Answer To Lexicology [PDF]

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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY..............................................................................................2 PART A. THEORY.........................................................................................................................2 Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary?.......................................................................2 Q.2. State the origin of English words?.......................................................................................2 Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings?.............................................................................3 Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation?....................................3 Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes?.........................................................................3 Q.6. What’s allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological conditioned allomorph?....................................................................................................................................4 Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds?.............................................................5 Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping?....................................................................6 Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion?..................................6 Q.10. What is meaning?...............................................................................................................7 Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word?..........................................................................................7 Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor?............................................................................7 Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy?........................................................................7 Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym?.........................8 Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym?.....10 Q.16. What are the types of connotation?.................................................................................10 Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism?.................................................11 Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym?........................................................11 Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can be distinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)?........................................................................12 Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs?.................................................................................13 Q.21. Structural classification of PUs?......................................................................................13 PART B. EXERCISES..................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS............................................................................................14 CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS.................................................15 CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS...................................16 CHAPTER IV. WORD – BUILDING......................................................................................17 CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS – MEANING.............................................................................24 CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMS..................................................................................................25 CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS................................................................26 CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGY......................................................28

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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY PART A. THEORY Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary? - Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of language and the properties of words as the main units of language. - Word is the term used to denote the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. - Vocabulary is the term used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words that the language processes

Q.2. State the origin of English words? 2.1. Native words: - Definition: Native words are words belonging to original English - Native words are sub-divided into 3 groups: + Indo-European element: are words having cognate (same origin) in the vocabulary of different Indo-European languages. Eg. Father, mother, brother, son, daughter, foot, heart, cow, day, night, sun, moon, star, sheep, wolf, man, two, three, tree, etc. + Germanic element: are words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages. Eg. Head, arm, bear, oak, rain, winter, spring, sea, land, house, boat, green, blue, earth, little, strong, long, etc. + English proper: are words having no cognates in other languages. Eg. Bird, boy, girl, lady, woman, lord, apple, dog, bread, etc. 2.1. Borrowed words (borrowing / loan words): - Definition: Borrowed words are those taken from other languages and modified in phonetic shape, graphic, morphological…according to standards of the English language. - Borrowed words can be taken from various languages such as: Latin, French, Russian, Greek, Spanish, etc. Eg. + Latin: butter, plum, beef… + Spanish: tomato, potato… + French: desire, adore, baron, count… 2.3. International words: - International words are words of identical origin that occurs in several languages as a result of simultaneous and successive borrowing from one ultimate source: Football, email, internet. hoanguyen

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Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings? The term assimilation of loan words is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.

Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation? According to degree of assimilation, borrowed words can be classified into: completely assimilated words, partially assimilated words and unassimilated words. - Completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings. Eg. + Latin: cheese, street, wall, wine… + Scandinavian: husband, fellow, gate, root, wing… + French: table, chair, face… - Partially assimilated words are aub-divided into 4 subgroups: + Loan words not assimilated semantically: denote the objects, notion of country they’re from Eg. Kimono (Japanese), rickshaw (Chinese) + Loan words not assimilated grammatically: Eg. Formula – formulae; index – indice; phenomenon – phenomena (plural form is kept constant). + Loan words not completely assimilated phonetically: Eg. ma’chine, car’toon, po’lice (stress / accent is kept on original syllabe) + Loan words not completely assimilated graphically: Eg. Café, cliché (keep a diacritical mark) - Unassimilated words / barbarisms: are words from other langusges used by English people in conversation or writing, but not assoimilated in any way. (additional) Eg. ciao (Italian) – ‘good bye’

Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes? - Definition: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a given language. - Classification: 5.1. According to its function: - Grammatical morphemes: show how the words can be combined with other, how it is changed. They are funtional words. Eg. books

“-s” is grammatical morpheme

- Lexical morphemes: are content words. Eg. books hoanguyen

“book” is lexical morpheme 3

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5.2. According to its distribution: - Free morphemes: can stand alone as independent words - Bound morpheme: can’t stand alone as independent words, can only be added to other words to form new forms of word or new words. Eg. booked

“book” – free morpheme; “-ed” – bound morpheme

5.3. According to word-buiding: - Affixes can’t stand alone as independent words, are sub-divided into inflectional and derivational morphemes. + Inflectional morpheme is used to add to the root to form new form. Eg. translated, booked… + Derivational morpheme is used to add to the root to form new word. Eg. translation - Root (base): can stand alone as independent word. Base is the morpheme which carries the principle meaning in the word and to which a suffix or prefix can be added. Eg. happy (base) – happiness Free base can stand by itself while bound base must be preceded by prefix or followed by suffix. 5.4. IC – Immediate Constituent division: Each hierarchy is the layer or structure by which a word has been composed, we can make successful division into parts, each of which called IC and this division is called IC division. To divide, we must: - Find inflectional morpheme - Find derivational morpheme - Find the root.

Q.6. What’s allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological conditioned allomorph? 6.1. Definition: Allomorphs are various phonemic shapes that represent the same morpheme. An allomorph is a structure which is similar semantically but phonologically different. Eg. /z/, /s/, /iz/ - are allomorph of {s} 6.2. Kinds of allomorph: - Phonologically conditioned allomorph (PCA): a morpheme is phonologically conditioned when its distribution depends on the phonological nature of the preceding phoneme.

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- Morphologically conditioned allomorph (MCA): a morpheme is morphologically conditioned when it is determined by a specific morpheme. 6.3. Classify MCA: - Zero allomorph: no change in writing – symbol φ Eg. sheep – sheep

φ

of {…}

of {-s}

- Additive allomorph: {-s}  ∞ /↔n/ Eg. child – children - Peplacive allomorph: + Vowel: v  v

Eg. man – men

/æ/  /e/

+ Consonant: c  c

Eg. tooth – teeth

/ð/  /θ/

Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds? - Composition or word compound is the combination of at least 2 free bases. - Classification: 7.1. According to the structural aspect: neutral, morpgologicall and syntactic. - Neutral compounds: + Simple nautral compounds: consist of simple affixless stems. Eg. blackbird, ladybird, windshield… + Derivational compounds: one constituent is derivational stem. Eg. lady-killer, air-conditioner, chainsmoker… + Neutral contracted compounds: one constituent is clipped stem. Eg. V-day, H-bomb, U-turn… - Morphorlogical compounds: stems are linked by a vowel or a consonant. Eg. handicraft, spokesman, handiwork… - Syntactic compounds: mother-in-law, lady-in-waiting, good-for-nothing… 7.2. According to semantic aspect: idiomatic and non-idiomatic - Non-idiomatic compounds: whose meaning can really be described as the sum of their constituent meanings. Eg. bedroom, reasinglamp, earthquake… - Idiomatic compounds: whose meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their constituent parts. Eg. blackboard, tallboy, lazybone, butter-finger… 7.3. According to IC: - Compounds of simple stems. Eg. film-star, windshield… hoanguyen

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- Compounds which at least one constituent is derived stem. Eg. chainsmoker, bank-robber… - Compounds which at least one constituent is clipped stem. Eg. H-bag, D-day… - Compounds which at least one constituent is compound stem. Eg. wastepaper-basket…

Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping? - Clipping is the cutting-off the beginning or the end of the word or both, leaving a part to stand for the word. - Kinds of clipping: + Initial clipping: retains the final part of the word (the initial part is cut). Eg. telephone  phone; violoncello  cello… + Final clipping: retains the initial part of the word (the final part is cut). Eg. advertisement  ad; examination  exam; laboratory  lab… + Inito-final clipping: retains the medial part of the word (the initial and final parts are cut). Eg. influenza  flu; refridgerator  fridge… + Medial clipping: retains the initial and final parts of the word (the medial part is cut). Eg. mathematics  maths; spectacles  specs…

Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion? - Conversion is the process by which a word is extended its grammatical function. Eg. book (n) – to book (v) - Semantic relationship: + N – name of tool or implement; V – denotes action performed by it. Eg. hammer – to hammer, comb – to comb, brush – to brush… + N – name of animal; V – denotes action or aspect of behaviour considered typical of it. Eg. dog – to dog, ape – to ape… (except: fish – to fish _try to catch fish). + N – name of part of human body; V – denoted action performed by it. Eg. head – to head, eye – to eye, leg – to leg… + N – name of a profession of occupation; V – denotes an activity typical of it. Eg. cook – to cook, nurse – to nurse… + N – name of place; V – the process of occupying it or put sb/sth into it. Eg. room – to room, table – to table…

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+ N – name of container; V – the act of putting sth within the container. Eg. can – to can, bottle – to bottle… + N – name of meal; V – the process of making it. Eg. lunch – to lunch…

Q.10. What is meaning? Meaning can be more or less described as a component of the word through which a concept is communicated.

Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word? Lexical meaning of a word is the relization of the notion by mean of the definite language system. The notion content of the word is expressed by the denitative meaning and the emotional content of the word is expressed by the connotative meaning.

Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor? - Metaphor is the transfer of name basedon the association of similarity and thus is actually a hidden comparison. - Types of metaphor: + Similarity of shape or function. Eg. head of cabbage, the key to a mystery… + Similarity of position. Eg. foot of a page, foot of mountain… + Similarity of behaviour. Eg. a bookworm, a fox… + Transition of proper name into common one. Eg. Don Juan, Vandal…

Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy? - Metonymy is the transfer based upon the association of contiguity. It is a shift of names between things that are known to be in some way or other connected in reality. The transfer may be conditioned by spatial, temporal, causal, symbolic, instrumental, functional and other relations. - Types of metonymy: + Spatial relations: the name of place is used for the people occupying it. Eg. chair hoanguyen

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+ Causal relations:  State or properties serves as names for objects and people possessing them. Eg. youth, authoritied, forces…  Name of action serves to name result of the action. Eg. kill (O.E – means ‘hit on the head’)  Emotion may be named by movements that accompanied them. Eg. to start, to frown… + Symbolic relation:  Instrument for the product. Eg. hand

for

handwriting

 Material for particular article. Eg. glass, iron, nickel… + Functional change: the shift is between names of things substituting one another inhuman practice.  Common name derived from proper one, named after the inventor. Eg. macadam, diesel…  Physical, technical units are named after great scientists. Eg. volt, watt, ohm, ampare, farad…  Name of establishment is used not only for the establishment itself but also its staff or the policy. Eg. the White House, the Pentagon, the Downing Street…  Geographical names used for goods originating where there are axceedingly numerous. Eg. china, bikini, boston…  Garments came to be known by the name of those who brought them into fashion. Eg. mackintosh, wellingtons, CK…

Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym? 14.1. Definition: Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and (in many cases) origin are called homonym. 14.2. Classification: - According to the sound: (sound form) + Homonym proper: same sound and spelling, but different meaning. Eg. back (adv) – back (v) hoanguyen

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+ Homophone: same sound, but different spelling and meaning. Eg. by – buy – bye + Homograph: same spelling, but different sound and meaning. Eg. row (n) /r↔Υ / - row (v) /raΥ /;

lead (n) /led/ - lead (v) /li:d/

- According to lexico-grammatical criteria: + Full homonym: same sound, spelling and grammatical function (part of speech), but different meaning. Eg. match (n): in ‘football match’ and ‘matchbox’ spring (n): wound wire device and first season of the year + Partial homonym:  Simple lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different meaning. Eg. found (v): PP of ‘to find’ to found: to build, to establish  Complex lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound and spelling, but different part of speech and meaning. Eg. rose (n) – rose (v)_past tense of rise  Partial-lexical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different meaning and change in part of speech. Eg. to lie – lay – laid to lie – lied – lied 14.3. Origin of homonym:  Convergent development of sound form: - Homonyms through convergent sound development when 2 or 3 words of different origins accidently concide in sound. - It may consist of: + Phonetic change. + Phonetic change combined with loss of affixes. + Independent formation from homonymous bases by means of homonymous morpheme.  Devergent semantic development: - Homonyms developed from polysemy through devergent sense development, both may be combined with loss of ending and other morphorlogical process. - It may be: + Limited within lexico-grammatical class of words.

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+ Combined with differences in lexico-grammatical class and therefore different in grammatical function and distribution. + Based on independent formation from the same base by homonymous morpheme.

Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym? - Definition: Synonym can be defined as 2 or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meaning, interchangeable, at least in some contexts, without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotation, affective value, style, valency and idiomatic use. - Criteria of synonym: + Interchangeability: only in some contexts synonym can be changed without any alteration in denotational meaning. + Substitution: only in some contexts, and in others the substitution may destroy the precision. + Notional criterion: synonyms convey the same notion but different shade of meaning or stylistic charateristic. - Types of synonyms: + Absolute (total) synnonym: the member of synonymic group can replace each other in any given context without any alteration in denotational meaning. This is rare in vocabulary. Eg. only ‘noun’ can total replaces ‘substantive’. + Contextual synonym: is similar in meaning only under some specific distributional conditions. Eg. to buy ticket ≈ to get ticket.

Q.16. What are the types of connotation? - The connotation of degree or intensity. Eg. to surprise – to astonish – to amaze – to astound to like – to admire – to love – to adore – to worship - The connotation of duration. Eg. to stare: quick look – to glance: longer look - Emotive connotation. Eg. daddy (emotion) – father; mum (emotion) – mother - Evaluative connotation. Eg. well-known, famous, celebrate – positive meaning hoanguyen

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notorious – negative meaning - Causative connotation. Eg. to shiver: to shake (with cold) – to shudder (with fear) - Connotation of manner. Eg. to stare – to glare – to gaze – to glance – to peep : # ways of looking at sth. - Connotation of attendant circumstances. Eg. to peep: to look at sth quickly, secretary (through a small opening) to peer: to look at sth carefully when it is unable to see well - Connotation of attendant feature. Eg. pretty: delicate feature beautiful: classical feature - Stylistic connotation. Eg. snack, bite (colloqual); snap (dialect); refreshment (formal) Kid (slang); child (neutral); infant (literature)

Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism? - Definition: A source of synonyms from social linguistics is euphemism in which by a shift of meaning, a word of more or less pleasant or at leasr inoffensive connotation substitutes one harsh, obsence, indelicate or unleasant. - Reasons for euphemism: + To avoid social taboos: eg. in the family way (pregnant). + To avoid getting hurt someone’s feeling: eg. to die is replaced by – to pass away + Religious taboos: eg. Devil – replaced by – the Prince of Darkness, Old Nick + For mental diseases: eg. mad – described as – unbalanced, insane. The use and existence of euphemisms are caused by social conventions or by certain psychological factors.

Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym? - Antonyms may be defined as 2 or rarely more words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and use together so that their denotative meanings render (form) contrary or contradictory notions. The antonyms are used to increase the positive or nagative aspect. - Types of antonyms: + Absolute antonyms: formulae (A,B – antonyms; X,Y – the words they serve to qualify respectively). hoanguyen

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 A and (or) B = all.

Eg. good and bad; pros and cons

 Not A but (on the contrary) B.  A or B.

eg. it is not big but small

eg. right or wrong

 X is A, and Y (on the contrary) is B. eg. unity is strong, and seperation is weak; the whole is big, onself is little + Derivational antonyms: the affixes in them serve to deny the quality stated in stem.  Negative prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, un-, ir-. Eg. polite – impolite; courage – discourage  Suffix “-less”. Eg. useful – useless; hopeful – hopeless

Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can be distinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)? 19.1. Charateristics: - Double sense: the current mening of constituent words build up certain picture but the atual meaning (hidden one) of the whole unit has little or nothing to do with that picture, it creates an entirely new image. - Using PUs with care especially to foreigner to aviod misunderstanding. 19.2. The differnces between the PUs and FWGs: - Semantic criterion: + FWG has one sense meaning which can be total meaning of the constituents expressing in the utterances. + PUs has double sense (real and imagine), it can be total or partial change with the meaning of the constituents. - Strutural criterion: + Restriction in substitution:  PUs convey single notion, the constitution can’t be changed – if they are changed, the total meaning will be changed.  FWGs: the constituents can be changed without any considerable change in total meaning. + Reatriction in introducing any additional components:  FWGs: such change can be made without affecting the general meaning of the utterance.  PUs: no additional components can be introduced. + Restriction in grammatical invariability:  FWGs: grammar can be changed  PUs: grammar can’t be changed. hoanguyen

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Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs? - Traditional principle: + Based on original content of PUs, may be alluded as “thematic”. + Has real merit but it does’t take into consideration the linguistic charateristic feature of PUs. - Semantic principle: + Phraseological combinations: are word-group with a partially changed meaning. Eg. to be good at sth + Phraseological unities: are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, the meaning of the unit doesn’t correspond to the meaning of its constituent parts. The whole meaning of the unit can be duduced from its components. Eg. to stick to one’s gun + Phraseological fusions: are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, but in contrast to unities, their meaning can’t be deduced from the meanings of the constituents. Eg. neck and crop (entirely) - Structural principle: + Verbal: eg. to run for one’s life + Substantive (noun): eg. cat and dog + Adjectival: eg. safe and sound, brand new + Adverbial: eg. high or low, for love or money + Interjectional: eg. my god!, good heavens!

Q.21. Structural classification of PUs? - Functioning like nouns: N+N

eg. maiden name, calf love, brain trust

 N’s + N

eg. cat’s paw (personized)

 Ns’ + N

eg. ladies’ man

 N + preposition + N  N + adj

eg. brand new, knight errant

 N + and + N  Adj + N

eg. the day after the fair (miss the chance)

eg. lord and master (husband), neck and crop (completely)

eg. brown study, green room (the general reception room of a theatre)

 N + subordinate clause

eg. the ship that pass in the night

- Functioning like verbs: V+N hoanguyen

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 V + postpositive

eg. to give up

 V + and/or + V

eg. to pick and choose, to kill or cure

 V + (one’s) + N + (prep)  V + one + N

eg. to snap one’s fingers at

eg. to give one the bird ‘to fire smb’

 V + subordinate clause

eg. to see how the land lies (to discover the state of affairs)

- Functioning like adjectives:  Adj + and + adj

eg. safe and sound, high and mighty

 (As) + adj + as + N

eg. as old as the hills, as mad as hatter

- Functioning like adverbs: N+N

eg. tooth and nail

 Prep + N

eg. by heart, of course

 Adv + preposition + adj + N

eg. once in a blue moon

 Prep + N + or + N eg. by hook or by crook  Conj + clause

eg. before one can say jack Robinson

- Funtioning like prepositions:  Prep + N + prep

eg. in consequence of

- Functioning like interjections:

eg. god bless you, take your time

_________________________The End_________________________

PART B. EXERCISES CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS E 3. What is the external structure (morphological structure) of the word irresistible? What is the internal structure (semantic structure) of this word? The external structure of the word irresistible consists of morphemes: the prefixes ir-, re-, the root sist, and the adjective-forming suffix –ible. The internal structure of the word: ir- means not, re- means again, sist meaningless,

-ible

means capable. The word means ‘so strong that it can’t be stopped or resisted’. E 5. Explain why the word blackboard can be considered a unity and why the combination of words black board doesn’t possess such a unity? hoanguyen

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The word blackboard, which is characterized by unity, possess a single grammatical framing: ‘blackboard’. The first constituent black is not subjected to any grammatical changes. In the word-group black board each constituent can acquire grammatical forms of it own: the blackest board. Other words can be inserted between the components which is immpossible so far as the word concerned as would violate its unity: a black wide board. In the word-group black board, each component conveys a separate concept: black – a colour, board – a flat abject. The word blackboard conveys only one concept: a type of board.

CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS E 1. Explain the origin of the following words: father, mother, brother, dog, cat, sheep, wolf, house, home, life, earth, man, apple, bread, live, go, give, begin, come, quick, strong, long, wide, to, for, two, three, well, much, little. - All the above words belong to native English origin, but they are divided into such group: English proper dog, bread, apple, come.

Indo-European father, mother, brother, wolf,

Germanic house, cat, sheep, home,

man, live, go, give, quick,

life, earth, begin, strong,

wide, for, two, three, much,

long, to, little.

well. E 2. - State the origin of the following doublets - Comment on the different formation of the doublets and on the difference in meaning if any. 1. abbreviate (L) – abridge (Fr)

2. hospital (L) – hotel (Fr) – hostel (Fr)

3. cavalry (L) – chivalry (Fr)

4. major (L) – mayor (Fr)

5. cart (Scand) – chart (Fr)

6. senior (L) – sir (Fr)

7. fragile (L) – frail (Fr)

8. canal (Fr) – channel (E)

9. suit (OE) – suite (Fr)

10. legal (L) – loyal (Fr)

11. shade (OE) – shadow (OE)

12. skirt (Scand) – shirt (OE)

13. dike (OE/Ger) – ditch (E)

14. screw (Fr) – shrew (OE)

E 3. Give adjectives of Latin origin corresponding to the following nouns: eg. lip – labial. Noun Mouth Eye Tongue Nose hoanguyen

Adj Oral Ocular Lingual Nasal

Noun Horse Ox Sheep Mother

Adj Equine Bovine Ovine Maternal 15

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Tooth Body Head Ear Hand Sight Mind Life Youth

Dental Corporal Capital Auricular manual Visible Mental Vital Juvenile

Father Brother Woman Husband House Town Moon Sun Sea Book

Paternal Fraternal Feminine Marital Domestic Urban Lunar Solar Marine Literary

E 4. Classify the following words: - According to their origins - According to their meanings ox, cow, beef, calf, veal, sheep, mutton, pig, bacon, deer, venison, chase, hunt, begin, commence, baker, tailor, weaver, butcher, shoemaker, painter, fish-man, mason, shepherd, lord, baron, lady, count. - According to their origins, these words are divided into such groups: Native English and French and Latin English Ox, cow, calf, sheep, pig, bacon, Veal,

French mutton, venison,

Latin chase, beef

deer, hunt, begin, baker, fish-man, commence, tailor, weaver, butcher, shoemaker, shepherd, lord, lady.

painter, mason, baron, count.

- According to their meanings we have such groups: Animal Ox, cow, calf, pig,

Meat Veal, mutton,

Occupation & title Baker, tailor,

Verb Chase, hunt, begin,

sheep, deer,

bacon, venison

weaver, butcher,

commence, count

shoemaker, painter, fish-man, mason, shepherd, lord, baron, lady

CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS E 1. Analyze the structure of the following words: eg. misuse B F Convene

dislike

preface

foresee

B

B F

B F

B F

B

Recut hoanguyen

supervise

postwar

policeman

darkroom F

F

friendship

subway B

F

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B F

F

Loneliness

assistant

F

B

F

B B

B F

F

F

F

B

F B

intervene B

B

E 2. – Separate word form into its constituent morpheme: Eg. expression = {ex-} {-press} {-ion} - State whether the base is bound or free and what it means - Give at least two English words containing the same base. Detachment = {de-} {-tach} {-ment}, the base {-tach} is a bound one; eg. attachment Expectation = {ex} {-pect} {-ation}, the base {-pect} is a bound base, eg. pectize Portable = {port-} {-able}, the base {port} is free base, eg. import, export Correspondent = {cor-} {-respond} {-dent}, the base {-respond} is free base, eg. irresponsive Revise = {re-} {-vise}, the base {-vise} is bound base, eg. supervise Eject = {e-} {-ject}, the base {-ject} is bound base, eg. inject, project Retainer = {re-} {-tain} {-er}, the base {-tain} is bound base, eg. maintain, contain Contradic = {contra-} {-dict}, the base {-dict} is bound base, eg. predict, dictionary Telephone = {tele-} {-phone}, the base {-phone} is bound base, eg. homophone, headphone Apprehensible = {ap-} {-pre} {-hens} {-ible}, the base {-hens}is bound base, eg. comprehensive, comprehensible Regress = {re-} {-gress}, the base {-gress} is bound base, eg. congress Deceiver = {de-} {-ceiv} {-er}, the base {-ceiv} is bound base, eg. receive, perceive Department = {de-} {-part} {-ment}, the base {-part} is free base, eg. apartment Intervene = {inter-} {-vene}, the base {-vene} is bound base, eg. convene, subvene Consent = {con-} {-sent}, the base {-sent} is bound base, eg. resent, assent

CHAPTER IV. WORD – BUILDING IV. 1. Affixation E 1. Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes. State which of the suffixes are productive? -tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -or, -ist, -ess, -ing, -th, -age Suffixes - tion: nation, derivation, station - dom: kingdom, freedom - ness: homelessness, loneliness - ism: criticism, terrorism - ship: friendship, scholarship - er: worker, teacher, lawyer - or: actor, professor, vendor hoanguyen

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- ist: impressionist, specialist - ess: lioness - ing: wedding, functioning - th: sixth, eighth - age: leakage, advatantage

productive productive -

E 2. State the origin and explain the meaning of the suffixes in the following words Childhood, friendship, freedom, toward, backward, brotherly, rider, granny, teacher, aunty, hierling, village, hindrance, drunkard, limitation, reinforcement, cheerfulness. 1. Native suffixes: - hood: state or quality of , condition - ship: state or quality of , condition - dom: condition or state of - ward: in the direction of - ly: in the way mantioned, having the quality of - er: denoting agent, residence of, device - y: full of, having quality of - ing: denoting agent, action, fact - ness: the quality, state or charater of - ard: having the quality 2. Borrowing suffixes: - age: action or result of action (Latin) - ance: state or charater (Latin) - ion: action or process (Latin) - ment: action, process (Latin) E 3. Give adjectives or adverbs with the following suffixes: - y: sleepy, cloudy, sunny, windy - ed: talented, interested - ward: backward, onward, upward - long: age-long - wise: clockwise, likewise - ly: windy, manly, brotherly, slowly E 4. Give verbs with the following suffixes: - ize: legalize, civilize, industrialize - en: lengthen, darken, widen hoanguyen

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- fy: clarify, testify, modify - ish: poverish, publish, polish - ate: generate, activate, demenstrate E 5. Form some adjectives from noun stems by adding the suffix – ish. Explain the meaning of the derivatives. Child – childish

girl – girlish

baby – babyishcat – cattish

In this form, suffix –ish is added to the noun to make the adjective have meaning “similar to or behave like”. (use antonyms or synonyms to explain) E 6. Form some adjectives from adjective stems by adding the suffix – ish. Explain the meaning of the derivatives. Cool – coolish

red – reddish

yellow – yellowish

fool – foolish

When suffix –ish is added to adjective stem to make adjective it will add an depreciation to the meaning of the stem. E 7. Pick out the productive and non-productive prefixes: Un-, be-, pre-, al-, non-, mis-, post-, a-, anti-, out-, ex-, for-, re-, up-, counter-, extra-, super-, dis, trans-, inter-, ante-, ultra-, infra-, under-, introProductive prefixes: Un-: unhappy – unhappily, uneasy – uneasiness – uneasily Be-: beget – begetter Pre-: preheat – preheating Al-: allocate – allocation, almighty – almightily – almightiness Non-: non-productive – non-productiveness Mis-: misunderstand – misunderstanding Post-: postposition – postpositional A-: achromatic – achromatize – achromatism Out-: outfight – outfighting, outfit – outfitter Ex-: ex-service – exserviceman For-: forbidding – forbiddingness Re-: rearrange – rearrangement Up-: upland – uplander Super-: supercharge – supercharger Dis-: disable – disability Trans-: transact – transaction hoanguyen

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Inter-: interact – interactive – interaction The rest in bold are non-productive prefixes. E 7. Classify the following prefixes according to their origin: Re-, under-, with-, in-, over-, trans-, anti-, a-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, mis-, co-, exNative prefixes: under-, with-, over-, a-, misBorrowing prefixes: re-, in-, trans-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, co-, ex- (Latin). anti- (Greek) IV.2. Composition – compound E 1. Arrange the compounds given below into groups: idiomatic and non-idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total. Idiomatic Total change Partial change Light-hearted Homebody

Medium-size

Butterfly

Bluebell

Wolf-dog

Tallboy

Free-way

Earthquake

Bluestocking

Highway

Looking-glass

Dragonfly

Blackberry

Necklace

Lazy-bone

Greengrocer

Non-idiomatic

Good-for-nothing

E 2. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in three columns: simple neutral compounds, neutral derived compounds and neutral contracted compounds. Simple neutral A car’s windshield

Neutral derived An air-conditioned hall

Neutral contracted To fight against H-bomb

A heavy topcoat

A high pitched voice

Big A.A. guns

A snow-white handkerchief

Thoudsands

A howl long and wolf-like

seekers

of

gold- To go into frantic U-turns To fix M-day

A lightish-colored man A glass-walled room A radio-equipped car A big hunting-knife hoanguyen

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E 3. Analyze the structure of the following words: Get-at-table, undertaker, looking-glass, sea-coast, fountain-pen, stay-at-home, red-hot, will-to-live, heart-broken, hair’s breadth, bird’s eye, penny-a-liner, butter-fingers, mother-of-thousands, sunfish, ladybird, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, gaslight, office-incharge, workday. These above words are compounds, and they can be divided in to 3 groups according to the structural aspects: neutral, morphological and syntactic compounds. Neutral compounds Simple Derived Sea-coast, Undertaker, fountain-pen,

looking-glass,

red-hot, sunfish,

heart-broken,

ladybird,

hair’s breadth,

gaslight,

bird’s eye,

workday

butter-fingers

Morphological

Syntactic compounds

compounds

Get-at-table, stay-at-home, will-tolive, penny-a-liner, mother-of#

thousands, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, upto-date, office-in-charge

E 4. - Comment on the meaning and the form of the following compounds - Compare the meaning of the compound with that of its components. + butterball, butterfinger: N + N, idiomatic, total change buttermilk, butter-woman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change + dustman, motorman, milkman, fisherman, shipman, postman, oilman, woodman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change nobleman, madman: Adj + N, non-idiomatic. + craftsman, salesman, batsman, oarsman, kinsman, herdsman, statesman, sportsman: N + infix + N, idiomatic, partial change. + pot-boy, stable-boy, post-boy, cowboy, doughboy: N + N, idiomatic, partial change. + ladybird, lady-in-waiting, lady-killer, lady-love: mixed up, idiomatic, total change. + hot-blooded, cold-blooded, thick-headed, woodened-headed, pig-headed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change. + cross-eyed, eagle-eyed, sharp-eyed, single-eyed, wild-eyed, green-eyed (idiomatic, total change), round-eyed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, partial change. hollow-eyed, dim-eyed, sleepy-eyed: Adj + N_ed, non-idiomatic. + black-hearted, lion-hearted, stony-hearted, chicken-hearted, cold-hearted, light-hearted, cruelhearted: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change.

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E 5. Form as many compounds as possible, using the follwing stems as their first component: Grass-, hand-, ink-, horse-, mother-, pack-, steam-, steelGrass-: grassroots, grasswidow, grasshopper Hand-: handwriting, handicraft, handbag, handball, handbrake Ink-: inkpot, inkbottle, inkpad, inkwell Horse-: horsepower, horseback, horsebean, horse opera, horse race, horse-tail Mother-: mother-in-law, mother-of-thousands, motherland, mother tongue, mother-to-be Pack-: pack horse, pack saddle, pack job, pack rat, pack train Steam-: steam engine, steam bath, steamturbine, steam jacket Steel-: steelworker, steel band, steelhead E 6. Form as many compounds as possible, using the following stems as their second components: -man, -berry,- woman, - boy,- room, -looking -man: salesman, policeman, businessman, spokesman -berry: blackberry, strawberry, cranberry -woman: policewoman, businesswoman, chairwoman -boy: pot-boy, cowboy, post-boy -room: livingroom, bathroom, bedroom -looking: good looking, forward-looking IV.3. Words formed by special processes: IV.3.1. Conversion: E 1. State the relationships in conversion of the following words: Noun - ape - ass - duck - fish - eye - finger - shoulder

Verb to ape to ass to duck to fish to eye to finger to shoulder

- top

to top

- dress - pocket - line - square - star - cork

to dress to pocket to line to square to star to cork

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Relationship Nouns are the names of animals, verbs denote typical actions or behaviour. Try to catch fish N – name of part of the human body, V – an action performed by it. N – name of place, V – the process of occupying the place or of putting sth/ smb in it. N – name of container, V – act of putting sth within the container N – name of symbol, V – process of making it. N – name of tool, V – action performed by the tool.

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E 2. Compare the meaning of the words in the bold type with that of the corresponding nouns. - to head an army: means to lead

the noun head – part of body.

- to toe a mark: means to make or press

the noun toe – part of body.

- to eye a foe: means to watch

the noun eye – part of body.

- to chair a candidate: means to point the noun chair – name of place. - to table a resolution: means to discuss

the noun table – name of place.

- to foot a stocking: means to wear

the noun foot – part of body.

- to mind a command: means to notice

the noun mind – part of body.

- to fish a compliment: means to try to get

the noun fish – name of animal.

- to stone a martyr: means to kill

the noun stone – name of tool.

- to dress a wound: means to cover or wear the noun dress – name of container. IV.3.2. Shortening Write out in full the following shortened words. Define the type of shortening. - N.C.O: Non Commissioned Officer

acronym

- pub: public house

ellipsis

- ad: advertisement

final clipping

- fancy: fantasy

contraction – rhythm

- H-bomb: Hydrogen bomb

initial abbreviation

- V-day: Victory day

initial abbreviation

- USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

acronym

- UNO: United Nations Organizartion

acronym

- UNESCO: United Nations Educational,

acronym

Scientific and Cultural Organizaton - mike: microphone

shortening spoken language

- lab: laboratory

final clipping

- FIFA: International Football Association

acronym

(Fédération Internationale de Football Association) - USA: United Nations of America

acronym

- ml: millilitre

acronym

- UFO: Unidentified Flying Object

acronym

- TEFL: Teaching (of) English as a

acronym

Foreign Language - UEFA: Union of European Football Associations

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CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS – MEANING V.1. Metaphor E 1. Pick out the metaphors from the following word combinations: - a green bush, a green man, a green apple, green with envy. - seeds of a plant, seeds of evil. - a fruitful tree, fruitful work. - a fruitless tree, a fruitless effort. - the root of a tree, the root of a word. - a blooming rose, blooming health. - a fading or faded flower, fading or faded beauty. E 2. What do we mean when we say a person is: Like a fox, like a bull in a china shop? - When we say a person like a fox, we mean he/she is a cunning or smart one and if we say someone like a bull in a china shop we imply that he/she is a very careless person who always break every thing. V.2. Metonymy E 1. Comment on the type and meaning of the following cases of metonymy: - sandwich, mackintosh, boycott, hooligan: thing known by the name of person who brought it to public/fashion. - cheviot, madeira, champagne, bordeaux, Havana: geographical name is used for goods originating from place where they are exceedingly numerous. E 2. Discuss the following cases of metonymy: - He is the hope of family: states and properties serve as names for objects and people possessing them. - She was the pride of her school: states and properties serve as names for objects and people possessing them. - I have never read Balzac in the original: common name derived from proper name. - My sister is fond of old china: geographical name is used for goods originating from place where they are exceedingly numerous. - the coffee pot is boiling: symbol for thing symbolized – instrument for the product.

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CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMS E 1. Find the homonyms proper for the following words: - band: a company of musician

band: a thin flat strip of cloth

- seal: a warm-blooded fish-eating animal

seal: close

- ear: part of human body

ear: plant part containing grain

- cut: the result of cutting

cut: change scene

- to bore: to make a long round hole

bore: to make somebody uninterested

- corn: a hard, horny thickening of the skin, esp. on the foot

corn: a type of cereal

fall: autumn – the 3rd season in the year

- fall: the act of falling - to hail: to greet

hail: pellets of ice

- ray: a kind of fish

ray: single line or narrow beam of light

- draw: something that attracts attention

draw: finish with equal score (sports).

E 2. Find the homophones to the following words. Explain meaning in English. - heir /e(r)/: person entiled to propertyair /e(r)/: mixture of oxygen and nitrogen surrounding the earth. - dye /dai/: substance used to change color of hair or cloth - cent /sent/: common unit of currency - tale /teil/: story

die /dai/: stop living.

scent /sent/: smell, perfume.

tail /teil/: rear part of animal body.

- sun /sΛn/: star around which earth revolves

son /sΛn/: boy in relation with parents.

- meat /mi:t/: edible animal flesh

meet /mi:t/: to see another.

- steel /sti:l/: an alloy of iron and carbon

steal /sti:l/: to take sth illegally.

- knight /nait/: honoured military man (hist) - sum /sΛm/: total

some /sΛm/: several.

- hare /he(r)/: mammal like rabbit

hair /he(r)/: strands growing on the head or body.

- write /rait/: put words on paper with pen - sight /sait/: seeing

night /nait/: daily period of darkness.

right /rait/: true, correct.

site /sait/: place.

E 3. Find the homographs to the following words and transcribe both - to bow /baΥ /: to bend the head of the body bow /b↔Υ /: looped knot - wind /wind/: air in motion wind /waind/: wrap sth with coil - to tear /tзr/: to pull apart by force tear /ti↔/: single drop of fluid from eyes

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- bear /bi↔/: a large, heavy animal bear /be↔/: to carry, bring - to dessert /diz∈ :t/: to go away from a person or place desert /dez↔t/: arid area - row /r↔Υ /: number of person or things in a line to row /raΥ /: noisy quarrel. CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS VII.1. Synonyms E 1. In the following groups of synonyms, find the synonymic dominant: - exact, precise, accurate - salvage, uncivilized, barbarous - hide, conceal, disguise - agree, approve, consent - recall, recollect - cry, weep, scream, sheirk - clever, able, intelligent, keen, sharp - uneducated, ignorant, illiterate, misinformed - agile, nimble, alert, quick, brisk, active E 2. Arrange the following synonyms according to their degree of intensity: - ask, implore, beg

ask  beg  implore

- longing, desire, wish

wish  desire  longing

- wither, decay, fade

fade  wither  decay

- handsome, pretty, beautiful

pretty  handsome / beautiful

- irritate, annoy

annoy  irritate

- pierce, penetrate

penetrate  pierce

- alarmed, frightened, terrified

fightened  alarmed  terrified

- happiness, pleasure, delight

pleasure  happiness  delight

- affiction, despair, sadness

sadness  dispare  affiction

- astonishment, surprise, consternation

surprise  astonishment  consternation

- excuse, pardon, forgive

excuse  pardon  forgive

- accident, disaster, misfortune

misfortune  accident  disaster

- malicious, naughty, nasty, wicked

naughty  nasty  malicious  wicked

- genius, capability, talent

capability  talent  genius.

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VII.2. Antonyms E 1. Give antonyms to the following words. Arrange them in three columns: derivational antonyms (eg. careful – careless), absolute antonyms (eg. slow – fast) and mixed (eg. correct – incorrect, wrong). Alert, discord, alive, ugly, artless, appearance, assist, arrange, courage, attentive, descend, safety, consistent, aware, convinent, competent, continue, preceding, correct, sufficent, frequent, distinct, expensive, hostile, faithful, wet, enemy, temporary, legal, lower, kind, normal, painful, encourage. Derivational antonyms Artless – artful

Absolute antonyms Discord – accord

Mixed antonyms Aware – unaware, ignorant

Appearance – disappearance

Alive – dead

Continue – discontinue, stop

Attentive - inattentive

Ugly – beautiful

Correct – incorrect, wrong

Arrange – disarrange

Assist – hinder

Expensive – inexpensive, cheap

Descend – ascend

Courage – cowardice

Faithful – faithless, disloyal

Consistent – inconsistent

Safety – danger

Kind – unkind, cruel

Convenient – inconvenient

Preceding – following

Painful – painless, pleasant

Competent – incompetent

Hostile – friendly

Sufficent – insufficent

Wet – dry

Frequent – infrequent

Enemy – friend

Distinct – indistinct

Temporary – permanent

Legal – illegal

Lower – higher

Normal – abnormal Encourage - discourage E 2. Give derivational antonyms to the following words: Just, justice, use (v), use (n), fortunate, fortune, grateful, like (v), like (adj), lovely, movable, moved, related, relative.

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Just – unjust

Like (v) – dislike

Justice – injustice

Like (adj) – anlike

Use (v) – misuse

Lovely – unlovely

Use (n) – disuse

Movable – immovable

Fortunate – unfortunate

Moved – unmoved

Fortune – misfortune

Related – unrelated

Grateful – ungrateful

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CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGY E 1. Analyze the structure of the following phraseological units. Give Vietnamese equivalents. 1. It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. Function like noun. N + that clause. Già néo đứt dây. 2. Can the loepard change his spots? Sentence. Đánh chết cái nết không chừa 3. To put all one’s eggs in one basket. Function like verb. V + one’s + N + preposition. Được ăn cả ngã về không. 4. Burnt child dreads the fire. Sentence. Chim phải đạn sợ làn cây cong. 5. To set the Thames on fire. Function like verb. V + N. Kinh thiên động địa / Bán trời không văn tự. 6. It is not the grey coat that makes the gentleman. Funtion like noun. N + that/ subordinate clause. Mặc áo cà sa không hẳn đã là sư. 7. As well be hung for a sheep as for a lamb. Function like Adj. As + adj + as + N. Đâm lao thì phải theo lao / Đã trót thì trét. 8. To let no grass grow under one’s feet. Function like verb. V + N. Đừng để nước đến chan mới nhảy. 9. To give somebody a piece of one’s mind. Function like verb. V + N. Mắng cho một trận / Thẳng thắn phê bình. 10. A stitch in times saves nine. Sentence. Diệt cỏ diệt tận gốc / Nhổ cỏ nhổ cả gốc. 11. The game is not worth the candle. Sentence. Lợi bất cập hại / Thu không đủ chi. 12. To look for a needle in a bottle of hay. Function like verb. V + postpositive. Mò kim đáy bể. 13. A skeleton in the cupboard. Funtcion like noun. N + preposition + N. Đẹp tốt phô ra, xấu xa đậy lại. 14. To have a finger in the pie. Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Dây máu ăn phần. 15. To skate on thin ice. Function like verb. V + postpositve. Liều lĩnh / Dễ gây sứt mẻ. 16. He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet. Sentence. Muốn ăn thì lăn vào bếp. 17. To bring water to someone’s mouth. Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Mỡ để miệng mèo. hoanguyen

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18. Like fish out of water. Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Như cá mắc cạn / Chim chích vào rừng. 19. To take the bull by the horns. Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Đứng mũi chịu sào. 20. To let the cat out of the bag. Funtion like verb. V + N + preposition. Để lộ bí mật / Cái kim trong bọc lâu ngày cũng lòi ra / Giấu đầu hở đuôi. 21. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Sentence. Chớ thả mồi bắt bóng. 22. Like a cat on hot bricks. Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Bồn chồn / Lo lắng / Như ngồi trên đống lửa. 23. Once bitten twice shy. Funtion like verb. V + N. Phải một cái thì vái đến già. 24. On the horns of dilemma. Function like adj. Preposition + N. Tiến thoái lưỡng nan. 25. Beauty is only the skin deep. Sentence. Tốt gỗ hơn tốt nước sơn / Cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp. 26. Better luck next time. Function like adj. Adj + N. Thua keo này bày keo khác. 27. A big fish in little pond. (In the kingdom of the blind, one-eyed man is the king) Sentence. Chột làm vua sứ mù 28. A game that two can play, two can play at that game. Sentence. Gậy ông đập lưng ông. 29. Give the game away. Function like verb. V + N. Tiết lộ bí mật. 30. The devil looks after his own. Sentence. Mèo mù vớ cá rán. 31. Where there is a will, there is a way. Sentence. Có chí thì nên / Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim. 32. To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth. Sentence. Sướng từ trong trứng nước. 33. Necessity is the mother of invention. Sentence. Cái khó ló cái khôn. 34. One good turn deserves another. Sentence. Ở hiền gặp lành. 35. The worm will turn. hoanguyen

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Sentence. Con giun xéo mãi cũng quằn. 36. Play it by ear. Function like verb. V + N. Tuỳ cơ ứng biến 37. Fish in trouble water. Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Đục nước béo cò / Thừa nước đục thả câu. 38. Too many cooks spoil the broth. Sentence. Lắm thầy nhiều ma / Lắm sãi không ai đóng cửa chùa. 39. Two heads are better than one. Sentence. Một cây làm chẳng nên non, Ba cây chụm lại nên hòn núi cao . 40. Heap coals of fire on somebody’s head. Function like verb. V + N. Lấy oán trả ơn / Gắp lửa bỏ tay người. 41. The devil makes work for idle hands. Sentence. Nhàn cư vi bất thiện. 42. To talk of the devil and he will appear. Function like verb. V + postpositive. Nhắc tới Tào Tháo thì Tào Tháo đến. E 2. Explain whether the semantic change in the following phraseological units are complete or partial. 1. Cast pearls before swine. Complete change. Đàn gảy tai trâu. 2. Go on a fool’s errand. Complete change. Có tiếng mà không có miếng. 3. To eat humber pie. Partial change. Ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt / Nếm mật nằm gai. 4. To be in the same boat. Partial change. Cùng hội cùng thuyền. 5. Tell it to the marine. Complete change. Nói cho ma nghe. 6. To stick to one’s gun. Partial change. Giữ vững lập trường. 7. To beat about the bush. Partial change. Vòng vo tam quốc. 8. To throw cold water on smb. Partial change. Dội gáo nước lạnh. 9. To pour oil on fire. Partial change. Đổ thêm dầu vào lửa. hoanguyen

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10. Like father, like son. Partial change. Cha nào con nấy. E 3. Complete the following phrases so that they make English proverbs and phraseological units. 1. a bird in hand A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Chớ thả mồi bắt bóng. 2. the devil makes work The devil makes work for idle hands. Nhàn cư vi bất thiện. 3. kill two birds Kill two birds with one stones. Một mũi tên trúng hai đích. 4. there’s no fool There’s no fool like an old fool. Chẳng có cái dại nào như cái dại nào. 5. to eat one’s cake To eat one’s cake and have it. Vẹn cả đôi đường. 6. the die The die is cast. Bút sa gà chết. 7. the early bird The early bird catches the worm. Trâu chậm uống nước đục. 8. between the cup and the lip There is a many slips between the cup and the lip. Miếng ăn đến miệng còn rơi mất. 9. the cap If the cap fits, wear it. Có tật giật mình. 10. spilt milk It’s no use crying over spilt milk. Thôi đừng tiếc rẻ con gà quạ tha. E 4. Complete the following similes, using words from the list below. a ditch-water, a post, a bear, day, nails, thieves, fiddles, bee, egg, bat, brass, fish, needle, gun, grave. 1. as dull as…

As dull as a ditch-water. (Nhạt như nước ốc)

2. as fit as…

As fit as a fiddle. (Khoẻ như vâm)

3. as sharp as…

As sharp as a needle. (Sắc như dao)

4. as surly as…

As surly as a bear. (Gắt như mắm tôm)

5. as silent as…

As silent as grave. (Kín như bưng / Lặng như tờ)

6. as deaf as…

As deaf as a post. (Điếc đặc điếc lòi)

7. as mute as…

As mute as a fish. (Câm như hến)

8. as clear as…

As clear as day. (Rõ như ban ngày)

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9. as thick as…

As thick as thieves. (Ăn ý / Hoà hợp)

10. as busy as…

As busy as a bee. (Bận rộn)

11. as sure as…

As sure as a gun. (Chắc như đinh đóng cột)

12. as bold as…

As bold as brass. (Trơ tráo như gáo múc dầu / Mặt dày mày dạn)

13. as full as…As full as an egg. (Chật như nêm) 14. as hard as…

As hard as nails. (Cứng nhắc)

15. as blind as…

As blind as bat. (Mù tịt)

E 5. Compare the meaning of the expressions given in the two columns below. State which of them are phraseological. # 1. to have fling at smb/sth: speak in a ironical voice. 2. to lose heart: to be cowardice.

Phraseological units To have one’s fling: to be a playboy. To lose one’s heart to smb: to fall in love

3. to take care: careful. 4. to have a word with: to talk to smb. 5. in a family way: natural. 6. in and out: to go in and out.

with smb. To take care of : to look after, mind. To have words with smb: quarrel with smb. In the family way: to be pregnant. Ins and outs: specific.

7. a matter of fact: an obvious thing.

As a matter of fact: obvious.

8. before long: not long.

Long before: very long.

9. behind time: late.

Behind the times: backward.

10. nothing in common: different.

Nothing out of common: exactly the same.

E 6. Translate the following proverbs and idioms into English: 1. Trứng lại đòi khôn hơn vịt. To teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs. 2. Khẩu phật tâm xà. A woft in a sheep’s clothing. 3. Tránh vỏ dưa gặp vỏ dừa. Out of the frying pan into the fire. 4. Vắng chủ nhà gà vọc niêu tôm. When the cat’s away, the mice will play. 5. Liệu cơm gắp mắm. To cut one’s coat according to one’s cloths. 6. Vỏ quít dày có móng tay nhọn. Diamond cuts diamond / To set a thief to catch a thief. hoanguyen

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7. Đứng núi này trông núi nọ. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence/hill. 8. Chớ múa rìu qua mắt thợ. Never offer to teach fish to swim. 9. Nước đổ đầu vịt. Like water off a duck’s back. 10. Dã tràng xe cát. To build castle in the air. 11. Yêu cho đòn cho vọt, ghét cho ăn cho chơi. To spare the rat spoil the child. 12. Chớ thả mồi bắt bóng. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 13. Ngưu tầm ngưu mã tầm mã. Birds of a feather flock together. 14. Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã. Blood is thicker than water. 15. Cầm đèn chạy trước ô tô. To put the cart before the horse. E 7. Give as many phraseological units as possible, using the followingwords: a. to beat, to catch, to draw, to keep. To beat: - to beat about: khuấy. - to beat one’s brain: vắt óc suy nghĩ. - to beat about the bush: vòng vo tam quốc. - to beat up: đánh cho nhừ tử. - to beat it: go way. To catch: - to catch one’s meaning: hiểu ý. - to catch out: tìm thấy điểm yếu. - to catch up: bắt kịp. To draw: - to draw back: rút lui. - to draw in one’s horns: mất tự tin. - to draw out: gặng hỏi. - to draw one’s last breath: trút hơi thở cuối cùng. To keep: hoanguyen

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- to keep way: để xa, tránh xa. - to keep smb add some words: bắt ai làm gì. - to keep up: duy trì, tiếp tục. - to keep an eye on: để mắt đến, để ý. b. bone, mind Bone: - to be on one’s bone: túng quẫn. - to be bred in the bone: ngấm sâu vào máu. Mind: - to cause smb to mind: nhớ lại. - to keep one’s mind on doing sth: chú ý làm gì. - to change one’s mind: thay đổi ý kiến. ------------------The End-----------------

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