A Study of Language by George Yule (MCQS) [PDF]

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

A Study of Language by George Yule (MCQs)

Preface ‫االسلممکیلعورحمتہورباکہت‬ Dear brothers and sisters, I have arranged these notes what I could manage the time. I know that there will be many deficiencies and remedies in composing and arranging them. These notes will in sha Allah prove very fruitful for English Lectureship preparation. Many friends will have objection that I would not public these types of notes to enhance the competition. For them, I like to say that on degrees, it is not written that how did you work hard and how did you support financial assistance in completing the degree. By the grace of Allah, I have tried my best to make the text easiest by reducing the difficulty level. In sha Allah we have to work to reduce the difficulties of our Nation. These notes can be fruitful for following categories. • Educators • Lectureship • SSS • Master and BS in English Programs. And in sha Allah for • New Learners of Masters in English Programs I just want to say that try to help others, because many activities are played of goodness but the spirit of scarification is too lack in the people. I just request • To write “AC” instead of “AD” because Hazrat Esa A.S is still alive not died. • Request for Dua-e-Khair for Islam,Pakistan,Mujahideen (True)and innocent Muslims. • Try to verify your namaz from Quran and Hadees, At least from following books.

True Everlasting Islamic Books Sayings of Allah: The Holy Quran Hadees Books (True Sunnah): Sahi Bukhari and Sahi Muslim have no Zaeef hadees. Remaining books have Sahih And Zaeef Ahadees. We should follow the true teachings of Islam. We need to study these books with translation to understand teachings of Allah and Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to become a true Muslim.

Sahi Bukhari Sahi Muslim Jamay Tirmzi Sunnan Abu Daood Sunnan Ibn-e-Maja Sunnun Nisai If anyone would like to refine the notes then he is also welcome and I will wait for him/her with thanks on my WhatsApp no. (03336068494) May Allah prosperous all of you and dominate lslam on the world. Amen. It is very sad that I could not find anyone who would help me in managing the materials for different purposes. If anyone would like to enhance the work then he/she is also welcome.

Muhammad Rashid (EST- English) M Phil English (Linguistics), M.Ed, 6 Years Experience of Freelancing and Article Writing. Check Your Plagiarism For free.

#03000797699 03336068494 +923336068494 (WhatsApp) Email: [email protected]

Dedicated to My wife who is supporting me to be more hardworking and be supportive for humanity. And to all, who serve humanity. Also… To my best Friend Muhammad Sohail (0301-14133569 ) and Atiq Sahb, who cared me when, I deserved.

1 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

Contents Preface ......................................................................... 1 The Study of Language By George Yule ........................... 6 a.

Pragmatics ....................................................... 6

b.

Phonetics---A ................................................... 6

c.

Phonology ........................................................ 6

32.

Ch#4 Sound pattern of language .................... 7

a.

Phonology ........................................................ 7

b.

Phonetics ......................................................... 7

a.

Allophone......................................................... 7

b.

Allomorph ........................................................ 7

c.

Phoneme .......................................................... 7

a.

Phones ............................................................. 7

b.

Allophone......................................................... 7

c.

Allomorph ........................................................ 7

a.

Allophone......................................................... 7

b.

Phones ............................................................. 7

c.

Allomorph ........................................................ 7

a.

Syllable ............................................................. 7

b.

Phoneme .......................................................... 7

45.

Assimilation.................................................. 8

Chapter # 5 .................................................................. 8 47.

Word formation ............................................... 8

a.

Morphology--A..................................................... 8

b.

Syntax................................................................... 8

c.

Semantics ............................................................. 8 a.

Morphology ..................................................... 8

b.

Semantics ......................................................... 8

c.

Neologism ........................................................ 8

a.

Coinage ............................................................ 8

b.

Eponyms .......................................................... 8

a.

Coinage............................................................ 8

b.

Eponyms--A ..................................................... 8

a.

Compounding .................................................. 8

b.

Clipping............................................................ 8

c.

Word ............................................................... 8

a.

Borrowing ........................................................ 8

a.

Compounding .................................................. 8

a.

Blending .......................................................... 8

b.

Clipping............................................................ 9

a.

Clipping............................................................ 9

a.

Hypocorism ..................................................... 9

b.

Blending .......................................................... 9

c.

Clipping............................................................ 9

a.

Backformation ................................................. 9

b.

Borrowing ........................................................ 9

a.

Conversion ...................................................... 9

b.

Backformation ................................................. 9

c.

Blending .......................................................... 9

a.

Acronyms ........................................................ 9

b.

Blending .......................................................... 9

a.

Affixes .............................................................. 9

b.

Blending .......................................................... 9

a.

Stem ................................................................ 9

Chapter #6

Morphology ......................................... 9

a.

Morpheme—A ................................................ 9

b.

Allomorph...................................................... 10

c.

Phoneme ....................................................... 10

a.

Free ............................................................... 10

b.

Bound Morpheme ......................................... 10

c.

Derivational Morpheme ................................ 10

a.

Bound ............................................................ 10

2 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem. b.

Free Morphemes ........................................... 10

a.

Synonymy ...................................................... 11

a.

Morphs........................................................... 10

b.

Hyponymy ..................................................... 11

a.

Allomorph ...................................................... 10

a.

Hyponymy ..................................................... 11

Grammar ............................................ 10

b.

Relationship................................................... 11

a.

Traditional ...................................................... 10

c.

Antonyms ...................................................... 11

b.

Phrase Structure ............................................ 10

a.

Gradable ........................................................ 11

a.

Theme ............................................................ 10

b.

Hyponymy ..................................................... 11

b.

Agent .............................................................. 10

c.

Synonymy ...................................................... 11

c.

Agreement ..................................................... 10

a.

Hyponymy ..................................................... 11

a.

Traditional ...................................................... 10

b.

Family ............................................................ 11

b.

Phrase Structure ............................................ 10

c.

Prototypes ..................................................... 11

80.

Deep ........................................................... 10

a.

Hypones ........................................................ 12

81.

Surface ....................................................... 10

b.

Synonyms ...................................................... 12

Chapter # 8 syntax ........................................ 10

c.

Homophones ................................................. 12

semantics .......................................... 10

a.

Homonyms .................................................... 12

a.

Semantic ........................................................ 11

b.

Hoponyms ..................................................... 12

b.

Phormophological Analysis ............................ 11

c.

Homoworkds ................................................. 12

c.

Transfromations............................................. 11

a.

Antonymy ...................................................... 12

a.

Subject ,adverb .............................................. 11

b.

Polysemy ....................................................... 12

b.

Noun,Predicate .............................................. 11

a.

Metonymy ..................................................... 12

c.

Agent .............................................................. 11

b.

Homonymy .................................................... 12

a.

Agent,Theme ................................................. 11

a.

Concept Dveloping ........................................ 12

b.

Location,Source ............................................. 11

b.

Homonyms .................................................... 12

c.

Instrument ..................................................... 11

c.

Collocation .................................................... 12

a.

Location ......................................................... 11

b.

Source ............................................................ 11

a.

Context .......................................................... 12

a.

Agent .............................................................. 11

a.

Deixis ............................................................. 12

b.

Source ............................................................ 11

b.

Affix ............................................................... 12

c.

Source ............................................................ 11

a.

Context .......................................................... 12

a.

Goal ................................................................ 11

b.

Reference ...................................................... 12

b.

Source ............................................................ 11

c.

Inference ....................................................... 12

a.

Lexical ............................................................ 11

a.

Context .......................................................... 12

Chapter #7

82.

Chapter # 9

Chapter #10

Pragmatics ..................................... 12

3 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem. b.

Inference ........................................................ 12

c.

Maxim of manner .......................................... 13

c.

Reference ....................................................... 12

a.

Gaps............................................................... 14

a.

Anaphora ....................................................... 12

b.

Unsurity ......................................................... 14

b.

Presupposition ............................................... 12

c.

Hudges........................................................... 14

a.

Context........................................................... 13

a.

Scheme .......................................................... 14

b.

Inference ........................................................ 13

b.

Background ................................................... 14

c.

Presupposition ............................................... 13

c.

Knowledge..................................................... 14

a.

Speech Tricks ................................................. 13

a.

Schema .......................................................... 14

b.

Speech............................................................ 13

b.

Information ................................................... 14

c.

Speech Theories ............................................. 13

a.

Turns.............................................................. 14

a.

Politeness ....................................................... 13

b.

Script ............................................................. 14

b.

Speech Act ..................................................... 13

c.

Understanding............................................... 14

Discourse Analysis.............................. 13

142.

Chapter # 12: Language And Brain ............... 14

a.

Cohesion ........................................................ 13

153.

Chapter #13 First Language Acquisition........ 14

b.

Coherence ...................................................... 13

154.

Chapter #14 second language acquisition .... 14

a.

Inference ........................................................ 13

155.

Chapter # 15 Gestures and Sign Language .... 14

b.

Coherence ...................................................... 13

a.

Oralism--A ..................................................... 15

c.

Cohesion ........................................................ 13

a.

Signed English( Manually Coded English)—A 15

a.

Mood.............................................................. 13

b.

Historical English ........................................... 15

b.

Turn-Taking .................................................... 13

c.

Dichronic English ........................................... 15

c.

Speakiers time ............................................... 13

a.

Graphics ........................................................ 15

a.

The ................................................................. 13

b.

Location ......................................................... 15

b.

Discussion Principle ....................................... 13

c.

Representation .............................................. 15

a.

Maxim ............................................................ 13

a.

Designing ....................................................... 15

b.

Maxim of Quantity ......................................... 13

b.

Movement ..................................................... 15

c.

Maxim of manner .......................................... 13

c.

Graphics ........................................................ 15

Say .............................................................. 13

a.

Primes............................................................ 15

a.

Maxim ............................................................ 13

a.

Writing........................................................... 15

b.

Maxim of Quantity--A .................................... 13

b.

Transcription ................................................. 15

c.

Maxim of manner .......................................... 13

c.

Finger............................................................. 15

a.

Axim ............................................................... 13

b.

Maxim of Quantity ......................................... 13

Chapter #11

134.

Chapter # 16 a.

Writing........................................... 15

Pictogram ...................................................... 15

4 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem. b.

Ideogram ........................................................ 15

b.

Linguistics Analysis ........................................ 16

a.

Callipgraphy ................................................... 15

c.

Dialectology................................................... 16

b.

Pictorgram ..................................................... 15

a.

Diglossia ........................................................ 16

c.

Ideograms ...................................................... 15

b.

Accent............................................................ 16

a.

Logograms--A ................................................. 15

c.

Isoglosses ...................................................... 16

a.

Controlled Writing ......................................... 15

a.

Language Continuam .................................... 16

b.

Free Writing ................................................... 15

b.

Accent Continuam ......................................... 16

c.

Rebus ............................................................. 15

c.

Dialect ........................................................... 16

a.

Symbol Representation ................................. 15

a.

Bilingualism ................................................... 16

b.

Subject ........................................................... 15

b.

Profieciency ................................................... 16

c.

Essay Writing.................................................. 15

a.

Diglossia ........................................................ 16

a.

Alphabetic ...................................................... 16

b.

Dialectology................................................... 16

b.

Trancription ................................................... 16

a.

Language Teaching ........................................ 16

a.

English ............................................................ 16

b.

Language Spread ........................................... 17

b.

English Transcription...................................... 16

c.

Language ....................................................... 17

a.

Symbol Representation ................................. 16

a.

Pidgen--A ....................................................... 17

b.

Calipraphy ...................................................... 16

a.

Pidgen............................................................ 17

c.

Diagraph......................................................... 16

a.

Standardization ............................................. 17

a.

Family ............................................................. 16

b.

Decreolization--A........................................... 17

b.

History of English ........................................... 16

a.

Decreole ........................................................ 17

c.

Syetem of English........................................... 16

193.

Chapter 19. Language and social vavriations:17

a.

Cognats--A...................................................... 16

a.

Social Segments............................................. 17

Chapter #18 Language and Regional variation 16

b.

Sociolinguistics .............................................. 17

c.

Sociology ....................................................... 17

179. a.

Dialect ............................................................ 16

b.

Idiolect ........................................................... 16

c.

Standard......................................................... 16

210. A social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language..................................................... 18

a.

Accent ............................................................ 16

a.

Low Standard language ..................................... 18

b.

Dialect ............................................................ 16

b.

Low Dialect ........................................................ 18

a.

Accent ............................................................ 16

c.

vernacular--A..................................................... 18

b.

Dialect--A ....................................................... 16

211.

a.

Language ........................................................ 16

Chapter #20 language and Culture ............... 18

5 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

The Study of Language By George Yule The study of characteristics of sound a. Pragmatics b. Phonetics---A c. Phonology How sounds are produced physically. a. Articulatory phonetics --A b. Acoustic phonetics c. Auditory Phonetics Physical properties of Sounds. a. Articulatory phonetics b. Acoustic phonetics---A c. Auditory Phonetics How sounds are perceived. a. Articulatory phonetics b. Acoustic phonetics c. Auditory Phonetics---A Voiced sounds a. When there is no vibration in vocal cards b. When there is least vibration in vocal cards c. When there is vibration in vocal cords.-A Voiceless sounds a. When there is no vibration in vocal cords..A b. When there is least vibration in vocal cards c. When there is vibration in vocal cords. Bilabial : active parts are a. Upper teeth and teeth ridge b. Lips--A c. Back Tongue and Upper Ridge Labiodentals: the active parts are a. Upper teeth and lower lips---A b. Lips c. Back Tongue and Upper Ridge In Dental sound the active parts are : a. Teeth---A

b. Lips c. Upper teeth and lower lips 10. Alveolar : the active parts are a. Lower Lips and Upper Teeth b. Lower teeth and Upper lips c. Upper teeth ridge and front of Tongue.-A 11. Palatal: the active parts are a. Soft palate and back of the tongue b. Hard palate and tongue--A c. Teeth 12. Velar sounds : the active parts are a. Soft palate and back of the tongue—A b. Hard palate and tongue c. Teeth 13. Glottal: : the active parts are a. Larynx--A b. Soft palate and back of the tongue c. Hard palate and tongue

14. Stops: a. Complete blocking of air stream—A b. Block of air stream and a little opening c. Air from the sides of tongue 15. Fricatives: a. Complete blocking of air stream b. Block of air stream and a little opening--A c. Air from the sides of tongue 16. Combine stop and combine releasing a. Fricatives b. Palatal c. Affricatives--A 17. Nasal cavity a. Nasal—A b. Stops c. Affricatives 18. Air from the sides of tongue

6 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

a. Liquid/ lateral—A b. Fricatives c. Affricative 19. Semi vowels, tongue in motion a. Stops b. Glides--A c. Fricative 20. Complete closure and realese a. Fricative b. Glides c. Glottal stops and flaps--A 21. Vowels sounds 22. Sounds which are produced with free air flow. All the vowels are voiced. 23. Front : 24. Central: 25. Back: 26. High: 27. Mid: 28. Low:

29. Short vowels: 30. Long vowels: 31. Dipthongs: the sounds which are sonsist of two vowels, one glide to other but one sound.

32. Ch#4 Sound pattern of language 33. Description of system and study of human speech sounds. a. Phonology—A b. Phonetics c. Pragmatics 34. Smallest unit of sound in a language e.g. /m/,/b/, etc. a. Allophone b. Allomorph

c. Phoneme --A 35. Physically produced speech sounds, representing one version of phoneme. [t], /tar/, /star. a. Phones --A b. Allophone c. Allomorph 36. One of closely related set of speech sounds. a. Allophone --A b. Phones c. Allomorph

37.

An actual form used as part of a word representing one version of a morpheme. a. Allomorh b. Allophone c. Morph--A 38. When two words with same patterns occur and have only one different phoneme---bat,cat etc. a. Minimal pair b. Juncture c. Both 39. A vowel containing sound which is produced with single chest pulse. a. Syllable –A b. Phoneme c. Allophone 40. The consonant before vowel is called onset, vowel is called nucleolus and the followed consonant is called ______. a. Coda—A b. Nucleaus c. Rythem 41. Nucleus and coda is called---. a. Rythem

7 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Juncture c. Syllable 42. The syllable with no “coda” is called a. Open syllable—A b. Close syllable c. Rythm 43. Syllable with no onset is called a. Open syllable b. Close syllable--A c. Rythm 44. The possible pattern in a syllable is called -----i.e CV,CVC,VCC etc. a. Consonant cluster—A b. Vowel cluster c. Word formation 45. Assimilation : when two segment of sound occurs in a sequence and the some aspects of one segment is taken or copied by other, the process is called-----. V—f, i.e.I have to-----------I haf to… a. Elision b. Morphomic analysis c. Assimilation--A 46. The process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronounciation of a word in isolation, i.e. We asked him---/wiəstəm/ a. Elision--A b. Morphomic analysis c. Assimilation

Chapter # 5 47. Word formation a. Morphology--A b. Syntax c. Semantics 48. Study of new words a. Morphology

b. Semantics c. Neologism 49. Study of history and origin of words.[Latin words, Etymon(original form), Logia (study)] a. Physiology b. Newlogy c. Elipsis 50. Least common process of word formation e.g. Trade names, aspirine, nylon etc.

a. Coinage: b. Eponyms c. Clipping 51. New word based on the name of a person or place e.g. Jeans(Italian city of Genoa)

a. Coinage: b. Eponyms--A c. Clipping 52. Borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation(affixes) a. Compounding b. Clipping c. Word formation--A 53. New word from other language (sofaArabic) a. Borrowing b. Getting c. Newology 54. Making a word by joing tow separate words, class + room=classroom a. Compounding b. Clipping c. Blending 55. Combination of two forms by taking the parts from mother words. Motel(motor+ hotel), Telecast (television+ broadcast) a. Blending –A

8 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Clipping c. Hypocrism 56. Shortening the syllable. Ad(advertisement), Cab( Cabriolet) a. Clipping b. Blending c. Compounding 57. A type of reduction in British and Australian English Movie( Moving picture), A longer word is reduced to a single syllable then “y” or “ie” is added at the end. Telly(Television) a. Hypocorism--A b. Blending c. Clipping 58. Reducing a word (typically a noun) to make a new word (verb). Donate (Donation), Televise (Television) a. Backformation—A b. Borrowing c. Compounding 59. Changing of function of a verb without reduction. Take over ---takeover, bottle, water etc. a. Conversion—A b. Backformation c. Blending 60. New word formation by initiatl words. CD (Compact Disk) a. Acronyms—A b. Blending c. Conversion 61. By adding a syllable before or end of the word. Mis+ understand= misunderstand a. Affixes(Derivation)—A b. Blending c. Conversion 62. Change within word (man---men) a. Suffix

b. Infix—A c. Prefix 63. Addition before root word( un+ pleasant= unpleasant a. Suffix b. Infix c. Prefix--A 64. Addition at the end of the word( heart+less= heartless), it is of two types. a. Suffix--A b. Infiz c. Prefix 65. Class maintaining, boy +s---boys a. Inflexational --A b. Derivational c. Infix 66. Derivational : class changing, brave+ly--bravely a. Inflexational b. Derivational --A c. Infix 67. The root word is called stem. Bravely---Brave (root) a. Stem b. Main word c. Both --A Chapter #6

Morphology

68. Study of forms of grammatical units ,their meanings, structure and function a. Semantics b. Morphology c. Axiology 69. Minimal unit of grammar, having specific meaning. Reopened( re+open+ed) three morphemes. These are two types. a. Morpheme—A

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Allomorph c. Phoneme 70. ---stand themselves as single and word. a. Free morphemes—A b. Bound Morpheme c. Derivational Morpheme 71. Morphemes which carry the content of meassage (nouns, verbs, adjective) a. Derivational b. Lexical—A c. Functional 72. Closed class of words( preposition, pronoun, articles,conjunctions) a. Functional Morphemes b. Dreivational c. Bound Morphemes 73. Lexical Morphemes which cannot stand alone and need to attach with other morphemes. E.g. -re, -ist, -s etc, a. Bound morphemes--A b. Free Morphemes c. Functional Morphemes 74. An actual form of word representing one version of a morphemes. Good--good+s(two---) a. Morphs--A b. Allomorph c. Bound Morph 75. One of the close related set of morphs( s, es), (d,ed) a. Allomorph—A b. Bound Morphems c. Allomorph Chapter #7

Grammar

76. The study of structure of phrases and sentence, their rules and functions(grammatical and ungrammatical)

a. Linguistics b. Grammar--A c. Structure Analysis 77. The prescriptive and ancient type of grammar , and study of its constituents as in Latin and Greek. This is based on the parts of speech. Noun, pronoun, verb, adjectives etc. a. Traditional grammar—A b. Phrase Structure c. Transformative Generative Grammar 78. The relationship of words whom they qualify. I love Catherin.----( love --Catherine) a. Theme b. Agent c. Agreement--A 79. The phrase structure in formation of sentence. a. Traditional grammar b. Phrase Structure c. Transformative Generative Grammar-A 80. Deep Structure: 81. Surface Structure: 82. Chapter # 8 syntax 83. The study of sentence structure and function. 84. Structure ambiguity: 85. Tree diagram: 86. Symbols and Syntactic analysis: 87. Phrase Structure Rules: 88. Lexical Rule: 89. Movement Rule: 90. Compliment Phrase: Chapter # 9

semantics

91. The study of meanings

10 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

a. Grammar b. Morphology c. Semantics 92. Role of words to illustrate the meanings. A. Simple b. Complex a. Semantic role(thematic roles)—A b. Phormophological Analysis c. Transfromations 93. The performer of action is ---- and the action is called ---.i.e.The boy(---) kicked the ball(---). a. Subject ,adverb b. Noun,Predicate c. Agent , theme --A 94. : if an agent use an entity to perform an action, that is called --------. If a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state, it fills the role of ------------. a. Agent,Theme b. Location,Source c. Instrument ,experience----A 95. -------------is where an entity is in the description of an event;(in the room ) a. Location –A b. Source c. Goal 96. -------is where from an entity moves. a. Agent b. Source—A c. Source 97. Where an entity moves. He drove from Chicago(source) to New York(--------). a. Goal—A b. Source c. Agent 98. The words can show or contains on through their lexical relationship. a. Lexical relation--A

b. Diagnosis c. Relation 99. Two or more words with closely meanings: buy/purchase a. Synonymy—A b. Hyponymy c. Family 100. Two forms with opposite meanings. Fast/slow a. Hyponymy b. Relationship c. Antonyms--A 101. Opposite along scale. Big/small a. Hyponymy b. Gradable (direct)--A c. Indirect 102. (indirect, complimentary): married/unmarried a. Gradeable b. Hyponymy c. Non gradable--A 103. Raise/fall, pack/unpack a. Reversive—A b. Antonymy c. Synonymy 104. When a meaning of a form included to other. Carrot/vegetable a. Gradable b. Hyponymy—A c. Synonymy 105. Animal(dog---horse), dog and horse are cohyponyms. a. Joint Hyponymy b. Antonymy c. Co- hyponyms --A 106. Characteristics of one object of other( animal---dog—horse---cow) a. Hyponymy b. Family c. Prototypes--A

11 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

107. Different written form but same pronunciation. Bare/bear, meat/meet. a. Hypones b. Synonyms c. Homophones--A 108. When one word have same or different meanings. Bank (of river), Bank( money saving place) a. Homonyms—A b. Hoponyms c. Homoworkds 109. One form having multiple meanings. Head( head of state, head of team.) a. Antonymy b. Polysemy --A c. Synonymy 110. Different forms for a concepts. King/crown, house/roof a. Metonymy –A b. Homonymy c. Compulsory Words 111. Other concept with in concept. Table—chair a. Concept Dveloping b. Homonyms c. Collocation--A Chapter #10

Pragmatics

112. The study of meaning behind the text. a. Syntax b. Pragmatics—A c. Syntagmatics 113. The set of words used in the same phrase or sentence. a. Context—A b. Reference c. Semantics

114. (Greek word: pointing via language). It is of three types. a. Deixis—A b. Affix c. Suffix 115. Him, them, those etc. a. Personal Dexis--A b. Spatial Dexis c. Temporal Dexis 116. Here, there, near that etc. a. Personal Dexis b. Spatial Dexis--A c. Temporal Dexis 117. Now, then, last week etc. a. Personal Dexis b. Spatial Dexis c. Temporal Dexis--A 118. An act which a speaker /writer uses language to enable a listener to identify something. a. Context b. Reference—A c. Inference 119. Additional information used by listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant. a. Context b. Inference—A c. Reference 120. Use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with the objects to refer back something already mentioned. a. Anaphora—A b. Presupposition c. Context 121. An assumption by a speaker or writer about what is true or already known by the listener/reader.

12 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

a. Context b. Inference c. Presupposition--A 122. Expressions; a type of action performed by a speaker with the utterance, requesting, commanding, questioning, or informing. It is of two types: a. Speech Tricks b. Speech acts—A c. Speech Theories 123. Questions (sentence start with helping verb) a. Direct Act—A b. Indirect Act c. Inference Act 124. Normal sentence a. Direct Act b. Indirect Act--A c. Inference Act 125. Showing awareness and consideration of another person‘s face. It is of two types; a. Politeness—A b. Speech Act c. Speech Theory 126. Need to be independent and free from imposition a. Negative face—A b. Positive Face c. Normal Face 127. Need to be connected and belonging to the member of group. a. Positive Face b. Normal face c. Negative face--A Chapter #11

Discourse Analysis

128. The study of language in text and conversations. a. Semantics b. Discourse Analysis--A c. Pragmatics 129. The arrangement of text in a sentence, (Textual meaning and function) a. Cohesion—A b. Coherence c. Textual Analysis 130. The sense in the people. (Cultural meanings) a. Inference b. Coherence—A c. Cohesion 131. The way in which a speaker takes a turn. a. Mood b. Turn-Taking-A c. Speakiers time 132. Grice ‘s maxims; make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage which is occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange in which you are engaged. a. The Cooperative principles—A b. Discussion Principle c. Quality Prinicple 133. Say as required a. Maxim of quality—A b. Maxim of Quantity c. Maxim of manner 134. Say accurate and authentic a. Maxim of quality b. Maxim of Quantity--A c. Maxim of manner 135. Be relevant in discussion a. Axim of relation—A b. Maxim of Quantity c. Maxim of manner

13 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

136. Be brief, orderly and clear in discussion a. Maxim of quality b. Maxim of quantity c. Maxim of manner--A 137. Lacking of surety about uttered phrases or sentences. a. Gaps b. Unsurity c. Hudges--A 138. An additional meanings conveyed by a speaker adhering to the cooperative principle. a. Implicature—A b. Gaps c. Unsurity 139. Information that is not in text, but is used from memory by a reader to understand the text. a. Scheme b. Background information—A c. Knowledge 140. Conversational knowledge exist in memory (fixed) a. Schema—A b. Information c. Context 141. Series of conversational actions that take place. a. Turns b. Script—A c. Understanding 142. Chapter # 12: Language And Brain 143. Broca ‘s Aarea: 144. Wernick ‘s Area: 145. The motor Cortex and the arcuate fasciculus: 146. The localization view: 147. Aphasia:

148. 149. 150. 151. 152.

Broca ‘s Aphasia: Wernicke ‘s Aphasia: Conduction Aphasia : Diochotic Listening: The critical period:

153. Chapter #13 First Language Acquisition 154. Chapter #14 second language acquisition 155. Chapter # 15 Gestures and Sign Language Use of non-verbal expressions a. Gestures--A b. Signals c. Notions 156. Signals through parts of body a. Notions b. Signs c. Embles--A 157. The gesture which are reflection of verbal saying a. Dictics b. Notations c. Iconics--A 158. Gestures of pointing a. Decitics—A b. Iconics c. Notations 159. Signals used by speaker for specific purpose where verbal language cannot be used a. Alternate Gestures Language b. Alternate Pointing Language c. Alternative Sign language--A 160. Language of firstly people who do not have verbal Language. BSL( British Sign language), FSL( French sign language) a. Adoptive Sign Language

14 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Primary Sign language--A c. Secondary Sign Language 161. In primary sighn Language, signs were used as popular -----. a. Beliefs--A b. Purpose c. Emotions 162. The method to teach kids the language as early stage. a. Oralism--A b. Remeberance c. Reminding 163. Emphasis on written rather spoken English learning. a. Signed English( Manually Coded English)—A b. Historical English c. Dichronic English 164. Shape and orientation of hands( place of articulation) a. Graphics b. Location—A c. Representation 165. Shaped Gestures and its presentation a. Designing b. Movement—A c. Graphics 166. The sets of features that form contrasting elements within the articulatory parameters of ASL. a. Primes—A b. Articulation c. Differentiation 167. Alphabetical representation by hands. a. Writing b. Transcription c. Finger Spelling--A

Chapter # 16 Writing 168. Symbolic representation of language. a. Writing--A b. Transcription c. Description 169. A way of writing in which a picture/ drawing of one object is used to represent the object. a. Pictogram—A b. Ideogram c. Caligraphy 170. A way of writing in which symbols represent some concepts. a. Callipgraphy b. Pictorgram c. Ideograms--A 171. A way of writing in which each symbol represent a word. a. Logograms--A b. Pictogram c. Transcription 172. A way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word for that object. a. Controlled Writing b. Free Writing c. Rebus Writing--A 173. A way of wrinting in which each each symbol represent a syllable. a. Symbol Representation b. Subject writing—A c. Essay Writing 174. A way of writing in which each symbol represent a specific sound or phoneme.

15 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

a. Alphabetic—A b. Trancription c. Symbolism 175. The orthography of english allows for a variation, how each sound is represented. a. English arthograph—A b. English Transcription c. Symbolism 176. Combination of two letters representing a single sound. Ph /f/ a. Symbol Representation b. Calipraphy c. Diagraph--A

Chapter # 17 language History and Change 177. Indo-European---Geranic---English a. Family of Englis—A b. History of English c. Syetem of English 178. Words in different languages having similar form and meaning. a. Cognats--A b. Lexis c. Morphems 179. Chapter #18 Language and Regional variation 180. A variety of language treated as the official language used in public broadcasting, publication and education a. Dialect b. Idiolect c. Standard Language--A 181. Aspects of pronounciation that identify where the speaker is from. a. Accent—A b. Dialect

c. Diglossia 182. A variety of language which is distintive in pronounciation, lexis and grammar. a. Accent b. Dialect--A c. Diglossia 183. The study of dialects a. Language b. Linguistics Analysis c. Dialectology--A 184. A line on map separating two areas in which a particular linguistics features dialects are used. a. Diglossia b. Accent c. Isoglosses--A 185. The gradual merging of one regional variety of a language into an other. a. Language Continuam b. Accent Continuam c. Dialect continuam--A 186. The stat of two languages. A persona who knows two languages with same proficiency is called bilingual. a. Bilingualism—A b. Profieciency c. Both 187. A situation where “high variety” of a language is used in formal situation and “low variety” for informal. a. Diglossia—A b. Dialectology c. Idiolect 188. The process and procedure adopted by government or organizationsto acquire/learn a language. a. Language Teaching

16 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Language Spread c. Language planning--A 189. A variety of language of two different language learned persons for mutual communication. a. Pidgen--A b. Dioalect c. Creole 190. When pidgen becomes first language of community, it becomes creol and the process is called creolization. a. Pidgen b. Dioalect c. Creole--A 191. The standard but distintive to mother creole. a. Standardization b. Decreolization--A c. Diglossia 192. The range of varieties that evolves in communities where creole is spoken, usually as result of creolization a. Decreole Continuam--A b. Dialect Continum c. Language Continuam 193. Chapter 19. Language and social vavriations: 194. The study of language in social context. a. Social Segments b. Sociolinguistics—A c. Sociology 195. ----------has been concerned with the cities and towns. a. Standard Dialects b. Social dialects--A c. Regional Dialects 196. The dialect use by a specific class of the society(class on economic base)----.

a. Idiolect b. Sociolect--A c. Economist 197. The charactersistics which cause the social dialect a. Social variables:--A b. Sociologyical factors c. Social Framework 198. The way of pronoucing a words by people. a. Linguistic Variations b. Social Variations c. Linguistics variables--A 199. A linguistics feature which illustarte the specific class of the society. a. Social Notations b. Social Markers--A c. Social status 200. A way of speaking a. Speech act b. Speech style--A c. Speaking behaviour 201. The change in the pay of speaking either with paying attention or without paying attention is called a. Style change b. Style modification c. Style shifting--A 202. Prestige: 203. Cover prestige: 204.

overt prestige: status that is generally recognized as ‘better’ or more

205. 206. 207. 208. 209.

Speech accomodation: Register: Jargon: Slang Language:

AAVE stands for a. African American Vernacular Language--A

17 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.

In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem. b. African Asian Vernacular language c. African Australian Vernacular Language

A social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language

210.

211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217.

a. Low Standard language b. Low Dialect c. vernacular--A Chapter #20 language and Culture Linguistics Realtivity: Linguistics determinism: The Sapir-Whorth Hypothesis: Classifiers: Addresss Terms: Social gender:

18 Work Hard, even being Vendor, Almighty will award you the reward of your struggle, if you are believer.