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Well Said Intro Pronunciation for Clear Communication SECOND EDITION
Instructor’s Manual
Linda Grant Eve Einselen Yu
Contents
Introduction to the Instructor’s Manual
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Components of the Well Said Program
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Part I: Introduction to Pronunciation Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals Chapter 2 Syllables Chapter 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds
1 2 7 10
Part II: Word Endings Chapter 4 Final Consonant Sounds Chapter 5 The -‐s Ending Chapter 6 The -‐ed Ending
14 15 19 22
Part III: Word Stress Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs Chapter 8 Stress in Words with Suffixes
25 26 31
Part IV: Sentences: Rhythm and Connected Speech Chapter 9 Rhythm: Stressed Words Chapter 10 Rhythm: Reduced Words Chapter 11 Connected Speech
35 36 40 45
Part V: Discourse: Focus, Intonation, and Thought Groups Chapter 12 Focus Words Chapter 13 Final Intonation Chapter 14 Thought Groups
49 50 54 58
Part VI: Vowel and Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds Consonant Sounds
61 62 75
Appendix A: Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages References and Bibliography
A1 – A7 R1
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Introduction to the Instructor’s Manual Welcome to the second edition of Well Said Intro: Pronunciation for Clear Communication. This instructor’s manual serves as a companion to the student book. The manual provides support for teachers who want or need additional support with pronunciation instruction. It also provides an updated look at key pronunciation topics for teachers who wish to stay informed about pronunciation research and best practices. The manual contains answer keys for each chapter, audio scripts for the recorded exercises, suggestions for implementing activities, additional classroom activities, explanation of key concepts, and information about the theory and research underlying pronunciation instruction. Since the first edition of Well Said Intro was published, we have witnessed a growing body of second language pronunciation research guiding classroom practice. Based largely on recent research, the second edition of the student text includes these key features: • a clear, easy-‐to-‐follow course plan for teachers with a limited background in pronunciation instruction and/or limited time to plan lessons • primary focus on the learner goal of improving intelligibility rather than reducing a foreign accent • prioritized instruction, based on the listening/speaking needs of beginning to low-‐intermediate students as well as the speech features that contribute most to overall intelligibility • increased attention to perception and focused listening, and specifically to helping students notice critical differences between their production and the more intelligible target form • updated vocabulary and useful phrasal contexts as informed by corpus linguistics • a chapter organization that spirals and recycles earning • a focus on both form (through structured and guided pronunciation practice) and meaning (through naturalistic speaking activities) • end-‐of-‐chapter recorded tasks that promote targeted self-‐monitoring and provide for individualized feedback from the teacher • an online workbook with additional pronunciation/listening practice
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Components of Well Said Intro
Student Book Overview of Contents The chapters in the text progress from sounds/syllables to words to sentences to discourse. Even in the early chapters, however, sounds and syllables are contextualized in thought groups or high-‐ frequency lexical chunks. This approach is based on the concept of language as ready-‐made chunks, which now underlies much of contemporary language instruction. Chapters 9 through 14 are dedicated to prosody—the musical parts of speech or the so-‐called suprasegmentals (i.e., stress, rhythm, and intonation). Because these elements play a vital role in intelligibility, learners benefit when suprasegmentals and more global features are a primary focus of instruction (Derwing, Munro, and Wiebe, 1998; Field, 2005; Hahn, 2004). The last part of the student book, Vowel and Consonant Sounds, contains an overview of all vowel and consonant sounds as well as intensive practice with selected sounds that affect communication the most, a decision based primarily on the principle of functional load (Catford, 1987). Sound contrasts with a high functional load (e.g., /p/ and /b/) were chosen because they distinguish many common word pairs in English.
Scope and Sequence The Scope and Sequence details the material taught in each chapter including the pronunciation features, the rules and guidelines, the communicative activities, and the pronunciation logs (the recorded activities). A cumulative approach to learning underlies the chapter organization. What the students learn in each chapter often builds on their prior learning. Consequently, learning is naturally recycled and spiraled throughout the text. For example, the concepts of syllables and of voiced/voiceless consonants are recycled when students learn about grammatical endings. Grammatical endings, in turn, are reinforced when students learn about word stress and linking. Similarly, the concept of stress in words is recycled in the chapter on rhythm and also in the chapter on focus. Presenting chapters in sequence will result in a coherent course, but the text is flexible enough to suit varied program needs. If you integrate Well Said Intro into another course and teach the chapters out of sequence, simply keep these points in mind: • The assessment feature in Chapter 1 allows you to prioritize chapters according to the pronunciation needs of the class. If you do not have time for individual assessment, be assured the text addresses the most important features for students from most language backgrounds. • Before teaching grammatical endings in Chapters 5 and 6, it is helpful to familiarize learners with the concept of syllable number, which is covered in Chapter 2. It is also helpful for students to learn about voiceless and voiced consonant sounds, covered in Chapter 4. • Word stress in Chapters 7 and 8 contributes to sentence stress/rhythm in Chapters 9 and 10 as well as to the specific placement of focus in Chapter 12.
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Although the text presents pronunciation features in separate chapters, features of speech are not independent of each other. Even more important, the segmental system, which consists of consonant and vowel sounds, is not separate from the suprasegmental system, which consists of stress, rhythm, and intonation (Dickerson, 2010). For example, the pronunciation of a consonant or vowel sound may differ somewhat depending on factors including neighboring sounds, the position of the sound in a word, and the effects of stress and rhythm. Some sounds become more blurred and some sounds become more distinct. Indeed, the Prosody Pyramid (Gilbert, 2008) plainly illustrates the extra clarity and length generally given to the vowel sound in the stressed syllable of the focus word in each phrase. In recognition of these relationships, Well Said Intro includes a feature called Choose Your Path. At these points, students and teachers may choose to take brief, alternate routes through the text in order to make important interconnections in the sound system.
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Structure of the Chapters OBJECTIVES and SUMMARY All chapters open with learning objectives for that chapter and a brief summary of the chapter content. Warm Up The first section in Chapters 4 through 14 is called Warm Up. The Warm Up is exclusive to the Intro level text and introduces the target feature in each chapter through a contextualized, engaging activity. In this way, student awareness is raised without a need for excessive explanation. Notice The second section is called Notice. Because the perception of target language features contributes to successful pronunciation learning (Derwing and Munro, 2014: 43), this section facilities the perception of the target feature, and, in most cases, recognition of the differences between the target forms and the students’ own productions. Rules and Practice This section accomplishes two goals. The Rules are guidelines or “rules of thumb” designed to help students discover pronunciation regularities. They are not intended to be memorized. Practice provides controlled and semi-‐guided practice with the target feature. Conscious, directed practice is necessary if students are to change habitual patterns. Some Practice sections, especially those in which students are asked to monitor each other, lend themselves to mixing first language backgrounds. Other exercises, such as practice with specific consonant or vowel sounds, often work best when students have similar language backgrounds and/or pronunciation challenges.
Communicative Practice As advocated by Ellis (1990), Well Said Intro includes meaning-‐focused instruction. The Communicative Practice in each chapter elicits many instances of the target pronunciation feature(s) in the types of real-‐world contexts students might encounter at school, work, or in the community. These speaking activities help students automatize learning by acting as a bridge between a focus on form and a focus on meaning. Teachers should not, however, expect correct production to carry-‐over immediately from the controlled practice into these less structured tasks for several reasons. First, it is difficult to focus simultaneously on both form and meaning. Second, it takes time to internalize features and produce them automatically in spontaneous speech. That time varies from student to student, but it is almost always longer than the time it takes to study a chapter in Well Said Intro. Ultimately, the purpose of each Communicative Practice is to give students the opportunity to observe how target features operate in real-‐world communication and to test hypotheses about new pronunciation features in naturalistic speaking contexts.
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Pronunciation Log The final activity in each chapter is the Pronunciation Log. Here students work with short segments of speech (e.g., anecdotes, phone messages, quotes, announcements) containing numerous instances of the target feature. In pairs or small groups, students analyze, mark, and practice saying the text or passage. Then students record themselves, listen to the recording, evaluate their pronunciation, re-‐ record if necessary, and, finally, submit the recording to the teacher for feedback. Suggestions for teacher feedback are provided in this manual at their point of use.
Audio Program The complete audio program is available for purchase on CD. It’s also available on the teacher companion website and on the student companion website at no cost (See: NGL.Cengage.com/wellsaid) Transcripts are included within this document.
Online Workbook A new feature of the second edition is an accompanying online workbook. This workbook provides added hours of listening and pronunciation practice, enabling students to work at their own pace and on their own time. Accompanying exercises are provided for each chapter and rule of the Student Book as well as for each Vowel and Consonant lesson. The online workbook also provides a Record and Submit feature which allows students to listen to and record the pronunciation log items or passage at the end of each chapter. It also allows teachers to review students’ submissions easily in the gradebook feature.
Instructor’s Manual Well Said Intro Instructor’s Manual, second edition, is available on the Teacher’s Companion site only. For each Part and Chapter of the book, the manual provides the following: • Audio scripts: The CD and Track number for each Exercise part are listed in this manual. Scripts that are not in the Student Book are also included. For a complete audio script, see the Teacher Companion Site. • Answer keys: The answers for the Exercises are listed in this manual within the notes for each Chapter. Answers are shaded in gray for easy identification. For a complete separate answer key, see the Teacher Companion Site. • Notes for teaching: In addition to a description of the content in each Part and each Chapter, you can find suggestions for presenting Exercises, information about the latest research, and references to research by experts in the field.
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PART I Introduction to Pronunciation Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals Chapter 2 Syllables Chapter 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds
Part I introduces essential features of English pronunciation. Chapter 1 helps you and your students identify individual and class pronunciation priorities. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the fundamental concept of syllable number and word stress. Chapter 3 introduces consonant and vowel sounds and symbols and covers basic dictionary skills.
Part I Opening Photo
Each section of the student book opens with a photo. Below are suggestions for using the opening photo as a warm-‐up activity. You may choose to vary one or more of the activity suggestions below.
1. Ask students to brainstorm words associated with the photo. List the words on the board by category and ask students which words have pronunciations they are uncertain of. Once students have completed Chapters 2 and 3, they can look up the pronunciations themselves in print or online dictionaries.
2. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., glass, green, beautiful, flowers, boots, etc.). Have students check their spellings. This task helps establish sound-‐spelling correspondences in English.
3. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., beautiful, flowers, design, people, kiosk, etc.). Once students have completed the chapters on word stress, have students identify and mark the stress patterns of the dictated words.
4. Dictate a few short sentences related to the photo; for example: The building is beautiful. There are many windows. The visitors are resting. Then have students compare their dictations with what you said. This task helps students decode the stream of speech into words, recognize reduced forms, and identify common sound changes in connected speech.
5. Ask students what questions they have about the photo. Then ask them to locate clues in the photo that might help answer those questions. This is a good task for students once they have studied the chapter on final rising and falling intonation.
6. Have students imagine what the people in the photo are saying and add speech bubbles. Teachers can choose pronunciation issues to focus on, such as final sounds, grammatical endings, rhythm, word stress, focus, etc.
Part I
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CHAPTER 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals The speaking activities in Chapter 1 give you an idea of the pronunciation needs and abilities of the individuals in your class and of your class as a whole. The centerpiece of the chapter is the diagnostic assessment in Exercise 3. Some teachers will have time to obtain speech samples and complete the diagnostic; others will not. The advantages of obtaining speech samples at the beginning of the course include the following: 1. You can emphasize/deemphasize topics in the book depending on general abilities in the class. 2. You can use the Pronunciation Needs Form on page 5 of the student book to make students aware of individual pronunciation needs and thus personalize the course. 3. You will have a benchmark for measuring each student’s progress at the end of the course. Do not worry, however, if large classes or time constraints preclude individual assessments. This book focuses on shared problems and features that cause the most misunderstandings for students from a variety of language backgrounds. And your students will still benefit from the other exercises in this chapter.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 2 This exercise offers an opportunity for teachers to begin noting delivery issues such as rate of speech, loudness, and eye contact for each student.
EXERCISE 2 page 3 This exercise has two goals. First, by having students take on the role of the listener, they become more attuned to what the listener needs to understand. Olle Kjellin (email communication) refers to this as “listener friendly pronunciation.” The second goal is debunk the myth that pronunciation consists mostly of consonants and vowels. While speech sounds are important, this exercise raises awareness regarding the vital role stress, rhythm, and intonation also play in intelligible speech.
Your Pronunciation Needs If this is your first time diagnosing individual pronunciation strengths and weaknesses, you may have trouble hearing some of the more elusive stress, rhythm, and intonation issues. If you are a native English speaker, this is to be expected. Native speakers use these features unconsciously. By the end of the course, your ear will have improved and you will be more attuned to these speech features.
If you are a non-‐native speaker of English and your students speak the same first language as you, you may have some trouble perceiving features of English that don’t exist in your language or are categorized differently in your language. If so, both you and your students will find the listening and awareness-‐raising exercises in the text useful. Most teachers find it necessary to record speech samples. Even experienced teachers have to listen to recorded speech samples more than once. If possible, have students record their speech and submit it to you. If they are using the accompanying Online Workbook, there is a place for them to listen, record, and submit their sample. They can also record it on their phone and text or email the sound files to you. Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals
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The speech sample has two Exercises. Exercise 3 is scripted and controlled. Exercise 4 is unscripted and more natural. EXERCISE 3 page 4 Make an attempt to record your students’ best efforts. That means the students should be familiar with the passage and the vocabulary in it. Give the students time to read the paragraph silently for meaning. Some students find it helpful to practice the paragraph once or twice out loud before reading it for the assessment. That way they are better able to match the rhythm, stress, and intonation with the meaning. The paragraph has examples of most English consonant sounds, most English vowel sounds, thought groups, word stress, rising and falling intonation, rhythm, and final -‐s and -‐ed endings. Photocopy the passage, and, as you listen to each segment, mark errors directly on the script. If you use the same reading as a benchmark for progress at the beginning and at the end of the course, use one color of pencil or ink to mark the passage at the beginning of the course and another color at the end. Here is an example of a paragraph marked by a teacher at the beginning of a course.
Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals
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Once you have marked the paragraph, record patterns of difficulty directly on the Pronunciation Needs Form on page 5 of the student book. Page 4 of this manual has a sample Pronunciation Needs Form filled out for you. Do not feel as if you have to record every error. Students cannot possibly address all of their variations in one course. It is more efficient for teachers to listen for patterns of errors that interfere with intelligibility. Students will feel less overwhelmed and be more successful if they attend to priorities and major difficulties. Notice also that the form includes space for teachers to summarize pronunciation strengths as well as weaknesses. Students who are aware of their strengths are more confident speakers and can use their strengths as a foundation for building new skills. EXERCISE 4 page 4 Encourage students not to write and read responses to the question they choose. Explain that you want examples of conversational speech. As you listen, record patterns of difficulty directly on the Pronunciation Needs Form. Pay special attention to overall stress, rhythm, intonation, and thought grouping in the free speech. Is the speaker giving relatively more emphasis to what is important? In general, how difficult is it to understand this student? How often does your listening break down? In paragraph reading, some pronunciation problems may be an artifact of reading aloud. These problems might not be apparent in the unscripted answers. On the other hand, you may hear errors in free speech that you did not notice in the paragraph reading when the student did not have the additional demands of vocabulary choice, syntax, discourse organization, and so forth.
Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals
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Pronunciation Needs Form Teachers need to be familiar with the needs and goals of their students and their purposes for learning English as these factors affect motivation and ultimate attainment in pronunciation.
Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals
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Your Pronunciation Goals EXERCISE 5 page 6 The purpose of this exercise is to give the teacher further information about students’ awareness of the features of pronunciation. TIP page 6 Encourage your students to log words and phrases that they have trouble with. They can use the form in the appendix or add pronunciation notes to a log they already keep. EXERCISE 6 page 6 The purpose of this exercise is to give the teacher further information about students’ awareness of their own needs. This exercise will help you learn more about the contexts in which students want or need to speak more clearly. EXERCISE 7 page 7 This scale is a motivational device that gives students the chance to participate in setting individual and course goals that are realistic. Students can refer to this scale repeatedly to re-‐establish goals throughout the course.
Chapter 1 Your Pronunciation Needs and Goals
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CHAPTER 2
Syllables
This chapter introduces the concept of syllable and syllable stress. At the same time, it provides basic information about how to use a dictionary to determine syllable number and stress in words. Syllables and syllable stress are fundamental pronunciation features that facilitate learning other aspects of the English stress and intonation system. A syllable is part of a word that contains a vowel sound. The word taco contains two distinct vowel sounds and two syllables: ta-‐ and -‐co. The notion of syllable is important because the addition or omission of a syllable in a word can lead to misunderstanding (e.g., city for sit or present for president). Misperceptions can also result when speakers either stress the incorrect syllable in a word or stress all syllables more or less equally. Rita Wong (1993) illustrates the problem that can arise when speakers give equal weight to syllables with the word tumor. If both syllables are stressed, the word tumor may sound like two words: two more.
How Many Beats? *IMPORTANT NOTE: Directions are not read on the audio recordings. Be sure that students read the directions for each exercise before listening to the audio track. EXERCISE 1 page 8 A. and B. CD 1; Track 2 EXERCISE 2 page 9 A. CD 1; Track 3 When tapping syllables, say the words naturally, maintaining normal stress patterns. B. one C. 1. two 2. one 3. three TIP page 9 The first word entry in most dictionaries is not a pronunciation entry. Rather, the first entry shows syllable breaks for writing. The second entry is usually a pronunciation entry. A few dictionaries, but not all, show syllabication in the second entry, which may be different from that for speaking in some cases. For example, the first entry for veg-‐e-‐ta-‐ble shows four syllables; the second entry shows three vowel sounds and three syllables. The upper level of Well Said contains a list of common words in which a syllable is generally omitted in speaking.
EXERCISE 3 page 9 A. and B. CD 1; Track 4 1. black blue 2. box bo-‐xes 3. do does 4. act ac-‐tor 5. qui-‐et quite 6. bank ba-‐sic Chapter 2 Syllables
Same √ √
Different √ √ √ √ 7
7. look looked 8. de-‐cide de-‐ci-‐ded 9. be-‐gin-‐ner in-‐tro-‐duce 10. Ko-‐re-‐a va-‐nil-‐la
√ √ √
√
EXERCISE 4 page 10 A. CD 1; Track 5 Audio Script and Answer Key: 1. cook 7. center 2. planet 8. president 3. essay 9. explain it 4. sit 10. omit 5. stop it 11. tasted it 6. small 12. Erika B. CD 1; Track 6 EXERCISE 5 page 10 A. CD 1; Track 7 After the exercise, ask students what they think makes a word sound beautiful. Is it the sounds, the idea that the word communicates, or both? Later in the semester, teachers might have students conduct their own survey about the most beautiful words in English. B. Answers will vary. Spot check answers in Part B. C. Answers will vary. Some students might have difficulty producing a consonant or a vowel, not because they lack the ability, but because are averse to the sound of it. This activity may raise awareness of any English sounds that are unpleasant to the ears of individual students. EXERCISE 6 page 11 A. 1. 3 7. 2 2. 1 8. 2 3. 2 9. 3 4. 1 10. 1 5. 3 11. 2 6. 3 12. 2 B. CD 1; Track 8
Which Syllable is the Strongest? EXERCISE 7 page 12 A. CD 1; Track 9 B. CD 1; Track 10 Students repeat the words while tapping on the bold syllables. As noted elsewhere, adding movement helps to reinforce features of pronunciation.
Chapter 2 Syllables
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EXERCISE 8 page 12 A. and B CD 1; Track 11 Check answers with students before moving on to part B. 1. ex plain 4. un der stand 2. Ja pan 5. pre sent (n) 3. Chi na 6. pre sent (v) EXERCISE 9 page 13 A. Guess the Primary Stress Check your Dictionary 1. cof fee 1. 'cof fee 2. po lice 2. po 'lice 3. fi nal 3. 'fi nal 4. pro mise 4. 'pro mise 5. a bi li ty 5. a 'bi li ty 6. pi a no 6. pi 'a no B. CD 1; Track 12 EXERCISE 10 page 13 A. Answers will vary. A student who works in a mail center might struggle with the word ex 'press. A student majoring in nursing might have trouble with the stress pattern in psy 'cho lo gy. For Exercise 10, you can refer students to Heinle’s online Newbury House Dictionary: http://elt.heinle.com/nhd B. This is a good time to circulate and spot check student answers.
Chapter 2 Syllables
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CHAPTER 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds This chapter lays additional groundwork for subsequent chapters by introducing the consonant and vowel sounds of English. Students will learn a few basic relationships between English sounds and spellings. They will also be introduced to the phonetic symbols representing English sounds that appear in the Well Said series. Students will not be expected to memorize symbols or to transcribe words. Rather, they will gain enough familiarity with the symbols to be comfortable with this text and with using dictionaries for pronunciation. The symbols used in the Well Said series are similar to those used in Teaching Pronunciation by Celce Murcia et al (2010), the most widely used teacher resource text on pronunciation instruction. Because phonetic systems used for North American English are not standard and vary somewhat, students will also explore symbols used in their own learner dictionaries. Finally, students will become acquainted with the schwa vowel sound, the most common vowel sound in North American English, and the essential relationship between vowel sounds and their pronunciation in stressed and unstressed syllables.
Spelling and Sounds EXERCISE 1 page 14 A. 1. son sun 2. pool pull 3. wear where 4. won one 5. throw through 6. threw through 7. clothes close 8. sea see 9. loose lose 10. wood would B. CD 1; Track 13
Same √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Different √ √ √
Vowel Sounds and Symbols EXERCISE 2 page 15 A. Answers will vary. Students may need assistance locating the pronunciation key in their print or online dictionaries. B. CD 1; Track 14 Chapter 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds
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EXERCISE 3 page 16 A. Answers for symbols will vary somewhat if using a dictionary, and words will vary. Following are the symbols used in Well Said. Circulate and offer assistance, especially if students are using a dictionary. Word Symbol 1. egg /ɛ/ 2. week /iy/ 3. cow /aw/ 4. send /ɛ/ 5. put /ʊ/ 6. father /ɑ/ 7. sick /I/ 8. boot /uw/ 9. laugh /æ/ 10. soap /ow/ 11. love /ʌ/ 12. railroad /ey/ B. CD 1; Track 15 Ask volunteers to write “their words” on the board.
Consonant Sounds and Symbols EXERCISE 4 page 17 A. Answers will vary. Students may need assistance locating the pronunciation key in their print or online dictionaries. B. CD 1; Track 16 EXERCISE 5 page 18 A. Answers for symbols will vary somewhat if using a dictionary, and words will vary. The following are the symbols used in Well Said. Circulate and offer assistance as necessary. Word Symbol 1. share /ʃ/ 2. bath /θ/ 3. nature /tʃ/ 4. laugh /f/ 5. father /ð/ 6. machine /ʃ/ 7. wing /ŋ/ 8. usual /ʒ/ 9. juice /dʒ/ 10. page /dʒ/ B. CD 1; Track 17 Ask volunteers to write their words on the board. Chapter 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds
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TIP p age 18 Point out the examples in the personal word list to establish that students do not need to know all of the English phonetic symbols for pronunciation guides to be of use. For example, students can see at a glance that the letter s in asthma is pronounced /z/. EXERCISE 6 page 19 A. 1. /p/ Poland 4. /tʃ/ China 2. /k/ Canada 5. /y/ United States 3. /t/ Thailand 6. /dʒ/ Japan B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary. Ask students at random to share their answers so that answers can be checked with the class. EXERCISE 7 page 19 A. CD 1; Track 18 B. and C. Circulate during parts B and C. After part C, teachers should review answers with the class as a whole. 1. /f/ Phoebe, Frank 2. /t/ Thomas 3. /z/ Zoe 4. /tʃ/ Charles 5. /dʒ/ Julie, Georgia, James, Joshua 6. /ʃ/ Charlotte, Shelly 7. /θ/ Theo 8. /k/ Chloe, Chris
Vowel Sounds and Stress This section aims to show students how the vowel in the stressed syllable is the most important, and should be pronounced fully. Likewise, students are made aware of the unstressed syllables, and the prevalence of the schwa /ə/ sound. CD 1; Track 19 EXERCISE 8 page 20 A. 1. begin /ɪ/ 4. table 2. confuse /uw/ 5. November 3. Japan /æ/ 6. fourteen B. CD 1; Track 20
/ey/ /ɛ/ /iy/
EXERCISE 9 page 20 A. CD 1; Track 21 The underlined syllables have the unstressed schwa sound. Many students believe the vowel should sound the way it is written. Be sure they understand that in English, this is often not the case. Chapter 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds
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1. de ve lop 4. pos si ble 2. oc cur 5. com pare 3. a lone 6. tra di tion B. CD 1; Track 22 Be sure students are stressing only the stressed syllables which they have not circled.
Two-‐Vowel Rule This rule is similar to a phonics rule that some children learn as beginning readers: When there are two vowels together, the first does the talking and the second does the walking. EXERCISE 10 page 21 A. CD 1; Track 23 Audio Script and Answer Key: A /eʸ/ E /iy/ late date clean jeans same page green tea cream cheese B. CD 1; Track 24
I /ɑy/ arrive alive bike ride nice smile
O /oʷ/ those coats slow boat
U /uʷ/ (or /yuw/) true blue fruit juice
Choose Your Path page 21 Some teachers may wish to provide a bit more practice with consonant and/or vowel sounds before moving into Part II. If so, the class can complete one (or more) of these four suggested lessons.
Chapter 3 Vowel and Consonant Sounds
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PART II Word Endings Chapter 4 Final Consonant Sounds Chapter 5 The -‐s Ending Chapter 6 The -‐ed Ending
Part II addresses two features of English pronunciation that are troublesome for most students: final consonant sounds and the addition of grammatical endings. Many students speak first languages that have few, if any, consonant sounds or consonant clusters at the ends of syllables and words. As a result, these students struggle with words that end in one or more final consonant sounds (e.g., car, card, cards). To simplify word endings, students may drop final sounds (e.g., fi -‐ for five; ac-‐ for act; like for liked) or add extra vowel sounds (e.g., talk-‐ed for talked) without realizing it. Another challenge for students related to the clustering of consonants is linking the end of one word to the beginning of the next, especially when the first word ends and the next word begins with one or more consonant sounds (e.g., five students). Finally, this segment addresses the tendency for many students to substitute a voiceless sound for its voiced pair sound at the ends of words (e.g., neat for need). In many other languages, voiced/voiceless pairs like k/g, p/b, t/d, and f/v are not separate sounds in the final position of words, so students need help perceiving and producing these distinctions.
Part II Opening Photo
Below are suggestions for using the photo as a warm-‐up activity. Teachers may choose to vary the activity suggestions below.
1. Ask students to brainstorm words associated with the photo. List the words on the board by category and ask students which words have pronunciations they are uncertain of. Once students have completed Chapter 2, they can find the pronunciations themselves in print or online dictionaries.
2. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., order, eat, food, serve, restaurant, pepper, spices, etc.). Have students check their spellings. This task helps establish sound-‐spelling correspondences in English.
3. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., restaurant, garlic, peppers, diners, colorful, server, etc.). Once students have completed the chapters on word stress, have students identify and mark the stress patterns of the dictated words.
4. Dictate a few short sentences related to the photo; for example: The restaurant is colorful. The food looks delicious. The diners eat lunch. The servers are busy. Have students compare their dictations with what you said. This task helps students decode the stream of speech into words, recognize reduced forms, and identify common sound changes in connected speech.
5. Ask students what questions they have about the photo. Then ask them to locate clues in the photo that might help answer those questions. This is a good task for students after they have studied the chapter on final intonation. 6. Have students imagine what the people in the photo are saying and add speech bubbles. You can choose pronunciation issues to focus on, such as final sounds, grammatical endings, rhythm, word stress, or focus.
Part II
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CHAPTER 4
Final Consonant Sounds
The focus of this chapter is to raise awareness of the role of final consonant sounds in communicating meaning. When students realize how certain features impact meaning, they are usually more motivated to learn the target feature. Once students realize the importance of final consonants, they discover how to distinguish between final voiceless and voiced consonant sounds (i.e., listeners rely on the perceived length of the preceding vowel).
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 23 A. and B. CD 1; Track 25 Once students have checked their answers, they may wish to hear the audio one more time. Audio Script and Answer Key: This is a message for (1. Jake). My name is (2. Lee), and I’m calling about the science club meeting. It’s tonight at 7 o'clock in (3. Room 8) of Smith Hall. Please bring your lab (4. coat). Also, we plan to talk about this year’s fair. We need to figure out the (5. prize). All ideas are welcome. Thank you, and see you later. Oh, one more thing, if you can, please bring chips or another snack.
Notice EXERCISE 2 pages 24–25 A. CD 1; Track 26 Audio Script 1. There’s Joan. 2. Here’s the tray. 3. Go to Gate A-‐11. 4. Can you dry? 5. The cab was expensive. 6. This is my right. 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 6. b 6. a B. CD 1; Track 27 Many students will not be able to hear a difference between the pairs. Do not worry; the chapter will help students with these distinctions. A few students might mention that the words without any final consonants seem longer than those with final consonants (tray vs. train). Others might note that words ending in voiced consonants sound longer than those ending in voiceless consonants (ride sounds longer than right). In both cases, their perceptions are accurate.
Rules and Practice EXERCISE 3 page 25 A. CD 1; Track 28 Audio Script and Answer Key: 1. Take the tie off. (Incorrect) 2. Did you save money? (Correct) Chapter 4 Final Consonant Sounds
15
3. It’s noon in my country. (Correct) 4. What’s the day of the party? (Incorrect) 5. Keep up the good work. (Correct) 6. Can you see us together? (Incorrect) B. CD 1; Track 29 In most cases, the underlined consonant in the sentences in part A is followed by a word that begins with a vowel. Omission of a final consonant in this context would be especially obvious to a proficient English speaker and would likely cause a momentary breakdown in understanding. In the TIP on the next page, students learn about linking as a strategy for making final consonant sounds followed by vowel sounds clear and easy to produce. TIP page 26 Teachers might suggest to students that when they link two (or more) words, they should make them sound like one word (e.g., timeoff, keepup). EXERCISE 4 page 26 A. and B. CD 1; Track 31 Audio Script 1. Can the hostess seat us? 2. Should I take the tie off? 3. Does he save anything? 4. Your red boat is nice! 5. What's the date of the meeting? 6. I’m afraid I don’t like my tea. 1. a. Can the hostess see us? ☐ No, we should move closer to her. b. Can the hostess seat us? þ No, there isn’t a free table yet.
þ Yes, it doesn’t match your shirt.
3. a. Does he say anything? b. Does he save anything?
☐ No, he’s very quiet. þ No, he’s broke.
4. a. Your red boat is nice! b. Your red bow is nice!
þ Thanks! Do you want to go for a ride?
2. a. Should I take the tie off? b. Should I take the time off?
☐ Yes, you need a vacation.
5. a. What’s the date of the meeting? b. What’s the day of the meeting?
☐ Thanks! It’s made of silk.
þ May 14th. ☐ Tuesday.
6. a. I’m afraid I don’t like my tea. þ Would you prefer coffee? b. I’m afraid I don’t like my team. ☐ Please try to work with everyone. C. Circulate and provide feedback as students work in pairs.
Chapter 4 Final Consonant Sounds
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Choose Your Path page 27 In Rule 4.2, students learn that vowels sound longer before final voiced consonants than before final voiceless consonants. However, before moving into the practice with this concept, you may wish to explore voiced and voiceless consonants in more detail. EXERCISE 5 page 27 A. and B. CD 1; Track 33 In part B, students are asked to repeat the words silently. This practice increases the students’ awareness that they are elongating the vowel sounds in the second column. Pay special attention to these final voiced vs. voiceless consonant pairs /p-‐b; t-‐d; k-‐g/. These sounds make a solid contribution to intelligibility, yet they are especially problematic for students from a variety of language backgrounds. TIP page 27 Thanks to Joan Morley for these practice strategies, which are especially useful when practicing pronunciation at the segmental level (i.e., the level of specific sounds). EXERCISE 6 page 28 A. CD 1; Track 34 Audio Script 1. Did you log it? 2. I heard about the race. 3. Did she make the bed? 4. Should I put it in the bag? 5. I forgot my lab coat. 6. Take a cab. 1. a. Did you lock it? ☐ No, I didn’t have the key. b. Did you log it? þ Yes, I wrote it down.
2. a. I heard about the race. b. I heard about the raise.
þ Who won? ☐ How much was it?
☐ No, she didn’t have the money. þ Yes, she’s very neat.
☐ No, in the front. þ Yes, in the big blue one.
þ You can wear mine. ☐ Ask for a new number.
3. a. Did she make the bet? b. Did she make the bed?
4. a. Should I put it in the back? b. Should I put it in the bag?
5. a. I forgot my lab coat. b. I forgot my lab code.
6. a. Take a cap. ☐ Is it sunny out? b. Take a cab. þ No, I think I’ll walk. B. CD 1; Track 35 C. During the pair practice in part C, circulate and provide feedback.
Chapter 4 Final Consonant Sounds
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Communicative Practice What? I can’t hear you!
page 29
One of the authors piloted this lip reading activity in a community college setting in order to confirm that students from a variety of language and cultural backgrounds would not object to monitoring their partners’ mouth movements. C. In answer to the question in part C, some students might notice that mouth movements were somewhat more noticeable or exaggerated.
Pronunciation Log Final Consonant Sounds
page 30
This is the first of the Pronunciation Logs at the end of each chapter involving recording and self-‐ monitoring. Because it is difficult to monitor pronunciation in real time, these Logs enable students to capture and analyze their utterances after the fact, much as they might edit an essay they have written it. To keep the monitoring task manageable, the Log extracts are brief and students listen only for one or two target features. Teachers can spot check the recordings and give feedback. What is equally important, however, is that students themselves listen to their recordings. When a student is having difficulty producing a feature, the student may be able to perceive the feature (or lack of it) in his or her own speech, and that is an important first step. In that vein, in the Log in this chapter, you may ask students to submit their self-‐evaluations (lists of words said correctly) along with their recordings. That way, you can gather information about the student’s ability to perceive/self-‐monitor for the target feature as well as produce it clearly.
Chapter 4 Final Consonant Sounds
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CHAPTER 5
The -‐s Ending
Most teachers (and many students) know that English has a set of guidelines for pronunciation of the -‐s ending. Although students may be aware of these rules, they may not use them. One reason is because the -‐s ending in running speech is either a fleeting sound (/s/ or /z/) or a reduced syllable (/əz/) and consequently is hard for many English learners to hear. As noted in the Did You Know? box on page 33 in the student book, frequent omission of the -‐s ending can cause occasional misunderstanding, but it is more likely to distract listeners from the content of the message, especially in academic and business settings.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 pages 32–33 The purpose of this activity is to highlight the frequency with which speakers use the -‐s ending when speaking about what people “do.” A. and B. Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Maria takes pictures at weddings. She also makes videos. She provides digital or CD copies. 2. Catherine feeds cats. She also plays with them, cleans up their messes, and gives them medicine. 3. Professor Patel teaches English. She works at Jersey Community College. 4. Dan repairs and services laptops, tablets, and smart phones. He works long hours! He works from 9:00–9:00 every day. In part B, teachers should write sentences exactly as dictated/spoken by the students (even if students omit the -‐s endings). The endings can be corrected as a class in the context of the activity. If students realize they tend to omit the -‐s ending, they will be more motivated to attend to this feature.
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 33 A. CD 1; Track 37 Audio Script 1. Could you feed my cats? 2. He left his business card. 3. Ari works with his cousin. 4. When did your guests arrive? 5. Let me wash the dishes. 6. Who sent the rose? 7. Did you get my messages? 8. Do you have to pay the tax? 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b B. CD 1; Track 38 Chapter 5 The –s Ending
6. a
7. b
8. a
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Rules and Practice Students may not be aware of the various contexts in which we add an -‐s in English. Let them know that the pronunciation rules are the same for these different situations. The rules for -‐s (and -‐ed in Chapter 6) discuss voiceless and voiced consonant sounds. Students may ask about words that end in a vowel sound. All vowels, of course, are voiced, and the associated sound would also be voiced. Cartoon page 34 Cartoons are provided throughout Well Said Intro. Often, they illustrate the ideas being discussed. They might also set the context for the exercise. But, they are always meant to provide comic relief. This cartoon is a play on the word “possessive.” It means “to belong to,” as is indicated by using the apostrophe. When it describes a person, of course, it implies they are too controlling, stifling, and difficult to be with. Before explaining it to students, check that they understand what an apostrophe is and eliciting a few examples. Then explain that the word possessive can also have a meaning in a relationship. Ask them what they think the cartoon is about. (Answer: dating). Ask if the speaker (the question mark) appears happy or angry. (Answer: angry) Then ask one or two more questions, such as: What does it mean to possess something? What do you think a possessive person might be like? Why is the question mark unhappy about his/her experience with the apostrophe? What do you think their relationship was like? EXERCISE 3 page 35 In this Exercise and in the next two, the concept of syllable number is recycled and applied to the -‐s grammatical ending. A. CD 1; Track 40 B. Walk around as students work in pairs. Answer any questions and quietly assess students’ comprehension and ability to apply the rules. C. CD 1; Track 41 Audio Script and Answer Key /s/: likes, tapes, coats, laughs, drinks, Pat's cats, desks, Jeff’s, laptops, works /z/: needs, songs, keys, phones, wears, Bob’s jobs, copies, emails, Lou’s, meetings /ɪz/ or /əz/: dishes, watches, closes, messages, practices, Jess’s dresses, bosses, Liz’s, offices, taxes EXERCISE 4 page 36 CD 1; Track 42 EXERCISE 5 page 36 A. and B. Circulate and give feedback during parts A and B. Choose Your Path You can assign the Word Search puzzle for homework and then go over the puzzle as a class, in pairs, or in small groups. Chapter 5 The –s Ending
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EXERCISE 6 page 37 A. and B. Students first draw the link marks (as presented in the TIP box) and practice saying the phrases on their own. Then they communicate with their classmates, again being conscious of the linking. 1. … often cooks at home. 2. … often sleeps until noon. 3. … often rides a bike to school. 4. … often loses stuff. 5. … often sings in the shower. 6. … never eats lunch. 7. … never drinks coffee. 8. … never gets sad. 9. … never misses class. 10. … never uses pencils. C. Spot check by choosing different students to report back one or two answers. Provide a model for students to repeat for any linked phrases that are especially difficult.
Communicative Practice Describe Your Dream Job
page 38
A. – C. Circulate and offer individualized feedback on pronunciation of the -‐s endings.
Pronunciation Log The -‐s Ending
page 39
A. CD 1; Track 43 Audio Script and Answer Key Odd Jobs 1. John is an ice-‐cream taster (also called a food scientist). He tastes ice cream and gets paid to do it! The average yearly salary for this job is 56,000 dollars. 2. Cindy is a personal shopper. If someone wants new clothing but doesn’t have time to shop, she buys clothes or even shoes for them. Personal shoppers can make between 25,000 and 100,000 or more dollars per year! 3. Brian is a professional video gamer. He plays video games for a living. The top paid video gamer makes over 400,000 dollars a year. The annual salary of a professional gamer is from 85,000 dollars to 400,000 dollars or more. 4. Jenny is a horse exerciser. She exercises racehorses. She loves horses and riding, so this is a perfect job for her. Jenny's salary is around 50,000 dollars a year. B. It’s important to check answers as a class to ensure that students are using the correct model. You may choose to project the answers on the board from the answer key. You may also choose to ask students to write the answers in, or you can fill them in yourself as students dictate them to you. Chapter 5 The –s Ending
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CHAPTER 6
The -‐ed Ending
The -‐ed ending is similar to the -‐s ending in that English has a clear set of guidelines for pronunciation. In addition, like the -‐s ending, the -‐ed is either a fleeting sound (/t/ or /d/) or an unstressed syllable (/əd)/, so many students need focused listening practice to notice this ending in the stream of speech. Finally, like -‐s, when the -‐ed ending is produced as a /t/ or /d/, it often creates a challenging consonant cluster (as in liked /kt/ or asked /skt/).
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 40 The primary purpose of this activity is to highlight the frequency with which speakers use the -‐ed ending when speaking about events in the past. The secondary purpose is to point out to students that they may be omitting the -‐ed ending in running speech. A. – C. CD 1; Track 44 You may want to pre-‐teach the word exhausted. Write it on the board and ask if anyone knows the meaning. Explain and elicit examples as necessary. Audio Script and Answer Key It was terrible! First, I got lost and (1) arrived about 20 minutes late to my first class. The professor (2) looked at me angrily. I sat down, very nervous and upset. I (3) listened and took notes for ten minutes before I (4) realized I was in the wrong class! I left quietly. I (5) missed my first class completely but ran to my second class and (6) checked a few times to be sure it was the correct room. It was, and that class was fine. I even (7) answered a few questions during the class. After class, I went back to my dorm room and took a nap. I was (8) exhausted!
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 41 A. CD 1; Track 45 Audio Script 1. My parents always arrive on time. 2. Shops closed at 9:00 p.m. on Sundays. 3. Janet and Sonia want a higher salary. 4. I liked watching cartoons. 5. We needed to get better grades. 6. My brothers work in the city. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. a B. CD 1; Track 46 Because the -‐ed ending sometimes assimilates to (or becomes more like) the first sound in the next word (see Did You Know? on page 43), listeners may not always be able to hear the past tense -‐ed (e.g., Chapter 6 The –ed Ending
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as in planned to go or watched the game). In all of the items in this exercise, however, the past tense -‐ed would be clear to a proficient English listener. EXERCISE 3 page 41 In this exercise and in Exercise 4 on page 43, the concept of syllable number is recycled and applied to grammatical endings. A. and B. CD 1; Track 47 1. grade 1 graded 2 2. play 1 played 1 3. call 1 called 1 4. wait 1 waited 2 5. visit 2 visited 3 6. open 2 opened 2 7. lock 1 locked 1 8. hope 1 hoped 1 9. sound 1 sounded 2 10. miss 1 missed 1
Rules and Practice Rule 6.1 Final -‐ed Sounds, page 42 CD 1; Track 48 Group 1: needed, rested, started /t/ /d/ /əd/ Group 2: planned, moved, called /t/ /d/ /əd/ Group 3: picked, missed, thanked /t/ /d/ /əd/ At the beginning to mid-‐intermediate level of English proficiency, if students simply learn when to add a sound, whether it is /t/ or /d/, and when to add a syllable, they will substantially improve their pronunciation of the -‐ed ending. TIP page 42 There are two techniques presented in Well Said Intro for determining which consonants are voiceless and which are voiced. It’s always good to provide a variety of techniques as some may work better for some students than others. See page 145 in Consonant Sounds 8 for another technique. EXERCISE 4 page 43 A. CD 1; Track 49 B. Walk around as students work in pairs to answer questions and quietly assess students’ comprehension and ability to apply the rules. C. CD 1; Track 50 Audio Script and Answer Key /ɪd/ or /əd/: added, exhausted, needed, waited, wanted, acted, decided, graduated, planted /t/: asked, finished, passed, washed, worked, laughed, looked, missed, stopped /d/: applied, caused, closed, opened, used, changed, moved, stayed, tired Chapter 6 The –ed Ending
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EXERCISE 5 page 44 A. and B. Offer individualized feedback as students work in pairs. Let them know you are available if they cannot resolve mismatches. It may not always be clear to the student pairs whether the speaker is producing the feature incorrectly or if the listener is perceiving the feature incorrectly. C. CD 1; Track 51 Students speak in chorus with the model on the recording and with other students. Choral readings, whether on the audio program or in class with the teacher leading the chorus, give all students the important opportunity to practice speaking out loud, give reticent students the chance to blend with other voices while they attempt new pronunciation patterns, and give students a strong model to follow. As Gilbert (2008) says, “Choral response gives support to each speaker who, if speaking alone, might falter… It is this rhythmic safety net that will provide students with a sense that they are mastering the chunk of spoken English” Choose Your Path page 44 You might want to assign the Word Search Puzzle for homework and check the homework in class in pairs or in a small group.
Communicative Practice Life Stories
page 45
A. – D. Circulate and provide individualized feedback during this practice. Extension After part D, Students can create new small groups. One student reads three events from their timeline, but not the fourth. For the fourth event, the student provides only the year. Using the verbs in the box in part A, the group members make intelligent guesses about what happened that year.
Pronunciation Log The -‐ed Ending
page 46
A. and B. CD 1; Track 52 Audio Script and Answer Key Maria's Story I first came to the United States in 2007. I (1) studied English for a year. My plan was to go to college and study nursing. I (2) hoped to work with children in Africa or South America. After one year, I (3) applied to several universities but wasn’t (4) accepted to any. I was very (5) depressed. I almost quit. But I didn’t. Instead, I (6) worked for a year in a hospital and then (7) tried again. This time I was successful! Four years later, I (8) graduated.
Chapter 6 The –ed Ending
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PART III Word Stress Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs Chapter 8 Stress in Words with Suffixes
To a listener, the most important syllable in a word is the stressed syllable. Word stress has several important functions. It is one of the primary ways in which a native listener identifies spoken words (Benrabah, 1997). If a speaker misplaces the stress or stresses all syllables more or less equally, the word will be hard to understand. Word stress is also a tip off for listeners as to where words begin and end in the speech stream (Field, 2005). In addition to being communicatively important, stress in words is easy to teach and relatively easy for students to learn. When teaching stress, teachers need to attend both to placement of stress and to the manner in which students achieve stress. Teachers should specifically note length or duration, an important component of stress. In a study by Anderson-‐Hsieh and Venkatagiri (1994), native English speakers’ stressed syllables were about four times as long as their unstressed syllables, which are shortened largely by using the reduced, neutral schwa vowel sound /ə/. In these chapters you will see stressed syllables designated with boldface or a large dot centered over the syllable.
Part III Opening Photo
Below are suggestions for using the photo as a warm-‐up activity. Teachers may choose to vary the activity suggestions below.
1. Ask students to brainstorm words associated with the photo. List the words on the board by category and ask students which words have pronunciations they are uncertain of. Once students have completed Chapter 2, they can find the pronunciations themselves in print or online dictionaries.
2. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., chefs, servers, workers, steps, restaurant, all ages, Chinese, etc.). Have students check their spellings. This task helps establish sound-‐spelling correspondences in English.
3. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., restaurant, uniform, entrance, relax, columns, design, Chinese, etc.). Once students have completed the chapters on word stress, have students identify and mark the stress patterns of the dictated words.
4. Dictate a few short sentences related to the photo; for example: The doors are red. The chefs and servers are resting. This is a Chinese restaurant. The workers wear white uniforms. Have students compare their dictations with what you said. This task helps students decode the stream of speech into words, recognize reduced forms, and identify common sound changes in connected speech.
5. Ask students what questions they have about the photo. Then ask them to locate clues in the photo that might help answer those questions. This is a good task for students after they have studied the chapter on final intonation. 6. Have students imagine what the people in the photo are saying and add speech bubbles. You can choose pronunciation issues to focus on, such as final sounds, grammatical endings, rhythm, word stress, or focus.
Part III
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CHAPTER 7
Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs
Many languages have stress patterns that are more stable and predictable than those in English. For many students, English word stress appears highly unsystematic. However, English exhibits some general tendencies influenced by factors such as word origin, part of speech, and type of suffix. This chapter addresses the guidelines for stress related to part of speech or the grammatical function of a word in an utterance. Students will learn rules of thumb for numbers, two-‐syllable nouns and verbs, and compound nouns.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 48 This warm-‐up dialogue demonstrates that stress changes meaning. The words in the parentheses are essentially the same except for stress placement. A change in stress changes word meaning and the direction of the dialogue. A. CD 1; Track 53 Audio Script I was so busy today. First I returned that book on Southwestern desserts. Yes, I do. Then I got that message I’ve been waiting for. It was. Then I spoke to Jen about the new committee. Yes. Then I had to pick up pizza for a party of forty kids! B. CD 1; Track 54 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. I was so busy today. First, I returned that book on Southwestern desserts. þ Oh, do you like to cook? 2. Yes. I do. Then I got that message I’ve been waiting for. þ I hope it was good news. 3. It was. Then I spoke to Jen about the new committee. þ Oh, is she a member, too? 4. Yes. Then, I had to pick up pizza for a party of forty kids! þ Wow! That’s over ten pizzas!
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 49 A. CD 1; Track 55 Audio Script 1. thirteen 2. two lips 3. message 4. often Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs
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5. a limit 6. common 7. object (n) 8. elephant B. CD 1; Track 56 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. ☐ thirty þ thirteen 2. ☐ tulips þ two lips 3. þ message ☐ massage 4. þ often ☐ offend 5. ☐ element þ a limit 6. þ common ☐ come on 7. þ object (n) ☐ object (v) 8. ☐ eleven þ elephant EXERCISE 3 page 49 Students who were not able to hear the difference in stress patterns between the pair words in Exercise 2, part B will find Exercise 3 of help. Sometimes it is easier to hear stress when meaning is stripped away. A. CD 1; Track 57 Check students' answers to part A before moving to part B. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. DA-‐də 2. də-‐DA 3. də-‐DA 4. DA-‐də 5. də-‐DA 6. DA-‐də B. CD 1; Track 58 Check students' answers. Then let them listen again, especially to any they answered incorrectly. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. promise DA-‐də də-‐DA 2. result DA-‐də də-‐DA 3. succeed DA-‐də də-‐DA 4. famous DA-‐də də-‐DA 5. present (n) DA-‐də də-‐DA 6. present (v) DA-‐də də-‐DA 7. record (n) DA-‐də də-‐DA 8. record (v) DA-‐də də-‐DA 9. enjoy DA-‐də də-‐DA 10. method DA-‐də də-‐DA 11. fifteen DA-‐də də-‐DA 12. sister DA-‐də də-‐DA Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs
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Rules and Practice Rule 7.1 page 50 Note that the -‐teen numbers are stressed when they are said alone (e.g., when counting or giving an age) and when they come at the end of a phrase or sentence. This is a contrast with the ten numbers. However, when the -‐teen numbers come in the middle of a sentence or phrase, they are usually stressed on both syllables (but still more strongly on the last); for example: on the THIR-‐TEENTH day of the month. In this case, the difference may be more difficult to discern (which is why native speakers often use clarification questions to be sure they understand!) It never hurts to teach students some functional language. You may want to assure them confusion is normal, and if they aren’t sure, to ask something like: I’m sorry. Did you say FORty or fourTEEN? TIP page 50 The quick /d/ sound mentioned in the tip box is referred to as a flap /t/ and is represented by linguists in IPA as /r/. North American English speakers pronounce /t/ as a flap (or quick /d/ sound) in words and phrases when the /t/ is between two vowel sounds and the second vowel sound is unstressed. This comes up again in Rule 11.3 (Chapter 11, page 89). EXERCISE 4 page 51 A. CD 1; Track 60 Audio Script 1. Class begins at 4:50. 2. I’d like to make a reservation for 80. 3. That’ll be $4.16. 4. I live at eight nineteen Green Street. 5. Our party’s on the thirtieth. 6. The movie starts at 7:15. 7. Your flight to Seoul leaves from Gate 40. 8. She’s 17. 9. The room is 12 by 13. 10. Take bus number 90. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. b B. CD 1; Track 61 C. While students work together, circulate, give feedback, and resolve any mismatches between the speakers and listeners. EXERCISE 5 page 52 A. CD 1; Track 64 B. Monitor students to see how well they grasp the rules. Let them listen to part C and check their answers before going over the answers. C. CD 1; Track 65 Audio Script and Answer Key Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs
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Two-‐Syllable Nouns: apple, problem, student, teacher, college, essay, mother, reason Two-‐Syllable Verbs: agree, behave, occur, protect, advise, believe, complain, decide EXERCISE 6 page 54 A. and B. These word pairs reflect the general tendency to stress two-‐syllable nouns on the first syllable and to stress two-‐syllable verbs on the second syllable. Circulate and offer feedback or assistance to students as necessary. EXERCISE 7 page 54 A. Let students work together on this. They will need to determine whether the word is a noun or a verb, and then choose the correct stress. You may wish to let students listen to the sentences in the next part before you go over their answers. If you have time, let students listen again after you check them, so they can listen more closely to any they circled incorrectly. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. The ( produce / produce) is in the back, past the milk and eggs. 2. What companies (produce / produce) cars in the U.S.? 3. He signed the ( contract / contract), but he could not do the work. 4. Can you (conduct / conduct) a web meeting easily? 5. Is the ( decrease / decrease) in book sales because of the rise in e-‐books? 6. The camera didn’t work. The store gave me a full ( refund / refund). 7. Click here to (record / record) yourself. Press the arrow to hear your recording. 8. My phone battery dies after one hour! It’s time for an ( upgrade / upgrade). 9. The city does not (permit / permit) fishing on public beaches. 10. A large ( protest / protest) is planned in front of the state building this Friday. 11. Have you made any ( progress / progress) on your research paper? 12. Does anyone (object / object) to these dates for the conference? 13. Our ( project / project) is finally complete. Let’s celebrate! 14. She will (present / present) the new product ideas at the next meeting. B. CD 1; Track 67 Extension: Have each student select a few Academic, Business, or Law words from Exercise 6 that might relate to themselves or their experience. Have them create two or three of their own sentences. Ask volunteers to share them with the class. EXERCISE 8 page 55 A. CD 1; Track 69
Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs
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Communicative Practice Troubles with Technology
pages 56 and 58
A. – C. CD 1; Track 70 Audio Script and Answer Key Troubles with Technology A: Argh! This computer is so slow! I want to get this new (1) software, but it says I don’t have enough (2) disk space. B: I’m afraid it’s time for you to (3) invest in a new (4) laptop. A: It seems like I have to buy a new (5) laptop and (6) cell phone every year! B: I know. I (7) suspect the companies make a lot of money on all these (8) products. A: That’s for sure. And they (9) release so many new (10) products every year. It (11) creates so much (12) garbage. B: That’s true. That can’t be good for the (13) planet. You can sell your old (14) products online, you know. I’ll send you the link to one (15) website I know. A: Great. Thanks. Now let’s try to make some (16) progress on this project. D. Extension: Give students about 5–10 minutes to practice the conversation. Tell them one or two pairs will be chosen to perform for the class. To decide who will perform, you can ask each pair to pick a letter from the alphabet. The pairs who are furthest from the correct letter perform. Other students listen and monitor their stress. Pronunciation Log Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs page 57 A. You may want to assign part A as homework, and have students check their syllable stress with a partner in class. Or you can have them do it individually in class, and walk around and informally assess their understanding of the rules. Workshop: Creating a Successful Small Business This weekend, my college will conduct a workshop for people who want to create or expand a business. The leaders all have over forty years of experience in small business. They will talk about how to: • define a concept • achieve a plan • use spreadsheets • reduce taxes • respond to change The first session begins at 8:30 a.m. [thirty] Breakfast and lunch will be served. B. CD 1; Track 71 D. To assess students’ oral submissions, you can provide them with a copy of the answer key, and circle any word they may have had trouble with.
Chapter 7 Stress in Numbers, Nouns, and Verbs
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CHAPTER 8
Stress in Words with Suffixes
Many students find that working with words that have regularized patterns of stress (e.g., electric, athletic, dynamic, gigantic) helps them internalize common stress patterns. This chapter focuses on four suffixes that result in predictable stress patterns in words (-‐ion, -‐ity, -‐ic, and -‐ical) because these suffixes account for 90 percent of all stress shifts in word forms, as in science/scientific (Teschner and Whitley, 2004). The most common suffixes that do not affect stress patterns are -‐able, -‐ness, -‐ment, -‐ful, and -‐ less. Another key aspect of this chapter is how native speakers call attention to the stressed syllable in a word. In that regard, it is helpful for teachers to have a class set of thick rubber bands on hand to kinesthetically reinforce the contrast between longer, clearer stressed syllables and shorter, more obscure unstressed syllables.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 59 This opening exercise calls attention to the fact that words with stress-‐shifting suffixes are common when describing personal characteristics. A. Personalizing content is, of course, always interesting and fun for students. Spend just a few minutes on part A. You may share your own sleeping position(s) as well (or your spouse’s or child’s, if more interesting!) B. Students read just their own one or two positions from part A silently. Before moving into part C, ask students if they agree with the personality information. They will share their thoughts about it in part D, so hold off on sharing too much here. Or, do part D before part C if this works better. C. Students write the underlined words from their description(s) in part B. Depending on your students’ level, you may want them to write and identify the stressed syllable in all of the underlined words. This can also be a homework task. Ask a few students to write their words and predicted stress patterns on the board (or have them dictate the words to you). Let other students say whether the predicted stress pattern is correct. If there is debate, students will realize their hunches about stress may be incorrect, and they will be more motivated to attend to the practice in the chapter. You do not need to go over all answers as students will revisit this at the end of the chapter, where they should have no problem identifying the stressed syllables. D. While students are sharing information about themselves with a group, walk around and observe their ability to pronounce the target words correctly. It is best not to correct them too much at this stage.
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Notice EXERCISE 2 page 61 A. and B. CD 1; Track 72 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. at-‐tend at-‐ten-‐tion 2. de-‐cide de-‐ci-‐sion 3. per-‐fect per-‐fec-‐tion 4. a-‐ble a-‐bi-‐li-‐ty 5. po-‐pu-‐lar po-‐pu-‐la-‐ri-‐ty 6. per-‐so-‐nal per-‐so-‐na-‐li-‐ty 7. fan-‐ta-‐sy fan-‐tas-‐tic 8. e-‐ner-‐gy e-‐ner-‐ge-‐tic 9. mu-‐sic mu-‐si-‐cian 10. Ca-‐na-‐da Ca-‐na-‐di-‐an
Rules and Practice EXERCISE 3 page 62 B. capability information permission tuition graduation opportunity possibility university C. CD 1; Track 76 Before students listen to the audio, check their answers to be certain that they will be able to both see and hear the correct primary stress in each word. Audio Script and Answer Key
vacation, decision, perfection, education, graduation, information, permission, tuition ability, electricity, personality, popularity, capability, opportunity, possibility, university EXERCISE 4 page 63 A. and B. CD 1; Track 78 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. My brother is a mechanic. He fixes cars. 2. Jun only eats organic food. He thinks it’s healthier. 3. I love cats, but I am allergic to them. They make me sneeze! 4. The firefighter was so brave. His actions were heroic. 5. This car is not very economical. It uses a lot of gasoline. 6. Tula didn’t sleep well last night, so she doesn’t feel very energetic today. 7. Martin exercises a lot. He’s always been very athletic. 8. I like to watch romantic comedies. 9. The candidate doesn’t belong to any political party. She’s independent. 10. You have to complete the application. It’s critical. Chapter 8 Stress in Words with Suffixes
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EXERCISE 5 page 64 A. 1. Someone who eats mostly vegetables is a vegetarian. 2. Someone who works in a library is a librarian. 3. Someone who works in politics is a politician. 4. Someone who studies history is a historian. 5. Someone who fixes electrical problems is an electrician. 6. Someone born in Italy usually speaks I talian. 7. Someone who plays music is a musician. 8. Someone who is from Canada is a Canadian. 9. Someone who acts in a comedy is a comedian. 10. Someone who does magic is a magician. B. Circulate and offer feedback during parts A and B. EXERCISE 6 page 64 A. This exercise looks at the many different vowels that are pronounced with the schwa sound. It’s important for students to be aware of this. 1. Italian 4. economic 2. opinion 5. television 3. definition 6. musician B. CD 1; Track 80 Before students listen to the audio in part B, spot check student answers in part A with the class and point out the many different spellings of schwa.
Communicative Practice Qualities of a Successful Employee
page 65
A. ability to make decisions curiosity friendly personality ability to solve problems effective communication skills good education attention to detail energetic manner reliability creativity flexibility technical knowledge B. Circulate during part B, offering students ideas if they seem unsure. C. Have several students share their ideas with the class. Avoid drawing attention to any mispronounced words as they discuss their ideas, but make note of them. Then after the discussion, you can have students repeat them after you, or write them on the board and ask students to tell you the stressed syllable. Have a volunteer model or model the words yourself for students to repeat.
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TIP Self-‐Monitoring page 85 Well Said Intro Pronunciation Log activities are designed to encourage students to monitor their own pronunciation by focusing only on the target points. Encourage students to monitor and record as many times as they want before submitting the final recording to you. Some of the activities also encourage students to monitor each other. Pronunciation Log Stress in Words with Suffixes page 66 A. and B. CD 1; Track 81 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. At first, you appear strong and tough, but this may be a protection against the world. Your family and close friends see your sensitivity. The majority of people sleep in this position. 2. You love conversation and are known for your friendliness. Some people call you a “social butterfly.” Popularity is important to you. This is the second most common sleep position, and health experts say it is good for your back. 3. You are known for your openness and sincerity. You like to try new things, but you can be suspicious of people or situations. You are often slow to make decisions. Experts say breathing is easier when you sleep on your side. 4. You are quiet, calm, and private. You seek perfection and have high expectations for yourself and others. This position may increase snoring, which can decrease your a bility to breathe. 5. You appear confident and energetic. Some call you “the life of a party.” At times, you appear nervous. You may become upset when people are critical of you. Experts say that lying on your stomach is good for your digestion. 6. You are a good friend and listener. You are known for your generosity. You do not like to be the center of attention. This position may increase snoring, which can decrease your a bility to breathe. C. If you choose to use the Log as an assessment. Simply give the student a copy of the answer key with a mark over the word (or incorrectly stressed syllable of the word) the student had trouble with. Or you can ask the student to submit the document to you, showing that they monitored it themselves.
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PART IV Sentence: Rhythm and Connected Speech Chapter 9 Rhythm: Stressed Words Chapter 10 Rhythm: Reduced Words Chapter 11 Connected Speech
In Part IV, students review and recycle what they have learned about English word stress and apply it to English rhythm patterns in phrases and short sentences. Just as words have strong and weak syllables, utterances have stressed and unstressed words. While words which have a clear meaning (e.g., sun, green, eat) are generally stressed, words with grammatical functions (in, the, has) are intentionally unstressed and less pronounced. It is important for students to learn this connection between rhythm and the information structure of English, both as speakers delivering information and as listeners receiving information. Additionally, in Part IV, students begin unlocking the mysteries of connected speech. They learn that each word in a chunk or phrase is linked to the next word so that a phrase often sounds like one long word (whatsername?) Students also gain familiarity with some of the more common sound changes in connected speech, which should increase their confidence when using English outside of the classroom. Part IV Opening Photo Below are suggestions for using the photo as a warm-‐up activity. Teachers may choose to vary the activity suggestions below. 1. Ask students to brainstorm words associated with the photo. List the words on the board by category and ask students which words have pronunciations they are uncertain of. Once students have completed Chapter 2, they can find the pronunciations themselves in print or online dictionaries.
2. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., city, buildings, dock, watch, water, windows, high, etc.). Have students check their spellings. This task helps establish sound-‐spelling correspondences in English.
3. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., bicycles, bikers, helmet, sun glasses, skyline, waterfront, etc.). Once students have completed the chapters on word stress, have students identify and mark the stress patterns of the dictated words.
4. Dictate a few short sentences related to the photo; for example: The dock is cool. The water has ripples. The large city is on a bay. The tall buildings are on the waterfront. The bikers ride around the bay. They wear sunglasses and helmets. Have students compare their dictations with what you said. This task helps students decode the stream of speech into words, recognize reduced forms, and identify common sound changes in connected speech.
5. Ask students what questions they have about the photo. Then ask them to locate clues in the photo that might help answer those questions. This is a good task for students after they have studied the chapter on final intonation.
6. Have students imagine what the people in the photo are saying and add speech bubbles. You can choose pronunciation issues to focus on, such as final sounds, grammatical endings, rhythm, word stress, or focus. Part IV
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CHAPTER 9
Rhythm: Stressed Words
At the word level, stress patterns help listeners identify words. At the phrase and sentence level, stress helps listeners identify the words in the message that are relatively more important. In Chapter 9, students learn that native speakers tend to put more stress on content words (or the stressed syllables of content words). Just as with word stress, the concept of rhythm may be difficult for students whose first languages assign more or less equal weight or stress to all syllables or parts of the utterance. Poetry and rhyme are used for some of the practice material in this chapter. Though poetry is more regularized and mechanical than that of authentic speech, it provides useful practice contrasting the stressed and unstressed elements of speech (Adams, 1979).
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 68 The purpose of this activity is to raise awareness that stressed words carry the essence of a message. Students are more likely to work on rhythm if they understand that the purpose is to communicate more effectively rather than reduce their accents or sound less “foreign.” A. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Classes cancelled Tuesday. Heavy snow. Updates on website. B. Answers will vary. Possible answer: are, on, due to the, will, be, on, our C. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Short or small words like articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, etc. D. CD 2; Track 2 Answers will vary. Possible answer: Nouns and verbs; content words.
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 69 A. CD 2; Track 3 The audio plays exactly what is on the page (the structure or function words); therefore, most students will indicate that they do not know what the conversation is about. B. CD 2; Track 4 Again, the audio plays what is on the page (the content words). This will allow most students to be able to guess the gist of the conversation. C. CD 2; Track 5 Again, this offers students the opportunity to notice the words that stand out or are stressed. Move to part D after they’ve had a chance to listen. D. Note that the charts in the next section will go over the answers in more detail. It’s enough here to have students notice just a few of the types of words. Possible answers: Chapter 9 Rhythm: Stressed Words
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1. Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. 2. Structure words (also called function words): articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, etc.
Rules and Practice Rule 9.2 page 70 The ten most common words in English (I, you, the, she, it, we, they, me, him, and her) are structure words. Because structure words account for much of spoken language, listeners will have more difficulty picking out important content words if structure words are not weakened. EXERCISE 3 page 70 A. Student answers should have a circle around the content words indicated. Extension: Tell student to look at the content words they circled in part A and underline the stressed syllable in the two-‐syllable words. They can refer to the rules in Chapters 7 and 8 for guidance if they cannot hear the answers. 1. It’s closed on Mondays. 2. Do you want me to call you? 3. Did you complete the application? 4. Tom and Lisa are absent. 5. Can we meet on Friday? 6. I’m not happy with my new laptop. B. CD 2; Track 6 Cartoon page 71 To warm students up, have them look at the cartoon. You might want to encourage discussion by asking questions such as: Why is the cartoon funny? What are some excuses students give to teachers? What are some good excuses? What are some bad excuses? EXERCISE 4 page 71 A. CD 2; Track 7 C. Answers will vary. Note that this part asks for common expressions teachers say. You might offer one, with humor, to get them started. For example: Put your cell phones away! Stop talking! EXERCISE 5 page 72 A. CD 2; Track 8 You may want to have students say the rhyme with the speaker two or more times. B. CD 2; Track 9 Nursery rhymes have a simple established meter; a few routine expressions in English have the same fixed cadence. DID YOU KNOW? page 72 Students often focus on sounds and don’t realize the importance of rhythm. If your students tend to stress every word or syllable, point out how they may come across to native speakers. Chapter 9 Rhythm: Stressed Words
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EXERCISE 6 page 73 The principle underlying this exercise is that the strong beats occur with regularity and that weak beats are compressed between the strong beats. In this exercise, while the number of weak beats increases, the time between the strong beats remains the same, forcing students to squeeze an increasing number of weak syllables between the strong. Tapping (or walking) helps maintain the rhythm pattern. A. CD 2; Track 10 B. Variation: Divide the class into as many groups as there are sentences. Each group is assigned a different sentence and repeats it over and over. Each group should take the same amount of time to say its sentence even though each sentence is a different length. Furthermore, each group should hit the strong beats at the same time. (I saw this variation, similar to singing in rounds, demonstrated in 2004 by Laura Rios, a graduate student at Georgia State University. I credit her with and thank her for the idea.) EXERCISE 7 page 73 A. Circulate and address questions. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. He’s as busy as a bee. 6. He’s as quiet as a mouse. 2. She’s as white as a ghost. 7. It’s as flat as a pancake. 3. You’re as sweet as honey. 8. It’s as light as a feather. 4. She’s as wise as an owl. 9. It’s as smooth as silk. 5. He eats like a bird. 10. You’re as cold as ice. B. CD 2; Track 11 Before students say the expressions, you may want to ask some questions to check their understanding of the idioms. For example: Who is as busy as a bee? (someone who’s hard working, maybe a student in the class) Why would someone be white as a ghost? (afraid, shocked) and so on. C. Answers will vary. Circulate and offer feedback as students work together.
Communicative Practice Voicemail
page 74
A. and B. If all your students have phones, you can give them the option to actually call their partner and leave a message. The partner then has to listen and write the missing words. If there are any sensitivities about sharing personal information, though, please avoid asking students to do this. Audio Script and Answer Key Student A’s Message Hi! Do you still want to go on a hike this Saturday? We should leave early, at seven or eight. Call me so we can make a plan. Talk to you soon. Student B’s Reply B: Sorry. I can’t go on the hike. I have to work. But I’m free on Sunday. Call me if you’d like to go to a movie. C. CD 2; Track 12 D. Circulate and offer feedback on overall rhythm. Chapter 9 Rhythm: Stressed Words
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Pronunciation Log Rhythm: Stressed Words
page 75
A. and B. CD 2; Track 13 C. You might want to have students tap their hands on their desks to the rhythm of the stressed words as they listen to their partners. D. If you would like to provide feedback to students, simply listen to the recording and circle any of the stressed words (or syllables) that were not clear. Encourage students to listen again and either re-‐record or come to you prepared to say the line again.
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CHAPTER 10
Rhythm: Reduced Words
As mentioned in Chapter 9 of this manual, many students learning English speak first languages that give more or less equal weight to words and syllables. Not only do these students have difficulty stressing content words, they also have trouble unstressing the reduced elements of speech. Consequently, the stressed and reduced components are not sufficiently contrasted. When students practice unstressing reduced forms and realize that native English speakers typically blur parts of the speech stream, they stop trying to hear every word clearly and become more efficient listeners. At the beginning to low-‐intermediate level, it is more important for students to recognize reduced forms than to say them correctly. However, if they practice saying them, they are more likely to recognize these forms when they hear them.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 77 The point of this warm up is to make students aware that the meaning is different in many of the sentences depending on whether the speaker uses the stressed or reduced form of the words in parentheses. A. CD 2; Track 14 Audio Script and Answer Key B: … Yes. Mika’s party is on Sunday at her house. B: … That’s right. It’s 427. B: … I can take you. B: … Yeah. We're having cake and ice cream. B: … I’ll ask for volunteers to help. B: … Victor can’t come, but he can buy the gift. B: … OK. I’ll see you later. B. CD 2; Track 14 TIP page 78 The concept of reduced forms is sometimes associated with fast speech, casual speech, or even sloppy or poor speech. It is true that in casual speech, there are more reduced forms. Yet it is also true that reduced forms are simply a function of natural English rhythm and are exhibited even in formal situations.
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 78 This exercise is similar to the warm up activity in that it compares rhythmic minimal pairs. Chapter 10 Rhythm: Reduced Words
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A. CD 2; Track 14 Audio Script 1. I’ll ask four volunteers to help. 2. It’s four two seven. 3. They can come to the party. 4. The product is for eyes. 5. Is this too clean? 6. It’s on a street somewhere. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b B. CD 2; Track 16
6. a
Rules and Practice EXERCISE 3 page 79 A. CD 2; Track 18 As stated earlier, the practice of common structure words is as much for comprehension as for the production of English. Students do not need to pronounce these words exactly as transcribed in this list. If students are too concerned about the pronunciation of function words, they may end up inadvertently stressing them. Students simply need to make an effort to reduce or shorten the words. B. 1. /ə/ = a, have, of 2. /əv/ = have, of 3. /əv/ = are, her, or EXERCISE 4 page 80 A. CD 2; Track 19 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. I’d like the soup and sandwich special. 2. I need a room for two nights. 3. I don’t want the rest of my fries. 4. Could I talk with Farhad? 5. The phone’s for you. 6. Let’s go out to eat. 7. When are you graduating? 8. I want a bowl of soup. 9. He’s going to Malaysia and Thailand. 10. Is he leaving on Monday or Tuesday? B. CD 2; Track 19 C. Extension: Ask students to create a short two-‐line dialogue for each sentence. Then have a few volunteers perform the dialogues for the class. Be sure they reduce the target words. EXERCISE 5 page 80 A. and B. CD 2; Track 20 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. loaf of bread Chapter 10 Rhythm: Reduced Words
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2. pound of coffee 3. bottle of ketchup 4. quart of milk 5. box of cereal 6. bag of chips EXERCISE 6 page 81 A. and B. CD 2; Track 21 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. rice and beans 2. burger and fries 3. fish and chips 4. pitas and hummus 5. chips and salsa 6. peanut butter and jelly 7. corned beef and cabbage 8. spaghetti and meatballs C. 1. In the Caribbean, rice and beans is a common side dish. 2. Children in the U.S. like peanut butter and jelly for lunch. 3. In England, fish and chips is a popular meal. 4. In Middle Eastern countries, many people enjoy pitas and hummus. 5. Everyone likes the classic Italian dish spaghetti and meatballs. 6. Chips and salsa is a popular Mexican appetizer. 7. A popular fast-‐food meal in the U.S. is a burger and fries. 8. An Irish dish that many Americans enjoy on St. Patrick’s Day is corned beef and cabbage. D. Circulate and offer feedback on overall rhythm. EXERCISE 7 page 82 A. CD 2; Track 23 EXERCISE 8 page 82 A. Audio Script and Answer Key A: The artist I like is showing his work at the museum. Do you want to go? B: What’s his name, again? A: Yong Ho Ji. He’s Korean. I learned about him in art class. B: That’s right! He creates animal sculptures. Doesn’t he use old tires? A: Yeah. They’re amazing! Let’s look at his website. B. CD 2; Track 24 Rule 10.3 page 82
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Students are often misunderstood when using can and can’t. Although the absence of ‘t is the primary difference in the written form, rhythm and vowel clarity are the important differences in the spoken form. EXERCISE 9 page 83 A. and B. CD 2; Track 26 Check answers with students before playing the audio again in part B. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. Students can work together. 2. Your project can’t focus on topics we’ve studied in class. 3. If you aren’t sure of a topic, you can ask me, but I can’t give you a topic. 4. Your project is due on the last day of class. You can turn it in before then. 5. If you can’t come to class, you can give it to another student to hand in. EXERCISE 10 page 83 A. Circulate and offer feedback on the pronunciation of can and can’t as students walk around the class. You may also participate to assure students report back accurately. B. Answers will vary. In part B, one student should report on the first sentence, the next student should report on the second sentence, and so on. If two students report on the same item, they may end up comparing and contrasting answers and thus undermining the intended rhythm. This way: 1. Sera can’t speak three languages. 2. Adam can write poetry. (The second student reports on a new item and reduces the word can.) Not this way: 1. Sera can’t speak three languages. 1. Well, Magdalena can speak three languages. (The second student reports on the same item and stresses the word can. Students will learn about primary sentence stress to highlight contrasts in chapter 12.)
Communicative Practice Finish the Conversation
page 84
In this activity, students revisit the conversation from the Warm Up activity. This time, they hear both sides of the conversation. A. CD 2; Track 27 Audio Script and Answer Key A: Hi! Can you tell me about Mika’s graduation party this weekend? B: Yes. Mika’s party is on Sunday at her house. A: Is she still living on College Street? B: That’s right. It’s 427. A: I’m afraid my car’s in the shop. B: I can take you. A: Great! So, will there be some food? B: Yeah. We’re having cake and ice cream. Chapter 10 Rhythm: Reduced Words
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A: Did you ask anyone to clean up? B: I’ll ask for volunteers to help. A: What about Victor? Is he coming? B: Victor can’t come, but he can buy the gift. A: Sounds good. See you soon! B: OK. I’ll see you later. C. Round robin readings give students the opportunity to practice many different parts of the same conversation. Pronunciation Log Rhythm: Reduced Words page 85 A. CD 2; Track 28 Cartoon Look at the cartoon together, and ask students why it’s funny. (The guests are so late that the host is in his pajamas.) Ask students to share proverbs from their country, perhaps related to one of these, or different. It’s often amusing to learn proverbs in other cultures. B. Circulate and check student answers during part B. 3 It is better to do something late than not to do it at all. 1 It’s natural to learn from our mistakes. 7 If you can’t see something, you won’t think about it. 4 When people work together, they think of better ideas. 2 We need human connection. 10 You can help someone and give them opportunities, but that person also has to make an effort to succeed. 9 Things often look different than they are. 5 Never leave situations with negative feelings. 6 More than one person usually causes an argument. 8 Family relationships are more important than other relationships.
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CHAPTER 11
Connected Speech
Words within thought groups are linked. This causes difficulty for the many students who are accustomed to seeing white space between words on the printed page and expect to hear the separation between words when listening to English. Unfortunately, not only do word boundaries blur, but sounds are sometimes lost, changed, or added in the process of linking. In this chapter, students learn about some of the more common changes in connected speech. As beginning to low-‐intermediate students, being aware of these changes aids their listening and is far more important than incorporating these changes into their speaking. For example, it is more important that students realize that a native speaker might say dijə for did you than for them to say dijə. However, if students practice dijə, they will be more likely to notice this form in the speech of others. (See Did You Know? p. 91) Because much of the attention in linking and connected speech is on final sounds, concepts from Chapter 4 are naturally recycled and spiraled in this chapter.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 86 The purpose of this activity is to raise awareness of some basic differences between spoken and written English. A. Written English A: What do you do? B: I’m a photographer. A: What do you take photos of? B: Mostly families and pets. A: Oh! Would you take a picture of my family? B: Sure. B. CD 2; Track 29
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 87 The purpose of this activity is to show how two different phrases can sound the same or almost the same to a listener because of linking. It is reassuring for English learners to know that even native listeners have “slips of the ear” and misperceive word boundaries, especially in songs, prayer, and chants. Steven Pinker includes several examples in The Language Instinct including “The answer my friends” perceived as “The ants are my friends.” A. CD 2; Track 30 All items sound the same. Chapter 11 Connected Speech
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B. CD 2; Track 30 EXERCISE 3 page 88 A. CD 2; Track 32 B. Circulate and provide feedback/models for students as they work together. Remind them to stress the appropriate syllables, too. Note any items that students may have trouble with, and have them repeat the phrases after you. EXERCISE 4 page 88 A. CD 2; Track 33 Spot check answers with the class before playing the audio in part A. Audio Script and Answer Key A: Hey, Jana, what’s up? B: Not much. I’m answering some emails. What’s up with you? A: Not too much. Do you want to walk over to campus with me? B: Sure. Could you take a look at my essay first? EXERCISE 5 page 89 A. CD 2; Track 35 By closing their eyes, students are more focused on the sound and feel of the connection between words and less influenced by the printed words and the white spaces between them. B. 1. My friend got us tickets to a rock concert. 2. Can you tell us where the closest bus stop is? 3. Lucy is late again! I wish she’d be on time. 4. In the afternoon, I like to have a cup of hot tea. 5. Camilla speaks Spanish and Portuguese. 6. Last night I watched TV and then went to bed. 7. May I have some more coffee, please? 8. Take care of yourselves. See you again soon. C. CD 2; Track 36 Rule 11.3 page 89 CD 2; Track 37 Some students may have been exposed to British English, so teachers should point out that this version of /t/ (called a flap or tap /t/) is much more common in North American English. EXERCISE 6 page 90 A. CD 2; Track 38 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. A: Hurry up. We’re late. B: Could you please wait a minute? 2. A: Did you get my message? B: Yes. I got it late last night. Thanks. 3. A: I’m meeting Lin for lunch. Do you want to come? B: No thanks. I’ll see you later. 4. A: It looks like rain. Chapter 11 Connected Speech
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B: Yeah. You’d better take an umbrella. 5. A: What do you need from the store? B: Just lettuce and butter. 6. A: Someday I’d like to write a book. B: I think you will! You’re a good writer. B. CD 2; Track 38 Check student answers before playing the audio again. EXERCISE 7 pages 90–91 A. CD 2; Track 40 Audio Script 1. They call you every day. 2. They always played your favorite song. 3. I always paid your parking tickets. 4. You dye your hair? 5. They owed you money, right? 6. Do you go to that gym on 2nd Avenue? 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a B. CD 2; Track 41 C. Circulate and resolve any mismatches between speakers and listeners. EXERCISE 8 page 91 A. CD 2; Track 42 B. CD 2; Track 43 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. Professor, would you mind if I leave a little early? 2. Could you open the door for me? 3. Did you take out the trash? 4. Would you help me? 5. Could you repeat that please? 6. Excuse me. Could you tell me where the train station is? 7. Wow! Did you see that bear!? 8. It’s dark. Would you get a flashlight? C. CD 2; Track 44 DID YOU KNOW? Be sure students know that it is most important for them to understand how speakers link words so that they’ll be better listeners.
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Communicative Practice Good Manners
page 92
Cartoon Check to see if students understand the cartoon. (Assure them it is NOT polite to lick your plate in the U.S.!) Ask them if there is anything that is considered rude in their culture that others do (or vice versa). For example, in some Asian countries, slurping noodles or soup is OK, but it’s considered rude in the U.S. Burping may be polite in some cultures, although it is not in the U.S. A. CD 2; Track 45 B. Circulate and make sure students are linking the words as marked. Answer any questions they might have about manners in the U.S. Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. What should you do when you meet someone for the first time? shake hands, introduce yourself, say “nice to meet you” 2. When should you arrive at a friend’s house for a party? usually 5-‐10 minutes late is best; early is not often appreciated, as it might be in other cultures, but you also do not want to be too late. 3. What should you do when you accidentally bump into someone? say “Excuse me.” or “I’m sorry.” 4. If you do not want any more food, what should you say? “No, thank you. I’m full.” OR “That was delicious, but I can’t eat another bite.” 5. If a dress code is “business casual,” what should you wear? You should avoid t-‐shirts, tennis shoes, flip-‐flops, or overly tight/revealing clothes (no short skirts or faded/torn jeans). Usually dark jeans or casual pants (khaki or other color) are acceptable for men and women.
Pronunciation Log Connected Speech
page 93
A. CD 2; Track 46 B. Circulate and assist students as needed. 1. My neighbors bother me. My neighbors get on my nerves. 2. We don’t agree. We don’t see eye to eye. 3. Let’s stop working. Let’s call it a day. 4. You’re not serious. You’ve got to be kidding. 5. Watch this closely. Keep an eye on it. 6. Tell him to tell the story faster. Tell him to get to the point. 7. Do you want help? Would you like a hand? 8. I understand. I get it. 9. Please decide. Please make up your mind. 10. How’s your life? How’s it going? C. CD 2; Track 47 D. Remember to evaluate students only on the target: connected speech. TIP: Songs are a great way to learn rhythm. Your students might enjoy a competition at a local Karaoke parlor or perhaps on a class website (where they upload videos of themselves singing).
Chapter 11 Connected Speech
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PART V Discourse: Focus, Intonation, and Thought Groups Chapter 12 Focus Words Chapter 13 Final Intonation Chapter 14 Thought Groups
In Part V, students move into perceiving and producing intonation—the rise and fall in the pitch of the voice. The three chapters in Part V are all concerned with the intonation group, a meaningful chunk of speech that has its own melody or intonation contour. In Chapter 12, students will learn that in every phrase or short sentence, one of the stressed words (the focus word) is emphasized more than the others. That word is signaled with a significant pitch change. In Chapter 13, students learn about simple rising and falling intonation at the ends of sentences. Finally, in Chapter 14, students learn that fluent speakers deliver information in meaningful chunks of speech. Because most students at the beginning to low-‐intermediate level communicate in short bits anyway, this chapter was placed at the end of the book and concerns itself primarily with practical issues, like conventional phrasing in email addresses, home addresses, phone numbers, and so on. Focus, intonation, and thought groups are organized under the discourse heading because all of these features are context-‐dependent, especially focus words.
Part V Opening Photo
Below are suggestions for using the photo as a warm-‐up activity. Teachers may choose to vary the activity suggestions below. 1. Ask students to brainstorm words associated with the photo. List the words on the board by category and ask students which words have pronunciations they are uncertain of. Once students have completed Chapter 2, they can find the pronunciations themselves in print or online dictionaries.
2. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., tea, temple, kneel, drink, talk, view, leaves, etc.). Have students check their spellings. This task helps establish sound-‐spelling correspondences in English.
3. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., Japanese, autumn, peaceful, orange, yellow, etc.). Once students have completed the chapters on word stress, have students identify and mark the stress patterns of the dictated words.
4. Dictate a few short sentences related to the photo; for example: The temple is peaceful. The guests talk and drink tea. The view is beautiful. The leaves are colorful in autumn. Have students compare their dictations with what you said. This task helps students decode the stream of speech into words, recognize reduced forms, and identify common sound changes in connected speech.
5. Ask students what questions they have about the photo. Then ask them to locate clues in the photo that might help answer those questions. This is a good task for students after they have studied the chapter on final intonation. 6. Have students imagine what the people in the photo are saying and add speech bubbles. You can choose pronunciation issues to focus on, such as final sounds, grammatical endings, rhythm, word stress, or focus.
Part V
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CHAPTER 12
Focus Words
Languages have different ways to call attention to key words in discourse. Some languages use word order; others use increased length or duration, but not pitch; and still others use an extra syllable or inflectional ending at the end of important words (Swan and Smith, 1987). English uses a significant change in pitch to call attention to important, new, or contrasting information. The word (or the stressed syllable of the word) in each phrase or short sentence with the major pitch jump is called the focus, primary sentence stress, tonic, or nucleus. Focus is the term used in Well Said Intro. Focus has been identified as a critical component of intelligibility in both ESL contexts (Hahn, 2004) and in international contexts (Jenkins, 2000). In this chapter, students develop the ability to perceive the focus words in utterances. They also explore some of the more common functions of focus in spoken discourse. Finally, because pitch jump occurs on the focus word—or the stressed syllable of the focus word, students recycle and spiral practice with word stress. As Wennerstrom (2001) points out, because the stressed syllable is the “docking site” for focus, it is fundamental to the teaching of intonation focus. In Well Said, the focus is underlined and in boldface.
Warm Up One of the most common functions of focus is to highlight contrasts. In this warm up, students compare and contrast two schools. Do not expect students to produce focus in this opening activity. The specific contrasts that the students underline will become the key words or focus words in the following Notice activities. EXERCISE 1 page 95 A. • public college
• private college
• two-‐year college
• four-‐year college
• in a large city
• in a small city
• 29,000 students (20% international)
• 1,000 students (6% international)
• tuition: $6,000 per semester B. Answers will vary.
• tuition: $26,000 per semester
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 96 A. CD 2; Track 48 B. CD 2; Track 48 Students may notice that there was a rise in pitch on the bolded syllables in the underlined words or that those words/syllables jumped up in pitch. Chapter 12 Focus Words
50
EXERCISE 3 page 96 A. and B. CD 2; Track 49 1. Linwood is located in a large city. Walton is in a small city. 2. Linwood’s tuition is six thousand a semester. Walton’s is twenty-‐six thousand. EXERCISE 4 page 96 A. and B. CD 2; Track 50 When the meaning is removed and students hear only the melody or intonation, the pitch change becomes more noticeable. You can achieve the same results using a kazoo (a gadget recommended by Judy Gilbert). Audio Script 1. HM-‐hm hm hm HM hm-‐hm-‐HM-‐hm, hm HM-‐hm hm hm HM hm. 2. HM-‐hm hm-‐HM-‐hm hm hm-‐HM-‐hm. HM-‐hm hm hm hm-‐HM-‐hm-‐hm.
Rules and Practice Neutral or normal focus occurs when the focus is the last content word of the phrase or sentence. Special focus occurs when the focus word shifts from the last content word to another important key word in the sentence, usually to introduce new information or to highlight a contrast. EXERCISE 5 page 97 A. and B. CD 2; Track 52 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. When did you call? 5. The teacher is nice. 2. When did you call me? 6. The teacher is nice to us. 3. I brought my notes. 7. The server was rude. 4. I brought my notes for you. 8. The server was rude to her. EXERCISE 6 page 98 A. and B. Answers will vary. TIP page 99 When practicing word stress, students stretched rubber bands horizontally to reinforce the longer duration of the syllable with primary stress. While practicing focus in this chapter, students stretch rubber bands vertically to reinforce both the longer duration as well as the pitch jump (up or down) on the key word. EXERCISE 7 page 99 A. CD 2; Track 55 B. Circulate and offer feedback. EXERCISE 8 page 100 A. Conversation 1 A: Let’s order a pizza. B: But I’m on a diet. A: Maybe you can break your diet. Chapter 12 Focus Words
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Conversation 2 A: I’ll see you on Thursday. B: I’m off on Thursday. A: Oh, when do you return? B: On Friday. Conversation 3 A: Let’s go to Italy. B: But we don’t have the money. A: Maybe we could borrow the money. B. CD 2; Track 56 Your sense of what the focus word should be in these hypothetical conversations may occasionally differ from that of the text and answer key. Focus is context dependent and hinges on such things as what information the speaker thinks is new, important, or already known by the listener. C. Circulate and offer feedback. As you monitor focus in these dialogues, monitor also the students’ efforts to background the information after the focus (i. e. , keep information after the focus a low pitch). EXERCISE 9 page 100 A. Check student answers in part A before students practice the conversations in part B. Answers may vary slightly. 1. A: Linwood is private. B: No, it’s public. 2. A: Linwood is in a small city. B: No, it’s in a large/big city. 3. A: I think you can go to Linwood for four years. B: No, only two years. 4. A: Somebody told me Linwood has about 39,000 students. B: Actually, it has twenty-‐nine thousand students. 5. A: I heard that fifty percent of Linwood’s students are international. B: No, it’s twenty percent. 6. A: My friend said the tuition at Linwood is expensive. B: Well, compared to Walton, it’s cheap. B. During parts A and B, circulate and offer feedback. EXERCISE 10 page 101 A. and B. CD 2; Track 59 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. Linwood is a two-‐year college, whereas Walton is a four-‐year college. 2. Prague is in the Czech Republic, not in Poland. 3. Indonesia is in Asia, and Kenya is in Africa. 4. New York City is on the East Coast, and Los Angeles is on the West Coast. 5. An apple is better for you than a cookie. Chapter 12 Focus Words
52
Choose Your Path page 101 The most important vowel sound in each utterance is the one in the focus word (or the stressed syllable of the focus word). The first two detours in Choose Your Path provide specific practice with these critical peak vowel sounds.
Communicative Practice Check Your Facts
page 102
A. – C. CD 2; Track 60 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. A: The Titanic was built in 1912. B: Actually, the Titanic sank in 1912.
2. A: World War I ended in 1945. B: I think you mean World War two (II) ended in 1945.
3. A: North Korea and South Korea became one country after World War II. B: I think you mean that they became two countries after World War II.
4. A: The first person walked on Mars in 1969. B: You mean that the first person walked on the moon in 1969.
5. A: Germans put up the Berlin Wall in 1989. B: Wait, Germans took down the Berlin Wall in 1989, right?
6. A: Brazil has won the World Cup seven times. B: Are you sure? I think Brazil has won only five times. D. Answers will vary.
Pronunciation Log Focus Words
page 103
A. CD 2; Track 61 B. Answers will vary. C. Give students an opportunity to check their statements and choice of focus words with you before recording.
Chapter 12 Focus Words
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CHAPTER 13
Final Intonation
In the previous chapter, students learned about the significant pitch change on the key or focus word. In this chapter, students learn what happens to the intonation contour after that major pitch jump. Does the pitch then begin to rise or does it begin to fall? That depends on whether the speaker is making a statement, expressing uncertainty, seeking information, offering choices, or returning a question. In the Intro book, the intonation patterns and their meanings are intended as general guidelines for students as speakers. However, as listeners, these are not the only patterns that students will hear in authentic everyday speech. As with all features of English pronunciation, once an aspect of pronunciation is made explicit, students benefit from hearing acceptable variations from many other speakers outside of the classroom. Because students cannot see intonation on the printed page, it helps to augment instruction with multimodality (auditory, visual, physical) approaches. For example, teachers can say sentences using the kazoo (auditory), draw intonation contours over sentences (visual), or have students trace rising or falling intonation contours (physical or kinesthetic) as they say them.
Warm Up
EXERCISE 1 page 104 A. and B. The purpose of this activity is to raise awareness of intonation at the ends of sentences. This feature of English pronunciation may be new to many students. (Plus most students assume that all questions in English have rising intonation.) Do not correct students at this point.
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 105 A. and B. CD 2; Track 62 The one-‐word dialogue is about a student who is tired because her roommate is a drummer. Students have to infer that drumming practice late at night is keeping the roommate awake. Fall Rise A: Cold? æ ä B: No. æ ä A: Tired? æ ä B: Yes. æ ä A: Why? æ ä B: Roommate. æ ä A: Roommate? æ ä B: Yes. æ ä A: Student? æ ä B: Musician. æ ä A: Pianist? æ ä B: Drummer. æ ä Chapter 13
54
EXERCISE 3 page 105 A. CD 2; Track 63 1. What’s your name? æ 5. Do you have a car? ä 2. Where did you grow up? æ 6. Do you like pets? ä 3. When do you eat dinner? æ 7. Do you play an instrument? ä 4. What are your hobbies? æ 8. Are you a night owl? ä B. CD 2; Track 63 In answer to the question, students may have noticed falling intonation in wh-‐ questions and rising intonation in yes/no questions. Sometimes student think the falling intonation sounds like rising intonation. This might be because students hear the pitch jump up on the focus prior to the fall—and the focus is frequently at the end or close to the end of the sentence.
Rules and Practice EXERCISE 4 page 106 A. CD 2; Track 66 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. Where are you living? æ 2. Why are you studying? æ 3. Where did you grow up? æ 4. What do you typically eat for dinner? æ 5. When do you usually go to bed? æ 6. What do you like to do in your free time? æ B. – D. Answers will vary; all questions in part C should be wh-‐questions (using who/what/when/why/ where/how). Tell students you will not answer unless they use falling intonation (in an encouraging way, of course!). EXERCISE 5 page 107 A. CD 2; Track 68 Though it is not explicitly stated in Rule 13.3, the pitch of the voice generally jumps down on the focus and then begins to rise. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. Do you have a car? ä 2. Do you have a job? ä 3. Do you like cats? ä 4. Are you living in a dorm? ä 5. Are you a morning person? ä 6. Have you ever had a bad roommate? ä B. – D. Answers will vary; all questions in part C should be yes/no questions (having an answer of yes or no).
Chapter 13
55
EXERCISE 6 page 108 A. CD 2; Track 69 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. What’s your name? æ 5. Where are you from? æ 2. Do you play sports? ä 6. Do you work? ä 3. When did you move here? æ 7. What do you do in your free time? æ 4. Do you like living in this town? ä 8. How was your weekend? æ B. Answers will vary. Circulate and provide assistance to students as necessary.
Communicative Practice Roommates
page 109
A. and B. CD 2; Track 70 Have students practice this conversation in pairs before moving to part C. Audio Script and Answer Key A: Are you cold? ä B: No. æ A: Are you tired? ä B: Yes, I’m really tired. æ A: Why? æ A: Because of my roommate. æ B: Your roommate? ä A: Yes. æ B: Is your roommate a student? ä A: No, she’s a musician. æ B: Is she a pianist? ä A: No, she’s a drummer. æ C. and D. Answers will vary. Circulate and offer individualized feedback.
Chapter 13
56
Pronunciation Log Final Intonation
page 110
A. and B. CD 2; Track 71 Audio Script and Answer Key 1. How much is the rent? æ 2. How long is the lease? æ 3. What is your policy on pets? æ 4. Can I have a cat? ä 5. How much is the deposit? æ 6. Is the neighborhood safe? ä 7. Does the apartment get sunlight? ä 8. Is there a dishwasher? ä 9. Can I walk to the grocery store? æ 10. Does the rent include utilities? æ 11. Is there parking? ä 12. Is the apartment close to public transportation? ä C. Answers will vary. Circulate and assist students as needed.
Chapter 13
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CHAPTER 14
Thought Groups
Thought groups are sometimes called breath groups, meaning groups, tone groups, sense groups, or chunks. Though they vary in length from speaker to speaker and from situation to situation, they usually consist of a grammatical entity such as a simple phrase or clause. In general, students who understand basic English grammar will grasp the concept of an English thought group. Because each thought group has a key word, focus is recycled in this chapter. Speaking in meaningful phrases helps the speakers sound more fluent and helps listeners process what the speaker is saying. If phrases are too long, listeners cannot hold the information in short-‐term memory, which makes comprehension difficult. If speakers speak word by word and thought groups are too short or erratic, the flow of ideas is interrupted, and the utterance is likewise difficult to understand. In some cases, incorrect thought group boundaries can also affect meaning as demonstrated in the following sentences: Woman without her man / is helpless. Woman / without her / man is helpless. Slash marks (/) are used to divide thought groups in the Well Said series.
Warm Up EXERCISE 1 page 111 A. and B. CD 2; Track 72 This activity presents a familiar scenario—a message on an answering machine. Audio Script and Suggested Answer Key You have reached Juan Rodriguez / at Global Technologies. / I’m not at my desk right now/ so please leave a message / and I’ll return your call / as soon as I can.
Notice EXERCISE 2 page 111 A. CD 2; Track 73 B. Students might notice that the speaker not only chunked words in the second sentence, but she also made the focus word in each thought group more prominent. In general, the second sentence should be easier to understand. EXERCISE 3 page 112 A. CD 2; Track 74 Audio Script 1. “Larisa,” said Ivan, “got a great new job.” 2. James thinks Joseph will get a promotion. Chapter 14 Thought Groups
58
3. Jun made breakfast quickly, ate it, and went to work. 1. b 2. a 3. a B. CD 2; Track 75 C. Ask various student pairs what they concluded about the differences in meaning.
Rules and Practice EXERCISE 4 page 112 A. Audio Script and Answer Key 1. I don’t exercise / because I work too much. 2. It was a long day / with many meetings. 3. Could we change the meeting / to another time? 4. I lost my ID badge / and have to get a new one. 5. I didn’t recognize Jorge / after he shaved off his beard. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b B. CD 2; Track 77 EXERCISE 5 page 113 A. Answers will vary. B. Circulate and listen in on students' sentences. Then ask a few students to say their sentences for the class. Rule 14.3 page 113 Other mid-‐sentence intonation patterns are possible, but the one presented here is common and comprehensible to native listeners. This rule is especially helpful for the students who tend to use a full pitch fall at the end of midsentence thought groups, which can mislead the listener into thinking the speaker is finished with the statement. Distinguishing between thought group intonation (slight pitch fall) and sentence final intonation (full pitch fall) is an important speaking and listening skill. EXERCISE 6 page 114 A. 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a B. CD 2; Track 80 Audio Script 1. Sorry to bother you, but where did you put my notebook? 2. As far as I know, we don’t have to work this weekend. 3. Let’s make a decision about the best person for the job. 4. If I earned a higher salary, I would buy a house. 5. To be safe, you should take a taxi. Chapter 14 Thought Groups
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EXERCISE 7 page 114 A. CD 2; Track 82 1. 276 / 53 / 2297 2. 3533 / Conley Road / Suite 200 3. Rockwall / Texas / 75087 4. April 23 / 1982 5. 310 / 555 / 4441 6. www / .favoritepoem / .org 7. tomkatz / @mymail /.com B. CD 2; Track 83
Communicative Practice Sharing Personal Information
page 115
In this activity, tell students not to look at each other’s books. Partners should imagine that they are giving information over the phone and resolve any misunderstandings through speaking. A. – D. Answers will vary.
Pronunciation Log Thought Groups
page 116
A. CD 2; Track 84 Alternative: Have students modify the message to include their own names and job interests.
Chapter 14 Thought Groups
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PART VI Vowel and Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds Consonant Sounds
In Well Said Intro, consonant and vowel sounds (segmentals) follow instruction in stress, rhythm, and intonation (suprasegmentals) because individual sounds are influenced by prosodic or suprasegmental features. In other words, the consonant and vowels sounds are calibrated by the relative importance of the words in the message. The more important the word or syllable, the greater the clarity. Think of the suprasegmentals as waves and the segmentals as riding the waves. The sounds on the crests are clear, and the sounds in the troughs are more obscure. Not all segmental problems are dependent on the mother tongue, but general patterns of difficulty tend to characterize speakers of particular languages (Swan and Smith, 2001). With over 40 English sounds that are potentially problematic, teachers often wonder how they can meet so many varied needs in heterogeneous classes. The good news is that preliminary research (Munro & Derwing, 2006) indicates that a tool known as the Functional Load Chart (Catford, 1987) can help teachers reduce the teaching load by focusing on those sounds that make the greatest contributions to intelligibility.
Part VI Opening Photo
Below are suggestions for using the photo as a warm-‐up activity. Teachers may choose to vary the activity suggestions below. 1. Ask students to brainstorm words associated with the photo. List the words on the board by category and ask students which words have pronunciations they are uncertain of. Once students have completed Chapter 2, they can find the pronunciations themselves in print or online dictionaries.
2. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., break, hotel, bowtie, talk, photos, painting, table, coffee, tile, etc.). Have students check their spellings. This task helps establish sound-‐spelling correspondences in English.
3. Dictate words related to the photo to the students (e.g., old-‐fashioned, photographs, hotel, waiters, hot sauce, bowtie, wallpaper, etc.). Once students have completed the chapters on word stress, have students identify and mark the stress patterns of the dictated words.
4. Dictate a few short sentences related to the photo; for example: The waiters wear black and white uniforms. The drink coffee and talk at the table. The telephone is old-‐fashioned. Have students compare their dictations with what you said. This task helps students decode the stream of speech into words, recognize reduced forms, and identify common sound changes in connected speech.
5. Ask students what questions they have about the photo. Then ask them to locate clues in the photo that might help answer those questions. This is a good task for students after they have studied the chapter on final intonation.
6. Have students imagine what the people in the photo are saying and add speech bubbles. You can choose pronunciation issues to focus on, such as final sounds, grammatical endings, rhythm, word stress, or focus. Part VI: Vowel and Consonant Sounds
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Vowel Sounds
Vowel Lesson 1 provides an overview of all vowels with general information about phonetic symbols, tongue height, lip rounding, and stressed and unstressed vowels.
Vowel Lesson 2 provides useful spelling hints as well as sound-‐spelling puzzles and games.
Vowel Lesson 3 consists of a brief quiz on sound perception to guide individual students toward intensive vowel lessons that will be of most help.
Vowel Lessons 4 through 7 can be approached in a variety of ways. Those that benefit the majority of the students can be completed together. You may find that many of your students, despite the varied language backgrounds, struggle with many of the vowel contrasts included in Well Said Intro. Those vowel lessons that pertain to only one or two students can be approached individually as homework or in a computer lab. Because the organization of the vowel lessons—listening perception, controlled practice, and guided communicative practice—is clear and straightforward, students can easily work on their own.
1
Vowel Overview
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 118 B. and C. CD 3; Track 2
Practice EXERCISE 2 page 119 A. 1. a. Say /iʸ/ as in he. Your tongue is at the ( front / back) of your mouth. b. Say /uʷ/ as in too. Your tongue is at the (front / back) of your mouth. 2. a. Put your hands on your cheeks. Say /iʸ/ as in he. Your lips are ( spread / rounded). b. Put your hands on your cheeks. Say /uʷ/ as in too. Your lips are (spread / rounded). 3. a. Put your hand on your chin. Say /a/ as in hot. Your tongue and jaw are (high / low). b. Put your hand on your chin. Say /iʸ/ as in he. Your tongue and jaw are ( high / low). EXERCISE 3 page 120 A. and B. CD 3; Track 5 1. /iʸ/ -‐ he, these, leaf, feed, tree 2. /ɪ/ -‐ hit, sick, win, miss, pin, with 3. /eʸ/ -‐ may, rain, paint, late, same, wake 4. /ε/ -‐ get, yes, red, jet, send, mess 5. /æ/ -‐ mad, sad, man, bag, pan, hate EXERCISE 4 page 121 A. and B. CD 3; Track 7 Vowel Sounds 1: Vowel Overview
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1. /ɜr/ -‐ bird, her, nurse, work, hurt 2. /ʌ/ -‐ cup, truck, gum, run, bug 3. /ə/ -‐ around, sofa, a, the, America (first and final "a") 4. /ɑ/ -‐ hot, stop, job, shop, socks EXERCISE 5 page 121 A. and B. CD 3; Track 9 1. /uʷ/ -‐ too, food, choose, rule, suit, moon 2. /ʊ/ -‐ good, book, pull, full, should, could 3. /oʷ/ -‐ know, soap, home, joke, phone, toe 4. /ɔ/ -‐ law, long, ball, caught, walk, boss EXERCISE 6 page 122 A. and B. CD 3; Track 11 1. /ay/ -‐ fine, white, light, sky, tie, eye 2. /aw/ -‐ now, house, south, brown, about 3. /ɔy/ -‐ void, toy, noise, join, joy EXERCISE 7 page 123 A. 1. begin /ɪ/ or /ɛ/ 4. dirty /ɜr/ or /iy/ 2. confuse /ʊ/ or /uw/
5. November /iy/ or /ɛ/
3. Japan /æ/ or /ey/ 6. fourteen /iy/ or /ay/ B. CD 3; Track 12 EXERCISE 8 page 123 A. /ɔ/ A: Did you just call me? B: Yes. /æ/ A: What’s the matter? /uw/ B: I don’t know what to wear to school. /ɜr/ A: Just throw on a shirt. /ɪ/ B: But which shirt? /iy/ A: A tee shirt. /ɛ/ /ey/ /ɑ/ /ʌ/ B: My red tee shirt, my gray tee shirt, my concert tee shirt, my London tee shirt, …? /ow/ /ʊ/ A: I don’t know! They all look good. You decide! Vowel Sounds 1: Vowel Overview
63
B. CD 3; Track 13 EXERCISE 9 page 124 A. CD 3; Track 15 B. Students should notice that your mouth is more tense and spread with the glided front vowels /iy/ and /ey/, and tense and rounded with the glided back vowels /uw/ and /ow/. With the non-‐glided sounds /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /ɔ/, the mouth is more relaxed and neutral. C. CD 3; Track 16 Expansion: If your students have trouble with certain glide/non-‐glide pairs based on their first language, you can quiz them by providing additional words. (See Appendix A: Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages for help determining which sounds are most challenging for your students.) Write the two sounds on the board, and say one or more words to your students. Ask them to indicate whether it’s a glide or a non-‐glide. They can raise one finger if it’s a glide, and two fingers if it’s a non-‐ glide. Or they can say “one” or “two”. You might also choose to divide the class into teams and have one student respond for each word. Here are some words.
1. /iy/ 2. /ey/ 3. /ow/ 4. /uw/
/ɪ/ /ε/ /ɔ/ /ʊ/
rid (NG, /ɪ/) read (G, /iy/) y tale (G, /e /) tell (NG, /ε/) coat (G, /ow/) caught (NG, /ɔ/) good (NG, /ʊ/) food (G, /uw/)
Vowel Sounds 1: Vowel Overview
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2
Vowel Sounds and Spelling
EXERCISE 1 page 125 A. and B. Answers will vary. EXERCISE 2 page 126 A. 1. /uw/ blue: blew
6. /ʌ/
sun: son
2. /ey/
eight: ate
7. /uw/
threw: through
3. /ow/
no: know
8. /uw/
to: two (too, also possible)
4. /ey/
male: mail
9. /ey/
wait: weight
5. /iy/
peace: piece
10. /ʊ/
wood: would
B. Word Search
i
t
u p i
w o c
r
e u n
n o w i
t
q y
h
z
w y t
r
e o o b l
e w h
o
k n o w l a r
e c
f
a u w u m q b i v r
u
m a i s
l a l
a g i
a
g
d e k a h i
u
h
t
l
f
g t f
u a w f l
l
h a t
e t
f
b g o r
o h
u
y i
l
s o n r
Vowel Sounds 2: Vowel Sounds and Spelling
f
i
z
65
3
What vowel sounds should you study?
Answers will vary for each student, especially if they are from a variety of language backgrounds. You might survey your students to see if there is one or more sounds that you should focus on as a class. You can also direct students to focus on those sounds that are difficult for them. There is also additional practice for each lesson provided in the Well Said Intro Online Workbook.
Vowel Sounds 3: What vowel sounds should you study
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4
/iy/ sheep -‐ /ɪ/ ship
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 128 CD 3; Track 18 EXERCISE 2 page 128 A. CD 3; Track 19 B. and C. CD 3; Track 20 Audio Script 1. cheek – cheek 3. hill – hill 2. eat – it 4. leap – leap 1. S 2. D
3. S 4. S
5. leave – live 6. rich – rich
7. sheep – ship 8. team – team
5. D 6. S
7. D 8. S
Practice
EXERCISE 3 page 129 CD 3; Track 21 EXERCISE 4 page 129 A. CD 3; Track 22 B. and C. Answers will vary. The words each student writes should match the pair their partner circled. Circulate to see how students do. Then have a few students share their results with the class. EXERCISE 5 page 130 A. CD 3; Track 23 Audio Script 1. Did you feel it? 2. He wants to live there. 3. That’s my team. 4. Did you slip? 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b B. CD 3; Track 24 C. Circulate to see how students do on the task. Spot check a few students by asking them to read a or b and then respond (or you read and have the student respond). EXERCISE 6 page 130 A. CD 3; Track 25 The aim of this activity is to practice the target vowel sound in focus words, or the words that students should be sure are pronounced most clearly. You may decide to do Exercise 6 in each Vowel Lesson as you teach Chapter 12, Focus Words. Vowel Sounds 4: /iy/ sheep -‐ /ɪ/ ship
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B. CD 3; Track 26 EXERCISE 7 page 131 A. CD 3; Track 27 The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submission in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds. B. /iy/ (as in feet) /ɪ/ (as in fit) people thing asleep visualize sheep simply believe repeat C. and D. CD 3; Track 27 Students can listen and practice the paragraph as much as they like on the free, online audio or on the online workbook, if they have it. Encourage them to listen and monitor their own recording, focusing only on the target sounds.
Vowel Sounds 4: /iy/ sheep -‐ /ɪ/ ship
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5
/ey/ late -‐ /ε/ let
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 132 CD 3; Track 28 EXERCISE 2 page 132 A. CD 3; Track 29 B. and C. CD 3; Track 30 Audio Script 1. wait – wet 3. date – date 2. pen – pen 4. taste – test 1. D 2. S
3. S 4. D
5. men – main 6. whale – whale
7. later – letter 8. edge – edge
5. D 6. S
7. D 8. S
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 133 CD 3; Track 31 EXERCISE 4 page 133 A. CD 3; Track 32 B. and C. Answers will vary. The words each student writes should match the pair their partner circled. Circulate to see how students do. Then have a few students share their results with the class. EXERCISE 5 page 134 A. CD 3; Track 33 Audio Script 1. Do you have any debts? 2. I have a terrible pain. 3. Was that your first taste? 4. Where’s the pepper? 1. b 2. a 3.a 4. b B. CD 3; Track 34 C. Circulate to see how students do on the task. Spot check a few students by asking them to read a or b and then respond (or you read and have the student respond). /ey/ late -‐ /ε/ let
69
EXERCISE 6 page 134 A. CD 3; Track 35 The aim of this activity is to practice the target vowel sound in focus words, or the words that students should be sure are pronounced most clearly. You may decide to do Exercise 6 in each Vowel Lesson as you teach Chapter 12, Focus Words. B. CD 3; Track 36 EXERCISE 7 page 131 A. CD 3; Track 37 The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds. Answers may vary depending on sources. The following are suggested answers based on the links. Fact or Myth? 1. You can’t fold a piece of paper in half more than seven times. FACT: Often true, but people have proven it wrong in some cases…one student folded a piece of paper up to 12 times… http://mentalfloss.com/article/62865/how-‐many-‐times-‐can-‐you-‐fold-‐piece-‐paper 2. The heart of a blue whale is as big as a car. MYTH: Not thought to be quite that big, more like a golf cart. http://mentalfloss.com/article/67777/first-‐blue-‐whale-‐heart-‐ever-‐preserved-‐size-‐golf-‐cart 3. Women say more words per day than men. MYTH: though debatable…Research shows that context matters…and one 8-‐year study found no significant difference in the number of words per day among male/female college students. 4. You lose more heat from your head than any other part of your body. MYTH: We’ve all heard this one, but apparently it’s not true, except that our head tends to be more often exposed, so therefore we lose heat from it, but if your belly was exposed, it would also lose heat! http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-‐vs-‐myth/everyday-‐myths/10-‐false-‐facts2.htm 5. You can gain weight if you get less than seven hours of sleep a night. FACT: Apparently this is true based on research. http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20765578_8,00.html B. /ey/ (as in late) /ε/ (as in let) paper seven whale men say head day get gain less weight C. and D. CD 3; Track 37 Students can listen and practice the paragraph as much as they like on the free, online audio or on the online workbook, if they have it. Encourage them to listen and monitor their own recording, focusing only on the target sounds. /ey/ late -‐ /ε/ let
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6
/æ/ bad -‐ /ε/ bed
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 136 CD 3; Track 38 EXERCISE 2 page 136 A. CD 3; Track 39 B. and C. CD 3; Track 40 Audio Script 1. bad – bad 3. said – sad 2. men – men 4. mass – mess 1. S 2. S
3. D 4. D
5. set – set 6. laughed – left
7. salary – salary 8. Texas – taxes
5. S 6. D
7. S 8. D
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 137 CD 3; Track 41 EXERCISE 4 page 137 A. CD 3; Track 42 B. and C. Answers will vary. The words each student writes should match the pair their partner circled. Circulate to see how students do. Then have a few students share their results with the class. EXERCISE 5 page 138 A. CD 3; Track 43 Audio Script 1. I saw the man. 2. They laughed. 3. The celery is good. 4. I hate Texas.
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b B. CD 3; Track 44 C. Circulate to see how students do on the task. Spot check a few students by asking them to read a or b and then respond (or you read and have the student respond). Vowel Sounds 6: /æ/ bad -‐ /ε/ bed
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EXERCISE 6 page 138 A. CD 3; Track 45 The aim of this activity is to practice the target vowel sound in focus words, or the words that students should be sure are pronounced most clearly. You may decide to do Exercise 6 in each Vowel Lesson as you teach Chapter 12, Focus Words. Extension: For fun, and if your students are up for some Total Physical Response (TPR), have them follow the instructions of the yoga teacher, Beth, or with you as you read it. This is a common beginning to a variety of yoga sequences and involves mild stretches. Do not force students to do any movement they are uncomfortable with. B. CD 3; Track 46 EXERCISE 7 page 139 A. CD 3; Track 47 The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds. B. /æ/ (as in bad) /ε/ (as in bed) Alaska set California get Miami head animal pretend bath West Massachusetts clam C. and D. CD 3; Track 47 Students can listen and practice the paragraph as much as they like on the free, online audio or on the online workbook, if they have it. Encourage them to listen and monitor their own recording, focusing only on the target sounds.
Vowel Sounds 6: /æ/ bad -‐ /ε/ bed
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7
/ʌ/ cup and /ɑ/ cop
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 140 CD 3; Track 48 EXERCISE 2 page 140 A. CD 3; Track 49 B. and C. CD 3; Track 50 Audio Script 1. hot – hot 3. lock – luck 2. nut – not 4. rob – rob 1. S 2. D
3. D 4. S
5. duck – dock 6. buddy – buddy
7. color – collar 8. done – done
5. D 6. S
7. D 8. S
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 141 CD 3; Track 51 EXERCISE 4 page 141 A. CD 3; Track 52 B. and C. Answers will vary. The words each student writes should match the pair their partner circled. Circulate to see how students do. Then have a few students share their results with the class. EXERCISE 5 page 142 A. CD 3; Track 53 Audio Script 1. Whose hut? 2. Is that a dock? 3. My buddy is tired. 4. He just shot the door. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b B. CD 3; Track 54 C. Circulate to see how students do on the task. Spot check a few students by asking them to read a or b and then respond (or you read and have the student respond). Vowel Sounds 7: /ʌ/ cup and /ɑ/ cop
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EXERCISE 6 page 142 A. CD 3; Track 55 The aim of this activity is to practice the target vowel sound in focus words, or the words that students should be sure are pronounced most clearly. You may decide to do Exercise 6 in each Vowel Lesson as you teach Chapter 12, Focus Words. B. CD 3; Track 56 EXERCISE 7 page 143 A. CD 3; Track 57 The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds. B. Note: In some varieties of North American English, the word dog and sausage are pronounced with the /ɑ/ vowel sound. This author, however, pronounces dog and sausage with the /ɔ/ sound. If your students ask, tell them both /ɔ/ and /ɑ/ are possible and considered correct. /ʌ/ (as in luck) /ɑ/ (as in lock) bun hot stuck obvious become not Knoxville C. and D. CD 3; Track 57 Students can listen and practice the paragraph as much as they like on the free, online audio or on the online workbook, if they have it. Encourage them to listen and monitor their own recording, focusing only on the target sounds.
Vowel Sounds 7: /ʌ/ cup and /ɑ/ cop
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Consonant Sounds Lesson 8 provides an overview of all English consonants and general information about voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
Lesson 9 provides useful hints about consonant sounds and spelling.
Lesson 10 consists of a brief quiz on sound perception that guides individual students toward the intensive consonant lessons that will be of most help. Lessons 11 through 17 provide intensive practice with selected consonant sounds based primarily on the Functional Load Chart (Catford, 1987), a measure that ranks sounds based on their contribution to overall intelligibility. Lessons 11 through 17 can be approached in a variety of ways. Those lessons that benefit the majority of the students can be completed together. For example, you may find that many of your students, despite the varied language backgrounds, will struggle with the initial p/b, t/d, and k/g contrasts, so you can complete Lesson 11 as a class. Those lessons that pertain to only one or two students (i.e., p/f) can be approached individually as homework or in a computer lab. Because the format of the consonant lessons—listening perception, controlled practice, and guided communicative practice—is clear and straightforward, students can easily work on their own.
8
Consonant Overview
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 144 A. CD 4; Track 2 B. CD 4; Track 3
Voicing: Is the sound voiceless or voiced?s EXERCISE 2 page 145 A. CD 4; Track 5 B. CD 4; Track 6 C. CD 4; Tracks 5 and 6
Airflow: How does the air move?s EXERCISE 3 page 146 A. CD 4; Track 9 B. CD 4; Track 10
Consonant Sounds 8: Consonant Overview
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EXERCISE 4 page 147 A. CD 4; Track 11 1. __ less 2. ü bus 3. ü boss 4. __ bath 5. __ both 6. ü a nice manager 7. __ the rice soup 8. ü he’s gone 9. ü lost his prize 10. __ what size 11. ü he plays piano 12. __ ace something B. CD 4; Track 12
ü let __ but __ bought ü bat ü boat __ a night manager ü the right soup __ he’d gone __ lost his pride ü what side __ he played piano ü ate something
Place: Where is the sound made?s EXERCISE 5 page 149 A. CD 4; Track 13 1. Main
a. both lips
b. lips-‐teeth
c. tongue-‐teeth
2. Park
a. both lips
b. lips-‐teeth
c. tongue-‐teeth
3. First
a. both lips
b. lips-‐teeth
c. tongue-‐teeth
4. Washington
a. both lips
b. lips-‐teeth
c. tongue-‐teeth
5. Fourth
a. both lips
b. lips-‐teeth
c. tongue-‐teeth
6. Lake
a. teeth-‐gum ridge
b. tongue-‐hard palate
c. tongue-‐soft palate
7. Pine
a. teeth-‐gum ridge
b. tongue-‐hard palate
c. tongue-‐soft palate
8. Oak a. teeth-‐gum ridge b. tongue-‐hard palate c. tongue-‐soft palate B. CD 4; Track 13 C. Answers will vary. Ask several students to share their answers. Check them as a class.
Consonant Sounds 8: Consonant Overview
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9
Consonant Sounds and Spelling
Spelling Variations for Consonant Soundss A. and B. 1. /k/ I have a stomach ache. It hurts! 2. /z/ We are very busy. We have lots of work! 3. /s/ I lost my cell phone. 4. /g/ I saw a ghost on Halloween. 5. /n/ Do you know the answer? 6. /k/ We went for a swim in the lake. 7. /ʃ/ I love swimming in the ocean. 8. /s/ His major is psychology. 9. /f/ First, write a rough draft. 10. /s/ I love science class, but I don’t like History.
Word Search
s e p b g h o s s
u
b u s y i
s p l j i
d e y d r
c e l l g
e u c l t
i z h b n
r o h i v e k w u a o u o k k n o w z c u l l e w c o l y h g h o s t t e w a q e h g g u k b y k m w z l y b r o c e a n
C. Student A: Left to Right (or across): busy, cell, know, ghost, ocean Student B: Top to Bottom (or down): rough, psychology, science, lake, ache
Homophones and -‐s Endingss A. and B. 1. (daze) 2. (dense) 3. (Mrs.) 4. (ours) 5. (raise) 6. (weighs) 7. (sense) 8. (there’s)
There are seven days in one week. Bob’s not a good driver. His car has many dents in it. She misses her son. He went away to college last month. My class is two hours, from 8:00 to 10:00. The sun’s rays are bright today! There are two ways to walk to my school. I have two dollars and twenty cents. This room is ours. That one is theirs.
Consonant Sounds 9: Consonant Sounds and Spelling
77
Word Search p q
q
q
w t
i
p
r
k
w a
y
s
t
t
n
s
a
c
u
i
g
i
u
h
e
y
y
e
v
m i
s
s
e
s
a
s
n
r
i
b
h
f
i
x
k
a
t
n
o
h
o
u
r
s
g
a
s
n
h
n
u
r
s
i
d
y
n
t
t
a
r
t
a
c
k
s
t
s
s
g
p
s
d
e
n
t
s
p
e
e
k
r
s
d
a
y
s
C. Circulate and monitor the pronunciation of the -‐s endings.
Homophones and -‐ed Endingss 1. board bored 2. disgust discussed 2. find fined 4. guest guessed 5. least leased
6. mind mined 7. mist missed 8. pact packed 9. past passed 10. road rowed
Word Search l
m
e
p
o
w
z
l
b
m
i
n
e
d
t
u
l
o
i
s
e
u
i
g
p
e
r
s
s
c
e
s
u
a
a
e
s
e
k
l
c
e
c
s
d
e
u
a
e
u
s
k
e
r
d
o
p
a
s
s
e
d
a
n
o
i
s
s
e
d
i
d
u
f
i
n
e
d
i
d
p
r
o
w
e
d
o
w
e
y
Consonant Sounds 9: Consonant Sounds and Spelling
78
10
What consonant sounds should you study?
Answers will vary for each student, especially if they are from a variety of language backgrounds. You might survey your students to see if there are consonant sounds that you should focus on as a class. You can also direct students individually to focus on those sounds that are difficult for them. There is additional practice for each lesson provided in the Well Said Intro Online Workbook.
Consonant Sounds 10: What consonant sounds should you study?
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11
Initial /p/ pie -‐ /b/ buy; /t/ time -‐ /d/ dime; /k/ cold -‐ /g/ gold
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 154 A. CD 4; Track 15 B. CD 4; Track 16 C. CD 4; Track 17 EXERCISE 2 page 154 A. CD4; Track 18 B. and C. CD 4; Track 19 Audio Script 1. pack – pack 2. peach – peach 3. pear – bear 1. S 2. S 3. D
4. time – dime 5. die – die 6. two – do 4. D 5. S 6. D
7. coal – goal 8. could – could 9. girl – curl 7. D 8. S 9. D
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 155 A. CD 4; Track 21 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 4 page 156 A. CD 4; Track 22 Audio Script 1. This is a huge pill. 2. Did he bark? 3. What’s a good tip? 4. Is it gold? 1. a. This is a huge pill. _√_ It’s a vitamin. b. This is a huge bill. ___ It’s from the hospital.
2. a. Did he park? b. Did he bark?
3. a. What’s a good tip? b. What’s a good dip?
___ Yes, in lot A. _√_ Yes, he saw a cat.
_√_ 20 percent or more. ___ For vegetables or potato chips?
Consonant Sounds 11: Initial /p/ pie -‐ /b/ buy; /t/ time -‐ /d/ dime; /k/ cold -‐ /g/ gold
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4. a. Is it cold? ___ No, it’s warm and sunny. b. Is it gold? _√_ No, it’s silver. B. CD 4; Track 23 EXERCISE 5 page 156 A. CD 4; Track 24 B. CD 4; Track 25 EXERCISE 6 page 157 A. and B. CD 4; Track 26 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 11: Initial /p/ pie -‐ /b/ buy; /t/ time -‐ /d/ dime; /k/ cold -‐ /g/ gold
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12
/m/ some -‐ /n/ sun -‐ /ŋ/ sung
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 158 CD 4; Track 27 EXERCISE 2 page 158 A. CD 4; Track 28 B. and C. CD 4; Track 29 Audio Script 1. son – son 4. dumb – done 2. comb – cone 5. sane – same 3. warm – warm 6. game – game 1. S 4. D 2. D 5. D 3. S 6. S
7. sun – sun 8. thing – thing 9. lawn – long 7. S 8. S 9. D
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 159 CD 4; Track 30 EXERCISE 4 page 160 A. CD 4; Track 31 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 5 page 160 A. CD 4; Track 32 Audio Script 1. Do you want sun? 2. What’s the lime for? 3. This is Tim. 4. Is it a long chair? 1. a. Do you want some? ___ Yes, I love this candy. b. Do you want sun? _√_ No, I’m already burned.
2. a. What’s the lime for? b. What’s the line for?
_√_ To put on your taco. ___ To buy the latest smart phone.
_√_ Hi Tim! Nice to meet you. ___ Can we recycle it?
4. a. Is it a lawn chair?
___ No, it’s for indoors.
3. a. This is Tim. b. This is tin.
Consonant Sounds 12: /m/ some -‐ /n/ sun -‐ /ŋ/ sung
82
b. Is it a long chair? _√_ No, it’s pretty short. B. CD 4; Track 33 EXERCISE 6 page 161 A. CD 4; Track 34 B. CD 4; Track 35 EXERCISE 7 page 161 A. and B. CD 4; Track 36 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 12: /m/ some -‐ /n/ sun -‐ /ŋ/ sung
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13
/θ/ thing -‐ /s/ sing; /θ/ thank -‐ /t/ tank
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 162 CD 4; Track 37 EXERCISE 2 page 162 A. CD 4; Track 38 B. and C. CD 4; Track 39 Audio Script 1. think – sink 5. tank – tank 2. thing – sing 6. three – three 3. fourth – fourth 7. through – true 4. mouth – mouse 8. tin – tin 1. D 5. S 2. D 6. S 3. S 7. D 4. D 8. S
9. bath – bath 10. both – boat 11. mat – mat 12. tenth – tent 9. S 10. D 11. S 12. D
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 163 CD 4; Track 40 EXERCISE 4 page 164 A. CD 4; Track 41 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 5 page 164 A. CD 4; Track 42 Audio Script 1. Is he the fifth one? 2. Where’s the path? 3. Is it an ace? 4. Is it through? 1. a. Is he the fifth one? b. Is he the fit one?
_√_ No, the third one. ___ No, he’s not in good shape.
_√_ Near the tree. ___ In the drawer.
2. a. Where’s the path? b. Where’s the pass?
3. a. Is it an eighth?
___ No, it’s a fourth.
_√_ No, it’s a queen.
b. Is it an ace?
Consonant Sounds 13: /θ/ thing -‐ /s/ sing; /θ/ thank -‐ /t/ tank
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4. a. Is it true?
___ No, it’s false.
b. Is it through? _√_ Not yet. B. CD 4; Track 43 EXERCISE 6 page 165 A. CD 4; Track 44 B. CD 4; Track 45 EXERCISE 7 page 165 A. and B. CD 4; Track 46 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 13: /θ/ thing -‐ /s/ sing; /θ/ thank -‐ /t/ tank
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14
/ʃ/ sheep -‐ /tʃ/ cheap -‐ /dʒ/ jeep
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 166 CD 4; Track 47 EXERCISE 2 page 166 A. CD 4; Track 48 B and C. CD 4; Track 49 Audio Script 1. she – she 5. cheese – she’s 2. sue – shoe 6. sheet – sheet 3. so – show 7. which – which 4. seat – seat 8. wash – wash 1. S 5. D 2. D 6. S 3. D 7. S 4. S 8. S
9. chin – gin 10. chose – Joe’s 11. joke – joke 12. rich – ridge 9. D 10. D 11. S 12. D
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 167 CD 4; Track 50 EXERCISE 4 page 167 A. CD 4; Track 51 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 5 page 168 A. CD 4; Track 52 Audio Script 1. Did you get sheets? 2. What’re you watching? 3. The ships are gone 4. Marge is almost here. 5. Are you joking? 1. a. Did you get seats? ___ Yes, in the third row.
b. Did you get sheets?
_√_ Yes, I’ll make the bed now.
2. a. What’re you washing?
___ My new shirts.
b. What’re you watching?
_√_ A cooking show.
Consonant Sounds 14: /ʃ/ sheep -‐ /tʃ/ cheap -‐ /dʒ/ jeep
86
3. a. Is that the coat? b. Is that the coach?
_√_ Yes, it’s really warm. ___ Yes, he’s great.
4. a. March is almost here.
___ Is it already the end of February?
_√_ She just called on her cell phone.
b. Marge is almost here.
5. a. Are you joking? _√_ No, I’m serious. b. Are you choking? ___ No, I just have a cough. B. CD 4; Track 53 EXERCISE 6 page 168 A. CD 4; Track 54 B. CD 4; Track 55 EXERCISE 7 page 169 A. and B. CD 4; Track 56 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 14: /ʃ/ sheep -‐ /tʃ/ cheap -‐ /dʒ/ jeep
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15
/l/ light -‐ /r/ right
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 170 CD 4; Track 57 EXERCISE 2 page 170 A. CD 4; Track 58 B. and C. CD 4; Track 59 Audio Script 1. light – right 4. lock – lock 2. long – wrong 5. load – road 3. read – read 6. lane – lane 1. D 4. S 2. D 5. D 3. S 6. S
7. correct – collect 8. alive – arrive 9. pray – pray 7. D 8. D 9. S
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 171 CD 4; Track 60 EXERCISE 4 page 171 A. CD 4; Track 61 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 5 page 172 A. CD 4; Track 62 Audio Script 1. Is it long? 2. Is it right? 3. Did you correct them? 4. I have the lock. 1. a. Is it long? b. Is it wrong?
_√_ No, it’s short. ___ No, it’s right.
2. a. Is it light?
___ No, it’s heavy.
_√_ No, it’s wrong.
3. a. Did you collect them?
___ No, they were a gift.
_√_ No, they’re still wrong.
b. Is it right?
b. Did you correct them?
Consonant Sounds 15: /l/ light -‐ /r/ right
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4. a. I have the lock. _√_ For the door? b. I have the rock. ___ For your collection? B. CD 4; Track 63 EXERCISE 6 page 172 A. CD 4; Track 64 B. CD 4; Track 65 EXERCISE 7 page 173 A. and B. CD 4; Track 66 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 15: /l/ light -‐ /r/ right
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16
/n/ night -‐ /l/ light
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 174 CD 4; Track 67 EXERCISE 2 page 174 A. CD 4; Track 68 B. and C. CD 4; Track 69 Audio Script 1. night – night 4. news – lose 2. need – lead 5. lot – lot 3. low – know 6. snap – snap 1. S 4. D 2. D 5. S 3. D 6. S
7. knock – lock 8. slow – slow 9. connect – collect 7. D 8. S 9. D
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 175 CD 4; Track 70 EXERCISE 4 page 175 A. CD 4; Track 71 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 5 page 176 A. CD 4; Track 72 Audio Script 1. Did you have a good night? 2. Who needs the tour? 3. It’s a slow day. 4. I collected them. 1. a. Did you have a good night? b. Did you have a good light?
_√_ Yes, it was fun. ___ No, I couldn’t see.
2. a. Who needs the tour? b. Who leads the tour?
_√_ All new employees. ___ A guide.
3. a. It’s a snow day.
___ We expect a foot of snow.
b. It’s a slow day.
_√_ Nothing is happening.
4. a. I connected them.
___ To the Internet?
Consonant Sounds 16: /n/ night -‐ /l/ light
90
b. I collected them. _√_ Where are they? B. CD 4; Track 73 EXERCISE 6 page 176 A. and B. CD 4; Track 74 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 16: /n/ night -‐ /l/ light
91
17
/b/ berry -‐ /v/ very
Notice EXERCISE 1 page 177 CD 4; Track 75 EXERCISE 2 page 177 A. CD 4; Track 76 B. and C. CD 4; Track 77 Audio Script 1. ban – van 3. vote – vote 2. bet – bet 4. bent – vent 1. D 3. S 2. S 4. D
5. vest – vest 6. vary – Barry 5. S 6. D
7. cabs – calves 8. carb – carb 7. D 8. S
Practice EXERCISE 3 page 178 CD 4; Track 78 EXERCISE 4 page 178 A. CD 4; Track 79 B. and C. Answers will vary. Circulate and monitor students' pronunciation. Ask a few students how easy or difficult it was and why. EXERCISE 5 page 179 A. CD 4; Track 80 Audio Script 1. Did you sell your boat? 2. Was that your vest? 3. He owns some calves. 4. What does carb mean? 1. a. Did you sell your boat? _√_ Yes, to my neighbor. b. Did you sell your vote? ___ No! That’s illegal!
2. a. Was that your best? b. Was that your vest?
___ No, I can do better. _√_ No, mine is blue.
___ Oh, he must live in the city. _√_ Oh, he must live on a farm.
3. a. He owns some cabs. b. He owns some calves.
4. a. What does carb mean? b. What does carve mean?
_√_ It’s short for carbohydrate, or energy in your food. ___ It means to cut something, like meat.
Consonant Sounds 17: /b/ berry -‐ /v/ very
92
B. CD 4; Track 81 EXERCISE 6 page 179 A. CD 4; Track 82 B. CD 4; Track 83 EXERCISE 7 page 180 A. and B. CD 4; Track 84 C. The final activity in all Vowel and Consonant lessons is a recording submission activity. It is a Pronunciation Log option. Just like the Pronunciation Log activities in the chapters, students may listen and record their submissions on the Well Said Intro Online Workbook. You may listen to their submissions in the gradebook associated with the online workbook. Each of these activities contains a short, interesting, paragraph-‐level text that includes several stressed words with the target sounds.
Consonant Sounds 17: /b/ berry -‐ /v/ very
93
Appendix A: Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages The information in this section will help you anticipate your students’ difficulties and will direct you to specific practice in Well Said Intro. Because students’ backgrounds differ, the pronunciation issues listed for each language group vary by individual.
Key for Consonants and Vowels: b/p = the first sound replaces the second (ban for pan); initial and final indicate where in the word the problem occurs I-‐ɛ = the sounds are interchanged (sometimes pin for pen and sometimes pen for pin) ✓= the sound is difficult because it doesn’t exist or is pronounced differently, but there is no specific replacement sound (e.g., the phoneme /ʧ/ does not exist in most Arabic dialects)
Only the more common pronunciation difficulties were included. For more details, see the primary sources of information: Learner English (Swan and Smith, 2001) and Teaching American English (Avery and Ehrlich, 1992).
Suprasegmentals: Syllables, Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation Language
Syllable Structure pp. 8–13
Arabic
Tendency to add a vowel in Difficulty with shifting stress consonant clusters (record–record) as word (parade/prayed; scallop/scalp) stress in Arabic is more regular
Many final consonants are Khmer (Cambodian) silent (r, d, g, s, b, z) or are
Word Stress pp. 48–66
Stress often put on second or last syllable (message)
omitted (ri-‐/ride)
Rhythm Intonation Linking within pp. 68–85 pp. 104–110 Chunks pp. 86–93 Difficulty weakening vowels in unstressed words
Tone variation or range more restricted
Trouble with linking and sound change as each consonant is important in Arabic
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
A1
Suprasegmentals: Syllables, Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation
Language
Syllable Structure pp. 8–13
Word Stress pp. 48–66
Rhythm Intonation Linking within pp. 68–85 pp. 104–110 Chunks pp. 86–93
Chinese
Tendency to add a vowel or drop a final consonant in initial and final consonant clusters
Unstressed syllables often given too much weight
Weak forms often pronounced as full forms (Cantonese)
Farsi
Tendency to add a vowel in Difficulty with shifting stress consonant clusters (gelad/glad; (record–record) liftes/lifts)
French
Tendency to omit final -‐s Stress often put on final endings when pronounced as syllable /z/ after voiced consonants (six bag/six bags)
Korean
Tendency to add vowel after words ending in /t, z, ʃ, ʧ, ʤ/
Most syllables stressed equally Weak forms often produced as strong forms
Concept of focus is difficult
Brazilian Portuguese
Final unstressed vowels are often hard to hear (sit/city)
Unstressed syllables often not reduced
Function words may not be reduced
Russian
Tendency to add a vowel in initial consonant clusters (puh-‐lus/plus)
Weak forms often produced as strong forms
Difficulty with final falling intonation, yes/no questions, alternative questions
Difficulty with same sound linking (his son)
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
Difficulty weakening vowels in unstressed words (JOHN CAN GO./ JOHN can GO.) Difficulty weakening vowels in unstressed words and syllables
Difficulty with English phrasal intonation as tones in Chinese affect words, not phrases
Tendency to separate rather than link words
Trouble with linking that creates consonant clusters
Difficulty using pitch as signal for contrast
A2
Language
Syllable Structure pp. 8–13
Word Stress pp. 48–66
Rhythm Intonation Linking within pp. 68–85 pp. 104–110 Chunks pp. 86–93
Spanish
Tendency to drop initial or final Idea of variable stress is consonant in clusters (i-‐struct/ difficult; Difficulty with instruct; foal/fold) compound nouns
Difficulty weakening vowels in reduced words and syllables
Vietnamese
Tendency to delete one or more consonant sounds from an initial or final cluster
Each syllable usually stressed equally
Each word is often stressed equally
Thai
Difficulty with final consonant sounds and final consonant clusters
Tendency to stress the final syllable of words (cutting)
Tendency to give equal stress to every syllable/word
*West African
Tendency to omit consonant sounds in final clusters (lies/likes)
All syllables are pronounced relatively short
Tendency to give more or less equal weight to every syllable or word
Pitch range is narrower; Difficulty with focus for contrast Difficulty with English intonation as tones function differently in Vietnamese Tone functions very differently in Thai; Polite requests may be especially problematic
Focus for contrast creates difficulty
Linking is difficult, especially when it creates consonant clusters Glottal stop before words starting with vowels makes linking difficult; sound changes associated with linking are difficult Tendency to omit consonants when linking creates clusters
* Primarily Nigeria and Ghana, but issues listed apply also to speakers of languages in most other Anglophone and Francophone states of West Africa. When you see common difficulties in chart form, it is clear that students across languages are likely to share similar issues, not only on the suprasegmental level, but also on the segmental level. Well Said Intro addresses most pronunciation issues that students share and that are most likely to cause misunderstanding or serious distraction.
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
A3
Segmentals: Consonant Sounds Consonants
Arabic
Khmer (Cambodian)
Japanese
Korean
Brazilian Portuguese
/p/ in pill
b/p
b/p
b/p initial
/b/ in boy
✓ final
p/b final
p/b final
/t/ in ten
d/t
✓ final
t/d final
d/t initial t/d final t/d final
/d/ in day
/k/ in key
g/k
/g/ in go
✓ final
k/g final
/f/ in fine
/v/ in van
f/v
w/v; f/v final
Chinese
Farsi
French
German
*West African
Finding help in Well Said Intro
Russian
Spanish
Vietnamese Thai
k/g final
b/p initial
b, f/p; ✓ final
p/b middle final
p/b final
✓ final
p/b final
ʧ/t before iʸ, I, ɛ
d/t initial
✓ final
t/d final
✓ final
t/d final
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 154-‐157
g/k initial k/g final k/g final
ʤ/d before iʸ, I, ɛ
g/k final
✓ final
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 154-‐157
k/g final
✓ final
✓ initial
k/g final
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 154-‐157
k/g middle final p/f
✓
p/f final
f/v final
b/v
b/v
b/v
✓ final
p/v final
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 166-‐169 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 177-‐180
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 154-‐157 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 154-‐157; 177-‐180 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 154-‐157
A4
Segmentals: Consonant Sounds
Consonants
Arabic
Khmer (Cambodian)
Chinese
Farsi
French
German
Japanese Korean
Brazilian Portuguese
/θ/ in think
t/θ
t, f ,s/θ
t/θ
s, t, f/θ
s/θ
s, ʃ/θ
s/θ
s, t/θ
s/θ
t/θ; ✓ final
s, t /θ
t/θ
/ð/ in they
d/ð
d/ð
d/ð
t/ð
z, d/ð
z/ð
z, ʤ/ ð
d/ð
z, d/ð
z/ð
d/ð; ✓ final
d, t, s/ð
d/ð
/s/ in see
✓ final
s/z final
✓ final
t/s final
/z/ in zoo
✓ final
s/z
s/z final
ʤ/z
s/z
✓ final
/ʃ/ in shoe
s/ʃ
ʃ-‐ʧ
✓ final
ʃ/ʒ final
s/ʃ before I, iʸ
/ʒ/ in measure
s/ʃ before I, iʸ
✓
✓ final
s/z; t/z final ʧ/ʃ; t/ʃ final t/ʒ final
/ʧ/ in choose
✓
ʃ/ʧ
/ʤ/ in job
✓
ʒ/ʤ
ʧ/ʤ final
✓
✓ final
n, ŋ/ m
/m/ in my
Russian
Spanish
Vietnamese
Thai
*West African
Finding help in Well Said Intro
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 162-‐165 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 162-‐165 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 166-‐169
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149
t/ʧ final
t/ʤ final
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 166-‐169 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 166-‐169 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 158-‐161
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
A5
Segmentals: Consonant Sounds Consonants Arabic
Khmer (Cambodian)
Chinese
Farsi
French
German
Japanese
/n/ in no
n/l
/ŋ/ in sing
n,ng/ŋ
ng/ŋ
/l/ in let
l, w/r
✓ final
/r/ in red ✓
✓ final
/w/ in we
✓
/y/ in yes /h/ in home
✓
Finding help in Well Said Intro
Korean
Brazilian Portuguese
Russian
Spanish
Vietnamese Thai
*West African
✓ final
✓ final
n, ng/ ŋ
✓ final
r-‐l
l/r initial
ʊ/l final
✓after vowel sounds
v/w
v/w
✓ initial
w-‐v
w-‐v
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149
✓ initial
ʤ/y
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149
✓
✓
✓
✓
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149
pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 158-‐161; 174-‐177 pp. 16-‐19; n, ng/ŋ 144-‐149; 158-‐161 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 170-‐176 pp. 16-‐19; 144-‐149; 170-‐173
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
A6
Segmentals: Vowel Sounds Vowels
Arabic
Khmer (Cambodian)
/iʸ/ in he
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
I-‐iʸ
/eʸ/ in may
ɛ/eʸ
ɛ-‐eʸ
ɛ-‐eʸ
ɛ-‐eʸ
ɛ-‐eʸ
/ɛ/ in get
I-‐ɛ
eʸ/ɛ
æ, ʌ-‐ɛ
/æ/ in mad
✓
ɛ/æ ✓
ɛ/æ
ɛ/æ
ɛ/æ
ɛ/æ
ɛ/æ
ɛ/æ
✓
æ-‐ʌ
/ɜr/ in bird
✓
✓
/ə/ ✓ in about
✓ ɑ/ʌ
✓
ɑ/ʌ
✓ ɑ/ʌ
✓ ✓ ɑ/ʌ
✓
✓
ʊ-‐uʷ
ʊ-‐ uʷ
ʊ-‐uʷ
ʊ-‐uʷ
/ʊ/ in good
✓
uʷ/ʊ
/oʷ/ in note
ɑ/oʷ
ɔ/o ʷ
ɔ/oʷ
✓
ɑ-‐oʷ
/ʌ/ in cup /uʷ/ in too
Chinese
Farsi
French
German
Japanese Korean
Brazilian Portuguese
Russian
Spanish
Vietnamese
Thai
*West African
Finding help in Well Said Intro pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124; 128-‐ 131 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124; 132-‐ 135 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124; 132-‐ 135 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124; 136-‐ 139 pp. 15-‐16; pp. 20-‐21; 118-‐124 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124; 140-‐ 143 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124 pp. 15-‐16; 20-‐21; 118-‐ 124
* Primarily Nigeria and Ghana, but issues listed apply also to speakers of languages in most other Anglophone and Francophone states of West Africa.
Common Pronunciation Problems for Speakers of Other Languages
A7
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