A Grammar of Attic and Ionic Greek [PDF]

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A GRAMMAR OF

ATTIC AiND IONIC GREEK

BY

FRANK COLE BABBITT,

PH.D. (HARVARD)

PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN TRIXITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD

NEW YORK

:

CINCINNATI

:

CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

FREDERICK DEFOREST ALLEN ON August

4,

1897, occurred the sudden death of FREDERICK of Classical Philology in

DEFOREST ALLEN, Ph.D., Professor Harvard University.

Of the

loss

which

classical scholarship

has suffered by his death I need not speak here. His thoroughness and accuracy, his intrepid regard for the truth, and his keen, unbiased judgment are well known both to his former pupils and to the larger world which has read his published writings. Shortly before his death he invited

me to join with him in compiling a small Greek Grammar. During the two weeks immediately preceding his death we had worked together as far as the third declension, and had discussed somewhat the general plan of the book. After his death the publishers expressed a

desire that I should complete the work which had been thus a desire with which I could not refuse to begun comply.

The task has been one of sadness and of joy of sadness, because at every turn I missed the strong counsel of a consummate scholar; of joy, at the thought that I might thus, even in some slight measure, help to perpetuate the memory of a man whose name will stand for what is highest always :

and best

in scholarship. of FREDERICK

To the memory is

DEFOREST ALLEN

affectionately inscribed.

COPYRIGHT,

1902,

BY

FEANK COLE BABBITT. AT.

AND

W.

ION. GREEK. P. I

this

book

PREFACE THIS grammar has

for its purpose to state the essential

facts and principles of the Greek language in concise form, with only so much discussion as may reasonably be

demanded for a clear understanding of the subject. While in recent years the ability to read a language has rightly come to be regarded as the proper test of a of it, this point of view, so far from bethe study of formal grammar, more than ever littling insists that a thorough knowledge of the essentials of the real

knowledge

grammar is the most important part of him who would read a language with tials is

meant no antiquated

the equipment of ease.

By

essen-

lore about the vocative of

but the recurrent facts of inflection and syntax, nominative %fc>/>a, genitive ^o>joa?, and so with such side lights as can be brought to bear forth, #eo? or of aSeX^o'?,

to

make

sion.

A

these facts easier of acquisition and comprehenconsiderable experience in elementary teaching

has convinced

me

that explanations are extremely useful, and I am persuaded that an

even to very young pupils

;

occasional appeal to the reason rather than to the sheer memory of the pupil will not always prove futile.

The work was begun

in collaboration with the late Pro-

fessor Frederick de Forest Allen, and, in justice to his memory, it is proper to state that pages 13-36 and 40-46

stand practically as they were composed by Professor Allen and myself working together. For the remainder I

am

solely responsible, 3

PREFACE

4 It

was the intention at the beginning

grammar

for use in the secondary schools.

to prepare a

As

the

work

progressed, however, I found that, with but a slight increase of bulk, it would be possible to include also as

much grammatical

information as is usually required by With these additions, this work students in college. meets the needs of secondary schools, and at the same time is sufficient for all ordinary demands of the college course.

The book

incorporates the results of the more recent The doctrine of the Ablaut is stated

philological studies.

untechnically, and it is given proper prominence in inflecDue regard is paid to the fact tion and word formation.

that analogy plays an important part in language, and that the context is not to be neglected in determining

the exact significance of mode and tense. Ionic forms are given in footnotes instead of being combined with Attic forms, and this arrangement is followed also in the Syntax and the verb list the reason for ;

so doing

is

apparent to anybody

who

has ever taught

Greek prose composition. Contract forms are given in the contracted form followed by the uncontracted form (which is often purely theoretical) in parentheses, and it is hoped that pupils will realize that the Attic Greeks said TTOLCO, and not Trote'co. In the examples under Inflection and Word Formation the letter or syllable to which attention is directed is

made prominent by same

The

full-faced type

;

in the

Syntax the

accomplished by spacing the word. paradigms have been written to conform to our

result

is

present knowledge, although some matter has been retained solely because it has become so engrafted in current texts that it could not be omitted.

PREFACE

5

Homeric forms, I have, I trust, due consideration to A few things I the vulgate. given others I have recorded for the have omitted entirely Yet I am reason given in the preceding paragraph. convinced that if our schools should adopt a fairly conSo, also, in the matter of

;

servative text of the

Homeric poems

like that of Cauer,

from which assimilated verbs and forms like AtoXou, o-Triji, and the like, have been banished, it would lighten the task of instruction, and the time given to explaining unnecessary forms could be better devoted to other purposes.

In selecting examples to illustrate the chapter on Synhave given preference to those from authors and

tax, I

works commonly read

at the earlier stages of the pupil's printing the examples in the same type as

By progress. the rest of the matter, the

number of pages in the chapter has been considerably increased, but the gain Syntax in clearness, and in the prominence of the examples, more

011

than offsets the apparent increase in bulk. In the treatment of Syntax I have been conservative, although I have allowed myself some license in changing the conventional arrangement of the material. In addition to the books mentioned on pages 6 and

7,

have found helpful also the two well-known grammars of this country, as well as those of Sonnenschein, Kaegi, Lattmann-Muller, and Hahne's G-rieehische Syntax. 'Space does not permit me to enumerate all the friends who by advice or suggestion have given me help, but I I

desire in particular to express my gratitude to Professor George Edwin Howes of the University of Vermont, who

To has read at least twice every portion of the proofs. his scholarship and sound common sense I am indebted for

many

helpful suggestions and corrections.

Likewise

PREFACE

6

Professor Clifford H. Moore and Mr. William Fenwick Harris of Harvard University, who have also read the proofs, I am indebted for numerous corrections and Others whom I should like to menhelpful suggestions. to

by name acknowledgment.

tion also

am

I

obliged to include in a general

be grateful for corrections and suggestions from

I shall

any source.

FRANK COLE BABBITT. HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, March,

No book

1901.

conscientious teacher will find answered in this of the

all

arise in his

many perplexing The following

mind.

questions which will contains the titles

list

most important modern works on Greek Grammar, which such questions are fully discussed (and some-

of the in

times answered): R. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache. 3te Auflage in neuer Bearbeitung besorgt von Friedrich Blass. Hannover, 1890-1898. 8vo.

KUHNER,

Teil 652.

I. 1, 2.

Teil

II.

Elementar- und Formenlehre. S. xxiii + 645, xi + Satzlehre. In neuer Bearbeitung besorgt von

1.

Bernhard Gerth.

S. ix

+

666.

(The most comprehensive work on Greek grammar. A model of careful and accurate scholarship. Thoroughly conservative.)

MEYER, GUSTAV. 715.

matiken.

.of

Griechische Grammatik.

Leipzig, 1896.

Bd.

8vo.

3te Auflage.

S. xviii

+

(Bibliothek indogermanischer Grain-

III.)

(Deals with the sounds and inflections only, from the point of view Comparative Grammar. Full, accurate, and moderately conserva-

tive.)

PREFACE

7

Griechische Grammatik. (Lautlehre, Stammund Flexionslehre und Syntax.) 3te Auflage. S. xix + Miinchen, 1900. 8vo. (In Miiller, I. von. Handbuch der

BRUGMANN, KARL. bildungs632.

Bd.

Klassischen Altertums-Wissenschaft.

II.

Abt.

1.)

(Written from the point of view of Comparative Grammar. Briefer than Meyer, and more radical.)

MEISTERHANS, K. Grammatik der attischen S. XIV. + 288. 8vo. Berlin, 1900. (Deals with inscriptions only.

Most

Inschriften.

3te Auflage.

of the results are

embodied

in Kiihner-Blass.)

GILDERSLEEVE, B. Demosthenes.

L.

Pt.

I.

Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to N. Y., 1900. Svo.

(Clear and accurate in statement, and remarkable for the excellent collection

and arrangement of examples.)

GOODWIN, WM. WATSON.

Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Rewritten and enlarged, pp. xxxii + 464 + 8.

Greek Verb.

Boston, U.S.A., 1890.

Svo.

(Deals fully and thoroughly with the syntax of the verb.)

BLASS, FRIEDRICH. Pronunciation of Ancient Greek. Tr. from the 3d German ed. by W. J. Purton. Cambridge, Eng., 1890. Svo.

(A

careful collection

and consideration of the evidence relating to

the pronunciation of ancient Greek.)

SMYTH, HERBERT WEIR. Dialects.

Ionic,

The Sounds and

pp. xxviii

(Thoroughly accurate and

+

668.

reliable.

Inflections of the

Oxford, 1894. Contains a

full

Greek

Svo.

treatment of

the dialect of Herodotus.)

VAN LEEUWEN,

Enchiridium Dictionis Epicae. pp. Ixxii + 606. J. Lugd. Batavorum, 1892-1894. Svo. (Entirely radical, but invaluable for the very full collection of material which it contains.)

MONRO, D. xxiv

+

B.

436.

A Grammar

of the

Oxford, 1891.

Svo.

Homeric

Dialect.

(Deals more particularly with Homeric syntax. but very conservative.)

2d

ed.

pp.

Accurate, reliable,

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

PAGE PAGE

The Greek Language

VERBS Voice

11

Mode Tense Person and Number Personal Endings

WRITING AND SOUND

..... ..... ....

Alphabet Vowels Diphthongs Breathings

Consonants

Inflection

.101 -/xt

.

.

.102

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

105

.108 .110

Formation of Tense Steins 110 The Present System .113 The First Aorist System 118 120 The Second Aorist System 123 The Future System 124 The First Perfect System The Second Perfect System 125 .

.

.

.

.

.

.....

.

Rejection or Transfer of Aspiration

.

.

.

Hiatus (Crasis and Elision)

Movable Consonants Final Consonants Syllables and Quantity Accent Proclitics and Enclitics

.

.

Reduplication Accent of the Verb

.

Consonant Changes Consonants with Vowels

.

.

.

Interchange of Vowels Contraction of Vowels Omission of Vowels

.

.

Form and

(-w

Form) Augment

.... ....

.

96 96 97 98 100

126 The Pluperfects Active 127 The Perfect Middle System The Future Perfect 129 The First Aorist Passive Sys129 tem The Second Aorist Passive 130 The Futures Passive .131 The Verbal Adjectives .132 .

.

.....

.

.

.

.

Punctuation

.

.

Synopsis of

INFLECTION

NOUNS

..... ....

Case Endings Substantives

....

First Declension

.

133

.135

.

.

Irregular Verbs in

.

.152

-/u

Words

.

.

Formation of Substantives Formation of Adjectives Formation of Adverbs Formation of Verbs

.

.

.

....

Irregular Declension Adjectives First and Second Declensions

.

145 151

.158 .161 .

.

.

166

.168 .169

Compound Words Meaning of Compound Words .

171 174

SYNTAX

.

The Sentence Agreement

.

Syntax

..... .....

Comparison Adverbs Pronouns Numerals

.

.

Derivative

.

Third Declension First and Third Declensions Irregular Declension Declension of Participles

.

Paradigms of -w Verbs Paradigms of -/ Verbs Second Perfect without Suffix

FORMATION OF WORDS

.

Second Declension Attic Second Declension Third Declension Consonant Stems Vowel Stems

-n-aidevw

.... .

.

of Substantives

.

.

.175 178

.180 .182

The Cases The Nominative and Vocative 183 The Accusative .184 .184 Direct Object

of Adjectives

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

8

CONTENTS PAGE

The Cognate Accusative

.

....

184

Final Clauses

Adverbial Uses of the Accusative

Two

Purpose 186

Accusatives with One

Verb

.

.

.

The Genitive The True Genitive The Partitive Genitive The Ablative Genitive The Dative The True Dative .

.

.

.

.

.

191 193

.

.

.

.

.

....

.

.294

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.197 .202 The 202

.

.

.

.

Dative of the Indirect Ob-

294

.

.

296 Object Clauses Clauses of Fearing 297 Result .298 Causal Clauses 299 Conditions .300 Concessive Clauses .311 Relative and Temporal Clauses 311

.

.

.

.188 .190

.

Infinitive . . .315 315 Subject of the Infinitive Uses of the Infinitive 317 The Infinitive as a Substantive 318 The Infinitive in Indirect .

.

.

.

....

203 The Dative of Interest 204 The Locative Dative 206 The Instrumental Dative 323 Discourse . 207 Place and Time (Summary) 211 The Participle .324 212 The Attributive Participle 324 Prepositions with the Cases Use and Meanings of the The Circumstantial Participle 325 .213 Genitive and Accusative Prepositions 224 Absolute .330 Improper Prepositions The Supplementary Participle 332 225 Syntax of Adjectives 332 .229 not in Indirect Discourse Syntax of Adverbs The Adverbs ov and in Indirect Discourse 334 230 336 The Adverb &v 232 The Verbal Adjectives .338 234 Indirect Discourse Conjunctions The Definite Article, 6, 77, r6 235 APPENDICES Position of the Article 238 347 .241 A. Versification Syntax of Pronouns 352 Personal and Reflexive 243 Trochaic Rhythms 353 The Intensive Pronoun aur6s 245 Iambic Rhythms 355 Possessive Pronouns 247 Dactylic Rhythms 357 Demonstrative Pronouns 248 Anapaestic Rhythms 359 249 Relative Pronouns Lyric Rhythms in Time 360 252 Lyric Rhythms Interrogative Pronouns f Indefinite Pronouns 253 Dactylo - Epitritic .364 253 fiXXos and ^repos Rhythms 365 254 Other Lyric Rhythms Syntax of the Verb 255 Table of Vowel Contractions 367 Agreement of Verbs The Voices 257 The Pronunciation of Greek Use of the Tenses 263 Proper Names in English 368 The Tenses of the Indicative 264 Some Additional Grammati.369 Tenses of Other Modes 272 cal Terms and Uses of the Finite Modes .277 Measures, Weights, 372 Time Statements .281 377 2S, the t is written below the When, however, vowel, and is called iota subscript. the first vowel is written as a capital letter, i stands on the 2 thus Ai^? Hades. The ancients always wrote i in line 1.

first

:

these diphthongs on the line.

The sounds

of the principal diphthongs, at about 400 B.C., were very nearly as follows: 6.

av like ou in our.

ai like ai in aisle.

eu like eu in feud.

like ei in rein,

t

01 like oi

in

ov like ou in yew.

toil.

vt like

In

1.

a,

77,

&),

the

i

m' in quit.

was originally sounded.

But

later

(about 100 B.C.) it became silent, and these diphthongs have since been pronounced like simple a, 77, a>. 2. The sound of 771; cannot be exemplified from English,

but

may

be represented as eh-oo, pronounced quickly to-

gether.

In the earliest times, the diphthongs et and ov had, some words at least, actual double sounds, such as their composition would indicate, and differed in pronunciation 3.

in

5 a.

In Ionic (Herodotus) a diphthong wu occurs thus wirros for This diphthong uv is almost unknown in Attic Greek.

the same.

;

6

DIAERESIS

16

and

which arise from and 5) or from compensative lengthening (see 16). Thus, et in A

like cA in

1.

Gamma

"

m

in Zip. in mix.

"

n

in

"

r

in red

s

m see.

"

is

(see also

zd, later like z.

in mia;.

2;

j9s

in

gypsum.

represented the sound nasal : thus ayKwv (pro-

7, %, f,

/e,

called

thin..

wow.

English

" -v/r

(7) before

n in mk, and nounced ankdii)

"

Z

English

maeAen.

of

"

/LI

in top. in like

A in ho^ouse, later

like ( see

gamma

elbow, ayye\os

(pronounced dngelos) mes-

senger. 2.

Rho

somewhat

(/?)

at the beginning of

like hr

(compare

a

word had

a sound

9).

In Greek every consonant was sounded. Thus KTUTIS a founding, 0i