DERIVATION [PDF]

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DERIVATION Basic Competence Understanding derivation which discusses about classes of word (verb, noun, adjective, and adverb), and the change of word classes from one class to others because of the use of suffixes. Besides part of grammar focus, derivation is also very helpful in reading comprehension. Suffixes In English language, it is known four types of word, they are: Verb, Noun, Adjective and Adverb. Knowing about words and their classes will automatically enlarge vocabulary. In derivation, a verb can be changed into noun, a noun can be changed into adjective, and so on, by adding some derivational suffixes. Pay attention to the following table:

Verb Beautify Standardize Communicate Act Direct Succeed Simplify Popularize Endanger Sharpen

Noun Beauty Standard Communication Action Direction Success Simplicity Popularity Danger Sharpness

Adjective Beautiful Standard Communicative Active Directive Successful Simple Popular Dangerous Sharp

Adverb Beautifully Standardly Communicatively Actively Directively Successfully Simply Popularly Dangerously Sharply

Every class of word has certain derivational suffixes which become their characteristic. In other words, class of word can be recognized by paying attention to derivational suffixes attached to the words. Pay attention to the following table and learn it. VERB Suffixes -en

Noun Fright Length Short

Verb Frighten Lengthen Shorten

Suffixes [s] ending [z] ending

Noun Advise[s] Excuse[s] Use[s]

Verb Advise [z] Excuse [z] Use [z] Applaud [d] Succeed [d] Defend [d] Believe [v] Prove [v]

-ze, -ize

Apology Apologize Memory Memorize Standard Standardize

[s],[z] ending [d] ending

Applause[s] Success [s] Defense [s]

-fy, -ify

Beauty Class Terror

[f] ending [v] ending

Belief [f] Proof [f] Relief [f]

Beautify Classify Terrify

Relieve [v] NOUN Suffixes -ment

Verb Agree Argue Develop

Noun Agreement Argument Development

Suffixes -al

Verb Refuse Deny Arrive

Noun Refusal Denial Arrival

-ion, tion, ation

Act Produce Admire

Action Production Admiration

-ure, -ture, -ature

Depart Mix Sign

Departure Mixture Signature

-ance,ence

Appear Disturb Attend

Appearance Disturbance Attendance

-ery, -ary

Bound Bribe Deliver

Boundary Bribery Delivery

-t

Complain Contain Fly

Complaint Content Flight

-age

Marry Pack Spoil

Marriage Package Spoilage

-er, -or, -ist, ant, -ent

Compose Direct Type Serve Reside

Composer Director Typist Servant Resident

-ness

Happy Sad Weak Kind Ill

Happiness Sadness Weakness Kindness Ilness

Adjective

Suffixe s -less

Noun

Adjective

Worth Pain Use

Worthless Painless Useless

Mistery Danger Fame

Mysterious Dangerous Famous

ADJECTIVE Suffixes Noun -y

Sand Blood Risk

Sandy Bloody Risky

-ly

Friend Mother Week

Friendly Motherly Weekly

-ous

-ful

Beauty Pain Use

Beautiful Painful Useful

-al, Accident ial, -tial Difference Confidence

Accidental Differential Confidential

Basic Simpathetic Economic

-en, -ed Gold Experience

Golden Experienced Educated

-ic, -atic Base Simpathy Economy

-ent, ant -ish

Differenc e Defiance Child

Different Defiant

-able, ible

Reason Sense

Dedicated Reasonable Sensible

Childish

-ive

Imagination

Imaginative

ADVERB Mostly, adverb is composed of Adjective + ly, but there is exception for some words. Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb Soft Softly Good Well Quick Quickly Fast Fast Careful Carefully Late Late Patient Patiently Hard Hard Loud Loudly Calm Calmly Serious Seriously Exercise 1. Classify the words based on the class of word Beneficial decision differentiate reliable Strengthen successful anger heat

signify wise

Exercise 2. Change the word in bracket into the correct form, or let it as it is, if it has alreday been correct! 1. The children are crying because they are _______ (hunger) 2. The actress was very _____ (fame) in the past 3. He talked a great about _____ (success) 4. I think he is a very ______ (suspicion) man 5. He left _____ (tire) after a long walk 6. The first information is quite _____ (differ) from the second 7. You must be _____ (care) in order not to get any accident 8. _____ (surprise) thing may happen anywhere 9. They thought that the restaurant will be _____ (profit) 10. Have you ever come to the _____ (month) meeting 11. I am very ____ (thankful) for kindness 12. The workers protested ____ (loud) the new unfair policies 13. The buyer should contact the ____ (own) of the house before buying it 14. Living in this village is a ____ (peace) life 15. Students are not allowed to make ____ (noisy) during the lesson Exercise 3. Find the class of word and the root word!

- dissastrous - explanation - imagination - evaporation - qualification

- appropriateness - bribery - destruction - justification -proveable