Aptychi from the Dogger, Malm and Neocomian in the Western Carpathians and their stratigraphical value [PDF]

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G E O L O G I C Z N Y C H

STUDIA GEOLOGICA POLONICA Vol. X

S. M. G ą s i o r o w s 'k i APTYCHI FROM THE DOGGER, MALM AND NEOCOMIAN IN THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHICAL VALUE APTYCHY DOGGERU, MALMU I NEOKOMU KARPAT ZACHODNICH I ICH ZNACZENIE STRATYGRAFICZNE

W A R S Z A W A 1962 W Y D A W N I C T W A

G E O L O G I C Z N E

STUDIA

GEOLOGIC A

STANISŁAW

MATEUSZ

POLONICA

Vol.

X

GĄSIOROWSKI

APTYCHI FROM THE DOGGER, MALM AND NEOCOMIAN IN THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHICAL VALUE (Figs. 1—10, Tabs. I—VI, Pis. I—VIII)

APTYCHY DOGGERU, MALMU I NEOKOMU KARPAT ZACHODNICH I ICH ZNACZENIE STRATYGRAFICZNE (Fig. l—10, Tab. I—VI, Tabl. I—VIII)

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CONTENTS — TREŚĆ Abstract Introduction Acknowledgments Classification and Vertical Variability of Aptychi Criteria of Classification Formal Principles of Classification Horizontal Variability of Aptychi Ontogcnctical Variability Pathological Variability Variability in Facies and Faunal Provinces Distribution of Aptychi in Facies within a Sedimentary Basin . . Distribution of Aptychi in Faunal Provinces Stratigraphical Value of Aptychi Description of Aptychi Horizons in the Western Carpathians Mode of Defining Horizons Evaluation of Data Value of Collections of Aptychi Value of the Published Data General Scheme of Aptychi Horizons in the Western Carpathians . . . Detailed Description of Aptychi Horizons in the Western Carpathians Faunas of Aptychi Older than Horizon I Horizon I (Middle Bajocian-Middle Callovian) Horizon II (Upper Callovian-Lower Oxfordian) Horizon III (Lower Part of the Upper Oxfordian) Horizon IV (Upper Part of the Upper Oxfordian) Horizon V (Lower Kimcridgian) Horizon VI (Upper Kimeridgian-Upper Tithonian) Horizon VII (Berriasian) Horizon VIII (Valanginian-I/owcr Barremian) Faunas of Aptychi Younger than Horizon VIII Palacozoogeographical Character of Aptychi from the Western Carpathians Appendix. Determination of Aptychi , 1. Morphological Nomenclature of Aptychi 2. Systematical Determination of Calcareous Aptychi 2.1. Determination of „Genus" 2.2. Determination of Group of Ribbed Aptychi 2.3. Determination of „Species" and of „Variety" of Ribbed Aptychi 2.4. Determination of ,,Sub-G-enera" of Laevaptychi 3. Stratigraphical Determination of Aptychi

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10 10 10 13 15 15 17 17 17 18 18 20 20 20 21 23 23 25 26 33 40 44 52 57 75 82 91 91 91 94 94 100 100 102 102 109 112

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CONTENTS

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TREŚĆ

Index of Localities in the Western Carpathians where Aptychi have been found List of Series where Aptychi have bocn found References — Literatura Streszczenie Charakterystyka poziomów aplychowych Poziom I (środkowy bajos-środkowy kałowa;)) Podpoziom I., Podpoziom I2 Podpoziom I, Poziom II (górny kelowcj-dolny Oksford) Podpoziom II, Podpoziom II, . Podpoziom II, Poziom III (dolna cześć górnego Oksfordu) . Poziom IV (górna część górnego Oksfordu) Podpoziom IV 2 Podpoziom IVj Poziom V (dolny kimoryd) Poziom VI (górny kimeryd — górny tytoń) Podpoziom VI 2 Podpoziom Vi! Poziom VII fberias) Podpoziom VII 2 . . . Podpoziom VII[ . . . . Poziom VIII (walanżyn — dolny barrom) Podpoziom VI1I 3 Podpozion: VIII 2 . Podpoziom VIII,

113 118 118 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 128 128 123 128 129 129 129 129 130 130 130 132 132 132 133 133 133 133

ABSTRACT

Are proposed twenty one Aptychi horizons considered to bs valid for the time from the Middle Bajccian till the Lower Barremian in the Western Carpathians. Some at least of these horizons appear to be valid also for other areas of the Western Tethys. Aptychi may be used to establish a detailed stratigraphy of deep and open sea deposits, such as radiolarites, where ammonite shells are lacking. Are discussed: vertical variability of Aptychi, especially the parallel evolution, ontogcnetical variability, especially in reference to phylogenesis, pathological variability, variability in facies and in faunal provinces and classification of Aptychi. There follow the descriptions of particular Aptychi horizons.

INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study is to define the Aptychi horizons during the time from the Middle Bajocian till the Lower Barremian over the area of the Western Carpathians. The above time limits are accepted, as at present it is only within them that Aptychi may be used in stratigraphy. The older and the younger Aptychi are either too rare or are still ipalaeontologically known not adequately for stratigraphical purposes. The horizontal limits — the area of the Western Carpathians — have been accepted because the Apiychi of this area are known better than those of any other area. The Western Carpathians are at present the only larger area over which it is possible to establish a detailed etratigraphical scheme based on Aptychi. It should be emphasized that during the Jurassic and the Neocornian the Western Carpathians did not form a separate Aptychi province; on the contrary, they belonged to a vast Aptychi province which embraced the whole Western Tethys. from the Crimea and the Balkan Mountains to Morocco and the Cabo Verde Islands. Therefore, both the vertical and the horizontal limits of the subject of this study are implied rather by the present state of knowledge of Aptychi than by palaeontological or palaeogeographical phenomena. The Aptychi horizons are defined on ribbed Aptychi („genera": Cornaptychus, Laevilamellaptychus, Lamellaptychus, Punctaptychus) and on

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INTRODUCTION

Laevaptychi (Laevaptychus). Other Aptychi of the Dogger, Malm and Neocomian are too rare to be of any use in stratigraphy. The general palaeontological questions concerning the ribbed Aptychi and the Laevaptychi have been already dealt with in other papers (Gąsiorowski 1960a, 1962) and, therefore, are treated here but most briefly. To complete the basis of the present study a palaeontological monograph of the Aptychi of the Western Carpathians would have been necessary. To achieve this monograph would still take several years. It has been thought better to publish now the present study even if some determinations perhaps will have to be changed, as It was hoped that this study, even if premature, might be of some use to those working on the stratigraphy of the Tethyan Jurassic and Neocomian. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present study has been submitted to the Jagellonian University as a thesis for the Ph. D. degree (natural sciences). It has been prepared under the direction of Professor Marian Ksiażkiewicz, to whom I am most deeply indebted. I would like also to express my gratitude to Doc. Dr Krzysztof Birkenmajer, Professor Wilhelm Krach, and Professor Edward Passendorfer, who reviewed the present study. CLASSIFICATION AND VERTICAL VARIABILITY OF APTYCHI CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION It seems that the only possible criterion of a natural classification of Aptychi is the orthogenetical vertical variability of the Aptychi themselves, as neither the function of Aptychi nor the relation of Aptychi to the soft parts and to the shell of an ammonite, nor the relation of Aptychi to the particular systematical units of ammonite shells, is quite clear. The physiology and the anatomy of Aptychi have been considered several times (e.g. Trauth 1327; Schindewoli 1958; Gąsiorowski 1960a).' Different hypotheses have been put forth. But it must be taken into account that the only accessible data are the very rare specimens of shells preserved with corresponding Aptychi, and these Aptychi probably never or almost never occur in a position in with they were placed when the animal lived. Besides these data some opinions have been based on the anatomy of the soft parts of the ammonites, reconstructed by analogy to other cephalopoda. In this way has been determined the most probable position of Aptychi in the hypothetical body of the ammonite.

CLASSIFICATION

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VERTICAL.

VARIABILITY

OF

APTYCHI

11

The relation of Aptychi to the systematical units of the .ammonite shells is not well known, as the quantity of ammonite shells found with Aptychi in situ is too small. It seems that there was a connection between the internal structure of Aptychi (which is expressed by the aspect of the convex surface) and the higher systematical units of ammonite shells (cf. Trauth's studies cited in References; Arkell 1957; Schindewolf 1958). So, e.g., the Aptychi of the goniatites are corneous, those of the ammonites sensu stricto are mainly calcareous; the Aptychi of the Aspidoceratidae are not ribbed and possess pores, those of the Oppeliidae are ribbed, and do not possess pores. On the other hand, Aptychi with different internal structure may be connected with similar shells (e.g. Lamellaptyckus and Punctaptychus), and Aptychi with the same internal structure may be connected with different shells (e.g. Striaptychus and Pseudostriaptychus). Nevertheless, it is possible, completely abstracting from the ammonite shells, from anatomy, and from physiology, to find clear criteria of the classification of Aptychi in the orthogenetical vertical variability of the Aptychi themselves (Gąsiorowski 1960a, 1962). The ribbed Aptychi may be divided into systematical units which are independent, i.e. not connected by morphological transitions, and which are continuous, i.e. all forms belonging to a particular unit are connected by morphological transitions. Such systematical units are called ,,groups". It is possible to define nineteen groups of ribbed Aptychi. The Laevaptychi are a systematical unit which is independent and continuous and, therefore, constitute a group in the above sense. The history of each group of ribbed Aptychi, and also the history of Laevaptychi, followed the same pattern. So, e.g., the values of the relation S : L *) were constant or diminished in time, but never increased; the forms with discordant ribs, if they occurred at all in a given group, appeared after the forms devoid of discordant ribs. There existed several sets of characters which, if at all present in a given group, appeared always in the same order. Phenomena of this type, called parallel evolution or geitonogenesis, are perhaps better expressed in Aptychi than in any other fossils. Besides parallel evolution there existed in the history of Aptychi a phenomenon which will be called coordination. It consists in the coordination of the vertical distribution of independent (in the sense: not connected by morphological transitions) Aptychi, so that the whole presents a consistent pattern. The best example of coordination is the order of appearance of groups of ribbed Aptychi (Gąsiorowski 19G2, *) For definitions sec the Appendix.

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CRITERIA

OF CLASSIFICATION

Fig. 25). Each group of ribbed Aptychi consists of forms with similar substance of shell, shape, and course of ribs. If groups are classified on the substance of shell and on the shape of ribs, systematical units called „genera" are obtained. There are six „genera" of ribbed Aptychi. Inside each „genus" appears first the group, for which a concentilcal course of ribs is characteristic (C), then the group with a radial course of ribs (A), then the group with a normally oblique course of ribs (B), and lastly the group with a retroversely oblique course of ribs, i.e. with ribs directed obliquely towards the apex (D). In some „genera" some groups are lacking, but the order of the appearance of these groups which occur is always the same (Fig. 1). Another example is the vertical variability of the values LAEVICQKNAPCORNAPTYCHUS -1'YCHUS

LACWŁAMfiLAPTY• CHLfS

LAMELLAPTYCHUS

PUNCTAPTYRU6APTVCHUS -CHU5

Fig. 1 Order of appearance of groups of ribbed Aptychi (mainly after Gąsiorowski 1962, Fig. 25) Następstwo pojawiania się grup aptychów żebrowanych (głównie wcdiug Gąsiorowskiego 1962, Fig. 25)

of the relation S : L. It is very similar not only in the particular groups of ribbed Aptychi and in the Laevaptychi (Fig. 2), but also in the whole of the ribbed Aptychi, which consists of several independent groups (Gąsiorowski 1962), and probably even in the whole of Aptychi. Therefore, it may be accepted that there existed a certain pattern of the vertical variability of Aptychi. This pattern consisted in the repetitions for several times of the order of appearance of some characters,

CLASSIFICATION

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VERTICAL

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and in the coordination of these .repetitions. This pattern is the basis of the classification of the ribbed Aptychi and of the Laevaptychi, proposed in my former papers (1960a, 1962) and accepted in the present study.

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Fig. 2 Variability of amplitude of values of relation S : L in the ribbed Aptychi taken as a whole, and in Laevaptychi (after Gąsiorowski 1960a, 1962, simplified) Zmienność amplitudy wartości stosunków S : L u aptychów żebrowanych wziętych jako całość i u iewaptychów (według Gąsiorowskiego 1960a, 1962, uproszczone) FORMAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION t

Decision has not been taken yet by the I.C.Z.N. as to the formal principles of classification of Aptychi, therefore an author writing on these fossils may choose between such principles as seem best to him. Three following possibilities of dealing with Aptychi have been hitherto considered (cf. Moore & Sylvester-Bradley 1957; Arkell 1957; Schindewolf 1958): 1. Systematical nomenclature of Aptychi is part of the Linnean systematical nomenclature. Therefore, as it has been emphasized e.g. by Arkell (o.c.), a shell described later than was the Aptychus which belonged to it, should, according to the Art. 27a of the „Regies", be named after this Aptychus. This would lead to a great confusion.

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OF CLASSIFICATION

2. According to Moore & Sylvester-Bradley (o.c.)5 Aptychi and the ammonite shells should be classified independently; systematical nomenclature of both should be established according to the ,.Regies" (taxonomy and parataxoiiomy). 3. According to Schindewolf (o.c.) to accept more than one systematical category would be confusing. This would lead to establishing an enormous quantity of names (e.g. for pygidia of trilobites, for particular bones of vertebrates). Besides, in palaeontology complete organisms are never given, and so the whole systematical palaeontological nomenclature would refer to parataxonomy. Therefore, biologically the most important parts of organisms should be chosen, in the case of ammonites the shells, and these should be dealt with in the Linnean nomenclature, while the nomenclature of other parts should be purely morphological, and as such not subject to the „Regies". In the case of Aptychi an additional argument is this, that if the systematical units were considered as parataxa, the now generally accepted systematical nomenclature should be largely changed, as it has been established by Trauth regardless of „Regies", and is according to them partly invalid. Nevertheless, in the present study the systematical units of Aptychi will be dealt with as parataxa, but no revision of Trauth's nomeclature will be attempted. The following systematical categories are therefore accepted: Aptychus sensu lato is a „family"; This „family" is subdivided into „genera", corresponding to the genera or types of Trauth, in some cases (Laevicornaptychus, Cornaptychus, Laevilamellaptychus, Lamellaptychus, Punctaptychus, Rugaptychus), emended by Gasiorowski (1962); „Genera" are subdivided into systematical units, provisionally called groups; „Genera" are subdivided also into ,.species", and these into „varieties". The names of these units are used in the sanie sense as in my paper on the ribbed Aptychi (1962) and in Trauth's paper on Laevaptychi (1931). In some cases names are provisional. The subdivision of „genera" of ribbed Aptychi into „species" and „varieties", which is after Trauth, and the subdivision into groups, which is proposed by myself (1962), do not quite coincide. Tt appeared that some of Trauth's „spiecies" or even „varieties" consist of forms belonging to different groups, therefore being completely unrelated. However, no revision of Trauth's nomenclature has been attempted, and such cases are indicated by ..partim" written after the name of Trauth's „species" or „variety" in question. Details on the „phylogenetical" position of these forms are given in my paper on ribbed Aptychi (1962).

H O R I Z O N T A L VARIABILITY

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APTYCHI

15

There is also another inconsistency in the above definition of systematical categories of Apiychi. The groups are independent and continuous, and should therefore be considered as „species", while „species" and ,,varieties" should be considered as „varieties" („varietas") and „mutations'1 („mutatio") according to this, whether the variability is horizontal, or vertical. However, many complications of a formal nature would ensue if the systematical categories were thus transferred, and it has been thought better to wait till some paiaeontological questions concerning the „phylogenetical" position of lower systematical units will have been decided. HORIZONTAL VARIABILITY OF APTYCHI ONTOGENETICAL VARIABILITY The ontogenetical variability of Laevaptychi and of ribbed Aptychi have been considered in my former papers (1960a; 1962). The following is largely a resume of these conclusions arrived at in these papers which may be important In stratigraphy. The ontogenesis of Aptychi may occur according either to recapitulation or to proterogenesls or to independent repetition. The latter consists in this, that the 'Ontogenesis of valves belonging to a systematical unit is analogous to the phylogenesis of a not directly related systematical unit. E..g. in the ontogenesis of Cornaptychi (ad Harpoceras) may occur the order c, a, d, analogous to the order of appearance of groups C, A, D of Rugaptychi (ad Baculites). Therefore, if in stratigraphy the ontogenesis would not be taken into account, mistakes could be made in the determination of the geological age: the geological age might be determined as younger than it really was (in the case of proterogenesis), or it might be determined as older than it really was (in the cases of recapitulation and of independent repetition). The ontogenetical age of a valve may be sometimes determined on the following rules: 1. For all Aptychi: if the growth striae on the concave surface become denser in a centrifugal direction, the valve is in the „gerontic7' stage; if the length of the valve is less than 1.5 mm. the valve is in the „embryonal1' stage; 2. For all ribbed Aptychi: if during ontogenesis the course of ribs changed even once, then the valve is in the „adult" or „gerontic" stage; the converse is true only for some ribbed Aptychi; 3. For Laevaptychi: valves with ooncentrical furrows are in the „adult" or „gerontic'' stage. In the remaining cases the ontogenetical age of the valve may be

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ONTOGENETICAL, VARIABILITY

determined only on comparisons with the valves and forms whose ontogenetical variability is already known. But 'practically the probability of mistakes in the determination of the geological age caused by mistakes in the determination of the ontogenetJcal age is very small. In the non-detrital, marly, calcareous, or siliceous rocks, the valves in the „embryonal" stage and in the ,,adult" stage are very frequent, those in the ,,gerontic" stage are rare, and those in the „nepionic" stage are sporadic. Such quantitative composition occurs as a rule, at least in the Western Carpathians, and independently of the geological age. The sporadic oecunence of „nepionic" valves might be explained in the following way. Let us consider the causes of death of nepionic ammonites, to which probably corresponded the ..nepionic" Apiychi. These are: pathogenetical organisms, predatory animals, and various external catastrophica! factors. Between a new pathogenetical factor, and the attacked organisms, a certain adjustment appears in a very short time, which consists in that the death of the attacked organisms does not occur before the attainment of sexual maturity. This adjustment is necessary, for otherwise the pathogenetical organisms would be doomed to die out. Besides, the resistance to some pathogens might -be hereditary, and in such case in a short time after the appearance of a new pathogen would remain in the attacked species only these varieties which are resistant. The time during which the adjustment between the pathogen and the attacked organisms has not still been attained was probably very short in relation to the time during which the adjustment existed. Therefore, the probability of finding the ,,nepionic" valves belonging to ammonites which perished due to some pathogenetical organisms is very small. The probability of finding the remains of the hard parts of the ammonites which perished by predators is also small, as these parts probably in most cases have been more or less damaged. Therefore there remain as practically the only causes of the death of ammonites with ,.nepionic" Aptychi various external catastrophical factors: abrupt changes of the chemism of the sea water and of the temperature. But such phenomena could not have occurred frequently in an open and deep sea. extending in a latitudinal direction, such as the Tethys, and in a climate not strongly differentiated. Quite different is the quantitative composition in flysch deposits. In the Upper Cieszyn (Teschen) Shales and in the Grodziszeze (Grodischt) Beds almost all valves represent the „adult" or the „gerontic" stage; ,.nepionic'' valves are sporadic, „embryonal" valves are totally absent. This might be explained by destruction of delicate „embryonal" valves during re deposition. .- • • •

H O R I Z O N T A L VARIABILITY OF APTYCHI

1?

PATHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY

It seems to me that pathological Aptychi are sporadic. These are some valves permanently joined along the symphysal edge (synaptychus), valves with an irregular course of edges, valves with irregular protuberances and possibly some gigantic valves (Gąsiorowski 1960a. 1962). On the other hand, according to Trauth (1931), and to Sehindewolf (1958), a large and stratigraphically important part of Laevaptychi, namely all the Laevaptychi with concentrical furrows on the convex surface, are pathological. VARIABILITY IN FACIES AND FAUNAL PROVINCES

It has been supposed for a long time, that the ammonites did not sink immediately after death, but drifted in the sea and have 'been transported by currents or winds, analogically to the Recent Nautilus pompilius. On the other hand investigations of the hydrostatical properties of ammonite shells may lead to the conclusion, that at least some ammonites should have sunk immediately after death (cf. e.g.: Trueman 1941; Arkell 1956, 1957; Reyment 1958; Geczy 1959). It seems that the former view agrees better with the observed relative horizontal distribution of the ammonite shells and of Aptychi, and therefore it is accepted in the present paper. If an ammonite after its death drifted in the sea, the order of the deposition of its hard parts should been the following: 1. In a short time after the death the soft parts became decomposed. In a warm sea, such a Tethys, this could have occurred in a few hours. When the soft parts became decomposed, Aptychi fell down on the bottom; 2. After the decomposition of the soft parts and the falling down of Aptychi, the empty shell drifted further in the sea for an undetermined time, which could have been very long. Therefore, generally Aptychi should have been deposited much nearer the .place of the death of the animal than the shell. Distribution of A p t y c h i in Facies within a Sedimentary Basin The distribution - of Aptychi in the facies of the Kimeridgian of the Pieniny Klippen Belt in Poland has been investigated (Gąsiorowski 1959b, 1960a, 1962). The differences observed were only in the quantitative composition of faunas and were so small that they might be explained by the incompleteness of data. I obtained recently analogous results for l Studia Geologica Polonica, Vol. X

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FAUNAL PHOVINCES

the Berriasian in the Klippen Belt. The data pertaining to the faunas of Aptychi from other sedimentary basins of the Western Carpathians do not allow exact comparisons. In any case, the differences between the contemporaneous faunas of Aptychi found in different facies in these basins are not great, if they exist at all. Probably the same would be true of the Alps. Therefore, it seems that the composition of an assemblage of Aptychi might not depend on the facies in which this assemblage has been deposited. This might be explained by the posthumous transport of ammonites with Aptychi and by the biotope of ammonites with Aptychi being limited to the layers of water nearer the surface which have not been influenced by the conditions prevailing near the bottom. D i s t r i b u t i o n of A p t y c h i i n F a u n a 1 P r o v i n c e s It is not necessary that ammonite shelLs .provinces coincide with Aptychi provinces (Gasiorowski 1959b). It seems that the same shells could have been connected with different Aptychi, and that the ammonite shells might have been transported after the death of animals for much greater distances than it was possible for Aptychi. It appears that the first factor did not play an important role and, therefore, Aptychi provinces roughly correspond to ammonite shells provinces, and that the second factor was responsible for the limits of Aptychi provinces being much clearer than those of ammonite provinces. The best examples are perhaps the following. In the Kimeridgian of the Swabian Alb and of the Jura Mts. oppeliids are abundant, but several Tethyan Lamellaptychi and all Punctaptychi are completely lacking. In the Malm of Russia aspidoceratids .sensu stricto occur, but LaevaplycM are completely absent. In the epicontinental Valanginian of Central Poland occur several shells of Tethyan ammonites, but no Lamellaptychi have been found. These differences of the horizontal distribution of ammonite shells and of Aptychi might suggest, that the shells of primarily Tethyan ammonites occurring in the epicontrnenital areas belonged to the animals living in the Tethys and have been posthumously transported from the Tethys. Whatever was the case, Aptychi are much safer provincial indices than the ammonite shells.

STRATIGRAPHICAL VALUE OF APTYCHI The stratigraphical value of Aptychi is undoubtedly smaller than that .of ammonite shells. This may be seen in the present study: it has been

STRATIGHAPHJCAL VALUE OF APTYCHI

13

possible to distinguish twenty Aptychi horizons in the time from the Middle Bajocian till the Lower Barremian, while in the same time about fifty ammonite shells zones have been distinguished. On the other hand it should be taken into account that the Aptychi stratigrapbical scheme presented here is the result of only a few years' work. The quantity of the Aptychi horizons distinguished presently in the time Middle Bajocian—Lower Tithonian (thirteen) is not much smaller than the quantity of ammonite shells zones distinguished in the same time in the area of the Swabian Alb by Opipel in 1856 (fifteen). Nevertheless, Aptychi are less diversified than the ammonite shells. Even a priori, from purely geometrical assumptions, one must arrive at the conclusion, that the quantity of possible morphological features and of their combinations is smaller in Aptychi than in shells. The comparison of actual specimens leads to an analogous conclusion. Therefore, the most important feature of good index fossils — a great vertical variability — Aptychi posses in a lesser degree than the shells. Another important feature — a wide horizontal distribution — Aptychi possess also in a lesser degree than the shells. Inside a faunal province the distribution of Aptychi appears to be as wide as that of shells. But, while the limits of Aptychi provinces are very sharp, those of ammonite shells provinces are as a rule indistinct. Thus e.g. the correlation of the sequence of ammonite shells in the Alps and in the Swabian Alb is, with the exception of the Tithonian, quite clear; but the direct correlation of the sequences of Aptychi in these regions is in some eases impossible, and may be established only indirectly, through the ammonite shells. The next feature of good index fossils — independence of facies — Aptychi possess in the same degree as the shells. As 'to the frequency of occurrence — in the Tethys Aptychi are perhaps even more common than the shells, but in the epicontinental areas they are much rarer, though perhaps not as rare as it has been sometimes thought. Generally speaking, it appears that the stratigraphieal value of Aptychi of the Jurassic and Neocomian is'much smaller than that of the ammonite shells, but that it is greater than that of any other fossils of this time. The importance of Aptychi in geology consists above all in this, that in some geosynclinal facies the ammonite shells are rare or absent, while Aptychi abundant. These are facies such as radiolarites, ,,Aptychenschiefer", Radiolaria limestones, and partly also nodular limestones, biancone and flysch. A detailed stratigraphy of such facies, and the history of these stages of the tectonic evolution of the geosynclines which they represent, might be established only on Aptychi. 2*

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APTYCHI HORIZONS IN THE CARPATHIANS

DESCRIPTION OF APTYCHI HORIZONS IN THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS MODE OF DEFINING HORIZONS

The Aptychi horizons, distinguished previously in the Western Tethys (Gasiorowski 1959b), and accepte'd in the present study, are based on the pattern of vertical variability of Aptychi (Gasiorowski 1960a, 1962). This pertains to the positive, as well as to the negative evidence of particular horizons. E.g., it is stated below that in Horizon I do not occur Lamellaptychi from group D. This statement is advanced not only because Lamellaptychi from group D have not been hitherto found in Horizon I, but also because Lamellaptychi from group A appeared in Horizon II, and it is a rule that in a „genus" of ribbed Aptychi a group characterized by the D type of sculpture does not appear before the appearance of a group characterized by the A type of sculpture. It should be stressed that it has appeared impossible to base completely consistently the definitions of Aptychi horizons on the pattern of vertical variability of Aptychi. Some phenomena, important in the pattern, are of no value in stratigraphy, while others, which are subordinate in the pattern, may well be used in stratigraphy. The following ex-ample might be given. Lamellaptychi from group D appeared about the limit of Horizons II and III. During Horizon III, these Aptychi are extremely rare, and it would have been incovenient to base the definition of the lower limit of Horizon III on their appearance, while the definition of this limit might be conveniently based on some changes which -occurred in the group B of Lamellaptychi. The appearance oE Lamellaptychi from group D fits in the network of the pattern to which the changes in Lamellaplychi from group B mentioned above are subordinate. The evidence for all horizons and for most subhorizons distinguished in the present paper is positive. In three cases, those of Subhorizons IVi, VI2 and VIII2 the 'evidence is negative: their definitions are based on the absence of some Aptychi. These subhorizons are evidently of a smaller value than the remaining ones. It is hoped that it will be possible to indicate forms characteristic of these subhorizons when more detailed palaeontological studies will have been made. EVALUATION OF DATA

The present study is based on a collection of Aptychi from the Western Carpathians, and — quite subordinately •— on the data published, pertaining to the specimens not immediately known to me, but which

A P T Y C H I HORIZONS IN THE C A R P A T H I A N S

21

have been described or figured. The data published which I have not been able to verify are cited in the present study but are omitted in all generalizations. Value

of

Collections

of

Aptychi

The collection of Aptychi Cram the Western Carpathians dealt with here consists of about six thousand specimens *). More than ninety pelcent of specimens have been collected by myself; the remaining specimens have been .kindly sent to me by various persons, or made accessible by museums. I would like to express my gratitude to all these persons and institutions whose kindness had helped me to obtain the material necessary to undertake the present, study. The most important and numerous is the collection from the Pieniny segment (between Stare Bystre and Uj&k) of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. In this collection are adequately represented all stages of the history of Aptychi from the Bajocian till the Baireniian, The collection consists, beside specimens f o u n d by myself, of specimens given to me by Messrs Doc. K. Birkenmajer, S. Czarniecki M. Sc., Doc. S. Dżułyński (Cracow), and Dr. J. Srnunek (Bratislava), of specimens found by L. Horwitz during the time between the Wars belonging to the collection of the State Geological Survey in Warsaw, and to the Museum at Krościenko, of specimens found by Professor M. Książkiewicz. belonging to the Department of Geology of the Jagellonian University, and of specimens found during the second half of the XlXth century by A. Alth, L. Kamiński, S. Zaręczny. L. Zejszneir (Zeuschner) and by persons unknown to me. All the specimens beside those found by Horwitz and by Professor Książkiewicz are kept in the Laboratory of Geology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. The collection from the Outer Carpathians consists of specimens derived from the Tithonian and Necccmian deposits of the Silesian and Subsilesian Series and from exotic fragments or klippes in the Flysch. The specimens from the Grodziszcze (Grodischt) and Cieszyn (Teschen) Beds from Sheet Wieliczka hav-e been partly given to 'me by (Miss) Doc. Burtanówna and partly found by Miss Burtanówna and by myself on joint excursions; besides some specimens from the Grodziszcze (Grodischt) Beds from Sheet Wieliczka belonged to a collection given about the close of the XlXth century to the Physiographical Museum of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Letters, by a person whose name I oould not find. Specimens from the Grodziszcze (Grodisoht) Beds from Sheet *) Pairs of Aptychi counted as single specimens.

22

EVALUATION OF DATA

Wadowice have been found by Professor W. Krach, Dr. S. Liszka, Miss Elżbieta Turnau M. Sc., and by myself. Specimens from the Cieszyn (Teschen) and Grodziszcze (Grodischt) Beds from Sheet Bielsko have been given to me by Dr, W. Nowak or found by myself. Specimens from the exotic fragments in the Upper Cieszyn (Teschen) Shales at Żywiec have been found ;by Dr. Elżbieta Morycowa, or by myself. Professor Książkiewicz allowed me to see the Aptychus from the Bachowice exotic fragments, and the sipecirnens which he found in the Tithonian deposits of Kurovice. Dr. W. Nowak gave me several specimens of Aptychi from the Tithonian of Kurovice. Mr. S. Czanniecki gave me some specimens from the Stramberg Limestone at Stramberg. The specimens from the Sheet Wadowice collected by Professor Krach and Dr. Liszka belong to the Institute of Palaeontology of the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in Cracow (formerly of the Jagellonian University), the specimen from Baehowice belongs to the collection of the State Geological Institute (Carpathian Station) in Cracow, the specimens from Kurovice found by Professor Książkiewicz — to the collection of the Department of Geology of the Jagellonian University; the remaining specimens are kept in the Laboratory of Geology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. The collection from the Tatra Mts. consists of specimens derived from the Malm and from the Neocomian of the Lower Subtatric Series and from the Malm of the High Tatrie Series. Specimens from the Jurassic of the Subtatric Series have been found by myself, specimens from the Neocomian of this series have been found by B. Wigilew. Specimens from the Kimeridgian of the High Tatrie Series oE Giewont have been found by Professor E. Passendorfer, and by myself. Specimens from the Tithonian of the High Tatrie Series of Osobita have been given to me by Mr. J. Lefeld M. Sc., and by Mr. J. Radwański M, Sc. All the specimeins from the Tatra Mts. are kept in the Laboratory of Geology of the Polish Academy of Sciences at Cracow. The collections from High Tatrie and Subtatric series in other areas of the Inner Carpathians, namely in the Tatry Niżnie, Vetrne Hole, (Hale Wiaterne), Little Carpathians and in the environs of Humenne have been sent to me by Doc. M. Mahel from Bratislava, and are keipt in the Laboratory of Geology of the Polish Academy of Sciences at Cracow. When I prepared the material for the present study, I did not attempt to obtain collections of Aptychi from all the areas of the Western Carpathians. I attempted only to obtain collections .representing every stage of the history of Aptychi in each sedimentary basin of the Jurassic and Neoeomian in the Western Carpathians. I succeeded only in the Pieniny Klippen Belt basin; in the Outer Carpathians I did not find

Table I Stratigraphical Correlation of Aptychi and of Ammonite Shells Ammonite Zones in the Western Tethys (in the Jurassic after Arkell (1956), in 'the Neocomian mainly after Kilian (1910) Ileteroceras astieriamim, Macroscaphites yvani Crioceras emerici Parahoplites angulicostatus Desmoceras sayni Crioceras duvalj Leopoldia caslellanensis, L. leopoldiria Zaynoceras verrucosurn Kilianella pexiptycha. K. rovbauaiana Berriasclla boissieri Virgatosphincies transitorius Semiformiceras

semij'orme

Berriasellu ciliata, Anavirgatites palmatus Subplanites vmuneus Taramelliceras Liihographicum Ilybonoticeras hybonotum Ilybonoticeras beckeri Aulacostephanus psaudoitiutabilis Sireblites tenu'dobatm: Epipeltoceras bnnammatiim

Gregoryceras transversttrium CardtoceTtis cordatutn Quensledt.oceras marine Quenstedtoceras lamberti Felloceras athleta Erymnoceras coronatum Kasmoceras jason Sicjaloceras caUoviense Proplanulites koenigi Maeracephalites macrocephalus Clydoniceras discus Oppelia aspidoides Tulites subcontractus Gracilisphmcles proyracife Ziyzagiceras zigzag Parkinsofiia parkinsoni Garantiana garaniiana Strenoceras subfurcalum Stephanoceras humphresiamtm Otoiles sauzei Eonninia soioerbyi Ludwigia murchisonae Tmetoceras scissum Leioceras opalinum

AFTYCHI HORIZONS IN THE 'CARPATHIANS

23:

specimens older than the Tithonian, in the High Tatric Series I did not find s'peclmens older than rthe Kimeridgian, and in the Subtatric Series — specimens older than the Upper Oxfordian. Value

of

the

Published

Data

The data published pertaining to the Aptychi of the Western Carpathians are numerous, but their value is mostly very small. Till now only few specimens of Aplychi from the Western Carpathians have been figured or exhaustively described. Therefore, one has to do almost exclusively with unverifiable mentions on the occurrence of various forms. The mentions may be divided into two groups. To the first belong those contained in the papers by authors whose determinations are reliable, and about whom it is otherwise known in what sense they used a given name, here belong e.g. mentions contained in papers by Peters, Neumayr or Uhlig. To the second belong the mentions contained in papers by authors about whom it is not known in what sense they used a given name and one may only suppose that they used it correctly and in the sense commonly ascribed to it at the time when they prepared their papers. No inferences are drawn here on the data either from the first, or from the second group. These data are treated here exclusively as more or less reliable indications where one should seek for Aptychi and what forms one may expect to find. Such indications may be valuable it they refer to Aptychi representing horizons known from few places; they are already almost without value if they refer to Aptychi from horizons known from many places. Therefore, in the latter case I do not disscuss such data, but only cite them. GENERAL SCHEME OF APTYCHI HORIZONS IN THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS

This scheme and its correlation with the ammonite shells is presented in Table I. Paunal Aptychi horizons (Horizons I—VIII) are valid for the whole Western Tethys or its vast areas. Short definitions of these horizons have been given previously (Gaslorowski 1959b). Fauna! Aptychi subhorizons (Subhorizons I^g, II1_3, IVi_2, VI ]rj _2, VH^a, Vnij a _ 3 ) are probably also valid for the whole Western Tethys or its vast areas, but hitherto they have been found above all in the

24

GENERAL,

SCHEME

OF

APTYCHI

HORIZONS

Western Carpathians, Short definitions of some of these subhoriaons have been given previously (Birkenmajer & Gąsiorowski 1960, 1961; Gasioirowski 1960b), the definitions of the remaining ones are given here for 1, C : Lat < 0,06); 4. Laevilamellaptychus, group C, Exclusively primitive forms, with S : L = 1 or slightly less than 1.

26

APTYCHI HORIZON I

Generally speaking, in the Toarcian and Lower Bajocian (Aalenian) occurs the apogee of Cornaptychi from group A; Cornaptychi from group C and Laevicornapiychi are dwindling; primitive Laevilamellaptychi from group C appear. The faunas of the Toarcian and of the Lower Bajocian differ very distinctly from the faunas of Horizon I. In the former Cornaptychi from group A with complicated sculpture, and with S : L ^ 1 are very frequent, do not occur Laevilamellaptychi from group A and Lamellaptychi; in the latter all the Co-niapiychi from group A possess S : L < 1, Laevilamellaptychi from group A and Lamellaptychi are frequent. The knowledge of the Aptychi older than the Toarcian is still more fragmentary. It seems that in the Plienshachian the Laevicornaptychi and the Cornaptychi from group C played an important role, and the Cornaptychi from group A were a subordinate element (Gąsiorowski 1962). In the Lias below the Pliensbachian, in the Trias and in the Palaeozoic did not occur either ribbed Aptychi or massive Aptychi of the type of Laevaptychus. H o r i z o n I ( M i d d l e B a j o c i a n - M i d d l e C a 11 o v i a n) Review

of

Aptychi*)

1. Cornapiychus, group A. Exclusively forms with S : L 0,77

< 0,77 >0,62