Teaching Music in Elementary Grade [PDF]

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UNIT 1: Using ICT in Developing 21st Century skills/ ICT in the 21st Century Skills Module Name Module Code Modular Objective: TEACHING MUSIC IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES

MUISC 1

At the end of this module students must be able to:  Familiarize the different periods in history of music  Define Music  Understand the objectives of teaching music

Topic: Concept of Music Week: 1 - 2(September 21-28, 2020) No. of Hours: 3 Reference:

INTRODUCTION Teaching has been called the noblest of professions. Music education, along with teaching in the other arts, is one of the few professions that teaches artistic expression and feeling in a group setting. The idea of entering such a noble and artistic profession may cause the aspiring music teacher to ask, “Will I be prepared? How will I find a job in today‟s market?” or “What will I do that first year in my classroom?” The purpose of this Module is to give insights, ideas, and practical guidelines to assist beginning music teachers in answering these questions.

Definition of Music Literally, music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from the Greek word mousike which means “art of Muses”) Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition.

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Music is a common language of mankind “music is universal and yet it is also relative and subjective.” (Many definitions of music implicitly hold that music is a communicative activity which conveys to the listener moods, emotions, t houghts, impressio ns, or philosophical, sexu al, or political concepts or positions.)

Objectives of Teaching Music Music is an art form through which feeling is expressed. Music adds quality to life as it promotes mental development and provides an outlet for emotional expression. It has motivating characteristics that inspire all people to appreciate some form or genre of music. Considering the intrinsic value of music, the primary purpose of music education is to contribute to the quality of life for all students by developing their capabilities to participate fully in a musical culture. Music provides a powerful means of engaging students in learning and improving their achievement. Fundamental in a student's overall social, emotional, and cognitive development, music enhances reasoning, inspires creativity, and encourages critical thinking, self-discipline, problem-solving, decision-making, cooperation, and imagination. Music enables students to learn about themselves, other people, and humanity in general. Goals and Objectives 1. Promote the highest levels of human aspiration and artistic integrity through the composition, documentation, and performance of music. 2. Develop an analytical, creative, and intuitive understanding of music as a cultural language. 3. Afford students opportunities for cultural and aesthetic experiences through active participation in music, enhance their understanding and appreciation of the arts, and foster interaction between music and the liberal arts. 4. Enrich the campus and the region through concerts, workshops, and other public events, and provide opportunities for traditional and contemporary musical expression by students, faculty, guest artists, and members of the community. 5. Serve the University System of Maryland, the state, and the nation as an internationally recognized center for cutting-edge research in contemporary artmusic through creative work in music technology, composition, and performance. 6. Promote and support student research and collaborations, often conducted jointly with faculty through publications and performances. 7. Provide opportunities and guidance to prepare our students for a professional life in music through mentorship, internships, entrepreneurial experience, and training as educators.

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8. Promote diversity among our faculty and students. History of Music Influences from the west to the east merged into the pre-Christian music of the Greeks and later the Romans. Musical practices and conventions perhaps conveyed by travelling musicians brought a wealth of diversity and invention. Surviving Greek notation from this period of musical history has given scientists and musicologists alike a vital clue to the way that the music of the time might have sounded. It certainly indicates remarkable links to the music that would follow, perhaps most notably through the use of modality in Greek music. In the frescoes and in some written accounts, including the Bible, we have learned about the instruments that featured in the Roman and Greek times and their significance to the cultures. The trumpet as an instrument of announcement and splendid ceremony, or the lyre as an integral player in the songs of poets. Across Europe from the early part of the first century, the monasteries and abbeys became the places where music became embedded into the lives of those devoted to God and their followers. Christianity had established itself and with it came a new liturgy that demanded a new music. Although early Christian music had its roots in the practices and beliefs of the Hebrew people, what emerged from this was to become the basis for sacred music for centuries to come. The chants that were composed devoutly followed the sacred Latin texts in a fashion that was tightly controlled and given only to the glory of God. Music was very much subservient to the words, without flourish or frivolity. It was Pope Gregory (540-604 AD), who is credited with moving the progress of sacred music forward and developing what is now called Gregorian Chant, characterizes by the haunting sound of the open, perfect fifth. Some controversy surrounds this claim, but the name has stuck and the music remains distinct and vitally important as it moves away from plainchant towards polyphony. This, in turn, looked back to earlier times and customs, particularly in the music of the Jewish people where the idea of a static drone commonly underpinned a second vocal line. Medieval Period The word Medieval is derived from the Latin word “medius” meaning “middle.” The Medieval Period in Western history is also known as the Middle Ages or also the Dark Ages. It was a period in the history of Western civilization when civilization broke down in various ways and became quite primitive. The cultural advances of ancient Greece and Rome were essentially lost with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 A.D.

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Medieval Period of Western History   

Lasted from about 476 A.D to 1400 A.D. (different sources vary as to the exact dates) One of the 3 broad periods of Western history: Classic / Medieval / Modern Founding of universities Building of cathedrals and castles

Music of the Medieval Period: Monody – Monophonic Music (meaning “one sound”)     

Single line melodies with no accompaniment Known as “chant,” “plainchant” or “plainsong” Used as music for the early Christian church Sung by monks practicing the “Divine Office” eight times a day at the specific hours Gregorian chant – a more uniform system of chant that was developed under the reign of Pope Gregory I (590 AD to 604 AD) (liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church) oldest music we have to its original form. Musical Example: Plainchant: Viderunt Omnes No. 1

Characteristics of Gregorian Chant  Monophonic  Free meter  Modal  Usually based on Latin liturgy  Use of „Neume‟ notation Developments in Medieval Music: Polyphony (meaning “many sounds”)   

Two or more lines of music sung or played simultaneously Polyphony began as an additional parallel line to a line of Gregorian chant Music notation began to be developed around the same time that polyphony developed Musical Example: 2-Part Organum, based on chant melody

Musical Notation in the Medieval Period The most important development in music during the Medieval period was the invention of the modern system of notation for music. About the same time that polyphony was appearing, music notation was being developed. The founder of what is now considered the standard music staff was Guido d'Arezzo, an Italian Benedictine monk who lived from 995– 1050. Guido D'Arezzo's achievements paved the way for the modern form of written music, music books, and the modern concept of a composer.

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Guido d‟Arezzo also composed a chant that became the basis for the “do, re, mi” syllables still used in teaching music today. The proportional system of note values for rhythm was also developed in this period. Sacred Music in the Medieval Period: The Medieval Motet    

A polyphonic vocal composition with several different melodic lines (several voices singing) One line (called the “cantus firmus,” or “fixed song,” in Latin) used phrases from Gregorian chant Lines above cantus firmus were different melodies and sometimes in a another language Medieval motets often contained complex musical techniques Musical Example: Petrus la Cruce: “Aucun ont trouv” (3-part motet sung in Latin and French simultaneously)

Famous Composer of Medieval Period Adam de la Halle(Adam the Hunchback)France , 1237-1288  One of the oldest secular composers  He was a French-born trouvére, poet and musician, whose his musical works include chansons and poetic in the style of the troubadour.  Rondel and motets in the style of early liturgical polyphony.  His musical play, ―Jeu de Robin et Marion‖ was considered the earliest surviving secular French play with music. Renaissance Period “Renaissance," from Old French, meaning "rebirth," usually in a spiritual sense. The Renaissance period in western history was a cultural movement that began in Florence, Italy in approximately 1400 A.D. and gradually spread through most (but not all) of Europe. The Renaissance marks the passing of European society from an exclusively religious orientation to a more secular one and from an age of unquestioning faith and mysticism to one of belief in reason and scientific inquiry. Renaissance Period is sometimes referred to as the “GOLDEN AGE OF POLYPHONY” Types of Renaissance Music Vocal Music: As in the Medieval period, sacred vocal music (religious music that is sung) is still very prevalent in the Renaissance. But in addition to this, there is also a lot more non-sacred (non-religious) music.

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In addition to sacred music such as motets and masses, there is a new form of nonsacred vocal music in the Renaissance called the madrigal. Musical Example - Madrigal John Farmer (English, 1570- 1605)"Fair Phyllis I Saw Sitting All Alone" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYbN_2hqFoI Musical Example – Madrigal #2 The Silver Swan by Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625; English) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfNmZ3LCrAY The silver swan, who living had no note, when Death approached, unlocked her silent throat. Leaning her breast upon the reedy shore, thus sang her first and last, and sang no more: "Farewell, all joys! O Death, come close mine eyes! More Geese than Swans now live, more Fools than Wise." Most Significant Musical Development During The Renaissance: The rise of instrumental music was the most significant musical development during the Renaissance. Music for groups of instruments was written to accompany vocal music such as motets, as dance music, and also as a pure form of art. Types of Renaissance Music Vocal Music 1. Polyphonic in texture 2. More fuller, emotional, and expressive SACRED and SECULAR Vocal Forms 1. MOTET - is a polyphonic choral works in Latin text - Can be used in any service of the church - Usually in A CAPELLA - Smooth sounding and imitative in nature 2. -

MASS Is a Renaissance form of sacred composition Imitation (echoed entrances) is an important feature. Sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnes Dei

Types: • GOTHIC MOTET – based on Gregorian chant. - contains secular words

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•

RENAISSANCE MOTET – serious, restrained and designed for the worship service - Conveys a spirit of reverence

3. MADRIGAL - Is a secular polyphonic work for a small group of unaccompanied singers. - Most artistic genre of secular vocal music and are sung in Italian or English.

Important Renaissance Composers        

Josquin des Prez (Flemish; 1455-1521) Giovanni Palestrina (Italian; 1526-1594) Orlando de Lassus - Flemish; 1530-1594) William Byrd - (English; 1543-1623) Tomás Luis de Victoria (Spanish; 1548-1611) Giovanni Gabrieli - (Italian; 1553-1612) Michael Pretorius (German; 1571-1621) Orlando Gibbons - (English; 1583-1625)

After flourishing for 200 years, the Renaissance Period ended in approximately 1600 AD, with the advent of the Baroque Period of musical history. Baroque Period 1600-1750 • At the end of the 16th century, madrigal composers moved to extreme dissonances and rhythmic contrasts to illustrate emotional texts • The Baroque period began as a reaction against the madrigal. • The recitative was developed as a new solo singing style. This led to the stage and eventually to opera. • The Baroque is characterized with extreme excess and extravagance. • Baroque “dualism” is a constant theme throughout the Baroque era. It is the battle between freedom and strictness, extravagance and control.  Period from 1600-1750, From the Portuguese term “BAROCCO” which means “ODDLY SHAPED PEARL”  Recognized for ornateness, grandeur and flamboyance in architecture and painting.  A term initially used to imply strangeness and extravagance.  An era of absolute monarchy and aristocracy.  A period that begins the popularity of orchestra and opera. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND   

Puritans reached New England (1620) Beheading of Charles 1 (1649) Restoration of Charles II as King of England

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

Discovery of the Laws of Motion by Sir Isaac Newton

Baroque musical characteristics   

 

Rhythm is more definite and regular. Bar lines begin to be used for the 1st time. The basso continuo is formed. This includes the bass voices or low sounding instruments and organ or harpsichord (chordal instrument allows for continuous chords). In general, the bass line is reinforced. (Pachelbel‟s Canon in D or Bach‟s Air on a G String) Harmony evolves and musicians developed our modern major/minor system. Chords became a standard and used in a predictable and meaningful way. We being to have an established sense of tonality.

Opera • Introduced around 1600 (Peri and Monteverdi) • Opera is drama set to music and singing is used instead of speech. • Main genre of secular music during this time • Art form that combined music, drama, dancing, poetry, scenery, and special effects. • Became an important part of culture and entertainment. • Opera alternated between the styles of recitative and aria. • Listen: “Dido‟s Lament” from Dido and Aeneas (1689) by Henry Purcell. Oratorio • Sacred vocal music that includes a variety of styles and forms. • Oratorio is basically opera using sacred subjects and are performed in concert form (no scenery, costumes, or gestures). • Includes an orchestra and a choir with soloists • May borrow from secular vocal music • Listen: Hallelujah Chorus by Handel from Messiah Instrumental Music • Instrumental music rises through the popularity of dance, virtuosity, and vocal music. • The rise of instrumental music can also be associated with the development of instrument making technology. • The first fortepianos are invented during this time and are the first to use hammer strokes not by plectra. • Pipe organ technology continued to evolve and organ building becomes a craft. Baroque Composers • Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643): Italian composer proficient in most of the major genres of his time (operas) • Henry Purcell (1659-1695): English composer and organist who wrote only one true opera (Dido and Aeneaus) but wrote other compositions for the stage

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• • • • • • • •

Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713): Italian composer and violinist who wrote solo sonatas, trio sonatas, and concertos Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750): studied music from other composers, took his own style, and blended them (toccatas, fugues, oratorios, cantatas, masses, organ solos, etc.) George Frideric Handel (1685-1759): English Composer born in Germany who wrote music for all genres of his time (oratorio: Messiah , Royal Fireworks and Water Music symphonies) Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725): Italian opera composer (sonatas for clavichord) Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741): Italian composer and violinist known for concertos , opera and string quartets and quintets (The Four Seasons) , oratorio: Gloria François Couperin (168-1733): French composer, harpsichordist, and organist Jean Philippe Rameau (1683-1764): important French musician for the development of opera • Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757): the son of Alessandro Scarlatti who is known for his keyboard sonatas Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767): brought music to the middle class by publishing music that could be played at home by novice musicians.

Classical 1750-1820 In the middle of the 18th century, European culture began to move toward a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts. This style was known as Classicism, a style that sought to emulate the ideals of Classical antiquity, especially those of Classical Greece. Note: the term “Neo-classical” (“Neo” meaning “New”) was used to describe the new 18th century style in architecture, literature, painting and sculpture, etc., so as to distinguish it from the classicism of ancient Greece and Rome. But since virtually all the music of classical antiquity was lost with the Fall of the Roman Empire, the basic term “Classical” was used to describe the new 18th century musical style. The use of the term “Neoclassicism” as applied to music was later used to describe a musical trend employed by some composers of 20th century music.) The Classical period in music history falls between the Baroque and Romantic periods. The best-known composers of this period are Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Music of the Classical period has a lighter, simpler texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is generally homophonic in texture – a texture that consists of melody above a chordal harmonic accompaniment. However, counterpoint, the predominant musical texture of music of the Baroque period, was also still employed by Classical period composers, especially in the later Classical period.

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How it started   

A reaction against the extravagance of the Baroque Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a self-taught composer who started an attack on the complex and artificial aspects of Baroque opera. Attacking the primary genre placed all of the music from the Baroque in question. The people of the classical era wanted opera that would portray real people in real life.

Musical Style Features • •

• •

Rhythm: flexible rhythm, the tempo and meter are constant throughout a movement, but the rhythms differ; rhythm gives a feelings of less predictable movement that is more exciting than the regular rhythms of the Baroque. Dynamics: become more specific and passages begin to be marked by composers with f, p, ff, and mf; there was a desire for variety in a pleasant way within predictability. Composers worked degrees of volume with the crescendo and diminuendo. Melody: simple melodies were preferred Texture: Homophony was the principal texture but counterpoint continued in a “natural” way to create tension; major turning point because polyphony previously dominated

Baroque vs. Classical Period Music Despite the fact that they are different periods of musical history, there are still many similarities between music of the Baroque period and music of the Classical period. There is also considerable overlap between the two periods, so there are no absolute rules that determine what constitutes Baroque music versus Classical period music. That said, some of the general differences between Baroque and Classical period music are detailed on the following slides. In the mid-1700s, a new, more expressive instrument, the piano, gradually replaced the harpsichord. A great deal of music was written for the solo piano during the Classical period, which paved the way for the phenomenon of the "piano virtuoso" to develop. The Orchestra Is Standardized in the Classical Period Although the concept of the orchestra was established during the Baroque period, it wasn‟t until the Classical Period that the instrumentation of the orchestra became standardized. During the Classical period, composers also began increasing the size of the orchestra. By the end of the Classical period, the instrumentation of the orchestra

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became standardized as: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 French horns, 2 trumpets, timpani & strings. Music in the Classical period was written to appeal to the emerging middle class audience, whereas Baroque music was typically intended for the aristocracy or the church. Opera was still very popular in the Classical period, but the subjects of the operas began to change. In the Classical period, fewer operas were written about mythological characters as they were in the Baroque period, and more operas were written about the lives of ordinary people, such as in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. However, some Classical period operas were still written about kings. Musical Style In The Classical Period The style of music changed in the Classical period to become generally simpler in a number of ways. The complex style of polyphonic music (music with many melodies simultaneously) that was prevalent in the late Baroque period was replaced in the Classical period by music that emphasizes single melodies with an underlying accompaniment. The concepts of proportion and balance as applied to phrasing and musical structure were also very important during the Classical period. The length or duration of some musical works gradually increased in the Classical period. This became evident with the development of the “Sonata-Allegro form.” This form became one of the most important developments in Classical period music, because it was adopted as the standard structure (musical architecture) for the first movements of Sonatas, Symphonies and String Quartets.

Examples of Classical Period Music Piano Sonata Mozart:

Sonata in C Major for Piano, K. 545 1 st Movement

Symphony Mozart: Symphony No. 41 in C Major (The “Jupiter” Symphony) 1 st Movemen Concerto Mozart:

Concerto in G Major for Piano, K. 453 1 st Movement

Opera Aria Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro Recitative & Aria of Bass: “Non piu andrai” Theme and Variations Haydn: Symphony No. 94 in G Major (“The Surprise Symphony”) 2nd Movement: Andante (“Andante” means “in a walking tempo” in Italian.)

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Minuet and Trio The Minuet and Trio is a common musical form in the Classical period, especially in Symphonies. Some Symphonies have 3 movements and some have 4 movements. If a Symphony has 4 movements, then the Minuet & Trio form is used as the 3 rd movement. Minuet and Trio Structure Minuet: A–A (repeat) B–B (repeat) Trio: C–C (repeat) D–D (repeat) Da Capo: A–B (“A,” “B,” “C” and “D” represent separate sections of music. “Da Capo” is an Italian musical term that directs the performer(s) to begin again at the beginning or “top.” “Capo” means “Head” in Italian.) Example (next slide): Haydn: Symphony No. 6 in D Major 3 rd Movement: Minuet & Trio (4‟08”)

Rondo The Rondo form consists of the repeated use of a theme, alternating with musical episodes, each consisting of a new theme, intervening among the repetitions, like this: A – B – A – C – A – D – A – Coda) (A “Coda” in music is an ending. “Coda” means “tail” in Italian.) Please listen to a short musical example of the Rondo from Haydn‟s Piano Trio in G Major, subtitled “Rondo all'Ongarese” (“Rondo in the Hungarian style”) Composers • • •

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809): helped develop the symphony (“Father of the Symphony”) and style for the string quartet but considered himself a vocal music composer. Wolfgang Mozart (1756-1791): helped develop the style for the string quartet, solo piano concerto, and contributed to many genres of his time. Musical prodigy extrodinaire! Wrote music for every instrument & form. Ludwig Von Beethoven (1770-1827): expanded the orchestra and stretched the classical forms (i.e. sonata form, concerto and symphonic forms). Bridge to Romantic Period. (Student of Hydn)

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Romantic Period 1820 - 1900 Romanticism (also known as the Romantic Era or the "Romantic Period') was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, the Romantic movement was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment (the 1700s) and a reaction against the “scientific rationalization” of nature. Romanticism was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music and literature. Characteristics of Romantic Period Music 1. Individuality of musical style with emphasis on self-expression 2. Development of new harmonies, including chromatic harmonies - harmonies that use all the keys of the piano keyboard - the black keys and the white keys together. 3. Development of "program music" – music that depicts a story or scene 4. Development of "nationalism" in music, such as French music, Spanish music, Hungarian music, Czech music, etc., incorporating native folk music. 5. Greater variety of mood, atmosphere and tone color. 6. Expanded orchestra size for many new compositions, including large brass sections, expanded woodwind sections and the addition of new instruments, such as English horn, bass clarinet, contrabassoon and added percussion. 7. Development of a wider range of musical dynamics - (volume) - from very soft (pianissimo) to very loud (fortissimo) often encompassing soaring musical high points. 8. Greater flexibility of tempo, (musical speed) incorporating the increased use of accelerandos (speeding up) and ritardandos (slowing down), as well as extensive use of rubato (the bending and stretching of tempo/rhythm).

As in the Baroque and Classical periods of musical history, there were hundreds of composers whose music was performed and published during the Romantic period. But unlike those two previous periods, in which there were a relatively small number of composers whose works are now considered to be musically and culturally significant, there were many more composers in the Romantic period whose names and music are very widely known today. Composers Ludwig van Beethoven German; 1770-1827 9 Symphonies, 5 Piano Concertos, 1 Violin Concerto Many Works for Piano Chamber Music, 1 Opera Musical Example: Symphony No. 5 - 1st Mvmt

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Franz Schubert Austrian; 1797-1828 9 Symphonies, 600+ Songs, Chamber Music Solo Piano Music Musical Examples: 1. Unfinished Symphony (1st Movement - excerpt) 2. Song: "Gretchen am Spinnrade" ("Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel") Gioacchino Rossini Italian; 1792-1868 Many Operas including The Barber of Seville and William Tell Musical Examples: 1. Overture to William Tell 2. Aria: "Largo al Factotum" from The Barber of Seville Hector Berlioz French; 1803-1869 Symphonies Operas Overtures Musical Example: "March to the Scaffold" from Symphonie Fantastique Felix Mendelssohn German; 1809-1847 5 Symphonies, Concertos, Overtures, Chamber Music Choral Music Musical Example: Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream Robert Schumann German; 1810-1856 4 Symphonies 1 Piano Concerto Many Songs (Lieder) Piano Music Musical Example: Song: "Ich grolle nicht" Frederic Chopin Polish; 1810-1849 Piano Music Chopin, (along with Liszt) was one of the two most important composers of piano music in the Romantic period. His works for solo piano are among the cornerstones of the piano repertoire. Musical Example: “Heroic” Polonaise in A-flat Franz Liszt Hungarian;1811-1886 Piano Music, Tone Poems, 2 Piano Concertos Liszt is one of the most important composers of piano music in the Romantic period. Musical Example: "Liebestraum"("Dream of Love") Richard Wagner German; 1813-1883 Operas Wagner composed the most important German operas of the Romantic period including The Flying Dutchman, Lohengrin, Tannhäuser, The "Ring" Operas and Tristan and Isolde. Musical Example: Prelude to Die Meistersinger ("The Mastersingers") Giuseppe Verdi Italian; 1813-1901 Operas Verdi was one of the two most important composers of Italian operas of any period of musical history. Some of his most important operas are Aida, La Traviata, Rigoletto, Il Trovatore Musical Example: Final Scene from Aida Anton Bruckner Austrian; 1824-1896 9 Symphonies, Choral Music Bruckner is best known for his nine symphonies, in which he expanded the symphonic form in both length and scope. Musical Example: Symphony No. 8 – Finale Johann Strauss Jr. Austrian; 1825-1899 Waltzes, Polkas & Operettas Known as the “Waltz King,” Johann Strauss, Jr. was the leading composer of “light” music during the Romantic period. Musical Example: On the Beautiful Blue Danube

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Johannes Brahms German; 1833-1897 4 Symphonies, 4 Concertos, Songs, Piano Works, Chamber Music Brahms is considered to be one of the most important composers of the Romantic period. Musical Example: Symphony No. 2 – Finale Peter Illych Tchaikovsky Russian; 1840-1893 6 Symphonies, Ballets, Concertos, Orchestral Works, Operas Tchaikovsky is also considered to be one of the most important composers of the Romantic period. Musical Example: Symphony No. 4 – Finale Antonin Dvorak Czech; 1841-1904 9 Symphonies, Concertos, Other Orchestral Works Chamber Music, Choral Music Dvorak is one of the most important composers of orchestral music of the late Romantic period. Musical Example: New World Symphony – Largo (2nd Movement) Giacomo Puccini Italian; 1858-1924 Operas Puccini is one of the two most important composers of Italian opera in the Romantic period, or any period in musical history, including: La Boheme, Tosca, Turandot Madame Butterfly, Manon Lescaut Musical Example: Duet: "O soave fanciulla" from La Boheme Richard Strauss German; 1864-1949 Tone Poems, Operas, Songs (Lieder) Richard Strauss is the composer of the most important tone poems ever composed, as well as the most important German operas in the Romantic era after Wagner. Musical Example: Tone Poem: Don Juan Gustav Mahler Austrian; 1860-1911 9 Symphonies, Songs (Lieder) Mahler is the last great composer of symphonies in the school of Austrian & German composers that included Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner & Brahms. Musical Example: Symphony No. 2 – Finale Sergei Rachmaninoff Russian; 1873-1943 Concertos, Piano Music, Symphonies, Songs Rachmaninoff was one of the greatest pianists in history, as well as one of the last of the great Romantic composers. His life and career extended well into the Modern era. Musical Example: Concerto No. 2 for Piano Modern Music The Modern Period of Western Musical History took place from approximately 1900 to 1960. Some music historians consider the Modern Era to have ended in approximately 1930, followed by the advent of a “Post-Modern" era. Other historians place this transition in the 1950s or 1960s Like many aspects of modern culture, modern music has evolved in many different directions. In general, the most common element among the various types of what can be called Modern Music is the element of experimentation.

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The Modern Era of music evolved from the late Romantic and Impressionist periods as a result of the experimental efforts of such composers as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel and Richard Strauss. While some composers in the Modern era of music continued to use the traditional harmonies that were developed during the Romantic period, many other Modern composers experimented with new and unusual harmonies. Some of these composers, such as the American composer Aaron Copland, the French composer Francis Poulenc, the German composer Paul Hindemith and the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky developed their own unique harmonic vocabularies that make their music highly recognizable. American composer Aaron Copland (1900-1990) Example: Lincoln Portrait (excerpt) Aaron Copland was known as the “Dean of American Composers.” Some of his orchestral works, such as “Variations On A Shaker Melody” and “Fanfare For The Common Man” are so well-known that they have become part of American culture.

French composer Francis Poulenc (1899-1963) Francis Poulenc is one of the bestknown French composers of the Modern period. He is known for composing operas, choral music, piano music and chamber music, especially a number of sonatas for various string, woodwind and brass instruments with piano. Example: Clarinet Sonata (excerpt) 3‟05” German composer Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) German-born composer Paul Hindemith is considered one of the most influential composers of the Modern period of musical history. He emigrated to the United States in 1940 to escape the Nazi regime. He composed orchestral music, operas and, like Poulenc, many sonatas for string, woodwind & brass instruments with piano. Examples: Clarinet Sonata; Symphonic Metamorphoses Russian composer Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Igor Stravinsky is widely considered the most influential composer of the Modern period. His score for the ballet The Rite of Spring is one of the greatest works for orchestra ever composed. It created a musical revolution in when it was first performed in Paris in 1913. In the nearly 100 years since then, it has gained in reputation as a work of tremendous significance in the history of music. The Rite of Spring (beginning) A small group of composers in the first half of the 20th century developed an entirely new system of melody and harmony that was based on mathematical and logical

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relationships among the 12 tones of the chromatic scale. This school of composition, centered in Vienna is called “12 Tone” composition technique or “Serialism.” Serialism & Atonality In music, Serialism is a 20th-century technique of composition that uses mathematical values instead of traditional music theory to create melody and harmony. The result is a kind of music that is not in a particular key (or “tonality”) and this is known as “atonality.” Serialism began primarily with the Austrian composer Arnold Schönberg and his contemporaries, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Because music composed using Serial technique is so different sounding than practically any other kind of music that came before, it never developed a large audience other than very highly educated musicians. Most people who listen to Serial music for the first time find it harsh, dissonant and generally unpleasant as compared with the work of more accessible composers of the Modern period such as Aaron Copland. As a result, very few composers continued to use the Serial technique beyond the 1950s. Still, Serialism is an important trend in Modern music and is worth listening to and knowing about. Arnold Schönberg (Austrian; 1874-1951) Arnold Schönberg is known as the founder of Serialism in music. Please watch this short video about Schönberg and his music. Please watch the video about Schönberg‟s music on the next slide. (Don‟t worry of you don‟t understand all of it – just try to get the general idea.) Other Trends In Modern Music • • • •

Expressionism (includes Serialism) Neo-Classicism (“neo” means “new”) Neo-Romanticism Neo-Baroque

Expressionism Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music. One of the primary aims of Expressionist music was to express emotional anguish. Neo-Classicism Neoclassicism in music was a 20th-century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of “classicism,” namely: order, balance, clarity, economy and emotional restraint.

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Neoclassicism was a reaction against the unrestrained emotionalism and perceived formlessness of late Romanticism, as well as a "call to order" after the musical experiments of the first two decades of the 20th century. Example: Sergei Prokofieff Classical Symphony – 4th movement Activity 1 1. What is Music? (5 sentences) 2. Why Music is Important? (5 sentences) 3. Explain the differences between (5 sentences) • Medieval Period • Renaissance Period • Baroque Period • Classical Period • Romantic Period • Modern Music 4. How music can change the world? (5sentences)