Unit 1. Animals: Skill Focus: Exam Focus [PDF]

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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UNIT 1. ANIMALS Skill Focus:

Exam Focus:

- Locating information

- Short-answer questions - Classifications

Reading 1 Pre-Reading Strategies 1. Skim through the passage on the next page to find out roughly what it is about and how it is organised. Can you guess what the title means? 2. Use your previous knowledge of the subject to think about the following questions before you read the passage for detailed information. A. Why are lots of wild animals being killed? B. What kinds of animals are being killed? C. Is it illegal to kill wild animals? D. What should people do about the illegal killing? 3. Look at the different types of questions after the passage to get a general idea about the range of questions and about the kinds of information you need to look for in the passage. 4. In which paragraphs of the passage will you probably find information about A. things that happened during the late 1980s? B. animal protection movements?

Out of the Wild, into Our Homes Many of the earth's creatures die because of choices humans make. These choices have nothing to do with food or shelter or anything else that helps humans survive. What kills these millions of animals from all over the world is human greed - the desire for money. People use parts of animals for everything from hats to handbags, from ornamental jewellery (5) and ashtrays to powders that supposedly improve a person's life. Declaring a species endangered and protecting it by laws is not always enough. Poachers, people who kill wildlife illegally, rarely get caught. During the late 1980s, saving elephants became a popular cause. Wildlife protection groups made sure everyone saw pictures or films of elephants with their faces sawed off for their (6) ivory tusks. These groups also proved that certain populations of elephants were dwindling. As a result, most people stopped buying objects made of ivory. Laws against poaching were

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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strengthened. Many countries made bringing ivory in from other countries illegal. Killing (6) elephants for their ivory became more risky and less profitable. However, concern for a certain species tends to fade after a while. In the late 1970s, people (7) protested against the slaughter of seal pups. Everyone was shocked at the sight of pups being clubbed to death in their icy habitat. The brutality came to a halt. But ten years later, the number of seal pups killed was higher than ever. (7)

Other animal protection movements have come and gone, such as saving the whales and (7) protecting dolphins from the tuna fishermen. The whale population appears to have increased for now. And the laws are finally changing in the United States to protect the dolphins that swim with tuna fish in parts of the Pacific Ocean. (8)

In the 2010s, the protests and the publicity will probably turn to some other endangered species. Plenty of them urgently need attention. During this time, will the elephants be forgotten? Task 1: Word Use Decide which of the following choices is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence and write down the corresponding letter. 1. Declaring a species endangered and protecting it by laws is not always enough. A. in danger B. out of danger C. causing danger 2. These groups also proved that certain populations of elephants were dwindling. A. becoming more B. becoming smaller C. becoming weaker 3. However, concern for a certain species tends to fade after a while. A. strengthen B. disappear C. change 4. Everyone was shocked at the sight of pups being clubbed to death in their icy habitat. A. shot B. kicked C. beaten Task 2: Short-Answer Questions Read the passage Out of the Wild, into Our Homes and answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the passage.

Exam tips: Short answer questions •

Underline the key ideas in each question Read the passage quickly to find where each key idea is dealt with, then read carefully Copy the words and / or numbers you need from the passage exactly

• 5. According to the passage, what do people use to make things that people think can improve their lives? 6. What do people kill elephants and cut their faces off • for? 7. What animal is mentioned after elephants as a victim of humans? 8. Whom do some animal protection movements want to protect dolphins from? Faculty of English-ULIS

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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Task 3: True / False / Not Given Questions Refer to the reading passage Out of the Wild, into Our Homes and look at the following statements. Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 9. Many of the animals on Earth die because humans have to survive. F 10. It is normally enough when an animal species is declared endangered and protected by laws. F 11. People who kill animals illegally often get away without being caught. T 12. Wildlife protection groups proved that the number of some elephant species is decreasing. T 13. Poachers are severely punished if they kill the endangered species such as elephants. NG 14. In the late 1980s, people killed more seal pups than they did in the late 1970s. T 15. The whale population is finally increasing because of stricter laws. F 16. In the 2010s, people may not be so concerned about elephants as before. NG

Reading 2 Pre-Reading Strategies 1. Skim through the passage below to find out roughly what it is about and how it is organised. Can you guess what the title means? 2. Use your previous knowledge of the subject to think about the following questions before you read the passage for detailed information. A. Where do birds live? B. What kind of cavities do birds prefer? C. What can people do to provide birds with homes? 3. Look at the different types of questions after the passage to get a general idea about the range of questions and about the kinds of information you need to look for in the passage. 4. In which paragraphs of the passage will you probably find information about A. the cavities bluebirds like? B. the reason for the decline of bluebird populations? C. nesting box programmes?

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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More Cavities Needed Bluebirds live in cavities, but they can't make their own cavities. Like woodpeckers, bluebirds prefer trees in open areas. The best habitat for bluebirds is an open area with scattered trees (6) such as an old garden. By clearing sections of forest to create more fields, early settlers (7) happened to improve bluebird habitat. Bluebirds feed on insects on the ground, and insects were abundant in the fields. In the early 1900s, eastern bluebirds were one of the most common songbirds, but by 1969 fewer than 100 bluebirds nested in Minnesota. Other states also reported severe declines in the populations of all three bluebird species. (8) Why did the populations decline? One factor may have been the widespread use of (9) insecticides, but the most important factor was probably the loss of habitat. At first, fences were built with wooden posts, and wooden posts develop cavities. While bluebirds like fence posts with cavities, farmers do not. Cavities make the fence posts weak, and cattle escape through weak fences. After World War II, most farmers replaced wooden posts with new posts made of steel. (10) With less suitable habitat, the bluebirds were forced to compete with other birds for the few remaining nesting sites. More aggressive birds such as the tree swallow and the house wren often drive the bluebirds from their nests. Starlings and house sparrows - both introduced to this country from Europe - also compete with the bluebirds for nesting sites. All three bluebird populations - eastern, western, and mountain - declined nearly 90 percent between 1935 and 1985. The North American Bluebird Society and others are working to increase the number of bluebirds. The most successful method is to improve the habitat by providing the bluebirds with boxes as living places. Thousands of boxes are placed and being managed by individuals interested in helping the little bird. If placed in the right environment, the boxes do attract bluebirds. Bluebirds prefer boxes placed next to open areas. If placed near a brushy area, the boxes are more likely to attract house wrens. Tree swallows would compete for isolated sites in open areas. Competition from tree swallows will decrease if the boxes are placed in pairs, less than three feet apart. Boxes for mountain and western bluebirds must have slightly larger holes than those for (11) eastern bluebirds, but if the holes are too large, starlings will take the boxes. Another cavity programme helped the wood duck population. When seeking for houses, the female wood duck looks for a cavity in a tree that is in or near the water. Often she chooses a cavity with a hole too small for a raccoon to enter. Human activities - logging mature trees and hunting - threaten the wood duck population. In 1918, the United States and Canadian Faculty of English-ULIS

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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governments banned the hunting of this species. Groups of citizens and conservation organisations built living boxes and placed them on poles or in trees that are in or near the water. Today the wood duck population is greater than one million, and hunting is once again permitted. Task 1: Word Use Decide which of the following choices is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence and write down the corresponding letter. 1. The best habitat for bluebirds is an open area with scattered trees such as an old garden. A. closely planted B. carefully trimmed C. widely separated 2. Why did the populations decline? One factor may have been the widespread use of insecticides. A. chemical substances made to kill insects B. chemical substances made to help insects C. chemical substances made to strengthen insects 3. More aggressive birds such as the tree swallow and the house wren often drive the bluebirds from their nests. A. always ready to escape B. always ready to sing C. always ready to attack 4. Boxes for mountain and western bluebirds must have slightly larger holes than those for eastern bluebirds, but if the holes are too large, starlings will take the boxes. A. a few B. a bit C. a lot 5. In 1918, the United States and Canadian governments banned the hunting of this species. A. controlled B. forbade C. encouraged Task 2: Short-Answer Questions Refer to the passage More Cavities Needed and answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the passage. 6. What place is given as an example of the best habitat for bluebirds? 7. According to the passage, who accidentally helped with improving bluebird habitat? 8. How many species do bluebirds have? 9. What is the most important reason for the severe decline in the population of bluebirds? 10. Which material do most farmers prefer when they made fences? 11. Among the bluebirds species, which one prefers boxes with smaller holes than the other bluebirds do?

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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Task 3: Classification Look at the following list of nesting sites for birds and use the information in the reading passage More Cavities Needed to answer the questions. Write Exam tips: Classifications

A. if they are likely to attract bluebirds; B. if they are likely to attract tree swallows; C. if they are likely to attract starlings; D. if they are likely to attract wood ducks. 12. boxes with very large holes C 13. boxes on poles by the river D 14. fence posts with holes A 15. boxes next to an open area A 16. trees with cavities in the pond B 17. a single box in an open area B

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Read the question carefully so you know what information to look for

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Scan the reading passage to locate the information

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Underline the key element you have to identify

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Remember that the information could be in several different places

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Check to see if the information is in direct speech or is reported in the text

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Check whether answers can be repeated

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GE3/Reading Handout 1

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Further Practice Penguins show signs of stress Previous research by scientists from Keil University in Germany monitored Adelie penguins and noted that the birds' heart rates increased dramatically at the sight of a human as far as 30 metres away. But new research using an artificial egg, which is equipped to measure heart rates, disputes this. Scientists from the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge say that a slow-moving human who does not approach the nest too closely is not perceived as a threat by penguins. The earlier findings have been used to partly explain the 20 per cent drop in populations of certain types of penguin near tourist sites. However, tour operators have continued to insist that their activities do not adversely affect wildlife in Antarctica, saying they encourage nondisruptive behaviour in tourists, and that the decline in penguin numbers is caused by other factors. Amanda Nimon of the Scott Polar Research Institute spent three southern hemisphere summers at Cuverville Island in Antarctica studying penguin behaviour towards humans. "A nesting penguin will react very differently to a person rapidly and closely approaching the nest," says Nimon. "First they exhibit large and prolonged heart rate changes and then they often flee the nest leaving it open for predators to fly in and remove eggs or chicks." The artificial egg, specially developed for the project, monitored both the parent who had been 'disturbed' when the egg was placed in the nest and the other parent as they both took it in turns to guard the nest. However, Boris Culik, who monitored the Adelie penguins, believes that Nimon's findings do not invalidate his own research. He points out that species behave differently - and Nimon's work was with Gentoo penguins. Nimon and her colleagues believe that Culik's research was methodologically flawed because the monitoring of penguins' responses entailed capturing and restraining the birds and fitting them with heart-rate transmitters. Therefore, argues Nimon, it would not be surprising if they became stressed on seeing a human subsequently.

Task 1: Choosing from a list Questions 1-3. Choose THREE letters, A-E. Which THREE of the following arguments are stated in the passage? Faculty of English-ULIS

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GE3/Reading Handout 1 A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

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Penguins are not afraid of people who behave calmly. Penguins are becoming an endangered species. Tourists are not responsible for the fact that there are fewer penguins nowadays. Penguins are harder to research when they have young. Penguins will not leave a nest with eggs in it. A penguin's behaviour may depend on its species, Penguin stress may result from being with other aggressive penguins.

Task 2: Classifications Now, answer questions 4-8. How to approach the task: Classify the following statements as being true of A. the research on Adelie penguins - Underline the key words in each question. B. the research on Gentoo penguins - Check the passage for the first C. both research projects type of penguin and write A next D. neither research project to the question if it is true for Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D. that type. 4. An individual species of penguin was tested. - Do the same for the second type of penguin, and write B. 5. Penguins were caught for the experiment. C - The final answer will depend on 6. Physical changes occurred when a human how many letters you have next was nearby. A to the question: none, one or 7. Tourists were permitted to observe the two. experiments. 8. Heart rates were measured by an item manufactured for the experiment.

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