APPEA HeightSafetyGuideline [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

GUIDELINES FOR HEIGHT SAFETY October 1999

Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association Limited Level 3, 24 Marcus Clarke Street

GPO Box 2201

CANBERRA ACT 2600

CANBERRA ACT 2601

Telephone:

+61 2 6247 0960

Facsimile: +61 2 6247 0548

INTERNET:

http://www.appea.com.au

Email:

ACN 000 292 713

[email protected]

ISBN 0 908277 25 3

APPEA

Guidelines for Height Safety

PREFACE The Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association Limited (APPEA) has issued these Guidelines, on behalf of its member companies, to facilitate consistency in the safe conduct of operations in the offshore petroleum industry. The Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 [P(SL)A] is the principal legislation controlling offshore oil and gas exploration and production in Australia. The P(SL)A is supported by a series of objective-based regulations and directions that stipulate the standards required to be achieved by the operator. The Petroleum (Submerged Lands) (Management of Safety on Offshore Facilities) Regulations 1996 requires operators to submit a Safety Case. The Safety Case is a detailed document that outlines the types of safety studies undertaken and the results obtained, and the management arrangements to ensure the continued safety of an offshore facility and persons on it. It should demonstrate that the operator knows what technical and human activities occur, how they are to be managed and how safety will be assured throughout the operating life of the facility. It must also identify the methods used for monitoring and reviewing all activities on the facility. The Commonwealth Government Department of Industry, Science and Resources (DISR) document - “Guidelines for the Preparation and Submission of Safety Cases” presents examples of the elements that would be expected to appear in a Safety Case submitted to the Designated Authority within a given jurisdiction in Australian waters. The three main sections are: •

Facility Description (FD);

•

Safety Management System (SMS); and

•

Formal Safety Assessment (FSA).

These Guidelines are intended to assist those persons having responsibilities in the offshore industry for implementing offshore installation operations. APPEA, as the collective representation of the upstream petroleum industry in Australia, has issued these Guidelines to address the requirements of a Safety Case and as a means to achieving a standardised approach to the development of consistent Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association Limited Level 3, 24 Marcus Clarke Street

GPO Box 2201

CANBERRA ACT 2600

CANBERRA ACT 2601

Telephone:

+61 2 6247 0960

Facsimile: +61 2 6247 0548

INTERNET:

http://www.appea.com.au

Email:

ACN 000 292 713

[email protected]

ISBN 0 908277 25 3

APPEA

Guidelines for Height Safety

and good practices in the conduct of offshore operations. These Guidelines are not, nor should they be implied as being, prescriptive. This document provides guidance to ensure that offshore operations are conducted in accordance with safe practices that could be considered to be at an equivalent to “good industry practice”.

APPEA

Guidelines for Height Safety

Disclaimer The use of these Guidelines does not in any way diminish the responsibility of individual operating companies or their contractors to carry out operations safely having due regard to their duty of care responsibilities, and to observe statutory requirements. APPEA does not accept any responsibility for any incident or consequence thereof, whether or not in violation of any law or regulation, which arises or is alleged to have arisen from the use of these Guidelines.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The permission of Worksafe Western Australia in allowing reproduction of components of their “Code of Practice - Prevention of Falls at Workplaces” is gratefully acknowledged.

The following are acknowledged for their technical advice:

Dan Ahern Mark Haney Nick Webster Capt. Bob Turrell

Atwood Oceanics. Heightech Safety Systems. Diamond Offshore General. Sedco Forex

APPEA

Guidelines for Height Safety

CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 1.1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE................................................................................................................ 1

1.2

RELATIONSHIP WITH REGULATIONS ................................................................................... 1

2.0 WORKPLACE DESIGN ....................................................................................................4 AND CONSTRUCTION..............................................................................................................4 2.1

RISK MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 4

2.2

DESIGN AND PLANNING........................................................................................................... 5

2.3

ACCESS AND EGRESS................................................................................................................ 5

2.4

EDGE PROTECTION.................................................................................................................... 6

2.5

PROTECTION OF HOLES AND OPENINGS ............................................................................. 7

2.5.1

Floors .................................................................................................................................... 7

2.5.2

MODU Moonpool Areas ....................................................................................................... 7

2.5.3

Drill Floor V Door area........................................................................................................ 8

2.6

GRID MESH AND CHECKER PLATE FLOORING................................................................... 8

3.0 SAFE WORKING AT HEIGHT........................................................................................9 3.1

OPERATIONS................................................................................................................................ 9

3.1.1

Personnel Lifting ................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.2

Working over Water ............................................................................................................ 11

3.1.3

Personnel Transfer.............................................................................................................. 11

3.1.4

Rescue Procedures .............................................................................................................. 13

3.1.5

Hot Work and Cutting/Abrasive Processes......................................................................... 14

3.2

EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................... 15

3.2.1

Fall Arrest Systems and Devices......................................................................................... 15

3.2.2

Safety Nets ........................................................................................................................... 26

3.2.3

Scaffolding........................................................................................................................... 27

3.2.4

Ladders................................................................................................................................ 28

3.5

Forklift Trucks..................................................................................................................... 32

4.0 COMPETENCY AND TRAINING .........................................................................……33 4.1

PROVISION OF INFORMATION .............................................................................................. 33

4.2

INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING.............................................................................................. 33

4.2.1

Training Programmes ......................................................................................................... 33

4.2.2

Induction.............................................................................................................................. 33

4.2.3

"On the Job" Training......................................................................................................... 34

4.2.4

Prevention of Falls Training ............................................................................................... 34

4.2.5

Further Training or Re-training ......................................................................................... 35

4.2.6

Certification or Accreditation ............................................................................................. 35

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SUPERVISION ............................................................................................................................ 36

APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................................37 RISK MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 37

APPENDIX B..............................................................................................................................45 GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................................... 45

APPENDIX C..............................................................................................................................51 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................... 51

1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of these guidelines is to provide the upstream petroleum industry with clear and consistent guidance on the expected standards for management of height safety at offshore facilities. They are intended to assist those persons having responsibilities in the offshore industry for devising and managing safe working at height operations. The principle components of these guidelines are: • • • 1.2

System design for working at height; Safe working at height procedures; Competency and training.

RELATIONSHIP WITH REGULATIONS

This document is one of a series of guidelines for use by the upstream petroleum industry. Its relationship with Acts and Regulations is depicted in Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The principal components are: 1. The Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967, which empowers the Minister to regulate. 2. Regulations, which set mandatory standards for industry to achieve. 3. Regulatory guidelines which set out the administrative procedures for the regime and provide practical ways of meeting goals set by the regulations. 4. (a) Upstream industry guidelines, which provide consistency across the Australian upstream petroleum industry and assist companies setting out their own standards. (b) General guidelines, Codes, and Standards such as Australian Standards, API Standards, etc, which provides useful references for companies setting their own standards. (c) Industry approved competency standards. 5. Company standards, which should provide the demonstration of managing risks to as low as is reasonably practicable (ALARP).

Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association Limited Level 3, 24 Marcus Clarke Street

GPO Box 2201

CANBERRA ACT 2600

CANBERRA ACT 2601

Telephone:

+61 2 6247 0960

Facsimile: +61 2 6247 0548

INTERNET:

http://www.appea.com.au

Email:

ACN 000 292 713

[email protected]

ISBN 0 908277 25 3

APPEA

Guidelines for Height Safety

Figure 1.1 Relationship Between the Contents of this Document, Safety Case Guidelines, Current Legislation and Operator Safety Documents Guidelines for Height Safety Offshore

APPEA Guidelines Height Safety Offshore

DISR Safety Case Guidelines

Facility Description

P(SL)A Schedule of Requirements

P(SL) (Management of Safety on Offshore Facilities) Regulations

Safety Management System

Leadership and Commitment

The P(SL)A contains specific requirements for petroleum operations

Planning Workplace Design and Construction

Facility Hazard Register

Implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation Safe Working at Height

The hazards for each facility are described in the Hazard Register as determined from use of hazard identification processes.

Audit and Review

Major Accident Events

Formal Safety Assessment Competency and Training

With the Hazard Register, Major Accident Events for each facility form the basis of risk assessment. MAEs are established from hazard identification and QRA processes.

Hazard identification Risk Assessment Studies Control measures

General Safety Guidelines

Temporary Refuge Fire Risk Analysis

Industry Incidents

Evacuation, escape,rescue Emergency safety training Adequacy of escape routes ESD Systems

Results of investigations into accidents and incidents can be used to improve safety in this area

Fire protection systems Work permit systems

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Figure 1.2 General Relationship Between this Document (an Upstream Industry Guideline) and the Acts and Regulations in Australia

P(SL)A P(SL)A Management of Safety Regulations

DISR Guidelines for Preparation and Submission of Safety Cases General Guidelines Codes of Practice and Standards

Upstream Industry Guidelines

Company Standards

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2.0

WORKPLACE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

2.1

RISK MANAGEMENT

A process of risk management should be implemented to properly design and plan for people working at heights. This process is applicable to any stage of the life of offshore facilities and includes design, construction, operations, maintenance and abandonment. The process can be divided into three main steps: •

Identification of risks; This involves identifying each risk to which a person at a workplace is likely to be exposed in relation to a person falling from one level to another at the workplace.

•

Assessing the risks; This involves looking at the possibility of injury or harm occurring to a person if exposed to a hazard identified.

•

Controlling the risks. This involves introducing measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of a person falling.

A simple risk management tool is the process of Job Safety Analysis (JSA). A JSA is usually undertaken by the Supervisor in conjunction with the work team and consists of breaking down the job into individual steps, identifying the hazards associated with each step and putting in place control measures that eliminate or reduce the risk to as low as reasonably practicable. A safe system of work should always be provided. Unless the outcome of the risk assessment establishes an alternative safe working practice, fall protection should be provided for all persons exposed to a fall of 2.0 metres or greater. The provision of fall protection below 2 metres will depend on the outcome of the risk assessment however for all work activities conducted above water, irrespective of height, fall protection should be provided.

The process of risk management is more comprehensively covered in Appendix A of these guidelines and lists items for consideration throughout the identification, assessment and control processes.

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DESIGN AND PLANNING

The planning or designing of a facility or structure, should ensure that the design and construction allows persons to properly construct, maintain, repair or service the facility or structure in a safe manner. This also extends to the demolition, modification, renovation, maintenance or normal operation of a facility, structure or plant. It is therefore important at the design and planning stage to give consideration to the prevention of falls not only during construction but also for subsequent use or maintenance of the facility, structure or plant. This should include consideration of: • • • • • •

safe access to or egress from any work area; provision of permanent guard rails or edge protection; use of temporary work platforms (e.g. scaffolds, work platforms); location and operation of plant and equipment; use of fall arrest systems and devices, including the provision of suitably located temporary and permanent anchorage points; provision of safety nets.

Other matters that should be considered include: • • • • • •

reducing the risk when working at heights (e.g. the installation of guard rails to perimeter structural members prior to erection); reducing the need to work at heights by pre-fabricating modules on the ground before lifting them into position; provision of permanent safety mesh; location of and access to equipment for maintenance purposes; identification and location of services (e.g. power, air, water); identification and location of operational equipment.

Design, redesign or procedural controls generally eliminate, reduce or minimise risk more efficiently than a reliance on personal protective equipment alone. The use of personal protective equipment should only be seen as a last resort control measure.

2.3

ACCESS AND EGRESS

If people are required to work in areas where there is the risk of falling, employers should provide a safe method for people to get to and from, and move around that work area. This should take into account the tools and equipment they may be required to carry to and from, and around the work area. In providing safe access to and egress from, and movement around a work area, consideration should be given to: •

the installation of fixed work platforms, walkways and stairways;

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the use of temporary work platforms such as: • • • •

• • • • • • • •

work baskets crawl boards ladders or safety steps scaffolds

the frequency and number of people who may need to use the access to or egress from the work area. Supervision and regular inspection should also be considered; the location and space required for any plant, equipment or materials used; the method of getting plant, equipment and materials to the work area; exposure of access ways to the weather (e.g. rain can make surfaces slippery, strong winds can cause loss of hand grip); the provision of protection from falling objects; the assessment of manual handling tasks including the provision of mechanical lifting aids; the provision of adequate natural or artificial lighting to all access ways; all access ways are clear of obstructions and readily accessible.

In providing safe access and egress, consideration should be given to the possible means of reducing the risk of falling as outlined in these guidelines. Access to and egress from large items of plant and heavy equipment during operations and maintenance activities may result in fall injuries. In providing safe access and egress, consideration should be given to the provision of steps, permanent access ladders, walkways and guard rails.

2.4

EDGE PROTECTION

Where guard rails are used to reduce the risk of a person falling from a height they should comply with AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders Design, construction and installation, or AS/NZS 1576.1 Scaffolding - General requirements. Where protection of the perimeter of a work area is provided by a guard rail system it should incorporate: •

a top rail, mid rail and fender (toe) board when structural slopes are between 0 degrees to 15 degrees from horizontal;

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Where structural slopes exceed 15 degrees but not 45 degrees, a bottom rail should be provided in addition and consideration given for the installation of infill mesh panel to mid rail height. The infill mesh panel may assist to reduce injury to a person sliding down the roof or structure into the railing and will minimise the possibility of objects falling from the roof or structure. Where structural slopes exceed 45 degrees, the slope is unsuitable to work on without a support system, such as a roof ladder or scaffold platform, to prevent sliding.

The guard rail system should be constructed to withstand a force of 0.55kN (approximately equivalent to 55kg) applied at any point of the guard rail system. The top handrail should be not less than 900mm or more than 1100mm above the working surface. If access points are required for equipment they should be adequately protected with gates, safety chains or any other means to prevent a person falling. Where guard rail systems are intended to be used in conjunction with steel structures, designers and builders should plan for the guard rail and fixings to be attached to the panels prior to the structures being raised from the ground.

2.5

PROTECTION OF HOLES AND OPENINGS

2.5.1

Floors

All holes and openings in floors, other than a stairwell, with dimensions greater than 200mm x 200mm, or with a diameter greater than 200mm, should be protected. Holes or openings in any floor should be covered with material of adequate strength to prevent entry by objects or persons and be securely fixed. Any holes or openings covered with wire mesh should not be used as a work platform. When installing services in an area separated by wire mesh, only that part of the wire mesh which allows access for installation should be removed. The cover should then be modified to fit around the installed service.

2.5.2

MODU Moonpool Areas

Moonpool areas should be protected by guard rails at all times. Where operational activities require the removal of sections of the guard railing, alternative means of fall protection should be provided. Whilst working over water, the additional wearing of a buoyancy vest is required. No person should be allowed within 1 metre of an unprotected opening unless other means of fall protection are in place.

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Guidelines for Height Safety

Drill Floor V Door area

Openings in the V door area should be protected when operational activities in that area are not taking place. Care must be taken when operations are being carried out in this area. Appropriate and practicable control measures should be implemented to ensure the safety of personnel at all times.

2.6

GRID MESH AND CHECKER PLATE FLOORING

Grid mesh and checker plate flooring used for walkways, accessways and working platforms should be securely fashioned. Where grid mesh or checker plate flooring is used it should be securely fixed and assembled, in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Where possible, it should be fitted to a structure, prior to the structure being lifted into permanent position. During installation, this type of flooring should be secured by tack welding, panel grips or other means to prevent movement before being permanently fixed. If panels of grid mesh or checker plate flooring are removed the edge should be protected. Dimensions of the removed panels may result in openings or holes requiring protection in accordance with these guidelines.

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3.0

SAFE WORKING AT HEIGHT

3.1

OPERATIONS

3.1.1

Personnel Lifting

Personnel lifting operations are carried out on a facility for operational and maintenance tasks as well as the transfer of personnel from the facility. It is important that priority be given to personnel lifting operations by ensuring that no other operation is undertaken concurrently that could affect the safety of personnel being lifted. Prior to commencing operations, JSAs should be undertaken to ensure that effective control measures are in place that eliminate or reduce the risk to an acceptable level. All lifting equipment used for personnel lifting should be designed in accordance with the APPEA “Guidelines for Lifting Equipment”, Section 4.8, Man-Riding Equipment. Training It is important that personnel involved in personnel lifting operations are suitably trained and deemed to be competent. A review of the training requirements should be undertaken by the employer at regular intervals to ensure that a sufficient number of trained personnel are available at all times. Training must encompass all aspects of personnel lifting in particular communication methods and procedures. Training is covered more comprehensively in Section 4 of this document Communications Suitable communication methods and procedures should be in place for all personnel lifting operations. An observer/signaller should be provided at all times and whilst personnel lifting operations are underway, no other duties should be performed. The use of radio communication in addition to hand signals should be provided between the observer/signaller and the operator of the lifting equipment. Where man riding operations are conducted, radio communication should also be provided to the person being lifted. Where personnel transfer operations are being conducted, radio communication should also be established with the Master of the vessel.

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Procedures Air Hoists The use of air hoists for man riding operations should be undertaken in a safe and controlled manner due to the inherent risks (being pulled into the equipment, falling out of the harness, equipment failure). Man riding operations should only be seen as a last resort for carrying out work at heights. It is always preferable for persons to work from a stable work platform (such as scaffolding) or to lower the work to deck level. Where air hoists are used for man riding operations, the following points should be considered: • • • • • •

all man riding operations be assessed and signed off by a supervisor; where there are more than one air hoist rated for man riding, select the air hoist that affords the operator of the winch the clearest view of the person to be hoisted; at all times when operating over water, a buoyancy vest should be worn; all air hoists used for man riding operations be rated and certified as such; provision be made for the mechanical lowering of hoisted person in the event of loss of power/air (reserve air vessels); where possible, use certified work baskets as an alternative to a riding belt.

Work Baskets • • • • •

Certified work baskets should only be used for personnel lifts; Personnel operating from within a work basket should wear a full body harness with lanyard assembly and be securely attached to the work basket; The number of people for which the work basket is rated should not be exceeded; When working over water, a buoyancy vest should be worn; Personnel should only enter or leave the work basket whilst it is located on or secured to a solid structure.

Personnel Baskets The use of personnel baskets for transfer of personnel should only be undertaken when no other alternatives are available, the risks are determined to be ALARP and the operation can be conducted in a safe manner. The operation should only be carried out with the approval of the Person in Charge of the facility and with the agreement of the personnel being transferred and the Master of the vessel involved.

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Guidelines for Height Safety

No more than 4 persons should be transferred simultaneously; Personnel baskets should only be used for the transfer of personnel and hand luggage; Use of personnel baskets for transferring personnel should be limited to daylight hours only, except for emergency situations; Personnel being transferred should wear a buoyancy vest.

3.1.2

Working over Water

Where personnel are required to work over water, a documented set of procedures should be developed and operate under the Permit to Work system. Where practicable, all operations that require personnel to be working over the side of the facility should be scheduled when the supply boat is in the vicinity. Where this is not practicable, suitable additional control measures should be in place to ensure the safety of personnel. Where diving operations are being carried out, working over water operations should not be undertaken. Where this is not practicable, working over the side operations should be restricted to areas away from diving operations to ensure the safety of dive personnel from dropped objects.

3.1.3

Personnel Transfer

Responsibilities The duties of personnel in supervising or carrying out the personnel basket transfer should be clearly defined. Generally, this would include the Person in Charge of the facility, the crane operator, the Master of the vessel, and other people nominated by the Person in Charge and the Master of the vessel to undertake specific duties. Key points that need to addressed by personnel having specific responsibilities are detailed below. The Person in Charge of the facility should: • • • • • • • • • •

be aware of the reason for the transfer; be satisfied with the fitness and training of the people to be transferred; be satisfied as to the suitability of the vessel; know the limitations of visibility and sea state; be aware of the limitations on transfer by night; be aware of the suitability of the crane for personnel transfer; check the wind speed limitations on crane operations; establish satisfactory communications with the Master of the vessel involved in the transfer; ensure that participants understand the procedures involved; be satisfied with the competence and experience of the crane driver;

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be satisfied with the inspection and testing of the personnel basket.

The Master of the vessel should confirm to the person in charge of the facility that: • • • • • •

the transfer has been accepted and the procedures have been understood; the vessel has a satisfactory station keeping capability; the deck crew have been fully briefed; the people to be transferred have been adequately briefed and are fit to be transferred; there is sufficient clear space on deck to land the personnel basket safely; communications have been established.

The crane operator should ensure that: • • • • •

the crane is fully operational; the wind speed is satisfactory for safe operation; the requirements and procedures involved are clearly understood; the dogger and the transfer area are clearly visible; proper communications have been established.

The dogger and deck supervisor should ensure that: • • • • • •

the transfer procedure is understood; they are clearly identifiable as dogger and deck supervisor; the personnel basket is correctly used; the transferees understand the procedures; communications have been established; they have established a full view of their respective transfer areas.

Individuals who are to be transferred should: • • • •

ensure that they understand the transfer procedure; confirm that they are agreeable to the transfer; be able to use correctly the safety equipment provided; observe all instructions from those in charge of the operation.

Transfer Considerations Suitability of the Vessel The type of vessel considered suitable to carry out a transfer should be determined by its ability to maintain station alongside the facility and have sufficient clear deck space to safely receive the basket.

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Weather and Sea Conditions Weather and sea conditions are critical factors impacting on the safety of personnel basket transfers. Factors which should be taken into account include visibility, wind and sea state. Procedures should be in place which specify the maximum wind speed and sea state beyond which basket transfer is not permissible, including the wind speed limitations for crane operations and the effect of weather conditions on the stability of the vessel.

Safety Equipment and Rescue Procedures The procedures should specify the type of safety equipment to be worn by personnel being transferred and the rescue arrangements made. Personnel being transferred should wear buoyancy vest, suitable clothing and other specified safety equipment. Buoyancy vests should be equipped with suitable means of illumination during night transfers. Where the transfer is to a vessel other than the standby vessel, the standby vessel should be in close attendance during transfer, with the rescue boat ready for immediate launching.

Training Personnel who are involved in personnel transfer operations require appropriate training in the techniques involved. In addition, personnel being transferred should, where possible, be adequately trained in the transfer procedures. Inexperienced people or those not trained in the use of personnel baskets should always be accompanied by someone who has been trained in personnel transfer operations.

3.1.4

Rescue Procedures

A rescue procedure should be planned for each site, be operational in the event of a fall and provide for the immediate rescue of a person. Personnel should, where possible, not work alone. Fall arrest systems and devices should be provided to effectively complete a rescue. Appropriate personnel should be trained in rescue procedures and be competent in the use of fall arrest systems and devices. Rescue of fallen persons can be a strenuous and difficult process. Personnel performing rescue operations should be both physically and mentally capable of undertakings those tasks without placing themselves, or the person being rescued, at risk. Individual fall arrest systems should only be set up after consideration of a rescue procedure in the event of a person sustaining a fall. In many situations the person

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who has fallen will be unable to rescue themself or even provide assistance to the rescuers. During the rescue process, neither the rescuers nor the person being rescued should be placed in a situation where they could fall or where injury may occur through overexertion. Where rescue is carried out in a confined space, the rescuers should not enter the confined space unless they are following the correct confined space procedures and using the appropriate safety equipment.

3.1.5

Hot Work and Cutting/Abrasive Processes

Hot work, including welding, and the use of power assisted cutting devices or abrasive processes should not usually be carried out whilst the employee is using a fall arrest system. Exceptions to this include circumstances where practicable alternatives do not exist or where adequate precautions have been taken to protect people from injury and equipment from accidental damage. Such precautions should rely on identified controls other than the skill and judgement of the operator. Contact with a flame or hot object can result in the failure of a fibre rope due to its low melting point and the tension, under load, in the rope. Fibre ropes also have little resistance to damage from power cutting devices such as angle grinders and failure can occur in a very short time. Abrasive processes, such as sand blasting, can in addition to cutting the rope cause a build up of grit in the fibres that will increase wear. The use of steel wire rope lanyards as a safety measure may not be acceptable where exposed flame torches are used as intense flames can readily cut through wire rope.

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3.2

EQUIPMENT

3.2.1

Fall Arrest Systems and Devices

Note: Definitions for terms used in this Section are found in Appendix B. A fall arrest system is any system intended to safely arrest an individual’s fall. These systems may include lanyard/anchorage combinations, inertia reels, static lines or any combination of equipment provided to arrest a fall. A fall arrest system is not to be confused with a restraint system which restrains an individual from actually reaching an unprotected edge or penetration. Where practicable, a restraint system should be given preference over a fall arrest system. Fall arrest systems and devices should be provided where other means are not practicable or to provide greater protection for the worker. Choosing the most appropriate fall arrest system and device is essential. The correct installation and use of such equipment is critical to its effectiveness when arresting a fall. When planning the site layout and sequence of construction for installing a fall arrest system, consideration should be given to: • • •

the most appropriate fall arrest system and method of installation; provision of anchorage points for static lines capable of supporting imposed loads; provision of safe access to and egress from a work area for persons installing anchorage points.

The employer and employees should ensure there is safe access to and egress from the work area before work commences. This includes: • •

assessment of wind and weather; organising of: • • • • •

fall prevention equipment; access; personal protective equipment; formulation of specific instructions for workers; means of rescuing persons following arrested falls.

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Cable (static line) The cable used in the installation of safety lines should comply with AS 3569 Steel wire ropes. The cable should be of a minimum diameter of 10mm and provide a minimum safety factor of 10. The cable should have a guaranteed breaking strain (GBS) of 60kN (approximately equivalent to 6 tonne). There are many variables to consider in the erection of fixed static lines. These include the number of people on the system at any one time, the length of the system and the length between intermediate supports, length of the lanyard assembly of the user and the distance below the user. Engineer designed systems may be necessary to consider all these variables. Static lifeline anchor points should comply with the manufacturer's instructions or engineering design calculations. Tensioning should be achieved by turnbuckles or other appropriate means. The cable should be placed to eliminate the risk of tripping. Where practicable the cable should be located no less than 2 metres above the floor of the work area.

Fixed static line fitted with a shock absorber for use with safety harnesses and lanyards.

Cable Spans (static lines) The cable should be supported at each column or in accordance with an engineer's specifications. Where practicable the height of the cable should be higher than the dorsal D attachment located on the rear of the harness. Where turnbuckles are used to tension static lines they should be as described in this Section.

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Where the static line is positioned between the perimeter columns of a structure, the anchorages and line supports should be positioned on the inside face of the columns where practicable and the columns used to anchor static lines. Lines between supports should be free of obstructions to allow uninterrupted movement for persons who may be attached to the line. If a line passes around a column corner or other sharp edge it should be suitably protected to prevent damage.

Cable End (termination of static lines) The termination of the cable should be by way of a thimble eye. Where practicable, ends should be secured by one of the following: •

double base clamps with a minimum of 3, at equal spaces with a minimum 200mm tail past the last clamp;

•

machine splice with thimble eye.

Note: Cables and fittings may be secured directly to anchorage points with D or bow shackles of a minimum size of 12mm or having a safe working load of not less than 20kN (approximately equivalent to 2 tonne). The pin of the shackle should be moused (lashed) to the shackle. Installation of Anchorage Points Note: All bolts referred to in this document should comply with AS 2317 Collared eyebolts. Additional information relating to facility lifting devices is found in APPEA Guidelines for Lifting Equipment.

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Anchorage points used should be located as high as equipment permits as it is dangerous to work above the point of anchorage. The diameter of the threaded sections of bolts and their anchorages should not be less than 16mm. Personal fall arrest anchor points should: • • • • •

be designed to withstand a static load of 15 kN (approximately 1500 kg), be designed to limit a free fall to as short as practicable but not exceed 2 metres, be placed above the dorsal D ring, be positioned to avoid/minimise swing fall. A second line may be used to reduce swing fall, be inspected prior to and following each use and be inspected by a competent person every six months.

Turnbuckles If turnbuckles are used the threaded section shall be a minimum of 12mm diameter. Turnbuckles should be of a type that will allow visual inspection of the condition and extension of the threaded sections. The frame should be locked or moused (lashed) to the eyebolt to prevent slackening due to vibration, shock or spin in the line attached. Turnbuckles should be in accordance with AS 2319 Rigging screws and turnbuckles.

Temporary Static Lines (horizontal lifeline systems) A 16mm diameter nylon rope which complies with AS 4142.3 Man-made fibre rope for static life rescue lines and which provides a minimum safety factor of 10 may be used. The line should have a guaranteed breaking strain (GBS) of 80kN (approximately equivalent to 8 tonne). Tension may be achieved by a self-tensioning block that should be capable of automatically locking the line and manually releasing the line.

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Too much tension on the line will affect the overall strength of the system, too little will affect the ground clearance required. Shock absorption - the self-tensioning block should be designed to reduce shock loading by means of a dynamic friction facility which guarantees that the maximum force generated on the line will not be greater than 6kN (approximately equivalent to 600 kg). Line end (termination of temporary static line) should be secured by one of the following: • •

machine splice (ferrule); or figure of eight knot.

The maximum span between anchor points for a temporary lifeline should be no greater than 4 metres unless specifically designed by an engineer to be longer. This is due to the dynamic sag factor of the temporary lifeline and should be taken into account when calculating maximum ground clearance (MGC) requirement for a fall arrest system. Total fall distance is defined in AS/NZS 1891.1 as the total distance a person is likely to fall during both the free and restrained parts of a fall, and including the maximum dynamic extension of all supporting components. Designers of static lines should ensure the system is designed so that persons falling will not crash to the ground. Calculations should consider: • • • • •

tension on the line; shock absorber extension; personal energy absorber of the person's lanyard; slide of the D ring; person's height.

The person's weight will have a significant effect on the sag of the line as well as climate (temperature, wet or dry), type of knots and age of the system.

Harnesses, Lanyards and Equipment Body type harnesses of the parachute type should be used. The harness should be connected to the lanyard assembly or lifeline at the top dorsal (back) position. If a lifeline and rope - grab device is used on steeply sloping surfaces, the user needs to have the device located in front. This will allow safe manual operation of the mechanism. WAIST TYPE BELTS AND SIT HARNESSES SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A FALL ARREST SYSTEM AS THEY MAY NOT SECURE THE PERSON FROM FALLING OUT.

Anchor points should not be sited below the attachment point of the harness, e.g. dorsal position.

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There should be a minimum of slack in the safety line between the person and attachment to the anchorage. The fall arrest system should be so designed to limit a free fall to a maximum of 2 metres. Lanyards should incorporate a personal energy absorber and be fitted with double action devices, and as an assembly should comply with AS 1891. All mating components should be checked to ensure they are compatible with one another. Components should not be able to jam in one another in a way which may overstress one or the other, e.g. in some snaphook to snaphook connections, or affect the operation of the items being connected. The check should be repeated each time there is a change in either component. Care should be taken to ensure that the configuration of the equipment does not create a situation that can cause roll-out from the connector or undue loading on the gate of a connector. SNAPHOOKS WITH A DOUBLE LOCKING DEVICE OR ACTION SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMISE THE POSSIBILITY OF DISCONNECTION.

In choosing the most appropriate fall arrest equipment for a particular application consideration should be given to any special requirements of the materials used in manufacture of the equipment. Equipment should be inspected prior to and after use for signs of any damage from cutting or abrasion. Workers using fall protection equipment who are outside the safety of handrails should be attached to an anchor point or a fall arrest safety system at all times. Workers using fall protection equipment should not work alone. A worker suspended in fall protection equipment should be rescued as soon as possible. For this reason, workers should be capable of conducting a rescue of a fallen worker and be familiar with on site rescue equipment and procedures.

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Scaffolders should have a safe system of work or use fall protection devices including harnesses and lanyard assemblies.

Self Retracting Lanyards Self-retracting lanyards should incorporate a personal energy absorber and comply with EN 360. Self-retracting lanyards can be used to prevent falls where workers are required to carry out their work near an unprotected edge. Self-retracting lanyards are not designed for continuous support but become effective in the event of a fall. They should not be used as working supports by locking the system and allowing it to support the user during normal work. Inertia reels may be less effective for certain applications, e.g. stopping a person falling down an inclined surface. Inertia reels should be only sited from vertical to 45 degrees. A site test should be carried out if it is to be used on a slope less than 45 degrees. Self-retracting lanyards and safety harnesses can be used with a static line or fixed anchorages.

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Self retracting lanyards and safety harnesses can be used with a static line or fixed anchorages.

Pendulum Effect This is a potential hazard with the use of individual fall arrest systems. Swing down - can occur if an inertia reel or work positioning device is extended diagonally so that the line makes an extreme angle with the perimeter edge of the structure. In this situation, the forces generated in an arrested fall over the edge will cause the line to rotate back along the perimeter edge until it reaches a position directly in line with the anchorage point of the inertia reel and at right angles with the perimeter edge. As the line moves back in this way, its unsupported section lengthens, thus dropping the attached worker further than the original (arrested) fall distance. If the length of the unsupported line equals the height of the structure then the worker will hit the ground. To eliminate the pendulum effect, place the anchorage point perpendicular to the position of the line at the perimeter edge. A mobile anchorage may be considered. The use of second anchorages and belay devices is another way of minimising this effect.

Swing back - in an arrested outward fall, particularly from a perpendicular edge, a person will swing back into the structure and collide with any obstructions in the path of the swing. If this situation can arise, the use of an individual fall arrest system should be re-assessed.

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THE PENDULUM EFFECT REQUIRES CONSIDERATION PRIOR TO DECIDING THE LOCATION OF ANCHORAGE POINTS.

Drop lines - drop lines should be of a minimum knotted strength of 22kN (approximately equivalent to 2200 kg) and be of a nominal diameter of 11-12mm.

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They should have a fixed eye at one end for attachment to an anchor point or static line, and be knotted at the other end to stop a rope grab device from becoming detached. A drop line should be of kernmantle or 3-strand construction.

Ladder and Tower Safety Systems Fall protection on permanent ladders is sometimes provided in the form of a vertical rail, cable or rope that runs next to or in the middle of the ladder and to which a locking device is attached. The person climbing the ladder is connected to the locking device with a short lanyard attached to his or her fall arrest harness. Should the person slip from the ladder the locking device will sense the acceleration of the body and lock to the rail, cable or rope. Temporary systems should comply with the requirements of droplines. The locking device should not be capable of damaging the line in the case of a fall. Permanent systems should be of wire or rail construction and should be installed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Wire systems should be in accordance with AS 1891.3 and be sited in the middle or side of the ladder. The entire device should be capable of sustaining a load of 15kN (approximately equivalent to 1500 kg). Lanyard length should not exceed 300 mm. Rail devices should be anchored in accordance with AS 1891.3. They should be sited to allow clearance of the self-locking device. Junction points may be installed to allow both vertical and horizontal movement. The system should be designed so that when disconnecting while at height, the user is either not near an unprotected edge or can connect to another anchorage point prior to disconnection from the rail, cable or rope system.

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Rope Grabs (Ascenders)

Rope grabs should be designed and constructed so that: • • •

Inadvertent removal of the rope grab is not possible. Upon removal of the hand, rope grabs should grip the rope in one direction. In the event of failure of the primary support system, the rope grab will not fail and will not cause the rope to fail. The rope grab should be able to arrest the fall within 1.5 metres without causing complete failure of the rope.

Inspection of Fall Arrest Systems and Devices Users should be aware that fall prevention depends upon the continued efficiency and durability of fall arrest systems and devices. It is essential they be maintained correctly with inspections and examination of all components by a competent person in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations, at least once every six months, or after an extended storage period. IF A FALL ARREST SYSTEM AND DEVICE HAS BEEN USED TO ARREST A FALL IT SHOULD BE WITHDRAWN FROM SERVICE AND BE INSPECTED BY A COMPETENT PERSON.

All safety belts and harnesses should be inspected before use. An employer should consult the manufacturer if there is any doubt that a belt or harness could be affected by cleaning materials, atmospheric contaminants or hazardous substances. Guidance on the inspection of fall arrest systems, devices and equipment is given in AS 2626 and AS 4626

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Note: As at April 1999, AS/NZS 1891.4 is in draft form and is scheduled to replace AS 2626 and AS 4626.

Inspection of Anchorages The Person in Charge of a facility should ensure that: • • •

each anchorage or system of anchorages at the workplace is inspected by a competent person at regular intervals; in the case of an anchorage that is permanently fixed and in regular use, it is inspected at intervals not greater than 6 months; in the case of an anchorage that is permanently fixed but not in regular use, it is inspected before it is used.

Where, in the opinion of the competent person, an anchorage is worn or the load bearing capacity of the anchorage may be impaired, the Person in Charge of the facility should ensure that: • • •

the anchorage is not used while it is in that condition; while the anchorage is in that condition, it is tagged to indicate that it is not to be used, that an anchorage or system of anchorages that has been repaired is not used unless it has been inspected by a competent person who is of the opinion that the anchorage or system of anchorages can be used again.

ALL ANCHORAGES SHOULD BE VISIBLY CHECKED PRIOR TO USE.

3.2.2

Safety Nets

Safety nets can provide a satisfactory means of protection against falling while allowing workers maximum flexibility of movement. Where safety nets are used as a fall protection measure, employers should ensure that: • • • • • • • • • •

safety nets are constructed of material of sufficient strength to catch a falling person and/or debris; perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced; cables are installed along the length of the structure. Safety nets are hung across these cables and moved along as the work proceeds; nets are hung as close as is practicable to the underside of the work area; there is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person contacting any surface or structure below the net; safety nets are installed only by a competent person; perimeter safety nets are not greater than 2 metres below the working area and extend out at least 2.5 metres from the working point; nets are stored correctly in dry, shaded areas. Good air circulation is necessary; combustible material is not allowed to accumulate in suspended nets; no welding or oxy-cutting is performed above safety nets;

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nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair; nets are not used in an environment that exposes them to damage from chemicals or heat.

When installing safety nets, scaffolding and/or fall arrest systems should be used as appropriate.

3.2.3

Scaffolding

Scaffolding can be an effective barrier in preventing falls. There are specific requirements that apply to the design, construction and erection of scaffolding.

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Issues to be considered: •

• •

• •

• •

scaffolding that exceeds, or is likely to exceed a height of 4m should be erected, altered or dismantled by the holder of a certificate of competency for the particular class of scaffolding or a person training under the direct supervision of such a person; where the possible fall height is less than 4 metres, the scaffolding should only be erected, altered or dismantled by a competent person trained in respect of the particular type of scaffolding being used; mobile tower frame scaffolds can be used to provide safe working platforms;

scaffolding that is incomplete and left unattended should have danger tags and warning signs attached at appropriate locations to prevent use; completed scaffold should be inspected and marked by a competent person before initial use, after any alteration or repair and at intervals not exceeding 30 days. Additional inspections should be carried out by a competent person following an occurrence such as a severe storm; provision of safe access to and egress from the scaffold; and provision of edge protection (e.g. guard rails and fender boards) at every open edge of a work platform.

Scaffolding should conform to AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding Parts 1-5. Scaffolding may be used as fall protection around the edge of a roof by incorporating guardrailing into the scaffolding.

3.2.4

Ladders

Portable Ladders

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The incorrect use of ladders is the cause of a large number of falls from height each year across all industry sectors. Many falls from heights result from the non-use of ladders where crates, stools, desks etc. are used to access heights instead of properly setting up a ladder for the purpose. It is important to ensure the ladder is set up on a level area and the base is located a distance from the wall approximately 1/4 of the vertical height of the ladder.

Correct arrangement of ladder. too Base about 1 out from wall to slipping 4 vertical height.

Base of ladder positioned far from wall. Sudden can occur.

The maximum length of a step ladder should be 5.5 metres, a single ladder 9 metres and an extension ladder 15 metres. Ladders should be used as a means of access to or egress from a work area and not used as a platform. Where ladders are used, consideration should be given to: • • • • • • • • •

choosing the type of ladder appropriate to the task. All portable ladders should comply with the appropriate Australian Standard; providing a slip resistant base, rungs or steps; making sure all locking devices on the ladder are secure; ensuring the ladder is in good condition; repairing ladders only in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications; wearing slip resistant shoes; when a person is stepping from the ladder ensuring that they have a firm and level work platform, free from obstructions to step onto; ensuring that the stiles (sides) of the ladder extend at least 1m above the steppingoff point and that the ladder is securely fixed. Sufficient platform area should be provided at the stepping off point; ensuring the ladder is the right height for the task to avoid reaching or stretching. Keep the body centred between the stiles at all times; Page 29

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securing the top and base of the ladder against displacement; using the ladder on firm, stable and level ground; ensuring that metal or wire bound ladders are never used close to energised power lines.

In working from a ladder to conduct maintenance, monitor plant operation, service plant or for access to or egress from a work area, a person should: • • • • • • • • • •

always have two hands free to ascend and descend a ladder (i.e. all materials and tools which cannot be safely secured from the worker’s belt should be independently transferred or hoisted to the work location); be able to brace themself at all times when working from a single or extension ladder; perform all work while facing the ladder; place their feet no higher than 900 mm where the top of the ladder rests against the support; not perform a task that requires over-reaching (i.e. body should always be centred in the stiles of the ladder); not work over another person; be the only person on the ladder; only use tools, powered or manual, which are easily operated one-handed; not undertake work involving restricted vision or hot work; wear a fall arrest system if there is likelihood of a free fall.

Step and trestle ladders should be used only in the fully open position. A stepladder may be used in the closed position by leaning against a support, however care should be taken to ensure that the load is carried by the front stiles only. Trestle ladders only shall be used to support any plank upon which a person has to work. Other means of preventing falls may be necessary in association with the use of ladders where a risk assessment determines additional protection is necessary. Ladder Brackets Ladder bracket scaffolds may only be used for very light work where an alternative is not practicable, such as for signwriting. They should not be used for general construction work. When used they should be in accordance with clause 10.2.5 of AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for scaffolding. Permanent Ladders In areas where permanent ladders are installed for safe access to or egress from, or as a working platform for operating, inspection, servicing or maintenance, they should be in accordance with AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders Design, construction and installation. Permanent ladders should be fitted with a protective back guard where a person could fall more than 6 metres from the ladder. The base of the protective backguard should be at a height of 2 metres above the floor or landing platform.

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If a series of ladders are used to gain access to a surface, landing platforms should be provided at every 6 metre interval. In situations where it is not practicable to provide a protective back guard such as in confined spaces, alternative fall protection measures should be provided.

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3.5

Guidelines for Height Safety

Forklift Trucks

Forklift trucks are used on a facility for movement of palletised chemicals. Personnel should not be raised on the tynes of forklift trucks. Mancages, engineer designed and constructed in accordance with AS 2359 Powered industrial trucks (known as the SAA Industrial Truck Code), correctly attached to the forklift carriage, provide a safe means of raising personnel and equipment to an elevated work area. Pallets should never be used as work platforms on the tynes of forklifts.

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4.0

COMPETENCY AND TRAINING

4.1

PROVISION OF INFORMATION

Employers should provide information to employees to make them aware of areas where the risk of falling may exist and to enable them to perform their work safely in these areas. Information should be provided in a form that all employees at the workplace can understand. These may include: • • • •

using audio-visual aids; using graphics and signs; using short, simple English phrases; live demonstration.

Personnel should be assessed to ensure they understand and can implement the training provided.

4.2

INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING

The type of instruction and training given could include: • • • •

an induction which covers site instructions and policies; "on the job" training; "in house" training programme; industry based or formal training (eg. accredited or certificated courses).

4.2.1

Training Programmes

An effective training programme should have, at least, the following features: • •

a careful analysis of training needs which identifies the tasks to be performed and the hazards associated with those tasks; the performance standards to be achieved as a result of training.

The programme should include: • entry standards and induction programmes for learners; • learning objectives; • selection of training aids (e.g. use of graphics, videos, printed material etc.); • adequate testing; • evaluation of results in relation to their usefulness to the industry; • recognition of skills attained where applicable (e.g. accreditation). 4.2.2 Induction

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Induction programmes are essential for new employees and for those taking up new jobs or where work situations have changed. Induction can be the first experience or initiation for a person new to the job or a particular work environment. Information given during an induction should include: • • • • • • • • •

workplace policies and procedures; how to identify hazards; reporting of hazards; reporting of accidents or incidents; how to carry out the job in a safe and healthy manner; information on hazardous work practices; use, fitting, storage and maintenance of personal protective equipment; where to obtain occupational safety and health information; emergency evacuation procedures.

Initial awareness and familiarity with personal protective equipment should form part of an induction programme for new employees. Particular care should be given to the training requirements for correct selection, fitting, use, care, storage and maintenance of personal protective equipment.

4.2.3

"On the Job" Training

Employee "on the job" training should include: • • • • •

showing the employee the skill to be learned; explaining the reasons, steps and key points; having the person practice; giving feedback on the practice; correcting errors as they occur.

4.2.4

Prevention of Falls Training

Specific training in the prevention of falls should include: • • • • • • • • •

safe work practices to prevent a fall; the method to be used to carry out a specific work task. This should include access and the attachment method; correct selection, inspection, fitting, use, care, maintenance and storage of fall arrest systems and devices, including safety nets; the correct use, inspection, maintenance, care and storage of individual fall arrest equipment, its strengths and weaknesses; the siting of temporary fall arrest systems; correct selection, fitting, use, care, maintenance and storage of personal protective equipment; correct selection, use, care and storage of tools and equipment to be used; procedures in the event of an emergency such as rescue, accident or injury; proper methods of working on fragile material;

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electrical safety; maintaining record keeping procedures and systems; hazard or accident reporting systems.

4.2.5

Further Training or Re-training

Persons may need further training where: • • • • • •

new methods, equipment, policies or procedures are introduced; the type of operation or environment changes; their particular job requirements change; periodical refresher training is seen as necessary; inadequate job performance is identified; follow up is required as a result of an accident/incident.

4.2.6

Certification or Accreditation

There may be occasions when a person is required to obtain formal accreditation or certification (e.g. crane operators, scaffolders, riggers, doggers). Where an accreditation or certification is required, it should be checked to ensure it is valid and current Employers should ensure where an appropriate accreditation or certification is required that it is valid and current. Employers should also ensure that people who are being trained to obtain accreditation or certification are supervised during the training. The possession of a certificate of competency does not provide any exemption whatsoever from the requirement for fall protection to be provided for a person working at heights.

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4.3

Guidelines for Height Safety

SUPERVISION

Employers should provide supervision to ensure that employees are not exposed to hazards and that they are taking reasonable care where there is a risk of falling or being struck by falling objects. This is particularly important where personnel are undergoing training or are unfamiliar with the working environment. Employers should: • • • •

ensure that those people in supervisory positions have the necessary skills, knowledge and authority to undertake this role; ensure that employees are adequately supervised when working in an elevated position; ensure that only employees who have received training in relation to the use of fall arrest systems undertake any work at height; ensure that adequate occupational safety and health systems are in place and functional and that safe work practices have been adopted and are used and monitored.

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APPENDIX A

RISK MANAGEMENT

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RISK MANAGEMENT IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS To assist in identifying where a person may fall, consideration should be given to: • • • • • • • • • •

injuries arising from falls that have occurred at the workplace or other similar workplaces; 'near miss' incidents or accidents related to falls at the workplace or other similar workplaces; relevant codes of practice guidelines and guidance notes; consultation with employees to find out what problems they may have in performing their jobs; consultation with safety and health representatives and safety and health committees; consultation with self employed persons or contractors to find out if they are having or likely to have problems in performing their jobs; walk through inspections of the workplace (consider checklists); records or statistics that indicate potentially unsafe work practices; confined space activities; nature of the work environment.

As part of the risk management process, procedures and work practices should be closely addressed. Safe work practices and documented procedures should be established before work commences. These should be drawn up in a consultative approach by all interested parties. Factors that can cause a fall include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

moving from one surface to another; the surface is not capable of supporting a load; openings or holes are not identified or protected; open edges are not protected; levels change; hand grip is lost; surfaces are slippery (eg. surfaces are wet or polished or oily in the case of new steelwork); footwear is unsuitable; equipment, tools, rubbish are causing obstructions in work areas; ladders are used incorrectly; clothing is caught; surfaces move; hot, or cold surfaces; there is sudden acceleration or deceleration, such as air hoists and cranes; lighting is unsatisfactory; weather conditions are bad (e.g., heavy rain or wind is present); struck by a moving or falling object; restriction of movement caused by PPE;

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exposure to chemicals or electricity in some circumstances may increase the risk of a fall; fall arrest systems and devices are used incorrectly; personnel fatigue.

Factors that may increase the likelihood of a fall include; • • • •

hot, cold, wet or dusty conditions; personnel stress (either task related or through other causes); unclear procedures; inadequate training.

ASSESSING THE RISKS Risk, in relation to any specific level of injury or other harm, means the probability of that injury or harm occurring. An analysis of the hazards identified in the first step should result in a list of potential injuries or harm and the likelihood of these occurring. The potential for fatal injury should be considered for each identified hazard In assessing risks, consideration should be given to the state of knowledge about the frequency of injury, the duration of exposure to injury sources and the likely severity of the outcomes. Knowledge gained from similar workplaces or similar processes (on the site or elsewhere) may be relevant to this risk assessment. Matters to be considered include: • • •

frequency of injury - how often is the hazard likely to result in an injury? duration of exposure - how long is the employee likely to be exposed to the hazard? outcome - what are the consequences or potential severity of injury?

Assessing these three factors will indicate the probability or likelihood of injury or harm occurring to workers involved in a particular work process Risk assessment requires good judgement and awareness of the potential risks of a work process. A person undertaking a risk assessment should have knowledge and experience of the work process. Incomplete data or incomplete information regarding hazards of a work process may complicate the task. Using a small group (even two people) can be an effective method of bringing this experience to the process. In some cases it may be necessary to break down the activity or process into a series of parts and assess each part separately. Risk assessment should include: • •

assessing the adequacy of training or knowledge required to work safely; looking at the way the jobs are performed;

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looking at the way work is organised; determining the size and layout of the workplace; assessing the number and movement of all people at the workplace; determining the type of operation to be performed; determining the type of machinery and plant to be used; examining procedures for an emergency (e.g. accident, fire and rescue); looking at the storage and handling of all materials and substances.

This step should provide information on where and which employees are likely to be at risk of incurring injury, how often this is likely to occur, and the potential severity of that injury risk.

CONTROLLING THE RISK The final step is to determine the control measures that need to be taken and the ongoing review of those measures. There is a hierarchy or preferred order of control measures ranging from the most effective to the least effective. The control of occupational injury and risks should preferably be dealt with by design, substitution, redesign, separation or administration. These controls generally eliminate, reduce or minimise risk in a more reliable manner than personal protective equipment. Controls involve implementing measures that reduce the hazard and risk in the workplace. HIERARCHY OR PREFERRED ORDER OF CONTROL •

Elimination

Removing the hazard or hazardous work practice from the workplace such as positioning systems and equipment at ground level. This is the most effective control measure.

•

Substitution

Substituting or replacing the hazard or hazardous work practice with a less hazardous one.

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•

Isolation

•

Engineering Control

•

Administrative Control

Guidelines for Height Safety

Isolating or separating the hazard or hazardous work practice from people involved in the work or people in the general work areas from the hazard. This can be done by installing safety screens or barriers or marking off hazardous areas. If the hazard cannot be eliminated, substituted or isolated, an engineering control is the next preferred measure. This may include modifications to tools or equipment, providing guarding to machinery or equipment, the use of work platforms, or the installation of anchor points at the construction phase. This includes introducing work practices that reduce the risk. This could include: •

•

Personal Protective Equipment

limiting the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard; • issuing of working safely at height permits; • rotation of personnel; • buddy system; • training; • incident and near miss reporting; • JSAs; • toolbox meetings. This should be considered only when other control measures are not practicable or to increase protection. These would include body containment devices and fall protection systems.

Control measures are not mutually exclusive. That is, there may be circumstances where more than one control measure should be used to reduce exposure to hazards. In some instances, a combination of control measures may be more appropriate. Control measures should be designed: • •

to eliminate or reduce the risks of a hazardous work process and to minimise the effects of injury; to reduce the risk of exposure to a hazardous substance.

Review of control measures Constantly reviewing control measures after introduction is important to ensure they continue to prevent or control exposure to hazards or hazardous work practices. Engineering controls should be regularly tested to ensure their effectiveness. Performance testing and evaluation standards should be established. Other protection, prevention or mitigation measures should be tested regularly in order to ensure that they remain serviceable and retain their integrity (eg. harnesses).

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Repair and maintenance programmes should specify: • • • • • • •

where and when servicing is required; the extent of servicing required; reference to relevant documentation; the nature of the servicing required; the frequency of servicing; who is responsible for maintaining repair and maintenance programmes; how defects will be corrected.

In order to keep accurate records, a recording or reporting system should be developed, implemented and maintained.

Specific control measures for the prevention of falls Specific control measures include: • • • • • • •

designing and planning new facilities, structures or plant with consideration to the prevention of falls; ensuring that designs or plans to modify existing facilities, structures or plant consider the prevention of falls; looking at the way jobs can be done safely to eliminate or reduce the likelihood of a fall; organising and sequencing work so that the risk of a fall is not increased; identification, collection and presentation of information and knowledge required by contractors to enable them to work safely; identifying the training or knowledge required to work safely if there is the risk of a fall; capturing the learning outcomes from incident and near miss reporting.

Control through personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment should be used in circumstances where other methods of control are not practicable or where there is a need to increase the level of protection. The factors which determine the appropriateness of using personal protective equipment include: • • • • • • •

the nature of the work or the work process concerned; the severity of any potential injury; the state of knowledge about the injury related to the work or process; information available to employers about methods of preventing injury associated with a particular hazard or risk and why PPE is necessary; the availability and suitability of methods to prevent, remove or mitigate causes of injuries associated with a hazard or risk; whether the costs of preventing, removing or mitigating that injury are prohibitive in the circumstances; restrictions to movement due to PPE.

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There are some situations where use of personal protective equipment may be necessary. These include: •

•

•

where it is not technically feasible to achieve adequate control of the hazard by other measures. In these cases, the hazard should be reduced as far as practicable by other measures and then, in addition, suitable personal protective equipment should be used to secure adequate control; where a new or revised risk assessment indicates that personal protective equipment is necessary to safeguard safety and health until such time as adequate control is achieved by other methods, for example, the use of fall arrest systems and devices until guard railing is erected; during routine maintenance operations. Although exposure to hazards occurs regularly during such work, the infrequency and small number of people involved may make other control measures impracticable.

Unless the outcome of the risk assessment establishes an alternative safe working practice, fall risk reduction and/or protection should be provided for all persons exposed to a fall of 2.0 metres or greater. The provision of fall protection below 2 metres will depend on the outcome of the risk assessment however for all work activities conducted above water, irrespective of height, fall protection should be provided.

Note: Some of the provisions of the enabling legislation are qualified by the words “As Low As Is Reasonably Practicable” (ALARP). In order to clarify the statement, the following explanation is provided: If something is practicable, it is capable of being done. reasonable takes into account: • • • •

Whether it is also

the severity of an injury or harm to health that may occur; the likelihood of that injury or harm occurring; how much is known about the hazard and the ways of reducing, eliminating or controlling it; the availability, suitability and cost of safeguards.

The risk (i.e. severity and likelihood), and the risk reduction, of injury should be assessed in the context of the overall cost and feasibility of the safeguards needed to effect the reduction in risk. Common practice and knowledge throughout the relevant industry are taken into account when judging whether a safeguard is “reasonably practicable”. Individual employers could not claim that certain hazards are unknown if those hazards are widely known within the industry, and safeguards were available. The cost of putting safeguards in place is measured against the consequences of failing to do so. It is not a measure of whether an organisation can afford to put the necessary safeguards in place.

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While cost is a factor, it is not an excuse for failing to provide appropriate safeguards, particularly where there is a risk of serious, or frequent but less severe, injury.

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APPENDIX B

GLOSSARY

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ABBREVIATIONS ALARP

As Low As Reasonably Practicable.

APPEA

Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association Ltd.

AS

Australian Standard.

AS/NZS

Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard.

DISR

The Department of Industry, Science and Resources.

FD

Facility Description.

FSA

Formal Safety Assessment.

GBS

Guaranteed Breaking Strain.

JSA

Job Safety Analysis.

MGC

Maximum Ground Clearance.

PIC

Person in Charge.

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment.

P(SL)A

Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act.

SMS

Safety Management System.

GENERAL DEFINITIONS Competent person - means a person who has the ability to perform the activities within an occupation or function to the standard expected in employment through training, qualification or experience, or a combination thereof. Hazard - means the potential to cause harm, injury or illness. Risk - means the probability and consequences of occurrences of injury or illness. Shall - indicates a mandatory requirement. Should - indicates a recommended requirement.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN FALL ARREST SYSTEMS Active fall protection - is a system where an individual must take action to use equipment either to prevent them entering a fall hazard area or to arrest their fall. Anchorage - is the means for attaching a lanyard, lifeline or other components to a secure point. Anchor points - are secure points of attachment for lifelines and lanyards. Arrest force - is the force imposed upon the worker and the anchor point the moment the fall arrest system stops the fall. Body containment devices - are designed to contain the body of a falling worker and to distribute forces resulting from an arrested fall to minimise the likelihood of injury. They consist of a full body harness (parachute type) together with associated components such as lanyard and personal energy absorber. Double action device - is a self-closing hook or karabiner with a keeper latch that will automatically close and remain closed until manually opened. Droplines - are vertical lifelines. Energy absorber (deceleration device) - an attachment designed to reduce the deceleration force imposed by a suddenly arrested fall. A personal energy absorber is designed to be used in series with a fall arrest harness and lanyard. Fall arrester - is a mechanical device that arrests a fall by locking onto a dropline and at the same time allows freedom of movement. Fall indicator - is a visual indicator which denotes that the fall arrest system or device is serviceable or not serviceable. Free fall - is any fall or part of a fall where the person suffering the fall is under the unrestrained influence of gravity over any fall distance either vertically or on a slope on which it is not possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or hand line. Individual fall arrest systems - are designed to arrest an accidental fall and consist of some or all of the following: • • • • • • • • • •

Anchorage Fall Arrester Harness Lanyard Lifeline Personal Energy Absorber Rail System Retractable Lifeline Rope Grabs Shock Absorbers - both personal and

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industrial Wire Grabs

Individual travel restricting systems - are designed to prevent the user from moving into a fall hazard area and consist of the following: • • •

Anchorage Lanyard Belt (Harness)

Lanyard - a line usually used to connect a fall arrest harness to an anchorage point or static line in situations where there is risk of a free fall. Lanyard assembly - an assembly of a lanyard and a personal energy absorber. Locking traveller (horizontal) - is a travelling anchorage. It has a walking sprocket device that connects the user to a static line system allowing the user to travel the entire length of the line without having to unclip and reclip when passing the line supports. Locking traveller (incline) - arrests falls on surfaces up to an angle of 36 degrees. Restraint line - the line securing workers to a point of anchorage and is used to prevent a person from reaching a point from which they could fall. Static line - a horizontal or substantially horizontal line to which a lanyard may be attached and which is designed to arrest a free fall. Total fall distance - is the total distance a person is likely to fall during both the free and restrained parts of a fall, and including the maximum dynamic extension of all supporting components. Type 1 rope grab fall arresters - a fall arrest device which travels along an anchorage line, and when loaded, locks to the line. Type 2 fall arrest device - a fall arrest device from which a spring loaded anchorage line pays out, and which locks when loaded and releases when the load is removed. Type 3 fall arrest device - As for a type 2 but incorporating a retrieval winch.

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Work positioning systems - provide a primary means of support in relative comfort and consist of the following: • • • •

Anchorage Ascender Back-up device Boatswain's chair

• • •

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APPENDIX C

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

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REFERENCE DOCUMENTS • • • • • • •

Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967. Petroleum (Submerged Lands) (Management of Safety on Offshore Facilities) Regulations 1996. Code of Practice for the Prevention of Falls at Workplaces - Worksafe WA. Draft National Code of Practice for the Prevention of Falls - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. Guidelines for the Preparation and Submission of Safety Cases - Department of Industry, Science and Resources 1995. Draft Guidelines for Lifting Equipment - APPEA 1999. Draft Australian/New Zealand Standard for comment DR 99040 - Industrial Fall Arrest Systems and Devices

STANDARDS RELEVANT TO THESE GUIDELINES Australian Standards AS 1319 AS/NZS 1576 AS 1577 AS 1657 AS/NZS 1891. AS/NZS 1892 AS 2317 AS 2319 AS 2359 AS 2626 AS 3569 AS 4142.3 AS/NZS 4576 AS/NZS 4488 AS 4626

Rules for the Design and Use of Safety Signs for the Occupational Environment. Metal Scaffolding Code. Scaffold Planks. Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders - Design, Construction and Installation. Industrial Fall Arrest Systems and Devices. Portable Ladders. Collared Eyebolts. Rigging Screws and Turnbuckles. Powered Industrial Trucks (known as the SAA Industrial Truck Code). Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses - Selection, Use and Maintenance. Steel Wire Ropes. Man-made Fibre Rope for Static Life Rescue Lines. Guidelines for Scaffolding. Industrial Rope Access Systems. Industrial Fall Arrest Devices - Selection, Use and Maintenance.

British/European Standards BS 3913 BS 5845 EN 360

Specification for Industrial Safety Nets. Permanent Anchors for Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses. Personal Protective Equipment Against a Fall from Height - Retractable Type Fall Arrestors.

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