Concrete - CFRP Structural Strengthening Design Based On TR 55 & EuroCode 2 [PDF]

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STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING DESIGN BASED ON TR55&EUROCODE 2. APRIL 2016, DAVID VAZQUEZ CACHO CORPORATE TECHNICAL DEPT. – SIKA SERVICES AG.

DESIGN OF FRP INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIKA FRP SYSTEMS SIKADUR®30: LONG-TERM DURABILITY 1967:

Sikadur®range developed as steel plate bonding for Structural Strengthening

1970

Long Term Test at EMPA Sikadur® -30 (not finished yet)

Steel: long-term durability is critical as resulting of the risk of corrosion. From 90s, steel plates were progressively substituted by CFRP systems.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE CFRP RANGE DEVELOPMENT 1982: Tests of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Plates for Structural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

Cyclic Load Test

Climatic Test (heat+humidity)

>50 test beams 1989 5

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PhD Thesis H.-P. Kaiser, EMPA, Switzerland

New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE FIRST APPLICATION OF SIKA CFRP SYSTEMS 1991:

First Application of Sika CFRP systems for Structural Strengthening of a bridge

Ibach Bridge, Zurich (Switzerland) 6

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

INTRODUCION WHAT IS THE CFRP? Human hair (D=0,08mm)

CARBON FIBERS

EPOXY RESIN

Carbon fiber (D=0,007mm)

COMPOSITE = CFRP 7

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FRP STRENGTH FIBERS COMPARISON ULTIMATE STRENGTH

5000 MPa

4000 MPa 3000 MPa DESIGN STRENGTH

2000 MPa 1000 MPa

STEEL Carbon

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Basalt

Glass

New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

Aramid

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE MAIN FRP STRENGTHENING MATERIALS Prefabricated systems

Manual application systems

Sika Carbodur® CFRP plates Sika CarboShear L- links Sika CarboDur® range for NSM applications Sika CarboStress® post-tensioned CFRP system Sikadur® structural adhesives

SikaWrap® fabrics SikaWrap® FX anchorages SikaWrap® Grid FRP meshes Sikadur® structural adhesives

Prefabricated systems represent ≈80% of the current applications in Europe, as they are usually considered as a safer system (lower safety factors and less restrictions regarding the unevenness of the concrete surface, ) and higher efficiency during the installation process.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® PROJECT REFERENCES

EDF, France

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® LJUBLIANICA BRIDGE

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® REAL MADRID F.C.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

CFRP STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS USUAL ARRANGEMENT A complete strengthening comprises the shear and flexural reinforcement of the member.

Bending Carbon fiber laminates only work under tension. Hence, it´s necessary to determine the position of the tensile stresses along the element. The CFRP laminates are displayed longitudinally along the concrete´s surface. Shear External CFRP stirrups are displayed at the beam´s ends. The wrapping scheme can be either complete (full wrapping) or partial (U-wrapping or lateral display).

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

CFRP STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS AS A SIMPLIFICATION:

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

COLUMN CONFINEMENT POISSON´S EFFECT Due to the Poisson´s effect, the concrete is transversally expanded when compressed. This expansion leads to the collapse of the column, as concrete has a very limited capacity for elongation.

Hence, if the transversal expansion is restricted, the final strength increases…

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

COLUMN CONFINEMENT POISSON´S EFFECT To avoid the lateral expansion, its necessary to ensure a confinement around the element, by using a rigid material with a high strength. This material must keep the geometry of the member when it tries to expand.

In case of strictly compressive loads alone (extremely unusual), the confinement allows surprising solutions:

Gravel column?

And water column?

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP® FABRICS DRY APPLICATION

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP® FABRICS DRY APPLICATION

Sikadur®-330 Priming

SikaWrap®

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

Adhesive Saturant

SIKAWRAP® FABRICS WET APPLICATION

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP® FABRICS WET APPLICATION

Sikadur®-330 Priming

Sikadur®-300 SikaWrap®

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

Saturant

TECNICAL REPORT 55, THIRD EDITION (2014) SOME DIFFERENCES WITH RESPECT TO OTHER EXISTING GUIDELINES

FRP STRENGTHENING LIMITS TR55/EUROCODE2 Independently of any other mechanical limitation, the TR55 leads to certain restrictions before the design of the FRP: SERVICEABILITY LIMITS

Reinforced Concrete Limits The effective stress for the reinforcing steel under service loads (characteristic combination) will remain below 80% of its yield point. 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 0.80 𝑓𝑦𝑘 THE EXISTING MEMBER MUST EXHIBIT A MINIMUM STRENGTH In the event that the FRP system is damaged, the structure will still be capable of resisting a reasonable level of load without collapse. The existing strength of the structure should be sufficient to resist a minimum level of load (frequent combination of service loads).

In the event that the FRP system is damaged, the structure will still be capable of resisting a reasonable level of load without collapse. The existing strength of the structure should be sufficient to resist a minimum level of load (quasi-permanent combination of service loads). 27

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING TR55/EUROCODE2 – SAFETY FACTORS Unlike other existing FRP codes, the TR55 uses a complex combination of 3 safety factors for the design, taking into account:  

The kind of FRP material. The kind of application method.

The design parameters affected in the design of the FRP are:   

The ultimate admissible deformation. The ultimate design strength. The E-modulus of the FRP system.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING TR55/EUROCODE2 – SAFETY FACTORS

EXAMPLE 1: CARBODUR S: ACI440: 170GPa

TR55: 165GPa / (1.1 x 1.05)= 142 Gpa (84%)

EXAMPLE 2: SIKAWRAP 230C (BASED ON DRY THICKNESS): ACI440: 225GPa

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TR55: 220GPa / (1.1 x 1.20)= 166 GPa (73%)

New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING DESIGN OF THE FRP STRENGTHENING (1) The calculation follows the standard mechanical principles (forces equilibrium and compatibility of deformations in the section among the different materials), except for the following 2 issues: 1) The section to calculate will exhibit an existing deformation prior to the strengthening, which must be considered for the design. This event may affect significantly the serviceability limits of the strengthened member. 2) The reduced FRP E-modulus will be taken into account (TR55 criteria) 0,35%

Ff

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING DESIGN OF THE FRP STRENGTHENING (2) The ultimate strength of the strengthened member will be defined by one of the following limitations:  Concrete crushing under compression (0,35% deformation for European codes).  FRP rupture (not expected for systems based on CFRP, but possible in case of using GFRP laminates).  Debonding of the FRP laminate from the substrate as a consequence of :

FRP separation induced by the presence of shear cracks

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Debonding due to lap-shear forces along the span.

New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

Debonding due to an insufficient anchorage length.

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING DESIGN IN CASE OF NSM

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FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING DEBONDING DUE TO LONGITUDINAL SHEAR STRESS ALONG THE SPAN – TR55 The TR55 follows the same principle as fib14; the longitudinal shear stress is evaluated between consecutive sections. The main differences are: a)The longitudinal shear strength of the concrete substrate is limited according to the location of the section: 𝝉𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟒, 𝟓 𝝉𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟖

𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 𝟏,𝟓 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 𝟏,𝟓

(TR55, yield zone of the span) (TR55, elastic region between anchorage zone and yield zone)

b)The TR55 includes an additional longitudinal stress 𝝉𝒔𝒄 corresponding to the positions of flexural cracks. 𝝉𝒔𝒄 = 𝟕, 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟏 −

𝑴𝒚

𝑴𝑬𝒅

𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 𝝉𝒔𝒄+𝝉𝒃 ≤ 𝝉𝒍𝒊𝒎

B

Original moment capacity

Steel yielding 1-Anchorage 2-Elastic region

3-Yield region

Nf,B

A ΔNf τb τsc

Nf,A

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING DEBONDING IN THE ANCHORAGE ZONE

The evaluation of the end-anchorage comprises 3 steps: Step 1- Determination of the critical section from which the anchorage shall be provided Step 2- Determination of the maximum anchorage length and the maximum force that can be anchored. Step 3- In case the length available for the anchorage is inferior than the maximum, the maximum force that can be anchored must be calculated according to the existing length.

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING STEP 1 – DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL SECTION Fib14 (simply supported) The critical section corresponds to the outermost flexural crack of the strengthened section (shift rule according to Eurocode must be considered).

Mcr - Cracking moment

Anchorage length

ACI440(simply supported)

The critical section is point along the span corresponding to the cracking moment of the strengthened section.

Mcr - Cracking moment

Anchorage length

TR55 (simply supported) The critical section corresponds to the point where the CFRP is no longer required. Anchorage length

Mcr - Cracking moment Original moment capacity

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING STEP 2 – DETERMINATION MAXIMUM ANCHORAGE LENGTH AND MAXIMUM FORCE THAT CAN BE ANCHORED TR55

FIB14

ACI 440.2R-08

The force that can be anchored increases with increasing anchorage length lt but there is a treshold anchorage length lt max above which no increase in the bond failure force is possible. F=1

F=2

lt

F=3

lt ltmax

ltmax

F=3

lt

lt

ltmax

ltmax

?

The maximum force that can be anchored is determined as: 𝑇𝑘,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,5 𝑘𝑏 𝑏𝑓 √(𝐸𝑓𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 )

𝑁𝑓𝑎,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,576 𝑘𝑏 𝑏𝑓 √(𝐸𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 )

?

~50% more ! The maximum anchorage length is: 𝑙𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐸𝑓𝑑 𝑡𝑓 = 0,7 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘

𝑙𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =

𝐸𝑓 𝑡𝑓 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚

𝑙𝑑𝑓 =

𝑛𝐸𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝑓´𝑐

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING SUMMARY TR55 shows a complex design methodology: the effective CFRP strain is not significantly restricted, but many verifications concerning intermediate debonding or end anchorages are necessary. The debonding possibility may force to increase the bonding surface in contact with the concrete, leading to wider/larger FRP schemes than the initially necessary.

COLUMN CONFINEMENT

COLUMN CONFINEMENT PERFORMANCE OF THE FRP CONFINEMENT If the lateral expansion is constrained by means of a rigid material, the concrete will be able to take additional axial loads. This can be represented graphically as follows:

Compressive Stress

Original concrete. Peak Stress corresponds to 0,2% deformation, ultimate strain 0,3%-0.35% (ACI/European codes). Confined concrete. The enhanced peak stress remains at 0.2% deformation. The ductility is significantly increased Heavily confined concrete. Performance at 0.2% deformation is enhanced. However, the concrete is still capable to assume additional load. Ultimate load is higher than peak load. 0,2% 0,3% 0,35%

Axial deformation

Hence, the performance of the confined concrete depends on the confinement force exerted by the CFRP jacket:

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

COLUMN CONFINEMENT INFLUENCE OF THE COLUMN´S GEOMETRY CIRCULAR SECTIONS For a circular section, the confining pressure affects the entire section. Due to this, the efficiency of the strengthening system is significantly high.

SQUARE SECTIONS For a square section, a parabolic arching action is assumed for the concrete core where the confining pressure is fully developed. Unlike a circular section, part of the cross-section remains unconfined. 46

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

COLUMN CONFINEMENT INFLUENCE OF THE COLUMN´S GEOMETRY RECTANGULAR SECTIONS Due to the arching effect, a significant part of the crosssection may remain unconfined. In case of long shapes, the area corresponding to the confined core may result very small (aspect ratio> 2:1)

ROUNDING OF CORNERS The rounding of the corners alters the parabolic arching effect, increasing the area corresponding to the confined core. This also reduces the risk of failure of the CFRP, as most of the tensions are located in the edges of the RC 47

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

COLUMN CONFINEMENT BASIS OF THE CALCULATION TR55

ACI 440.2R-08

FIB14

The confinement pressure is the main parameter to evaluate the resulting strengths of the confined column. The confinement pressure exerted by a circular column is calculated as: 𝑓𝑙 = 2 𝑡𝑓 𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 𝐸𝑓 /𝐷, where D corresponds to the diameter of the column. However, the key parameter is the admissible deformation of the CFRP jacket under this conditions, 𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 , which is limited as: 𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 0,40 𝜀𝑓𝑢

𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 0,47 𝜀𝑓𝑢 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 0,52 𝜀𝑓𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

Undefined: “…proper values should be justified by experimental evidence…”

TR55 and ACI440 lead to safe magnitudes.

However, the absence of clear limitations in the FIB14 guideline may guide to unsafe calculations !!

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COLUMN CONFINEMENT WRONG FRP ARRANGEMENTS.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SHEAR STRENGTHENING

SHEAR STRENGTHENING INTRODUCTION Unlike the design of flexural strengthening, where standard mechanical criteria govern de calculations, the complexity of the shear mechanisms forced the development of design methods from experimental researches. Independently from the calculation procedure used, the shear strength of the member is determined as the sum of the strengths provided by the steel and CFRP separately (and concrete in ACI-based codes).

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SHEAR STRENGTHENING CFRP CONFIGURATIONS

However, certain criteria is common among the different design methods: 

The CFRP is dimensioning following similar procedures than those used for the calculation of internal steel stirrups.



The CFRP can be displayed following 3 different configurations: Full wrapping, providing the best performance. “U” wrapping of the beam. Bonded on both sides of the beam. This scheme provides the worst performance.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SHEAR STRENGTHENING CFRP CONFIGURATIONS

Additionally, 2 more FRP schemes are possible



Shear strengthening with NSM profiles (included in TR55). Due to the design approach, this alternative is not efficient in case of beams with small height.



Shear strengthening with CarboShear L links (Empa report adapted to TR55 approach). Due to the TR55 limitations concerning the maximum spacing between consecutive CFRP profiles, this option may lead to oversized results.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

OTHER SIKA FRP SOLUTIONS

CARBOHEATER® PATENTED PRINCIPLE. Substrate

Brack et

Temp. gauge

CFRP plate

0 - 100V DC Heating device

Brack et

Power supply 3x400V/16A

• Electric resistance (R) of CarboDur® plates • Apply electric current (I) • Heating power: P = R x I2 60

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

CARBOSHEAR® PATENTED PRINCIPLE.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

CARBOSHEAR® PATENTED PRINCIPLE.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

NSM SYSTEMS SIKA NEAR SURFACE MOUNTED SYSTEMS 1. Cut groove in concrete cover of internal reinforcement 2. Fill with Sikadur®-30/330/300 adhesive 3. Place CarboDur® S plate / CarboDur® BC rod

concrete cover

internal steel reinforcement

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

NSM SYSTEMS MAIN ADVANTAGES

    

Not exposed to mechanical damage Invisible strengthening Confined from 3 sides, no surface delamination of concrete Short end anchorage length No buckling – suitable for compression zone and compressed members  earthquake loaded frames with change of direction of flexure

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP FX-50C OVERVIEW  SikaWrap® FX-50C  Dry Carbon Fibre string  Encased in plastic sleeve  USES:  End anchorage of SikaWrap® fabrics  Flexible near surface reinforcement

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP FX-50C IMPROVED FABRIC ANCHORAGE  SikaWrap FX installed into beam  Spread in slits on beam surface

 SikaWrap FX installed into top slab  Spread in slits on beam surface

 SikaWrap FX installed in inner corner  Spread in slits on beam surface 68

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP FX-50C IMPROVED FABRIC ANCHORAGE

CFRP Anchors

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP FX-50C IMPROVED FABRIC ANCHORAGE: INSTALLATION

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FLEXIBLE NSM SIKAWRAP FX-50C

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

TRM SYSTEMS TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR

Compatible to brick, stone, concrete Water vapour permeable

Avoid out-of-plane failure

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

TRM SYSTEMS MAIN ADVANTAGES  Water vapour permeable mortar, suitable for full-surface application on masonry walls in buildings  Uneven substrate (PCC mortar instead of epoxy mortar for levelling)  Similar E-modulus of mortar to substrate, similar stiffness, no delamination  Weak substrate (tamped concrete), where high strength of epoxy can not be used  Application on damp/wet substrate  Wet-spray application

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKAWRAP® 350G GRID INSTALLATION

SIKA TRM main advantages -Can be installed even on weak or wet substrates -Fits on rough, curved or irregular surfaces -High water vapour permeability -Easy anchorage using SIKAWRAP ANCHOR C.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

CARBOSTRESS® SIKA POST-TENSIONED CFRP SYSTEM

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

Core drilling, block out, concrete surface





Steel reaction frames



Cut CarboDur® plate to length

 Place CarboStress® tendon, Hydraulic jack



Mount CarboStress® anchors



Temporary support

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

Sikadur®-30 / 30 LP

  

Prestress Remove hydraulic jack Fill with Sikadur®-41 / 42



Remove temporary support

CARBOSTRESS® REACTION FRAMES ADAPTED TO THE PROJECT Live End Fix End

Negative deviation

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FIRE SITUATION / ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

ELEVATED TEMPERATURE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE …for a dry environment, it is generally recommended that the anticipated service temperature of an FRP system not exceed Tg-15ºC

ACI 440: HIGH SERVICE TEMPERATURES:

Sikadur® 30 LP 120

100

80 Curing Temp.

60

Tg 40

20

0 1

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

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ELEVATED SERVICE TEMPERATURE HIGH RISE INDUSTRIAL CHIMNEY, SWITZERLAND

Built 1902 Height 40m Diameter 3.20m 80

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ELEVATED SERVICE TEMPERATURE INSTALLATION IN BRIDGE DECK (HOT ASPHALT)

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ELEVATED SERVICE TEMPERATURE INSTALLATION IN BRIDGE DECK (HOT ASPHALT) Torched bitumen membrane / Hot – asphalt (approx. 240°C) Optional: Sikadur®-186 Epoxy-primer or primer Sikafloor®-82 EpoCem® self – levelling, 4-7 mm

SikaTop® Armatec®-110 EpoCem® or EpoCem®-Modul (full-surface primer)

Sikadur®-30 / Sikadur®-330 sanded with fire-dried quartz sand CarboDur® CFRP plate Sikadur®-30 Bridge Deck 82

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

FIRE SITUATION INTRODUCTION 2 resistances are related to the fire scenario. Their limits and designation are strongly dependent of the local regulations in each country. 1-Reaction to fire is the measurement of how a material or system will contribute to the fire development and spread, as well as the emission of smoke/flaming droplets. According to their use, certain quantity and/or type of materials cannot be used for walls/floor/ceiling rendering. Concrete and steel do not contribute to the fire development, and do not generate smoke. Due to the polymer content of the CFRP and the adhesives, the reaction to fire of the strengthening system is moderate. However, under most of the circumstances, the global influence is negligible due to the limited surface covered by the laminates. 2-Fire resistance of the structural member: The load bearing capacity of the member can be assumed for a specific period of time (30 to 240 minutes usually). The fire resistance is expected to provide time to the building occupants for emergency evacuation before the structure collapses. Hence, the requested time to resist is commonly proportional to the quantity of people to evacuate and the distance to the exit.

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Requested fire resistance

240 ´

30´ BUILDING´S USE

Hospital

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Commercial

Educational

Administrative

New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

Residential

DISTANCE TO EXIT

Skyscraper

Building

Detached House

DECREASE OF CONCRETE STRENGTH IN CASE OF FIRE

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DECREASE OF STEEL STRENGTH IN CASE OF FIRE

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE SIKADUR 30

 PhD Thesis 2009 Ernst-Lucas Klamer, TU Eindhoven  Sika CarboDur / Sikadur-30

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Design and protection of CFRP in case of fire – Only for internal use.

TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE SIKADUR® 30 ADHESIVE, LAP SHEAR TEST.

  

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No significant decrease in lap shear strength up to 80°C (Tg + 20°C) Slight decrease at 100°C (Tg + 40°C) for normal strength concrete Short term tests (15 min)

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE SIKADUR® 30 ADHESIVE, 3-POINT BENDING TEST.

 

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No significant decrease in failure load up to 90°C (Tg + 30°C) for normal strength concrete Short term test

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKACRETE® 213 PROTECTION MORTAR 50MM SIKACRETE®-213F 100.0

40mm

Temperature C

80.0

60mm 60.0

FRP-Concrete A FRP-Concrete B

40.0

FRP-Insulation A FRP-Insulation B 20.0 0

10

20

30

40

50

Time in minutes

50mm Sikacrete-213F: 80°C after 60 minutes 90

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60

70

80

LOADS AND STRENGTHS DEVELOPMENT

kNm Strength development (protected member and FRP)

Strength Load Strength development (unprotected member)

0´ 91

Design and protection of CFRP in case of fire – Only for internal use.

30´

60´

90´

120 ´

180 ´

240 ´

NEW SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE EXAMPLE: SHORT EXTERNAL PRESENTATION

DESIGN GUIDELINES CURRENT STATUS Unlike the initial design models, where drastic simplifications were assumed, the current guidelines are oriented to the real calculation of complex structural members. This involves in many cases the use of difficult procedures which cannot be performed manually or by means of a simple Excel sheet.

Due to this, the use of high-performance design software has become necessary.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE: KEY ADVANTAGES PROFESSIONAL Unlike simplistic excel sheets or calculation tools, the Sika CarboDur® software comprises highperformance calculation possibilities for real situations, for example: Strengthening of full structural members according its loads distribution. The design is not based on a single section

Calculation of complex geometries prestressed concrete members.

Full FRP range of solutions (bonded, NSM, postensioned CFRP) according to the local availability

2D and 3D interaction diagrams for columns, allowing the calculation of elements exposed to axial + bending simultaneously

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

both for reinforced or

SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE: KEY ADVANTAGES SAFE All of the structural calculations strictly follow the latest International Guidelines and comprise the latest proven design procedures. No alternative or non-proven design methods are considered. Additionally, the Sika CarboDur® design software includes the necessary automatic measures, which ensure that the restrictions and logical parameters during the data entering and calculation procedure are fulfilled according to the selected FRP design guideline.

If some condition is not met or exceeds any limitation, the software automatically informs the user about this fact and blocks the calculation process.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE: KEY ADVANTAGES USER FRIENDLY The introduction of the data necessary for the calculation is written in a sequential manner. The user will not access the following stage until the necessary information is entered and all the intermediate conditions and verifications are fulfilled.

It includes a significant amount of static or dynamically generated graphics, which facilitates the user the understanding of the design process and the resulting strengthening scheme.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE: KEY ADVANTAGES USER FRIENDLY The software includes all the necessary information to facilitate its use to the engineer: >40 pages user guide.

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On-screen tooltips and help icons.

New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE: KEY ADVANTAGES NO MORE “BLACK BOXES” The user manages and controls the whole process. Every assessment concerning the design of the FRP system can be done manually or automatically according to the user´s requirements.

The user can verify the intermediate results throughout the calculation process, enabling the verification of all the design parameters by means of the information displayed on the screen.

All the information concerning the design is finally shown in the calculation report, comprising the results and all the relevant data.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only

SIKA CARBODUR® SOFTWARE: KEY ADVANTAGES AUTOMATIC UPDATES The software is automatically updated in the following cases:     

Modifications or updates in the FRP design guidelines implemented in the software. Development of new FRP codes or guidelines. New design features. Development of new Sika FRP systems or modifications in the Sika FRP product range. Implementation of new languages or countries.

The downloading and installation of the updates is performed automatically as soon as the user is connected to the Internet and a new version of the software is available.

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New Sika CarboDur software based on TR55 and Eurocode 2 – Internal Use only