution with close voicing. The non-chordal tones in m. 1 [*1] are harmonized using the secondary dominant A♯◦7 , the appoggiatura f ♯ in m. 2 [*2] is harmonized using the same principle (in this case with a D♯◦7 chord). Beat 3 of m. 2 [*3] uses the Bm7 /E structure that we have discussed before and the penultimate note b♯ [*4], a non-diatonic note, is harmonized using an altered ♯5/♭9 dominant chord structure E7 . This note might also have been harmonized using a leading tone chord structure E♯m7 . • Notice the rhythmic aspects of the example: syncopated and tied-over notes are harmonized using the chord structure on the next regular beat. Also note the 16th notes in the lead in m. 2; little embellishments like these do not necessarily have to be harmonized, especially at higher tempos. • Figure 2.9.b demonstrates the ‘drop 2’-voicing. We have transposed P2 one octave down. The total range is now more than one octave and the result is a mixed, more open voicing. Still the intervals between the outer voices are consonant 3rds most of the time, interspersed with occasional 2nds (9ths, to be correct). ⊳ Now, for the first time, we have to consider instrumental aspects. Since the range of the section gets wider as we use the drop 2 technique we might encounter instrumentation 20

2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY

P1 P2 P3 P4

## 1 & # c Ó

## & # c Ó ## & # c Ó ## & # c Ó

P1 P2 P3 P4

&

###

[*4]

œ #œ œ œ œ nœ ‰ œ œ œ œ #œ œ o o o A# 7 A# 7 D# 7 Bm7 œ ‰ œ œ #œ nœ nœ œ œ bœ œ nœ œ œ œ

nœ œ

œ œ œ œ

œ œ

E7

’

’

∑

3

∑

‰ œ œ

nœ #œ

∑

‰ œ œ

œ œ

∑

’

’

’

A

’ ’ ’ ’

(a)

c Ó 1

## & # c Ó ## & # c Ó ? ### c Ó

œ #œ œ œ

2

œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ nœ ‰

‰ œ œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ

‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ #œ nœ nœ œ bœ œ ‰ œ œ

? ### c ’ ’ ’ Bm7

H

[*3]

2

? ### c ’ ’ ’ Bm7

H

[*2]

[*1] [*1]

’

E7

’

’

’

∑

3

nœ #œ

∑

œ œ œ œ

∑

’

∑ A

’ ’ ’ ’

(b) Figure 2.9: Close voicing and ‘drop 2’ voicing.

21

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS [*2]

[*1]

P1 P2 P3 P4

## & # # c œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ ## & # # c œ nœ œ œ #œ œ œ œ œ nœ nœ œ n œ œ #œ nœ œ #œ œ œ œ œ nœ ? #### c œ #

? #### c ’

F m7

H

[*4] [*5] [*6]

[*3]

2 ## 1 & # # c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ

’

B7

’

’

#

G m7

’

’

œ

#œ œ

Œ

Ó

œ #œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

Œ

Ó

Œ

Ó

3

œ nœ #œ œ œ œ œ œ #

C 7

’ ’

#

F m

’ ’ ’ ’

Figure 2.10: Changing from close voicing to ‘drop 2’ voicing.

problems. The bottom voice may get into a too low region, either for the instrument to play comfortably, or from an acoustic point of view. In the latter case the fundamental of the applied chord structure is too low. In those cases we might have to change the voicing along the melodic line. The preferred location for a change of the voicing is at a diminished chord, since, due to its internal symmetry (the diminished chord being constructed from minor 3rds) it suffers least from such a change and is least noticeable. We illustrate this with the example in Figure 2.10. Example 2.7: Changing from close voicing to ‘drop 2’ voicing. Problem: Assign the parts for given 4-part sectional harmony: use a mixed voicing and determine the appropriate point for transition. Discussion: • Let us first harmonize the non-chordal tones. At [*1] we use a secondary dominant E♯◦7 to harmonize the b. At [*2] we use an extended secondary dominant F ♯97 = A♯∅7 to harmonize the g♯. At [*3] we use an altered secondary domi♭5/♭9 nant D♯7 = A7 to harmonize the c♯. At [*4] we use a secondary subdominant A6 = F ♯m7 to harmonize the a. An alternative solution is either the altered sec♭5/♭9 or the leading tone chord Am7 . Comparing the three ondary dominant D♯7 alternatives we may say that the currently used A6 is the most diatonic solution, the Am7 would have been the least diatonic alternative. At [*5] we use a ♭9/♭13 to harmonize the g♯. Using a secondary subdominant G♯◦7 = C♯♭9 7 = A♯7 plain G♯m7 would have lead to an augmented 2nd step in P3. At [*6] we use an extended secondary dominant B♯◦7 = G♯♭9 7 to harmonize the f ♯. • The example starts with ‘drop 2’ voicing. This changes to close voicing at the second 8th note of beat 1 in m. 1 (at the E♯◦7 ). Then, at the upward leap, we change back to ‘drop 2’ and again to close voicing on beat 2 in m. 2 at the G♯◦7 . The example ends with another change on the last two notes; the reason for 22

2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY

P1 P2

## 1 & # c Ó ## & # c Ó

P3

? ### c Ó

P4

? ### c Ó

œ #œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ nœ ‰

‰ œ œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ #œ nœ nœ œ bœ œ ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ

? ### c ’ ’ ’ Bm7

H

2

’

œ œ œ œ ‰ E7

’

’

’

∑

3

∑

nœ #œ œ œ

∑

œ œ

∑

’

A

’ ’ ’ ’

Figure 2.11: Open voicing.

doing this is to prevent the lower voices from having a 5th leap, since this might lead to instrumentation problems. Changing the voicing at these diminished chords does not lead to repeated notes in any of the parts. ⊳ Theoretically, there is an even wider voicing possible for four parts. By also transposing the original fourth part P4 from the close position voicing to the lower octave and rearranging the parts we obtain an open voicing. The result for the example in this section is shown in Figure 2.11. Example 2.8: Open voicing. Problem: Assign the parts for given 4-part sectional harmony: use wide open voicing. Discussion: • The harmonization of the example has been left unchanged from the original close voicing. • Both P2 and P4 from the close voicing have been transposed to the lower octave. We now obtain a range of almost two octaves. Note how the intervals between the outer voices still are not too dissonant (mainly 6ths and mild dissonances of the minor 7th). ⊳ This voicing is almost never used. The open voicing is not suited for a homogeneous brass section; trumpets usually stay within the range of an octave, and although this voicing is within the compass of the trombone section, the open voicing is reserved for cases of smooth stepwise motion (classical harmony), not for sectional harmony. For the saxophone section the open voicing often reaches the limits of compass. Besides, the open voicing limits the fluency of the phrase. This voicing may be used in moderate to medium tempo, for high or middle strings or with a mixed instrumentation. 23

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS

2.4.4 The inevitable repeated notes

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2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY [This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

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CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS [This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

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2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY

Table 2.3: Extensions and alterations of the dominant chord. Structure −9 = ♭9 9 +9 = ♯9 = −10 = ♭10 −5 = ♭5 = +11 = ♯11 +5 = ♯5 = −13 = ♭13 13

[*1]

1

P1 P2 P3 P4

[*2]

b &b c ‰ œ œ œ œ œ o B 7 bb c ‰ & œ œ œ œ œ b &b c ‰ œ œ œ nœ œ b ? bb c ‰ œ œ œ œ œ

[*3][*4]

œ œ œ œ

2

3 œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Œ o Eo7 B 7 œ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ Œ

[*5] [*6]

? bb c ’ ’ ’ ’

[*7]

[*5]

œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ ‰ œ œ œ œ bœ œ o Cm7 o Eo7 E 7 B 7 Œ ‰ nœ bœ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ 4

bœ Œ Œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ bœ œ œ œ nœ œ œ nœ œ nœ œ œ Œ Œ

Cm7

H

Description lowered 9th natural 9th raised 9th or lowered 10th lowered 5th or raised 11th raised 5th or lowered 13th natural 13th

’

’ ’

∑

‰

∑

œ bœ œ bœ œ œ œ œ œ ‰ œ œ œ

F7

’ ’ ’

∑

5

B

’ ’

’ ’

’

’

b

∑

’ ’ ’ ’

Figure 2.12: harmonization of non-chordal tones using altered dominant chords.

2.4.5 Use of extended and altered dominant chords Next we will discuss two examples showing a variety of techniques for the harmonization of non-chordal tones. The main aspects here will be the use of extended and altered dominant chord structures. We already have encountered an altered dominant chord in the section ⇐= on subdominant structures and ‘drop 2’voicing: the use of the S7♭9 , the dominant chord with lowered 9th where the upper four functions are combined to create the diminished chord. From now on we will allow all regular extensions and alterations of the dominant chord structures as shown in Table 2.3. From this set we may pick any combination of four pitches, that however must include the 3rd and the 7th, the essential pitches in the dominant chord structure. We will need to apply altered or extended dominant chords mainly in cases where a non-diatonic, non-chordal tone has to be harmonized. This is shown in an example in Figure 2.12. Example 2.9: harmonization of non-chordal tones using altered dominant chords. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Discussion: • From the beginning to beat 3 in m. 2 the harmonization is with diatonic parallel structures, unless this is impossible. The first chordal tone is the e♭ in m. 1 at [*1]; this determines the voicing of the previous chords. Strictly speaking this should 27

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS [*1]

[*1]

b &b c ‰ œ œ œ œ o B 7 bb c ‰ & œ nœ œ œ b &b c ‰ nœ bœ bœ nœ b ? bb c ‰ œ œ œ # œ 1

P1 P2 P3 P4

? bb c ’

œ œ œ œ œ œ

2

3 œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Œ o B 7 œ nœ œ œ œ bœ œ œ Œ

bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ

œ bœ œ œ nœ bœ Œ œ nœ œ bœ bœ œ Œ

Cm7

H

[*3]

[*2]

œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ ‰ œ œ œ œ bœ œ o G7 C 7 F7 Cm7 B 7 Em7 E bm7 D m7 Œ ‰ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ 4

Œ œ nœ bœ œ bœ nœ œ bœ œ nœ bœ nœ Œ

‰

œ bœ œ œ bœ nœ bœ ‰ œ œ œ

F7

’ ’ ’

’ ’ ’ ’

’ ’

∑

5

∑ ∑

œ œ B

’

’

’ ’

’

’

b

∑

’ ’ ’ ’

Figure 2.13: harmonization of non-chordal tones using altered dominant chords.

lead to the following three chords at the start of the phrase: Dm7 − B♭∆7 − Cm7 , all in 2nd inversion. However, the first 8th note has been harmonized using another inversion of the B♭∆7 chord (just a matter of taste). At [*2] we have to use a secondary dominant B◦7 since there is no diatonic way to connect the two inversions of the Cm7 chord. At [*3] we recognize the 7 − 8 diatonic stepwise motion with a 2nd degree chord as basic harmony. We therefore have to use Cm7 − Dm7 (see the appropriate section on connecting minor 7th chords). From the g in m. 1 we onwards we recognise the diatonic parallel succession of chords until beat 2 in m. 2 [*4]: we have Cm7 − Dm7 − E♭∆7 − F∆7 − Gm7 − E♭∆7 , all in 3rd inversion. The major 7th chord F∆7 is the result of the elimination of the tritone interval that would have occurred with a purely diatonic solution (see the section on similar structures in diatonic parallel degrees). The final chord 9 (using the four upper E♭∆7 can also be considered a substitute chord for the Cm7 pitches). • The rest of m. 2 s treated in a regular way using secondary dominants B◦7 − Cm7 and E◦7 − F7 at [*4]. • In m. 3 and m. 4, beat 3, [*5] we use the suspended chord Cm7 /F . The second 8th note in m. 3 b♭ uses the substitute chord E♭∆7 . • In m. 3, beat 4, [*6] the lead voice has the altered, non-diatonic note a♭ which we ♭9/♭13 harmonize using the C7 chord (an altered dominant chord). • We end the example with a sequence of secondary dominant chords E◦7 − A◦7 − B♭; the second chord is used to harmonize a non-diatonic, nonchordal tone g♭ and the B♭ is replaced by the substitute chord Dm7 = B♭9∆7 . ⊳ The same example will now be shown with an alternative harmonization, see Figure 2.13. Example 2.10: harmonization of non-chordal tones using altered dominant chords. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Discussion: 28

2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY [*2]

[*1]

P1 P2 P3 P4

[*3]

b

B m7

H

[*4]

[*5]

2 1 b & b bb c œ n œ œ œ œ n œ œ œ œ œ b œ n œ œ œ œ b œ o Cm7 Am7 D b±7 A 7 B b7 B b7 B b7 bb b b c & œ œ œ œ nœ bœ bœ œ œ nœ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ œ b & b bb c œ bœ œ œ bœ bœ œ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ œ n œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ ? bb b c œ œ œ œ b

? bb b c ’ b

b

E 7

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

[*6]

3

œ œ œ œ Ó œ œ œ œ

Ó

Ó œ œ bœ œ œ bœ œ œ Ó b

A 7

’ ’ ’ ’

Figure 2.14: harmonization of non-chordal tones.

• M. 1 and m. 2 have now been harmonized using the secondary dominant B◦7 , when appropriate [*1]. • The suspended chord in m. 3 has been anticipated in m. 2, beat 2 [*2]. • The last three 8th notes in m. 3 [*3] are harmonized with a sequence of altered ♭10/♭13 ♭9/♭13 and extended dominant chords G7 − C7 − F713 . • The last three notes in m. 4 show chromatic downward stepwise motion [*4] and can therefore be harmonized using exact parallel chords (or, equivalently, leading tone chords in sequence): Em7 − E♭m7 − Dm7 . In this case it does not sound great, but may be useful in other situations, preferably in rising stepwise motion. ⊳ Next we will look at an example that uses a combination of techniques. The example, shown in Figure 2.14, has non-diatonic tones in the lead. Example 2.11: harmonization of non-chordal tones. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Discussion: • M. 1 starts with two non-chordal tones g and e (also non-diatonic) [*1]. Notes 1 and 3 (g and f ) yield a 7 − 6 diatonic stepwise motion on the 2nd degree in major; the standard solution is the connection of two minor 7th chords on 3rd and 2nd degree (see the appropriate section). The e can be harmonized using a leading tone chord. The combined result is Cm7 − Am7 − B♭m7 . • The following note a♭ [*2] is chordal, but is harmonized with the substitute chord D♭∆7 = B♭9m7 . • The non-chordal notes on beat 3 in m. 1 are harmonized with a secondary dominant A◦7 . 29

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS • The non-chordal tone c in m. 2 [*3] is harmonized with an extended, altered sec♭9/♭13 ondary dominant B7 ; on the chordal tone b♭ we use an extended dominant 9 chord E♭7 , equivalent to the substitute chord G∅7 . • The next non-chordal tone g♭ [*4] is non-diatonic. It is harmonized with an al♭9/♭13 tered secondary dominant B♭7 . The same dominant, although in different forms, is also used on beat 3 and 4 of the same measure. • Now we reach a flaw in the exercise. harmonizing the non-chordal f in m. 3 [*5] with the secondary dominant B♭97 leads to repeated notes in the lower voices. We will later correct that error. • The three chordal notes in the last measures [*6] have been harmonized with an extended dominant A♭97 . ⊳ We will look at a number of alternative solutions to this problem, that will also correct the repeated notes. Example 2.12: harmonization of non-chordal tones. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones (see Figure 2.15). Discussion: • The alternative in Figure 2.15.a uses a ‘drop 2’ voicing in the last two measures. The harmonization has not changed, except for the last four beats of the example. We will discuss these in detail. • The repeated notes on beat 4, m. 2, have been eliminated using the progression Fm7 −E♭7 −A♭7 [*1]. Notice that the penultimate note c [*2] has been harmonized using the secondary dominant E♭97 . • This example still has some flaws. First, by using the wider ‘drop 2’ voicing, the 7ths a♭ and d♭ of the B♭7 and E♭7 respectively [*3] lie in an extremely low range. This yields unacceptably low acoustic roots for these chords. • The progression B♭7 − Fm7 on m. 2, beat 4 [*4] is poor: it lacks functional harmonic sense and therefore is weak. • The alternative in Figure 2.15.b changes to ‘drop 2’ voicing just before the last measure. This eliminates the low a♭ of the B♭7 chord, although the d♭ is still in the low octave. The change of voicing does not take place on a diminished chord. • The final measure has been harmonized using the extended form of the basic har9/13 mony A♭7 . Although somewhat improved, this solution still does not sound great. • The alternative in Figure 2.15.c has beat 4, m. 2 harmonized using the secondary subdominant structure Fm7 , the 2nd degree relative to the basic harmony E♭7 (see the appropriate section). 9/♭13

• The final measure uses a secondary dominant structure E♭7 on the nonchordal tone f . So we end up with a V Im7 − V7 − I cadence in A♭-major. 30

2.4. EXTENSIONS TO FOUR PART SECTIONAL HARMONY bb œ & b b c œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ 1

P1 P2 P3 P4

b

H

P1

bb œ & b b c œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ

B m7

P4

P1 P2 P3 P4

b

? bb c bb ’

’

’

P1

b

? bb c bb ’

’

’

’

’

’

’

bb 1 œ & b b c œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ bb &bb

P3

? bb bb

b

b

’

E 7

A 7

’

’

’

’

’

’ ’

(a) [*1]

œ œ bœ nœ œ œ œ bœ

2

b

b b

3

b

œ œ œ œ Ó

B 7E 7B 7 E 7

b

E 7

’

’

’

b

A 7

’

’

’

’ ’

(b) 2

œ œ bœ nœ œ œ œ bœ b b

3

œ œ œ œ Ó

? bb bb

B 7 E 7 Fm7

b

b

E 7

’

’

’

’

E 7

b

A 7

’

’

’ ’

(c)

œ œ bœ Ó nœ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ o # B b7 E b7 F 7 E b7 c œ Ó n œ b œ œ nœ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ œ n œ b œ b œ b œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ nœ bœ #œ nœ nœ bœ bœ œ c Ó œ nœ bœ œ bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ #œ œ bœ œ œ Ó c b

? bb b c ’ b

B m7

H

b

E 7

bb Ó & b b c œ œ œ nœ bœ bœ œ œ nœ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b œ b œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ œ nœ bœ bœ œ ? b b c nœ œ Ó bb œ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ Ó bb

P2

P4

b

’

bb 1 œ & b b c œ nœ œ œ œ nœ œ

B m7

H

œ œ œ œ Ó

3

b Ó & b bb c œ œ œ n œ b œ b œ œ œ n œ n œ b œ n œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b œ b œ b œ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ œ œ œ ? b b c œ nœ œ Ó bb œ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ bœ œ ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ Ó bb B m7

H

B b7 E b7 B b7 Fm7

E 7

1

P3

[*2]

[*1,4]

bb Ó & b b c œ œ œ nœ bœ bœ œ œ nœ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ b œ b œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ ? b b c nœ œ nœ œ œ bœ œ œ Ó bb œ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ Ó bb ? bb c bb ’

P2

[*3]

œ œ bœ nœ œ œ œ bœ

2

’

’

’

2

3

b

E 7

’

’

’

’

b

A 7

’

’

’ ’

(d) Figure 2.15: harmonization of non-chordal tones.

31

CHAPTER 2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4 PARTS • The example uses close voicing; there is no range problem for the lower voices. • The final alternative in Figure 2.15.d has beat 4, m. 2 harmonized with a different form of secondary dominant structure E♭◦7 = F7♭9 = A♭♭9 7 . ⊳

32

Chapter 3

Sectional harmony in five parts

Writing sectional harmony in five parts is a skill that is often required in contemporary big band arranging, where the saxophone section consists of five players. Since this section is the most frequently used in the big band and capable of incomparable fluency we find a lot of excellent writing for five saxophones and numerous ‘saxophone special choruses’ have been written for the five working horses in the band. There is less treatment of this technique in the arranging textbooks (see [2], Ch. 8, [7], p. 25, [13], p. 35). basically, there are two categories of five part sectional writing, where one is little more than a doubling of the lead voice of the basic four part sectional harmony. However, the second technique is considerably different and makes great use of clusters that are generated by writing the chords in 4th voicings. We will discuss both techniques in this chapter and look at examples.

3.1 The extended four part sectional harmony Writing extended four part sectional harmony takes no more effort than writing for the four part ⇐= section. We use exactly the same techniques for the harmonization of chordal, non-chordal and non-diatonic tones in het leading voice, that we have already mastered in that chapter. There is only one voice to be doubled and this is the lead voice. The result is that the melody is heard exactly one octave below the original and this gives it extra support. It is a standard technique of which you will encounter numerous examples in big band scores. It is used in the already mentioned ‘Supersax plays Bird’ recordings. Let us now discuss an example using this technique (see Figure 3.1). Example 3.1: Sectional harmony in five parts, lead doubled an octave below. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Discussion: 33

CHAPTER 3. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 5 PARTS

P1

b 1 &bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

P2

b & b b c œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ

P3

P4

P5

b & b b c œ nœ bœ œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ nœ œ bœ œ nœ bœ ? bb c b œ ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b ? bb c œ b

Fm7

H

œ

b

œ

B 7

œ

2

œ œ œ œ nœ

œ œ ˙

Ó

œ œ nœ œ œ

œ bœ ˙

Ó

œ œ bœ bœ œ œ nœ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ ˙

Ó

œ œ œ œ nœ œ

Gm7

œ

C7

nœ

3

Ó

œ œ ˙

Ó

˙

Ó

œ

Fm7

Figure 3.1: Sectional harmony in five parts, lead doubled an octave below.

• This example has been discussed extensively in the chapter on four part sectional harmony (there it was written a minor 2nd higher). So see that chapter for the reasoning behind the harmonization. • The lead part P1 has been doubled one octave below as P5. There is close voicing throughout the phrase. ⊳ Obviously, the use of five voices enables us to develop several alternative voicings. Now, we will show a number of these options. We start with the example in Figure 3.2. Example 3.2: Sectional harmony in five parts, mixed voicing, ‘drop 2’. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones; assign the parts using mixed voicing. Discussion: • Here is the ‘drop 2’ voicing as applied to a five part section. The lead is now supported by an inner voice P4. • The bottom voice has the same intervallic relationship with the lead as in the four part section. • It is fairly regularly used, unless the bottom voice gets into a too low range (see below for the solution of that problem). ⊳ We will now discuss two alternative voicings for the same problem.

34

3.1. EXTENDED 4 PART SECTIONAL HARMONY

P1

b 1 œ &bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

P2

b & b b c œ nœ bœ œ œ bœ œ œ

P3

P4

P5

b & b b c œ bœ œ œ œ nœ nœ bœ œ ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ n œ œ b ? bb c œ b

Fm7

H

œ

b

œ

B 7

œ

2

œ œ œ œ nœ

œ œ

œ œ bœ bœ œ

œ nœ

œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ

Gm7

œ

C7

nœ

œ bœ œ

3

˙ ˙ ˙

Ó Ó Ó

˙

Ó

˙

Ó

˙

Ó

Fm7

Figure 3.2: Sectional harmony in five parts, mixed voicing, ‘drop 2’.

Example 3.3: Sectional harmony in five parts, open voicing, ‘drop 2 and 4’. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones; assign the parts using open voicing (see Figure 3.3). Discussion: • An even wider voicing is obtained using the ‘drop 2 and 4’ technique. Strictly speaking (in classical sense) this is not a fully open voicing. The part that now doubles the lead is P3. • The bottom voice P5 has the same intervallic relationship to the lead as in the case of four part sectional harmony, although it now is now at one octave below the four part version. • This technique is not commonly used. There is a risk of loss of fluency at higher tempos. ⊳ Example 3.4: Sectional harmony in five parts, alternating voicing. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones; assign the parts using mixed voicing and determine the appropriate points for transition (see Figure 3.4). Discussion: • Here is an example of mixed or alternating voicing. Close voicing has been used at the low points of the lead melody at [*]. The rest of the example uses ‘drop 2’ voicing. Pay attention to the points where the voicing is changed; This happens at either diminished chords or at wide leaps. 35

CHAPTER 3. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 5 PARTS

P1

P2

P3

b 1 &bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

2

b œ bœ œ & b b c œ nœ bœ œ œ œ ? bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b

œ œ œ œ nœ

œ œ

œ œ bœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ nœ

œ

œ

3

˙

nœ

˙

œ œ

Ó Ó

˙

Ó

P4

? b c œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ bb

œ œ nœ œ œ

bœ

˙

Ó

P5

? bb c œ b œ œ œ œ nœ b nœ bœ

œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ

˙

Ó

Fm7

H

? bb c œ b

œ

b

œ

B 7

œ

œ

Gm7

œ

C7

nœ

Fm7

˙

œ

Ó

Figure 3.3: Sectional harmony in five parts, open voicing, ‘drop 2 and 4’.

[*] [*] [*] [*]

P1

b 1 &bb c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

P2

b & b b c œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ

P3

P4

P5

b & b b c œ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ bœ nœ ? bb c œ œ n œ b œ œ œ b ? b c œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ bb Fm7

H

? bb c œ b

œ

b

œ

B 7

œ

[*] [*] [*]

2

[*]

œ œ ˙

Ó

œ œ nœ œ œ nœ bœ ˙

Ó

œ œ bœ bœ œ nœ nœ ˙ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙

Ó

œ œ œ œ nœ

œ œ œ œ nœ œ

Gm7

œ

C7

nœ

3

œ œ ˙ œ

Fm7

˙

Ó Ó Ó

Figure 3.4: Sectional harmony in five parts, alternating voicing.

36

3.2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4THS

& www ? ww

1 5 9 6 3

ww w ww

ww ww w

ww ww w

ww ww w

6

ww ± 7 ww ww ± 7 ww w w w ww w ∑ w [*]

∑

ww ww w

6

C9

ww ww w

ww ww w

ww ww w ∑

∑

C9

(a)

& www

5 3 7

ww w

ww D m7(add11)

? ww

11 1

ww w

w9 ww

[*]

ww

ww

ww ww w

ww ww w

(b)

Figure 3.5: Sectional harmony in five parts, chords in 4ths. (a): left: the major chord with added 6th and 9th, top right: the alternative voicing with ∆7 replacing the root. (b): the minor 9th chord with added 11th.

• The change from open to close voicing from the first to the second note is not very effective. ⊳

3.2 Sectional harmony in fourths Another technique for writing five part sectional harmony uses harmonic structures in fourths. It is most frequently used when writing for a five member saxophone section in big band music or for the woodwind section in a studio orchestra or symphonic orchestra. Two types of harmonic structures can be voiced as a chord in perfect fourths: • The major chord with added 6th and 9th: S96 ; 9/add11

• The minor ninth chord with added 11th (or, equivalently, added 4th): Sm7

.

These chord structures, based on the interval of the perfect 4th, can be found on the 3rd and 6th step of the diatonic major scale; the chord structure on the 3rd step corresponds to the S96 (major chord with added 6th and 9th), the chord structure on the 6th step corresponds 9/add11 to the Sm7 (minor 9th chord with added 11th). The four consecutive perfect 4ths are the maximum number in the diatonic major scale (check this by trying to add another perfect 4th to either side of the two structures). The voicing for both chord structures for all inversions is shown in Figure 3.5. The C96 chord with the root in the lead (leftmost structure: numbers indicate the various members in the structure) yields four intervals of the perfect 4th. The other inversions will contain one interval of the major 3rd. The minor 9th chords yields a perfect chord in 4ths when the 3rd is in the lead (see the fifth voicing on the bottom system in the figure). 37

CHAPTER 3. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 5 PARTS This basic voicing in 4ths can be slightly modified, yielding an alternative voicing, as is indicated by the [∗] in the figure: • In the major chord with added 6th and 9th, the S96 , the root may be replaced by the major 7th, the ∆7. This yields another perfect chord in 4ths (see the fourth voicing in the top right system) an is particularly useful for when the root is in the higher register (the ∆7 in the lower voice may lead to a too low acoustic root of the chord). In short, for the major chord we have the replacement rule: ∆7 = 1; 9/add11

, the 9 may replace the root of the • In the minor ninth chord with added 11th, Sm7 structure, as demonstrated in the fourth voicing in the bottom system. In short, for the minor chord we have the replacement rule: 9 = 1; Let us now turn to a number of examples of five part sectional harmony in fourths. Example 3.5: Sectional harmony in five parts, chords in 4ths. Problem: Write five part sectional harmony using chords in 4ths for a given diatonic the lead voice P1 (see Figure 3.6). Discussion: • The lead voice contains a number of stepwise 9 ց 1 motions, see [*1] in Fig. 3.6.a. The basic harmony is Gm7 : this implies the replacement rule 9 = 1 and therefore will yield repeated notes in the lower parts if both lead pitches are harmonized using the same chord. In order to prevent these, the diatonic parallel minor chord Am7 (on the 3rd step of the F major scale) is used at these instances, yielding also a modal flavour to the phrase. • At [*2] the lead voice has the 6 or 13 of the basic harmony (a non-chordal tone in the voicing in 4ths): in that case also the diatonic parallel Am7 chord is used to harmonize the lead. The following lead pitch can be harmonized with either Gm7 or Am7 . • At [*3] the wide voicing using structures in 4ths may get into a too low register for the lower parts. In that case a narrower voicing may be used, as shown in Fig. 3.6.b. This however leads to repeated notes in part P3. Note that the g in the lead in m. 2 now is harmonized with the basic chord Gm7 . • The repeated notes can be prevented by choosing the appropriate point for switching from open to more closed voicing. In this example the entire phrase will have to be rewritten in closed voicing, as shown in Fig. 3.7, leading to a dense cluster voicing. ⊳

Example 3.6: Sectional harmony in five parts, chords in 4ths, leading tone in lead voice. Problem: See Figure 3.8. Discussion: 38

3.2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4THS

[*1]

[*1]

[*3]

[*2]

[*1]

P1

&b c œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

P2

&b c œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

Œ

Ó

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

1

P3

P4

P5

&b c œ œ œ œ œ ?b c œ œ œ œ œ ?b c œ œ œ œ œ

2

Œ

Ó

œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

3

Gm7

H

tb c ’

’

’ ’

’ ’

’

’

’ ’ ’ ’

(a) [*2]

œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

œ œ œ œ œ ?b c œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

Œ

Ó

? c œ œ œ œ œ b

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

P1

P2

&b c œ œ œ œ œ

P3

&b c

P4

P5

[*1]

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

&b c œ œ œ œ œ 1

2

[*]

3

[*]

Gm7

H

tb c ’

’

’ ’

’ ’

’

’

’ ’ ’ ’

(b) Figure 3.6: Sectional harmony in five parts, chords in 4ths. (a): harmonization of the 9 ց 1 stepwise motion in the lead using the diatonic parallel Am7 chord. (b): More closed voicing is used to prevent too low lower parts, leading to repeated notes in middle voices.

39

CHAPTER 3. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 5 PARTS

P1

&b c œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

P2

&b c œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

Œ

Ó

œ œ œ

œ œ œ

Œ

Ó

1

P3

P4

P5

2

&b c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ?b c ?b c œ œ œ œ œ

3

œ œ œ œ

Gm7

H

tb c ’

’

’ ’

’ ’

’

’

’ ’ ’ ’

Figure 3.7: Sectional harmony in five parts, chords in 4ths, close (cluster) voicing.

[*]

&b c œ œ œ œ œ œ Œ 1

P1

b

B m7 Am7

P2

P3

P4

P5

Fm7 Am7

Œ & b c bœ œ œ bœ œ œ &b c

Œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ? b c bœ œ œ bœ œ œ Œ ? c bœ œ œ b œ œ œ Œ Gm7

H

tb c ’

’

’

’

Figure 3.8: Sectional harmony in five parts, chords in 4ths, leading tone in lead voice.

40

3.2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4THS • At [*1] the lead voice has a stepwise motion f ց e (7 to 6) of the basic chord Gm7 . As was shown in the previous example the 6 in the lead is harmonized with the diatonic parallel chord Am7 . The leading tone motion is harmonized by using the exact parallel chord structures, in this case with B♭m7 − Am7 . 9/add11

• In this brief example the lead is entirely harmonized with exact parallel Sm7 structures, yielding an Fm7 chord on the c in the lead (which could have been harmonized using the basic chord Gm7 ). ⊳

Example 3.7: Sectional harmony in five parts, basic harmony contains mixed chord structures. Problem: See Figure 3.9. Discussion: • The first solution is based on a harmonization in 4ths: the upward leading tone b ր c at [*1] in Fig. 3.9.a is harmonized using the exact parallel chord B96 . • Upon arrival at the dominant chord B♭7 the harmonization in 4ths obviously cannot be continued: this is caused by the essential, characteristic interval of augmented 4th (or diminished 5th) between the 3 and 7 of the dominant chord. So, in case the basic harmony contains other chord structures than the S96 or Sm7 , we will also have to use a hybrid harmonization, leaving and returning to the harmonization in 4ths. • In order to remind us of the older techniques, in Fig. 3.9.b the same phrase is harmonized using the secondary dominant B◦7 at the non-chordal lead tones, marked with [*]. However, note at [*2] the upper our voices in the B♭7 chord: these form three superimposed perfect 4th intervals. So the basic flavour of the perfect 4ths can be maintained somewhat also in the harmonization of dominant 7th chords. • Maximisation of the use of perfect 4ths in the voicing of dominant 7th chords is shown in Fig. 3.10, starting at [*2]. The lead voice now is different. As an illustration of the ∆7 = 1 replacement rule for the major chord, see the voicing at [*1]. ⊳

41

CHAPTER 3. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 5 PARTS

& c ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ [*]

1

P1

2

œ

œ

Ó

œ

nœ

Ó

œ

#œ

B

P2

P3

P4

P5

H

& c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ & c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ ? c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ œ bœ

œ

? c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ œ bœ tc

œ

C

œ

œ

Ó

œ

œ

bœ

œ

œ

œ

Ó

œ

œ

Ó

œ

œ

bb

œ

œ

Ó

b

B 7 13 A7 13

Ó

(a) [*1] [*]

[*2]

[*]

& c ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ o B 7 1

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

H

& c ‰ œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ & c ‰ bœ œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ ?c ‰ ?c ‰ C tc œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ

œ

2

œ

Ó

œ

Ó

œ

#œ

Ó

bœ

A7 alt

œ

Ó

b

B 7 alt

(b) Figure 3.9: Sectional harmony in five parts, mixed chord structures. (a): harmonization using chords in 4ths. (b): conventional sectional harmony, using the secondary dominant

42

3.2. SECTIONAL HARMONY IN 4THS

[*1]

[*2]

P1

œ œ œ œ &c ‰ œ œ œ

P2

& c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ

1

P3

P4

P5

H

& c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ ? c ‰ #œ œ ? c ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ nœ œ tc

œ

C

œ

œ

œ

2

œ

bœ

Ó

œ

œ

Ó

œ

œ

œ œ

b # 11

bœ

B 13

œ

Ó Ó

#œ œ

A7

alt

Ó

Figure 3.10: Sectional harmony in five parts, maximising the harmonization in 4ths.

43

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES

Chapter 4

Ensemble techniques

In this chapter we will discuss several techniques of ensemble writing, i.e., for a group of mixed instrumentation and variable size. Obviously we will work with the standard big band instrumentation of five saxophones, four trumpets, four trombones plus rhythm section, but we will also have a look at smaller ensembles. We will assume here that the lead voice is the highest part in the ensemble. There is considerable treatment of these techniques in the textbooks (see [2], Part 5, [7], p. 131 ff., [13], Ch. 14-16). First the main aspects of ensemble writing will be discussed. Then the various techniques will be illustrated using examples.

4.1 Fundamental aspects This section will discuss a number of fundamental aspects of ensemble writing. These have to be considered irrespective of the specific technique we will apply to the ensemble. As we did before, our examples will start from a given basic harmony and, sometimes, a given lead voice. When writing for the ensemble take into account the following aspects: • Choose what will be your primary effect: the melody or the harmony. Before you start writing the ensemble phrase think about the desired effect. In the standard big band instrumentation there will be thirteen people playing and they can achieve a very impressive effect, particularly at loud volume. Nevertheless, from a composer’s point of view you still have the freedom to decide whether you will use that majestic effect employing the combined sound only or add extra value by creating melodic sense of your lead voice. This obviously does not apply in situations with a pre-determined lead voice. • Determine the range of the ensemble phrase. Before writing any actual parts generate a clear idea of the range of the lead voice in your phrase. The phrase may have a length of between, say, 2 and 32 measures (a ‘tutti special chorus’). This range is affected by 44

4.1. FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS

TPT1 AS1 AS2 TS1

TPT2 TPT3

TBN1

TPT4

TBN2 TBN3

TS2 BS

TBN4

Figure 4.1: Example of ensemble voicing diagram.

Table 4.1: Checklist outer voices in big band. Outer voices full big band TPT1 vs. TBN1 TPT1 vs. AS1 TPT1 vs. TBN4 TPT1 vs. BS

the instrumentation, in particular the compass of your lead voice. But it also affects the voicing in the upper range section. this will be the trumpets in case of a big band, but it might also involve a string or woodwind section. • Determine the voicing of the leading section. This will usually follow from the range of the lead voice. In general, this is the moment when you decide to use cluster, close or open voicing (see the chapter on strata techniques) for the leading section; • Determine the relative range of the lower sections. The next step is to decide about the range and the voicing of the other sections in the ensemble. We will indicate these ranges by the voicing diagram as illustrated in Figure 4.1. In this example we see the ⇐= three sections of the big band; each column represents the voicing of a section from low to high. The trombones (abbreviated as TBN) use a wider voicing than the trumpets (abbreviated as TPT) that are in close voicing. We see an overlap between the three sections. • Write the voices for the most dominant section first. In the big band the brass will usually dominate over the saxophones. Therefore we start with the brass voicing and then continue with the saxophone voicing. • Check the outer voices. Finally, we have to inspect the intervallic relations of the outer voices of each section. Table 4.1 contains a checklist for the big band. Obviously, this depends on the actual instrumentation. You will never find TBN1 above TPT1 (unisono is possible though) and usually the top saxophone voice AS1 is one ore more voices below TPT1. 45

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES

[*1]

[*1]

[*1]

[*1]

P1

b 1 & b c œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ

P2

b & b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ

P3

P4

H

P1

P2

P3

P4

H

b &b c œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ #œ b &b c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Gm7 œ œ œ ? bb c œ

&b

[*7]

b5 œ

œ

‰

3

nœ

nœ nœ œ œ nœ

b & b bœ nœ

‰

œ nœ bœ œ œ

‰

œ bœ œ bœ œ b Cm7/E œ œ

&b

b

œ

Cm7 ? bb œ

œ

œ

œ

3

3 ‰ bœ œ

œ bœ œ nœ Œ œ œ œ #œ Œ œ

3

Œ

œ œ #œ nœ ‰ œ œ œ

‰ œ œ

œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ

nœ œ œ nœ ‰ nœ œ œ

b

œ

3 ‰ œ œ œ œ œ œ 3

œ

E m7

œ

œ

b

bœ

bœ

A 7

Dm7

œ

∑

7

G7

œ

œ

∑

8

Œ

‰ #œ nœ bœ œ œ nœ

œ

Œ

∑

∑

œ

∑

∑

‰ œ bœ œ œ œ #œ nœ

∑

∑

3

3

3

3

3

œ

D7

b9

#œ

nœ

3

œ

ø œ

[*7]

nœ œ œ nœ ‰ nœ œ œ

bœ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ

‰ œ œ #œ œ bœ œ bœ

A 7

4

‰ œ œ

[*8] [*9]

6

[*6]

[*5]

œ nœ nœ bœ ‰ nœ bœ œ

3

œ

[*4]

œ #œ bœ œ œ œ nœ bœ

3

D7

bœ bœ œ œ œ bœ œ œ [*3]

[*2]

Œ

3

3

œ nœ bœ œ Œ

œ

œ œ œ bœ

‰

3 ‰ nœ œ

Cm7

œ

b & b nœ bœ

œ œ œ œ Œ

[*1]

2

œ

œ

Gm7

œ

œ

œ

ø œ

A 7

œ

D7

œ

œ

Figure 4.2: Starting the ensemble voicing: sectional harmony in four parts.

Now, we will discuss the various techniques and show examples.

4.2 Ensemble technique derived from four part sectional harmony This technique of ensemble writing is derived from the four part sectional harmony that we have studied in that chapter. The problem we now have to solve is the proper distribution of the four basic voices over a larger group of instruments. You will have to decide on the correct doublings, create an clear lead voice and choose the type of voicing for each section. In cases where a section consists of less than four voices you will have to combine it with another section and make sure that the combination of both has the full four part chords at all times. The first step, however, is to compose the four part sectional harmony for a given lead voice. Figure 4.2 gives an example. Example 4.1: Sectional harmony in four parts. Problem: Lead voice P1 contains non-chordal and non-diatonic tones. Discussion: • The non-chordal tones in m. 1 and m. 2 [*1] have been harmonized using a secondary dominant F ♯◦7 and B◦7 respectively. • The non-chordal tone f in m. 2 [*2] has been harmonized with an extended secondary dominant chord E♭97 . 46

4.2. FOUR PART ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUE • In m. 3 [*3] we find the 6-7 stepwise motion on the 2nd degree (in D♭-major) The c therefore is harmonized with the 3rd degree Fm7 chord. • The b♭ in m. 3 [*4] is harmonized with the secondary dominant G◦7 to prevent repeated notes towards the aiming chord A♭7 . • Beat 4 of m. 3 [*5] shows a chain of secondary dominants towards the aiming chord A♭◦7 − E♭7 − Dm7 . • In m. 4 [*6] the c is harmonized with a secondary dominant F ♯◦7 . The aiming chord is G7 . • The rest of that measure plus the following uses secondary dominants to harmonize the non-chordal tones a, d, f and d [*7]. • In the final measure the chordal tone c [*8] is harmonized with the subdominant structure A◦7 = E♭◦7 . This is equivalent to a forward extension of the D7 , a technique that we have seen before. • The non-chordal tone b♭ in m. 6 [*9] is harmonized with the secondary dominant C♯◦7 . • The last three notes use a sequence of dominant chords towards the aiming chord E♭7 − D7 − Gm7 . ⊳ After completing the four part sectional setting we will demonstrate the instrumentation procedure for three groups of instruments, from a full big band to a smaller ensemble.

4.2.1 Instrumentation for full big band Figure 4.3 shows the instrumentation of the previous example for full big band (5SAX + 4TPT + 4TBN). We will now discuss the details of that instrumentation. Example 4.2: Sectional harmony in four parts; full big band. Problem: Assign the parts to the 8 brass and 5 saxophones for given 4 part sectional harmony. Discussion: • The trumpets play full chords in close voicing. TPT1 is in its middle range. This example is a good range for this sectional technique. • There is an overlap between the trumpet and the trombone section; we have TBN1=TPT3, TBN2=TPT4. They will support the lower trumpet voices, especially when these are in the lower range. the intervallic relationship between the brass outer voices is good (mainly consonant 3rds, interchanged with mild dissonant 2nds). Copying the trombones one octave below the trumpets would have lead to a too low range for TBN4 and would have lead to performance problems. • The trombones also are in close voicing. Full brass are kept within not too wide a range for maximum fluency. TBN1 is in high range in m. 2 and m. 3; this may require professional playing skills. 47

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES

AS1

AS2

TS1

TS2

BS

TPT1

TPT2

TPT3

TPT4

TBN1

TBN2

TBN3

TBN4

RH

2 b 1 & b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ œ Œ

b & b c œ œ œ œ œ #œ œ nœ œ bœ œ nœ Œ b &b c œ œ œ #œ Œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ ? b c œ #œ œ œ œ Œ b œ ? b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ Œ b

‰ œœ ‰ œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ œ œ nœ nœ œ œ n 3œ œ b œ b œ œ œ b œ œ œ n œ œ n œ œ œ œ ‰ ‰ nœ œ

œ nœ

Œ

œ #œ

Œ

œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ ? b c œ #œ œ œ œ Œ b œ ? b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ Œ b b 1 &b c

3

3 Œ œ œ ‰ œ b œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ‰ œ œ œb œ Œ

3

‰ ‰

3 b 3œ œ œ b œ œ œ n œ b œ œ n œ b œ nœ bœ nœ #œ œ nœ ‰ ‰ nœ bœ œ ‰ n œ œ œn œ n œ Œ

3

n 3œ œ b œ b œ œ œ b œ œ œ n œ œ n œ œ œ œ ‰ ‰ nœ œ

œ œ

‰

‰#œ

œ nœ bœ œ

bœ œ œ bœ œ #œ œ

3

3 Œ œ œ ‰ œ nœ œ œ b œ œb œ œ œ b œ œ n œ œ œ œ œ ‰ nœ bœ œ œ ‰ Œ

nœ œ œ

∑

? b c b œ

œ

∑

2

œ

Cm7

œ

œ

œ

3

D7

œ œ

b

E m7

œ

∑

‰ ‰

œ œ ‰ b œ œb œ œ Œ 3

‰

œ œ ‰ œ œ œb œ Œ 3

‰

bœ bœ

œ

œ

∑

5

œ nœ

G7

nœ

Cm7

œ

œ

C m7/E

bœ

œ

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

8

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

3

∑

∑

3

∑

∑

3

∑

∑

∑

∑

œ nœ bœ œ nœ œ 3

3

œ bœ œ œ œ #œ nœ # œ3 n œ b œ œ œ n œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ #œ nœ œ3 œ œ œ œ œ œ

ø

A 7

œ œ

∑ D7

œ

7

b9

œ

Gm7

∑

œ œ œ nœ

Figure 4.3: Sectional harmony applied to full big band.

48

∑

3

6

b

∑

∑

bœ œ bœ 3 ‰ œ œ #œ œ

3

∑

Dm7

∑

3

n œ n œ b œ ‰ n œ b œ œ n œ b œ ‰ n œ œ œn œ n œ n œ Œ

4

b

A 7

7

3

3

Gm7

∑

8

3

‰ œ œ #œ œ bœ œ bœ

‰

œ œ

œ bœ œ bœ

3

3

3

3

3 ‰ œ œ œœ œ œ œ

œ nœ bœ œ #œ nœ ‰ ‰ œ œ bœ œ ‰ Œ œ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ nœ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ 3

‰

3

œ bœ œ œ œ #œ nœ œ3 œ œ œ œ œ œ

∑

3

3

‰ œœ œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ œ œ nœ 3œ œ bœ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ œ œ #œ nœ ‰ 3œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ œ œ nœ ‰

3

‰ œ œ #œ

œ œ ‰ œ 6 œ œ œb œ œ Œ

3

3

œ nœ bœ œ nœ œ

3

3

5

7

3

3

‰ bœ œ œ #œ bœ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ nœ bœ ‰ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ ‰ nœ Œ n œ œ œn œ n œ

Œ

‰#œ

3

b & b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ œ Œ

œ #œ

3

œ nœ bœ œ #œ nœ ‰ ‰ œ œ bœ œ ‰ Œ œ nœ bœ œ œ œ bœ nœ nœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ 3

3 bœ 3 4 ‰ nœ œ bœ bœ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ nœ ‰ nœ œ œ

b &b c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b œ œ œ œ # œ n œ œ œ œ œ ? b c b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ? b c œ œ b

‰ œ œ #œ œ bœ œ bœ

3

b 1 œ 2 œ œ & b c œ #œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ Œ

b & b c œ œ œ œ œ #œ œ nœ œ bœ œ nœ Œ

3

3 3 4 5 6 ‰ bœ œ œ #œ bœ œ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ nœ bœ ‰ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ ‰ nœ Œ n œ œ œn œ n œ

8

ø

A 7

∑ D7

œ œ œ œ

4.2. FOUR PART ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUE

TPT1 AS1

TPT2

AS2

TPT3

TBN1

TS1

TPT4

TBN2

TS2

TBN3

BS

TBN4

Figure 4.4: Voicing diagram full big band.

• Saxophones play in close voicing. There is overlap with the brass: we have AS1=TPT2 and BS=TBN4. Again we see good intervallic relationships between TPT1 and the outer saxophone voices; there are occasional 2nds between TPT1 and AS1. These are no problem, especially not in medium to up tempos. • Figure 4.4 shows the voicing diagram. ⊳

4.2.2 Instrumentation for reduced big band

Make a donation and receive the full version of this book.

49

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES [This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

50

4.2. FOUR PART ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUE

AS1

AS2

TS1

BS

TPT1

3 2 3 b 1 œ & b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ œ Œ ‰ bœ œ œ #œ bœ œ œ nœ bœ

b &b c

3

4

6 œ n œ n œ b œ ‰ n œ b œ œ 5n œ b œ ‰ nœ Œ ‰ œ œ #œ œ bœ œ bœ nœ œ œ nœ nœ 3

3

3 Œ ‰ œ Œ ‰ nœ œ bœ bœ œ œ bœ œ œ nœ œ nœ ‰ ‰ œ œ œœ œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ œ n œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ3 b œ œ œ 3œ ? b b c œ œ œ œ œ # œ œ n œ œ b œ œ n œ Œ ‰ œ b œ œ œ n œ b œ œ n œ b œ œ œ # œ n œ ‰ œ œ œ b œ n œ ‰ n œ b œ œ œ œ œ Œ ‰ # œ3 n œ b œ œ œ n œ œ 3

3

3

? b b c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ # œ Œ ‰ 3œ œ œ b œ œ œ œ œ b œ œ n œ œ œ n œ ‰ n œ œ œ œ 2 n 3œ œ 3b œ b œ œ œ b œ œ œ 4n œ œ n œ ‰ b 1 œ œ œ & b c œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ Œ ‰ nœ œ œ

TBN1

3 œ #œ nœ œ œ ‰ œ bœ œ bœ œ œ Œ ‰ œ bœ œ œ 3 œ œ œ œ œ ‰ œ 6 œ œ œ bœ œ Œ ‰ œ œ œ œ 3

5

TBN2

7

3 3 b œ œ Œ ‰ #œ nœ bœ œ œ nœ œ & b c œ œ œ œ #œ œ nœ œ bœ œ nœ Œ ‰ œ œ bœ œ œ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ œ œ #œ nœ ‰ œ œ œ bœ nœ ‰ œ nœ bœ œ œ œ3 œ œ b œ œ œ œ œ b œ œ n œ œ œ n œ œ3 b œ œ œ œ # œ n œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ #œ nœ œ œ œ œ ‰ bœ œ bœ œ œ œ ? bb c Œ ‰ ‰ Œ ‰ 3

œ nœ bœ

bœ ? b c #œ œ nœ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ nœ bœ œ Œ ‰ œ œ #œ bœ œ œ b

∑

8

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

3

33

3

∑

3

3

3

TPT2

7

bœ œ bœ 3 œ nœ nœ bœ nœ bœ œ nœ bœ nœ ‰ ‰ nœ œ œ nœ nœ Œ ‰ œ œ #œ œ

∑

∑

8

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

∑

3

3

3

RH

b 1 &b c

? bb c œ

Gm7

∑ œ

2

œ

Cm7

œ

œ

œ

∑

3

D7

œ œ

b

∑

4

œ bœ bœ

E m7

b

A 7

œ

Dm7

œ

∑

5

œ nœ nœ G7

Cm7

œ

∑

Cm7/E

œ bœ

6

b

œ

ø

A 7

œ œ

∑

D7

œ

7

b9

œ

Gm7

∑

œ œ œ nœ

8

ø

A 7

∑

D7

œ œ œ œ

Figure 4.5: Sectional harmony applied to intermediate size band.

4.2.3 Instrumentation for intermediate size band Figure 4.5 shows the instrumentation for an intermediate size band (4SAX + 2TPT + 2TBN). Example 4.3: Sectional harmony in four parts; intermediate size big band. Problem: Assign the parts to the 4 brass and 4 saxophones for given 4 part sectional harmony. Discussion: • The brass play ‘drop 2’ voicing. Both sections together have the full four part sectional harmony. Within the sections there are many 4ths and 5ths between parts; this carries the risk of sounding harsh if the tone colour for both sections differs greatly. The risk would have been reduced and the fluency increased by simply playing in close voicing. • The saxophone section plays a mixed voicing, open at the top and close for the lower voices. It was designed to fill the gaps that were left by the brass section (see the voicing diagram in Figure 4.6) with TS2 and BS below the trombones. This leads to an internally unbalanced voicing and gets the TS into a pretty low region. Applying ‘drop 2’ voicing here while keeping the AS at its current position would still cover the gaps in the brass voicing and improve the voicing within the section. ⊳

4.2.4 Combining trombones and saxophones Make a donation and receive the full version of this book. 51

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES TPT1 AS1 TPT2 TBN1 AS2 TBN2 TS1 BS Figure 4.6: Voicing diagram reduced big band.

[This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

52

4.3. BRASS VOICING FOR EXTENDED CHORDS

w & c b www

b www

TPTS

www ?c w

Brass

ww ww

Better

Unbalanced

w

TBNS

?c Rhythm w

F7

b www w b b wwww

o

D 7

# www b www

o

A 7

b D7 9

F7

b D7 9

w

w

w

(a)

ww & ww

[*1] [*3]

TPTS

Brass

ww ? ww

TBNS

? w Rhythm C

±9

ww ww

[*1]

ww ww C

w

[*3]

ww ww ww ww

[*2]

±6/9

C

w

±6/9

# www w

[*1] [*3]

ww w w w

E m11

b wwww

[*5]

www w

b ww [*4] www b ww w C m11

w

D m9

w

ww ww

[*1]

w b www ø w

D 7

[*6]

w b www ww w w

b G7 9

w

[*6]

w b # www ww w w

b G7 9

w

b bb wwww

[*1]

[*3]

b w b www G 7al t

w

(b) Figure 4.7: Brass section voicings. (a): internal balance, (b): various chord types

4.3 Brass voicing for extended chords The previous section discussed a number of examples, that were based on a four part sectional harmony voicing. From here on we will extend the number of voices, but before doing so, we will briefly touch on the aspects of brass voicing , i.e., the vertical distribution of chordal functions over the trumpet and trombone section in a big band, using extended chords (i.e., with higher chord functions such as ♭9, ♯11, 13, etc.). Example 4.4: Voicings for brass section Problem: Assign parts to 4 trumpets and 4 trombones using extended chords. Figure 4.7 has a number of voicing examples that we will now discuss. Discussion: • Figure 4.7.a demonstrates the voicing of the dominant 7th chords, S7, here F 7 and D7♭9 . Although the voicing in the first measures has an octave doubling between TPT1 and TBN1 (good), the balance within each section is poor: the trumpets are widely spread and (most important) the trombone section does not provide a good harmonic basis, since the essential 7th function and root are missing. The voicing in measure 2 is a clear improvement. The TBNs now play the following chordal functions: 1, 3, 7 and 9, the TPTs play a Dm chord, adding the 13 to the F 7 chord. Also note the doubling of the TPT1 part in the lower octave: from concert f ” upward this is an essential support for the lead trumpet voice. • Measures 3 and 4 from the same example demonstrate another aspect. The over53

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES

ww & ww C

Brass

TPTS

w ? b ww

TBNS

? w

C7

Rhythm

b www w

Cm

b ww w

Eb

w b b www

b ww w

C7

C7

w

w

E bm

bw b b b www b ww w

F#

#w # # # www b ww w

C7

C7

w

w

(a)

C7

C7

w

w

bw b b b www

w ? b ww

b ww w

b ww w

b ww w

TPTS

? w

C7

C7

w

C7

w

ww ww

Am

b ww w C7

w

D bm

w b www

Gm

A w # www

b ww w

b b www bw

TBNS

Rhythm

b ww w

# ww & ww D

Brass

Ab

F #m

# ## wwww

C7

w

(b) Figure 4.8: Dominant 7th chord S7 bitonal voicings. (a): structures based on the octotonic scale, (b): structures based on extended chords in 3rds.

all orchestral balance benefits from an internal balance in each section. In this example that is demonstrated by assigning a full seventh chord (3rd measure, ◦7 to both TPTs and TBNs; the combined effect is an octotonic scale) or full triad (4th measure, D in TPTs and A◦ to TBNS) to each individual section. • Figure 4.7.b shows various extended chord types (i.e., with more upper chord functions). A common element to all these voicings is, that the TBNS provide the essential chord functions, i.e., the 3rd for the major/minor chords and 3rd plus 7th for all other chord types. At [*1] we notice the lower octave doubling of the high lead trumpet. At [*2] the voicing of TBN3 and TBN4 will yield a difference tone, the root C below the staff. At [*3] we find full triads in the trumpets. The trombones may play an inverted chord, as is shown at [*4]. A cluster voicing is demonstrated at [*5]. • When voicing a S7, try to prevent assigning the perfect chordal function 5 to the trombones. Instead, use a lowered (♯11 = ♭5) or raised 5th (♯5 = ♭13) in the upper voices, as is demonstrated at [*6]. ⊳

4.3.1 Dominant seventh bitonal voicings When voicing an extended dominant 7th chord the balance of the voicing is increased by assigning a full major or minor triad to the trumpets. In total there are 12 possibilities, of which 8 are based on the octotonic scale and 4 are derived from an extended series of 3rds: these are shown in Figure 4.8. The basic chord is C7 54

4.4. PERCUSSIVE VOICING and the characteristic, essential chordal functions 1,3 and ♭7 are assigned to three trombones. The trumpet section creates a bitonal voicing by using: ⇐= • either the octotonic scale, leading to major or minor triads on the roots C − E♭ − F ♯ − A (the symmetric C◦7 -chord); • or extended chords in 3rds, leading to the major triad D (or its equivalent A♭) or the minor triad Gm (and its equivalent D♭m). Use the transposed versions of this diagram to find bitonal brass voicing possibilities for given lead (see the examples below).

4.4 Percussive voicing The percussive voicing is frequently used to create a massive tutti big band sound at louder dynamics (fortissimo). Its characteristics are: • Extended voicings (5 and 6-part chord structures are frequent), assigned to brass (trumpets and trombones) or the full ensemble (brass plus saxophones); • Short phrases with irregular rhythms, many syncopations and interspersed with rests. Perfectly synchronised playing of articulations (such as > or ∧) and respecting the dynamics (e.g., a sudden juxtaposition of mp and fff ) is essential and yields an impressive effect (listen to and study the Count Basie and Thad Jones tutti choruses!). • Functional support by the rhythm section: the guitar and bass player will frequently follow the rhythmic patterns in the horns (giving up the strumming guitar and walking bass patterns almost completely), the drummer will prepare and support the articulations (loud cymbal crashes and toms), while the piano player will either support the horns (copying the voicings in both hands) or plug in a few high notes during the rests in the horns. • Careful voice leading in the horns is now released: repeated notes are now permissible, and augmented/diminished steps or leaps may occur in the middle voices.

4.4.1 Examples of brass voicings Now we will present a number of examples of percussive voicings for brass section, i.e., 4 trumpets and 4 trombones. In the examples the lead voice is given, as is the basic harmony indicated in the rhythm part. Example 4.5: Percussive voicing for brass: blues scheme Problem: Determine the 8 part brass voicing for given lead voice and basic harmony. Discussion: • The chord progression is based on an extended blues scheme, such as used in the standard ‘Blues for Alice’, see Figure 4.9. The overall dynamics are mf . • At [*1] the opening chord F (tonic chord) is voiced using the various extended functions 6,∆7 and 9. 55

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES

TPTS

& b ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙ ? b ˙˙

Brass

[*1]

TBNS

F

Rhythm

?b

F

±9

[*3]

[*2]

j œ b œœ œœœ œœœœ b œœœœ ‰ n œœœ ... ‰ b b b b œœœœ .... n n œœœ ... b œœ œ. J J nœ. œ. bœ. œœœ œœœ n œœœ œ. bœ œ œ œ ‰ n œœœ ... ‰ b œœ .. n œœœ ... n œœ J œ. J œ J b9 ± 6

F9 F

œ œ œ

E m11

A 13

E m7

œœ

‰

A7

œ.

‰

œ.

D m11

b 13 G 7b 5

D m7

G7

œ

œœ

œœ .. n œœ œœ .. œœ J œœ .. b œœ œ . b œœ œ. J

C m11

j Œ ‰ b b n œœœœ

œœ Œ ‰ bœ œ J b F 13 9 [*4]

C m7

œ bœ œ

Œ ‰

j œ

[*5]

j n ˙˙ b b œœœœ ... n n n œœœ ˙ œ . ˙

˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙ ˙ F7

œ

˙˙ ˙˙

œ

B b9 Bb

6

b b œœœ ... n œœœ œ. n œ J B bm11 B b m7

œ œ bœ

A m11 A m7

œœ

Figure 4.9: Percussive voicing for brass.

9/add11

• At [*2] there is an extended Sm7 chord with the 11 in the lead. This chord type is used three times in the example. • The lead at [*3] is fairly low, leading to an impractical concert ♮b. Therefore it is better to leave out the 4th part in the trumpets and double the lead trumpet. • At[*4] we see an illustration of the avoidance of the perfect 5th function in the trombone section, and replacing it with the d = 6 = 13. • At [*5] there is a leading tone exact parallel chord, as is obvious from the voice leading ց in all but the lead voice. ⊳

Example 4.6: Percussive voicing for brass: bitonal triads in the trumpets Problem: Determine the 8 part brass voicing for given lead voice and basic harmony. Discussion: • At [*1] in Figure 4.10 the voicing of the S7 structure yields a minor second between TBN1, playing the major 3, and TBN2, playing the altered ♯9 = ♭10. This voicing is frequently used by Thad Jones. • The D♭7 chord at [*2] is an intermediary, alternating step chord. The trombone voicing stresses the exact parallel movement. • The trumpet section voicing uses full triads only, and uses chords in the key of E♭ only (one exception). • The example is one realisation form a set of possibilities. The full set is given in Table 4.2. ⊳

Example 4.7: Percussive voicing for brass: use extended chords only Problem: Determine the 8 part brass voicing for given lead voice and basic harmony. Discussion: 56

4.4. PERCUSSIVE VOICING

Eb

bœ b œœ œœ œœ & b œœ œ œœ J J [*1] [*2] b n œœ b œœ b n œœ ? b œœ n b œœ b œœ J J TPTS

Brass

TBNS

D b7

Fm

# b œœœ œ

œ. n n œœ .. œ.

n #b ˙˙˙ n˙

A7 j œ œ œ

C7

Eb

b ˙˙˙ b n b œœœ ... ˙ bœ.

œœ b œœœ œœ œ

œœœ œ

C7

j œ bœ

?

Rhythm

E bm

[*3]

D7

nœ

œœ œœ J b œœ n œœ J

G7

∑ ∑

C7

∑

#œ œ œ œ

Figure 4.10: Percussive voicing for brass using bitonal triads in the trumpets.

Table 4.2: Alternatives for bitonal voicing. g C7 C(m) E♭ Gm

Lead tone Harmony Triad in TPTs (alternative solutions)

œ & œœœ J œœ ? œœ J

TPTS

Brass

œœ œœ

œ b œœ bœ

[*1]

TBNS

œœ œœ J

b œœ œ nœ J

b # 11

[*2]

b♭ D♭7 Gm B♭(m) E♭

œœ œ œœ œœ œ œœ œ œ

œœ b œœ

[*1]

b # 11

C B 13 A 7al t E 13 ? œj j bœ Rhythm bœ œ œ 6 9

b♭ A7 E♭(m) F♯ B♭m

œœ œœ

n œœ n œœ

[*3]

œœ œœ

b œœ b œœ

[*1]

c D7 F (m) A♭ Am

b♭ G7 B♭(m) E♭ Gm

b œœ œ œ b œœ b œœœ n n œœœ J J [*1] [*1] œ nœ nœ # œœ n n œœ n n œœœ b œ œ J J

ww ww

g C7 E♭ Gm C(m)

ww ww

# # # 6 D m11 E b 13 11 A b 13 11 G 13 11 C 9

œ

bœ

j bœ

œ

j œ œ œ nœ œ

Figure 4.11: Percussive voicing for brass using bitonal triads in the trumpets.

57

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES • Figure 4.11 demonstrates a consistent block chord harmonization of the S7 structure: the triads in the trumpets are based on extended chords. At [*1] we recognise the voicing demonstrated in m. 1 from Fig. 4.8.b, i.e., S[D/C7], at [*2] we use the voicing S[Ab/C7] as shown in m. 2 from the same figure. • Like in the previous example the bass trombone TBN4 plays chord roots throughout. This gives a solid base to the percussive voicing and is frequently used. • Although voice leading aspects can be somewhat released in this technique, a detail should be mentioned at regarding the lead voice. At [*3] we could have used the following chord sequence for the harmonization: A♭7 − D7 − G7 − C. However, the tone a in the lead over the A♭7 chord has the function ♭9, whose normal resolution would have been a stepwise downward motion. In this example the lead instead has an upward stepwise motion a ր b♭ and forces us to look for a more appropriate harmonization. ⊳ The previous example can be used to illustrate a procedure for the technique of percussive voicing, consisting of the following steps: 1. Assign the chord root tones to TBN4; 2. For dominant S7 chord structures assign the essential functions 3 and ♭7 to two other trombones; 3. Assign the trumpet parts for all chord types (you may use consistent triad usage for the dominant S7 structures); 4. Complete percussive voicing for the 4th trombone part for dominant S7 chords, then assign TBN1 to TBN3 parts for the other chord types. The following example deal with a rhythmic background: the rhythmic accents and the basic harmony are pre-defined and a voicing for a 6 part brass section is to be determined. We will discuss four alternatives, using different approaches. Example 4.8: Rhythmic background for brass Problem: Determine the 6 part brass voicing for given rhythmic accents and basic harmony. Discussion: • Solution 1 in Figure 4.12.a demonstrates a voicing in the mid-low range using the following approach: 1. strive towards a diatonic voicing in the key of C-major; this will determine the selection of the chord extensions; 2. if this fails for the dominant S7, then use the S7♭9 structure. • Note in the example that the voicing in the trumpet section stays within the interval of a 6th (a 5th is typical), yielding a cluster or triad voicing. 58

4.4. PERCUSSIVE VOICING

j & ‰ œœœ Œ Ó TPTS

Brass

Rhythm

TBNS œ ? ‰ œœ Œ Ó J

œœ b œœ^ Œ œ œ Ó

C±

^ œœ b œœ œ œ œ # œœ

j j n œœ Œ œ œ b œœ .. œ . œ . # œœ œœ >œ . # œœ . > > > b b >œœœ œœœ b n œ>œœ ... b # œ>œœ ... b >œœœ Œ J J

^ Œ œ œ Ó œœ œœ

B b7

Bb7

?œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ bœ A7

œœ b œœ n œœ^ œ œ# œ

B b7

œ

^j n œœœ ... œœœ Ó

∑

œ. ^ n n œœ .. n œœœ Ó J

∑

A7

D7

œ œ nœ œ

œ œ bœ œ

j ‰ œj Œ ‰ b œœ Œ ‰ œœ œœ n œœ œ œ œ >œ œœ b œœ œœ œœ œœ n >œœ ‰ œJ Œ ‰ œJ Œ ‰ œ # œ n œ

D m7

˙˙ ˙

D7

G7

œ œ

˙˙ ˙

C

A7

œ œ œ œ œ

bœ œ

D m7

bœ

œœ G7

(a) j & ‰ # œœœ Œ Ó TPTS

Brass

Rhythm

TBNS œ ? ‰ œœ Œ Ó J C±

?œ

^ Œ #œ œ Ó œ œœ œ

[*3]

Œ #œ # # œœ > bb >œœ Œ œ

œ b œ^ Œ œœ œœ Ó [*2]

Bb7

B b7

œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ

A7

^ œœœ œœœ n œœœ

j j œœœ n œœœ ... # œœœ ...n b œœœ > > > [*2] œœ b n >œœ .. b # œ>œ .. b >œœ œ œ . œ. œ J J

œ bœ

B b7

œ

∑

œœ b œ n œ^ œ b œœ # n œœ

A7

œ œ bœ œ

œ & ‰ œœ Œ Ó J TBNS œœ ? ‰ œJ Œ Ó

Brass

?œ

C

Rhythm

±

j & ‰ œœ Œ Ó œ ? ‰ œœœ Œ Ó J TBNS

?œ

C

Rhythm

±

Œ

œœœ b œœœ^

œ œ œ œ œ

TPTS

Brass

^ Œ œœœ œœœ Ó Ó B b7

B b7

∑ D7

œ œ nœ œ

bœ œ œ œ bœ

^ Œ œ b œœ Ó œœ œ ^ œ b œœ Œ œœ œ Ó B b7

œ

œ œ

Œ œ œj b œœ .. œ .. # œœ œœ >œ . # œœ . > > b >œ œ b n >œœ .. # >œ . Œ œœ œœJ œ . œœ .. B b7

œ nœ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ bœ A7

∑ ∑

B b7

A7

œ

j b œœ œ > > b œœœ J

B b7

bœ œ

D7

œ œ nœ œ

(c)

^ œœ œ # œœ œ œ œn œ

∑

œœ b œ n œ^ œ œœ # n œœ

A7

œ œ bœ œ

D m7

C

[*1]

>œ œ > > > œ ^ Œ œœ œœ œœœ ... b b œœœ ... n œœœ œœœ œœ # n œœœ J J n >œ œ > # œœ œœ b œ>œœ ... # œœœ ... b œ>œœ œœœ œœœ n œœ^ #œ Œ J J A7

j j ‰ # œœ Œ ‰ n b œœ Œ ‰ œ # # œœ œ œ bœ n œœ b œ # n œœ > [*2] œœ b # œ[*1] œ n œœ b œœ n œ>œ ‰ œJ Œ ‰ œJ Œ ‰ œ # œ n œ

œ. ^ n n œœ .. n œœœ Ó J

(b)

TPTS

^j œœœ ... œœ Ó #œ

∑ D7

œ œ nœ œ

œ œ

n œ . b œ^ n œœ .. œœ JÓ

œœ

bœ œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ. ^ n n œœ .. œœœ Ó J G7

bœ

œœ G7

˙˙ ˙ ˙ ˙˙

D7

G7

^j n œœœ ... œœœ Ó

œ œ

D m7

œ b œ >œ ‰ n œœJ Œ ‰ b b œœœ Œ ‰ œœœ b b œœ n n œœ J œ b œ >œ œ # œœœ n œœ œ œ œ # œ nœ n œ ‰ JŒ ‰ JŒ ‰

œ . b œœ^ n œœ .. b œJ Ó

D m7

bœ œ

A7

œœ œ

œ œ

˙˙˙

D7

G7

D m7

˙˙ ˙

C

A7

D m7

bœ

‰ œj Œ ‰ œj Œ ‰ œœ # n œœ n œœ œœ œ œ œ # œœ > #œ n œœ œœ >œ œ ‰ œœJ Œ ‰ œœJ Œ ‰ œ # œ n œœ

œ œ G7

˙˙ ˙ ˙˙˙

D7

C

œ œ œ

œ œ bœ œ A7

D m7

bœ

œ œ G7

(d) Figure 4.12: Rhythmic background for brass. (a): mid-low range, diatonic extensions, (b): mid-low range, all extensions, (c): mid-high range, triads in trumpets, (d): low range, basic S7 chords only.

59

CHAPTER 4. ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES • The interval between TPT1 and TPT2 is a 3rd or 4th, the dissonant interval of a 2nd is avoided. This interval does occur between TPT2 and TPT3. • As usual, the TBNs carry the essential functions (3 and 7) of the chord structure. Dissonant intervals of the 2nd are avoided between either pair of TBNs. • Two secondary dominant chords have been used, i.e., B♭7 in m. 4 and D7 in m. 8. • Solution 2 in Figure 4.12.b demonstrates a voicing in the mid-low range using the following approach: 1. all chord extensions are allowed (release diatonic flavour requirement); 2. trumpets use cluster type voicing. • We have again respected the interval rules for the TPTs and assigned essential chord functions to the TBNs. • Now at [*1] there is the interval of the 2nd between two TBNs, at [*2] there is a sequence of two consecutive 2nds. • Check the interval relation between TPT1 and TBN1. • In m. 3 and m. 4, starting at [*3], there is contrary motion between (ascending) TPTs and (descending) TBNs. This calls for a crescendo and has the effect of leading up to climax. • Solution 3 in Figure 4.12.c demonstrates a voicing in the mid-high range using the following approach: 1. all chord extensions are allowed; 2. the trumpets are voiced in triads; 3. TBN1 supports TPT in the high range by doubling the lead at the lower octave; • note that again we find the interval of the 2nd between pairs of TBNs (see m. 2, 3, 6 and 8); • solutions 2 and 3 sound more contemporary than solution 1; this is the effect of the non-diatonic and more dissonant chord extensions. • Solution 4 in Figure 4.12.d demonstrates a voicing in the low range using the following approach: 1. Use the basic seventh chord S7 only. • This example will sound most conventional and traditional. It is in deliberate contrast with the previous solutions. ⊳

4.4.2 Examples of ensemble voicings

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Chapter 5

Special techniques

This chapter presents a number of special arranging techniques. These will put the sectional and ensemble writing techniques from the previous chapters into perspective, and at the same time demonstrate various interesting alternatives to the former techniques. In a sense this chapter is a catalogue of alternative arranging techniques, that can be applied in order to deviate occasionally from the fairly standard big band jazz idiom. The examples in this chapter are taken from actual compositions and arrangements for symphonic wind band (concert band) with added rhythm section.1 The main difference with the jazz big band ensemble is the separate woodwind section and the addition of soft brass instruments (horns and tubas) to the brass section. The techniques will be presented in random order. Their application does follow a strictly structured approach, as was the case in most of the exercises in the previous chapters. Since multiple techniques are used in the examples in this chapter, there will be much cross-referencing to the figures below.

5.1 Bell chords In sectional harmony and in the ensemble techniques all note attacks occur simultaneously for all instruments. In a bell chord the notes from the chord structure are played one after ⇐= the other. Usually this happens in one direction, either from the lowest to the highest pitch (ascending bell chord) or, less frequently, from the top to the lowest note (descending bell chord).2 1

Full score excerpts and audio demo tracks for the examples from this chapter are available on the Website with URL http://www.fransabsil.nl. 2 A well-known example in jazz music is the ascending bell chord at the beginning of the track The Meaning of the Blues, arranged by Gil Evans for Miles Davis’ album Miles Ahead. A descending bell chord is found on the

65

CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Ballad q=72

bb L. & b b c Ó

H.

b & b bb c

Flg

Œ ‰ j nœ œ œ œ œ. œ F ∑

? bb b c b

∑

? bb b c Rh. b

∑

Tbns

Œ P ˙. ‰ ˙ w œ. P Fm œ œ. ‰ œ F

œ.

j œœœ œ œ Œ ‰

nw

Œ

˙. œ.

Fm/E

nœ.

j œ œ œ œ œ

˙ ‰

nœ œ

‰

bw

œ.

˙ ‰

j œœœ ˙ œ Œ

˙.

Fm7/E b

bœ.

œ.

œ œ3

Œ

∑ ∑

˙.

‰

nw

ø

œ.

D 7

œ nœ.

∑

˙ ‰

nœ.

B bm7

œ J bœ

Œ

œ

œ ‰J

Figure 5.1: Three-part bell chords on the F m tonic minor chord. There is also chromatically descending motion in the bass. From: ‘The Summer Knows’ (M. Legrand).

The time interval between attacks usually is constant, but the attacks might as well sound at different time intervals. The application of his technique is fairly common; most frequently it is used in breaks at the end of a musical phrase, or in an introduction. Example 5.1: Bell chords. Problem: Ascending three-part bell chord for a given tonic minor chord. Discussion: • Figure 5.1 shows a musical phrase, starting with three-part bell chords for trombones on the tonic minor F m chord with chromatically descending bass (see below, Section 5.4). • This is an upward (ascending) bell chord with note entries at a constant time interval; this attack pattern creates an 8th note rhythm groove. • Note how the lead melody, trombone section and the bass part deliberately have juxtaposed attacks (minimum coincident attacks), in order to maintain the rhythmical pulse. ⊳

5.2 Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots Root progressions in the chapters on sectional harmony and ensemble writing were based on functional harmony. This implies that the roots moved along diatonic scales, and most frequently skipped a diatonic fifth of third downward.3 This yields familiar chord changes such as the I − IIm7 − V7 − I or Im − IV m − V7♭9 − Im cadences in major and minor, respectively. However, there is an alternative system for root progressions, based on symmetrically =⇒ distributed roots. Integer division of the twelve chromatic steps in the octave yields possisame album, at the end of I don’t wanna be kissed. For the source of both these 12-tone bell chords, listen to the 2nd movement of the Alban Berg Violin Concerto. 3 Check the basic harmonic progressions in the examples from the previous chapters.

66

5.2. HARMONIZATION WITH SYMMETRICALLY DISTRIBUTED ROOTS ble symmetries at root movement R3i (minor third), R4i (major third, and R6i (augmented fourth, diminished fifth). The direction of the root movement may be either downward or upward. In [15] the use of symmetrically distributed roots is presented as a separate technique for harmonic progression, as an alternative to diatonic progressions, The chord structure may remain constant (e.g., series of parallel dominant seventh chords S7 ) or may be change during the root movement. When using this type of root progression, smooth voice leading by the smallest possible steps or leaps is essential. Example 5.2: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots. Problem: Symmetric roots at the interval of a minor third R3i for a given melody. Discussion: • Figure 5.2 shows how the original harmonization with chromatically descending 7th chords in m. 1–4 may be replaced with a sequence based on descending symmetric roots at the interval of R3i , i.e., the minor third. The result is the chord sequence Em7 − D♭97 − B♭97 − G♭13 7 , with changing chord structure. • The same technique is applied in m. 5–8, where the root movement sequence of descending 5ths, Gm7 − C7 − F − B♭7 , is replaced with Gm7 − E79 − D♭9∆7 − B♭♯11 7 , again with changing chord structure. • The simple ‘one note’ melody in this example enables the alternative harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots. In general, it will require a bit of trial-and-error in order to allow such an approach. ⊳

Example 5.3: Applying symmetrically distributed roots. Problem: Symmetrically distributed bass part at the interval of a major third R4i for a given melody. Discussion: • Figure 5.3 shows the instrumental coda of a folk song about the hard labour on the land throughout the ages. A dissonant musical texture supports the lyrics. The lead voice repeats the last vocal melodic phrase in m. 1–4, and is doubled with three-part diatonic parallel chords for flutes. The middle voices in clarinets fill out the basic harmonies. There is a traditional cadential closing in G minor for brass in m. 5–6. • In m. 3–4 the bass part plays symmetrically distributed roots at the major third R4i (i.e., e − c − a♭ and their tritone-related counterparts b♭ − f ♯ − d). This yields passing shrill dissonances with the other parts (note the E♭/E and the E♭/F ♯ chords in particular), strongly expressing the mood of this farmer’s song. ⊳

Example 5.4: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots. Problem: Using chords in fourths with symmetrically distributed roots at the interval 67

CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

Bossa Nova q=160 Flg

H.

Rh.

&c

∑

?c

∑

?c

œ

? ˙˙ .. C7

? œ Rh.

F nœ

œ œ

3

j œ œ

‰ œ

n˙

ww f F

œ œ ‰ J

œ

œ

b ww

ww bœ œ ‰ J

˙

‰ œ

˙˙

Ó

b ˙˙

Ó

B b79

bœ

œ

n ww

bœ 8

œ J

b b ww

E b7

nœ

œ œ ‰ œ

˙w f

bœ œ ‰ Jœ œ

nœ œ ‰ J

Em7

‰ œ Jœ œ

& # ˙˙ .

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4

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(b) Figure 5.2: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: minor third (R3i ). (a) original harmonization, (b) symmetrically distributed roots. From: ‘One Note Samba’ (A.C. Jobim).

68

5.2. HARMONIZATION WITH SYMMETRICALLY DISTRIBUTED ROOTS œFlts œ œœ œœ b œœ n œœ b n œœ ‰ n œœ œœœ n œœœ œœœ ‰ œœœ œœœ œœ œœœ œ œ bœ œ œ L. & b J J J f Symmetric Roots Clars j bb j #œ & nœ. œ. œ œœ œœ n œœ œ œ . œ ‰ ˙ ˙. #œ f . J

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j œ œ œ j œ œj œ œ ‰ ‰ n œ œ œ ‰œ F Brass œœ .. b œœ ‰ Œ ∑ ‰ F

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Figure 5.3: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: major third (R4i ). Diatonic and exact parallel motion in the upper stratum for flute section. From: ‘The Farmer’s Song’ (F.G.J. Absil).

of the diminished fifth R6i . Discussion: • In Figure 5.4 there is another fragment from The Farmer’s Song. Throughout the song the harmonies gradually progress from a medieval to a contemporary idiom. The example shows the application of chords in fourths in the saxophones; two altos, one tenor and a baritone saxophone play meandering syncopated 8th note patterns. • The application of symmetrically distributed roots at the diminished fifth, R6i , takes place in the three upper saxophone parts (altos and tenor). The first chord consists of the pitches c − f − b♭; together with the bass g this yields a G11 m7 chord. The root sequence for these chords in 4ths is (c − g♭ − c − f ♯) − (d − e♭ − d − f ♯ − d) − (f ♯ − c) − (e − b♭) − d. This progression contains a number of these tritone-related pairs. • The baritone saxophone part does not fit into this scheme. It is coupled to the tenor saxophone part (parallel at the minor seventh, see Section 5.5), adding even more dissonance to this phrase. ⊳

Example 5.5: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots. Problem: Application of tritone-related dominant chords to a given lead texture. Discussion: • The example in Figure 5.5 is a transitional phrase in the montuno section of a Latin mambo for solo trombone and symphonic wind band. The woodwinds play scalar runs in parallel thirds. The lower part in the upper staff (unisono French horns and trumpets) quotes snippets from the main theme; note the ascending tendency of these motives. 69

CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Folk Dance q.=92 Tpt

b b b 68 œ ‰ f Sax bb 6 b 8 œ b b œœ œ f 6 œ bœ bbb 8 œ b œ f 6 bbb 8 Œ .

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œ J

nn œœ œœ # n œœ n œœ œ œ nœ nœ nœ œ #œ nœ œ.

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‰

j œœ n œ J œ j œ bœ œ nœ J

‰ œœ b œœ b œ œœ ‰ œ œ nœ bœ œ œ nœ bœ nœ

‰

œ.

Œ.

‰

œ

‰

Figure 5.4: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: chords in 4ths at the augmented fourth/diminished fifth (R6i ). Chromatic parallel motion in the lower saxophones. From: ‘The Farmer’s Song’ (F.G.J. Absil).

• The saxophone section (two altos, two tenors) changes every two measures from playing 4-part sectional harmony (as discussed in Chapter 2) to 2-part Latin montuno riff patterns and then back to sectional harmony. The 4-part sectional harmony (m. 2–3 and m. 6-7-7) consists of an ascending-descending lead voice with intermediate chords in the lower saxophone. In m. 2–3 the fundamental chord is A♭69 , the intermediate chords contain pitches from the leading tone dominant alt chord G♭9 7 and G7 . • The symmetrically distributed roots and the tritone-related dominant chords, R6i , are found in m. 3–4 and m. 7–8. Here the B♭7 chord is temporarily replaced with the E7♭5 chord (beats 1 and 2 in m. 5) and the G♭9 7 dominant chord with the chord, respectively. This yields a brief harmonic twitch, due to the contrast D♭♭5 7 with the diatonic scales in the woodwinds. ⊳

5.3 Intermediate leading tone harmonization

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70

5.3. INTERMEDIATE LEADING TONE HARMONIZATION

Latin - Mambo q=160 WW

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Figure 5.5: Harmonization with symmetrically distributed roots: tritone-related dominant chords (R6i ). Variable density setting in the saxophone section. From: ‘Bone in the Barrio’ (F.G.J. Absil).

71

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72

5.4. CHROMATIC STEPWISE MOTION

5.4 Chromatic stepwise motion In chromatic stepwise motion the motion of a particular voice in a harmonic setting is in as- ⇐= cending or descending semitone steps. The familiar examples is the chromatic motion in the bass, but the same technique can be applied to any middle or upper voice. Example 5.6: Chromatic stepwise motion. Problem: Chromatically descending bass line starting from the root chord through the seventh. Discussion: • Figure 5.1 shows the ‘classical’ chromatically descending bass. The chord root F remains constant as the bass voice moves through the chord functions 1 − ∆7 − 7 − (6) (root–major seventh–minor seventh–added sixth). • In the example this yields the chord sequence F m − F ∆7 /E − F m7 /E♭ − F 9 /D. The last chord is enharmonically equivalent to D∅7 . The descending bass continues its semitone descent towards B♭m/D♭. ⊳ Example 5.7: Chromatic stepwise motion. Problem: Double chromatically descending bass line for a given lead melody. Discussion: • Figure 5.2 also features a chromatically bass line, but now in two parallel lines, consisting of chord roots. • Here is the sequence of bass notes, with the upper chromatic line in brackets: c♯ − (f ♯) − c − (f ) − b − (e) − b♭ − (e♭) − a − (d). This combines continuous motion with a strong feeling of cadential rootedness, through a sequence of IIm − V7 chord changes. ⊳ Example 5.8: Chromatic stepwise motion. Problem: Combined chromatically moving voices in multiple layers and instrumental groups. Discussion: • In Figure 5.6 there is an intricate combination of both chromatically ascending motion in the middle voice with a descending bass line. • The trombones play to chromatically ascending (semitone upward) phrases: e − f − f ♯ − g and e♭ − e♮ − f − g♭ in half notes. • The bass plays chromatically descending pedal points. With the middle voice of the bass part in brackets this yields: a−(e)−a−(e♭)−a♭−(e♭)− a♭− (d)−g −(d), with both lines slightly out of phase. 73

CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

L. & b

∑ Tpts

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n n ˙˙˙

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Figure 5.6: Chromatic stepwise motion in both middle voice (ascending) and bass pedal point (descending). Diatonic and exact parallel motion in the upper layers (trumpets, French horns and woodwinds). From: ‘The Summer Knows’ (M. Legrand).

• The overall impression of this phrase is one of descending motion in the outer voices (woodwinds, trumpets, bass), which is counteracted by the contrary motion in ascending direction in the middle voices (French horns, trombones and ⇐= saxophones). ⊳

Example 5.9: Chromatic stepwise motion. Problem: Combined chromatically moving middle voices. Discussion: • In Figure 5.4 the lower saxophones (tenor and baritone saxophone) are moving both in chromatically ascending and descending steps. These meandering voices in legato semitones create additional tension to this already fairly dissonant phrase (see Section 5.2 for other aspects of this harmonization). • The interval between the two saxophones is constant: a minor 7th, with the upper voice (tenor saxophone) as part of chords in 4ths (three-part chords in 4ths for two altos and tenor saxophone). ⊳ Example 5.10: Chromatic stepwise motion. Problem: Chromatically ascending bass line for given lead voice. Discussion: • The example in Figure 5.7 shows how the chromatically ascending bass contributes to the building up of the climax in the bridge of this arrangement. • The bass guitar plays 16th note rock patterns on the ascending semitone sequences d♭ − d − e♭ − e♮ − f − g♭ − g♮ and g♭ − g♮ − a♭ − a♮ − b♭ − b♮ − c. • Since the bass notes are all roots of dominant 7ths chords, there is also considerable chromatic stepwise motion in the middle voices (clarinets and saxophones). 74

5.5. DIATONIC AND EXACT PARALLEL CHORD MOTION Rock q=100

1 Tpt

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Figure 5.7: Chromatic stepwise motion in the bass. The lead trumpet(s) play a pedal point. From: ‘Roof Garden’ (A. Jarreau).

• The ascending tendency is balanced with the descending leaps in the lead motif in trombones and French horns. ⊳

5.5 Diatonic and exact parallel chord motion

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76

5.5. DIATONIC AND EXACT PARALLEL CHORD MOTION [This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

77

CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

L. &

H.

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Up-tempo Swing q=204 WW

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Figure 5.8: Variable density in the introduction to an up-tempo swing jazz standard for solo trombone and symphonic wind band. Woodwind voicing is changing from 2-part to 4-part voicing. From: ‘Autumn Leaves’ (J. Cosma).

5.6 Variable density When the number of voices in a phrase is no longer constant (the latter is the case in almost all sectional harmony writing; that’s why it is called 4- or 5-part sectional harmony) we are =⇒ using variable density. Varying the number of voices in a phrase is an additional tool for dissonance and tension control. The extreme case of variable density is when an instrumental section is opening up from or closing into a unisono phrase. Example 5.11: Variable density. Problem: Applying variable density as a background to a solo lead melody. Discussion: • The example in Figure 5.8 is the introduction to an up-tempo jazz standard for solo trombone and band. The woodwinds are playing triplet runs. The only other element is an offbeat pedal hihat. • Each woodwind phrase starts with two voices at the interval of a third. Then, through contrary motion, an open triad voicing is reached. Along the way the density is varying. • Note that the woodwinds are playing an incomplete D7♭10 chord in m. 5. It is the trombone that provides the missing 7th as a long note in the previous measure. ⊳

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5.7. PEDAL POINT [This page is intentionally left blank in the demo version of this book.]

79

CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

5.8 Classical music techniques In jazz arrangements there is also a place for applying techniques originating from the classical music domain. The pedal point in Section 5.7 and the bell chords in Section 5.1 are such techniques. =⇒ Here we mention two additional options. A chorale harmonization provides a harmonic background, that is characterized by smooth voice leading, long-held chords, and a combination of triads and seventh chords. When possible, voice leading is stepwise. Rules for the voicing of chord inversions are respected, and extended chords (ninth and higher chord functions) are sparse. Additional harmonic interest is achieved using suspensions. When using a chorale setting, the rhythm section is either tacet (silent) or bass and harmony instruments (keyboard) must respect the voice leading in the other instruments. For an overview of classical theory of harmony, see [20] or [11]. =⇒ Another option is using counterpoint. This could be a simple form of motif imitation in multiple voices, but might also be a multi-part fugue. The main characteristic of counterpoint is the melodic independence of the individual voices. The harmonic progressions are the result of the combination of voices; chord structures can be classical (triads and seventh chords) or from the jazz idiom (extended chords). During counterpoint phrases, it is most likely for the rhythm section to remain silent (tacet). The double bass might play unisono (or at the lower octave) with the lowest voice in the counterpoint setting. An excellent introduction to tonal counterpoint, with lots of examples and exercises is [3]. Example 5.12: Chorale setting. Problem: Apply a chorale setting to a given melody. Discussion: • The melody in Figure 5.9, the closing phrase from the opening chorus of this jazz standard, is harmonized with a four-part chorale setting for clarinets. This orchestral colour hints at a soft, intimate and delicate organ sound. • The harmonic structures are all seventh chords S7 , with one exception: the Neapolitan 6th chord, A♭/C, in m. 5. • Note the stepwise voice leading in all parts. Occasionally there is a leap (see m. 4), but here the classical voice leading rule ‘a leap is followed by stepwise motion in the opposite direction’ is respected. • Note how the suspensions in m. 3, 5 and 6 contribute to the classical music idiom. • The pizzicato double bass is doubling the lowest part of the chorale setting at an octave below. The rhythmic subdivisions in the bass support the up-tempo swing rhythm (walking bass and 8th note swing pattern). ⊳

Example 5.13: Counterpoint. Problem: Write a Baroque style fugue on a given motif. Discussion: 80

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• Figure 5.10 shows a three-part fugue in G minor for wind quintet, which is the introduction to an up-tempo swing jazz standard. The fugue subject is a motif from the jazz standard melody (see the first four notes for flute, g − a − b♭ − e♭). • The order of the three fugue subject entries is, as is the rule in traditional Baroque music,: tonic-dominant-tonic key. • A special feature in this fugue is the sequence of entries in the stretto (the parts entering at shorter time intervals than during the fugue exposition); the four starting notes for French horn, clarinet, English horn and flute once again form the main motif g − a − b♭ − e♭. • The chromatic descending bass voice (bassoon) is repeated at an octave below, while the flute reaches the highest pitch in contrary motion. This creates a local climax. ⊳

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CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

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82

Bibliography [1] Alfred Blatter. Instrumentation and Orchestration. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Schirmer, Belmont, CA, second edition, 1997. ISBN 0-00-02-82-864570-70-7. xix + 508 pp. [2] Gordon Delamont. Modern Arranging Technique. Modern Arranging and Composing. Kendor Music Inc., Delevan, NY, 1965. iv + 239 pp. [3] Arnold Schoenberg (edited by Leonard Stein). Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint. Faber & Faber, London, Boston, second (revised) edition, 1970. ISBN 0-571-09275-6. xvi + 231 pp. [4] Frans Elsen. Jazz arranging course. Technical report, Royal Netherlands Conservatory, The Hague, 1983. (in Dutch, unpublished lecture notes). [5] Russell Garcia. The Professional Arranger Composer (Book II), volume 2. Criterion Music Corporation, Hollywood, CA, 1979. iv + 91 pp. [6] Kent Kennan and Donald Grantham. The Technique of Orchestration. Prentice-Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ, fifth edition, 1997. ISBN 0-13-466327-6. xiv + 411 pp. [7] Henry Mancini. Sounds & Scores: a Practical Guide to Professional Orchestration. Northridge Music Inc., USA, 1986. ISBN 0-89898-667-2. x + 243 pp. [8] Norman Del Mar. Anatomy of the Orchestra. Faber & Faber, London, 1983. ISBN 0-57113185-9. 528 pp. [9] Sammy Nestico. The Complete Arranger. Kendor Music, Inc., Delevan, NY, 1993. x +340 pp. [10] Ken Rattenbury. Duke Ellington: Jazz Composer. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1990. ISBN 0-300-05507-2. xii + 327 pp. [11] Walter Piston (Revised and expanded by Mark DeVoto). Harmony. Gollancz, London, revised edition, 1982. ISBN 0-575-02538-7. xx + 594 pp. [12] Nelson Riddle. Arranged by Nelson Riddle. Warner Bros. Publications Inc., Miami, FL, 1985. ISBN 486-21266. 200 pp. [13] William Russo. Composing for the Jazz Orchestra. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1961. ISBN 0-226-73209-6. vi + 90 pp. 83

BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] William Russo. Jazz Composition and Orchestration. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1968. ISBN 0-226-73213-4. xvii + 825 pp. [15] Joseph Schillinger. The Schillinger System of Musical Composition, volume I and II of Da Capo Press Music Reprint Series. Da Capo Press, New York, fourth edition, 1946. ISBN 0-306-77521-2 and 0-306-77522-0. xxiii + 1640 pp. [16] Gunther Schuller. Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development, volume 1 of The History of Jazz. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1968. ISBN 0-19-504043-0. xii + 401 pp. [17] Gunther Schuller. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz 1930-1945, volume 2 of The History of Jazz. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1989. ISBN 0-19-507140-9. xviii + 919 pp. [18] Don Sebesky. The Contemporary Arranger. Alfred Publishing Co., Inc., Van Nuys, CA, definite edition, 1994. ISBN 0-88284-485-7. xv + 237 pp. [19] Fred Sturm. Changes Over Time: The Evolution of Jazz Arranging. Advance Music, USA, 1995. ISBN 0-89898-667-2. 222 pp. (Order # 11350). [20] Arnold Schoenberg (translated by Roy E. Carter). Theory of Harmony. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, third edition, 1978. ISBN 0-520-04944-6. xxi + 441 pp. [21] Walter van der Leur. Something to Live For: The Music of Billy Strayhorn. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-512448-0. xxiii + 328 pp.

84

Index altered dominant chord, 27 appoggiatura, 20 baroque music, 81 bell chord, 65 big band, 1, 33, 37, 44, 45, 47, 65 bitonal voicing, 55, 56 brass section, 65 brass voicing, 53 chorale harmonization, 80 chordal functions, 27, 53 chords in 4ths, 33, 37, 69 chromatic stepwise motion, 73 classical harmony, 23, 80 close voicing, 20, 45 cluster voicing, 33, 38, 45, 54 concert band, 65 contrary motion, 74, 78, 81 counterpoint, 80 cross relation, 10

functional harmony, 3 half-diminished chord, 13 harmony classical, 23 functional, 3 modal, 3 imitation, 80 instrumentation, 20, 23, 44, 47 inversion, 80 lead voice, 1, 44, 53 leading tone chord, 9 mixed voicing, 34, 51 modal harmony, 3 montuno, 70 octotonic scale, 54 open voicing, 35, 45 percussive voicing, 1, 55

diatonic parallel structures, 27, 38 diminished chord, 7 dominant chord altered, 27 extended, 27 drop 2 voicing, 4, 20, 34 ensemble technique, 3, 44 ensemble technique fundamental aspects, 44 intervals between outer voices, 45 voicing diagram, 45 exact parallel chords, 9, 13, 41, 56 extended chord structure, 7, 27, 53, 54 extended chords, 80 extended four part sectional harmony, 33 fugue, 80

repeated notes, 4, 38, 47, 55 rhythm section, 80 riff pattern, 70 secondary dominant chord, 41, 46 sectional harmony, 1, 3, 33, 46 sectional harmony aiming chord, 9 basic rules, 3 chordal tones, 5 extended four part, 33 five parts, 33 four parts, 3, 46 instrumental aspects, 20 instrumentation, 23 lead voice, 3 non-chordal tones, 7, 9 85

INDEX non-diatonic tones, 9 other aspects, 18 repeated notes, 4 special chorus, 33, 44 string section, 45 substitute chord, 13, 14 symmetrically distributed roots, 66 symphonic wind band, 65 syncopations, 13 tritone, 28, 67, 69 variable density, 78 voicing bitonal, 55, 56 change of, 22 close, 4, 20, 45 cluster, 45, 54 drop 2, 20, 34 in 4ths, 33 mixed, 34, 51 open, 23, 35, 45 percussive, 55 voicing diagram, 45 voicing techniques, 1 walking bass, 55, 80 woodwind section, 37, 45, 65

86