Speakout Advanced Listening and Reading Extra With Answer Key [PDF]

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA

1 ADVANCED UNIT 1

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Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Do you keep in touch with people via social media? If so, which media do you use? Why? 2 Do you change your profile picture very oen? If so, what makes you change it? What kinds of photos do you choose? 3 Are there any other online contexts where you have a different identity? (e.g. video game avatars) If so, which? What is your avatar like? Read the article about online identities and answer the questions. 1 How do people project their identity through social media? 2 What is different about the identities people use in the gaming world? Read the article again. Underline the correct alternative. 1 You can get a(n) detailed/incomplete impression about a person’s identity from looking at their profile picture. 2 People who smile at the camera usually/rarely want people to like them. 3 Introverts choose images which are mysterious/don’t show their faces. 4 It’s common to show professional/ childhood photos if you don’t want to be taken seriously. 5 When changing their profile pictures, people sometimes feel/ don’t often feel pressure to copy each other. 6 People’s identities in virtual worlds are much more/less fantastic than on social media. 7 These identities can provide you with a lot of freedom. They are also dangerous/a form of escape. 8 People’s real identities can be far more interesting/boring than their invented ones.

Projecting an online identity There are more than 2 billion users of social media in the world. When you check out the online profiles of these people, the first thing you see is their profile picture and cover photo. It gives you a first, albeit superficial, impression of their identity or how they choose to project it online. Extroverts and narcissists are easy to spot – they are always gazing directly at the camera or doing something daring like parachuting or bungee-jumping. They are inclined to smile and look confident. These are the kinds of people who post a lot of images of themselves and expect lots of ‘likes’ when they do! Introverts, on the other hand, have a tendency to look away from the camera in their profile pics. They may post another kind of image altogether – perhaps a landscape or something that conjures up a particular mood, or their pet. This distracts the attention away from them and onto something that they like. Those who are a little more light-hearted might show a photo of themselves when they were a cute four-year-old, and that might encourage their friends to follow suit, and share their own childhood pics. On work-oriented social media sites on the other hand, it’s more common to see professional-looking photos. For example, having bookshelves in the background of your photo can make you look learned and intelligent. Of course, there are other reasons why people change their profile pictures: in response to a particular piece of news, or to show support for a cause or solidarity for a certain group of people. If many people do this at once, people can feel peer pressure to do the same – another example of ‘sharing’ in the online world. But it’s not just on social media that people project an online identity. This issue is even more pronounced in the gaming community. The avatars that gamers use are often far more removed from their real selves and represent a fantasy image of someone they dream of being. Due to the nature of the games themselves, people’s chosen avatars often perform a role in a virtual world like Second Life. Many avatars can walk and talk but also fly or be reborn – their creation can push the boundaries of our imaginations. This represents an opportunity for people to take on a whole new identity, to play a new role in their imagined life. It is a form of escapism, but it can also be incredibly liberating. The only problem is that these virtual identities can take over your life, leading some people to neglect their real-world obligations and friendships. Perhaps this is the danger of developing a new identity online – that the real world is just too boring in comparison!

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA

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Find the verbs and verb phrases 1–8 in the article. Match them with their meanings a)–h). Which two verbs/verb phrases collocate with ‘an identity’? 1 check out 2 spot 3 gaze 4 conjure up 5 follow suit 6 project 7 take on 8 take over a) identify b) adopt c) bring a feeling to mind d) control e) get information about someone/something f) do what someone else has done g) try to make other people have a particular idea about you h) look in a particular direction for a long time

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Work in groups and discuss. Is the article right about online identities or does it take the issue too seriously? Explain your answers.

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The adjectives in the box are from the recording. Match the adjectives with their meanings 1–8. upbeat melancholic optimistic enigmatic solitary insecure confident A person who … 1 likes to be alone is . 2 is mysterious and difficult to understand . is 3 is not very confident about himself/herself . is 4 is full of energy and enthusiasm is . 5 is prone to being sad is 6 believes in his/her own abilities is 7 is hopeful about the future and thinks good . things will happen is

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Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Do you agree that it is easy to project a different identity of yourself online? 2 Do you think this can be dangerous or is it just a bit of fun? 3 What other kinds of identity do you think people project in different contexts?

1.1 Listen to three people talking about the identities they project on social media. Match the people 1–3 with the facts a)–c). 1 Leandra 2 Boris 3 Carol a) likes to share the good things in life. b) changes his/her profile photo all the time. c) had a profile picture which did not reflect his/her real personality.

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Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Leandra 1 She chose a photograph which gave the impression that she was more attractive than she really is. 2 She doesn’t regret projecting an untrue image of herself. Boris 3 He changed his profile photo for no particular reason. 4 He wanted people to be curious about him. Carol 5 She likes to tell people when she is happy or sad. 6 She feels that the images she posts express her true identity.

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA

2 ADVANCED UNIT 2

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Work in pairs and discuss. Use the ideas below. 1 If you want to find some information about a particular topic, what do you do? 2 What do you think most people do? 3 What don’t people do very oen anymore? • Go to a library to do some research. • Watch an online lecture. • Look it up on Wikipedia or another online encyclopedia. • Do a Google search and follow the links. • Ask somebody you know for advice. • Attend a conference by an expert in the field. Read the article about accessing opinions and facts in the digital age. How would the writer of the article answer question 1 in Exercise 1?

Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences. 1 Nowadays, people are used to getting what they want when they want it. 2 The information we find online is always trustworthy and accessible. 3 Problems arise because information is too easy to obtain. 4 The kind of information we find is different but the way we receive it has not changed dramatically. 5 It is not necessarily a good thing that people watch serious talks about education. 6 With technology’s help we can take in complex information more easily. 7 When it comes to obtaining information, attending events and conferences is something long forgotten.

EDITORIAL

An online world of information

Many people argue that all this is a natural consequence of the digital age. It is a more democratic age: we can write and upload our own content and share it happily with others. But generally, online writers dumb down the ideas they write about. All that information is there at our fingertips, but it’s expressed in shorter, simpler ways and, worse, it’s possibly inaccurate. We not only have greater access to information – it is also delivered in ways that previously would have seemed inconceivable. In the past if you had wanted to find some academic knowledge, you would have needed to attend a lecture by an expert in the field. Now, websites like TED, Big Think and 99 Percent provide online access to thought-provoking talks on all manner of subjects. The most viewed talk by Sir Ken Robinson, called ‘Do schools kill creativity?’, has been viewed over 36.5 million times. That many views of an academic talk on education surely is worth celebrating.

The digital age is one of instant gratification. The situation may be familiar to you: you’re having coffee or dinner with some friends when somebody asks a general knowledge question. Nobody knows the answer but at least one person gets their smartphone out ready to find it. Where do we go for that info? Chances are it will be a random Google search or a check on Wikipedia. Triumphantly, they provide you with the answer. It’s information which you don’t argue with and then instantly forget – it’s ephemeral. The internet seems to be the most popular place to find information these days and it’s not hard to see why – it is all just a click away. But, couldn’t that also be why problems arise? After all, how do we know that the information we read is correct? What is the original source of these facts? And do we really understand the difference between opinion and fact?

Does this mean we can trust the internet for opinions, but not so much for facts? That might be a rather simplistic argument, but I think there is some truth in it. Online lectures are a good example. It’s also true to say that complex ideas can be made more accessible and dynamic via video. For example, the RSA (the Royal Society of Arts) has a number of online animated lectures, including one on kinetic typography. As the lecturers speak, words and images expressing their ideas pop up on the screen making the ideas easier to assimilate. It makes academic information more fun! All this doesn’t mean that the digital age has turned us into hermits watching everything online. In fact, people attend conferences more than ever before to watch experts deliver their words of wisdom live. Perhaps so much time online means we crave that human contact. Whatever the reason, we now have more choice than ever before about where to go for our information. We just have to remember to be critical in our appreciation of it!

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA Look at the words and phrases in bold in the text and try to guess what they mean. Then complete the sentences 1–10 with the correct form of the words/phrases. 1 A problem has arisen with your booking. I can’t find your details online. When did you book the room? 2 She became and shut herself away, but that’s when she produced her finest work. 3 The jury were given evidence about the case and the accused was convicted of a crime he didn’t commit. 4 A lot of the information on social media is . You don’t remember any of it the next day. films to 5 One of the most come out this year, it could be a candidate for an Oscar. a favourite 6 When you’re food, like some chocolate, it’s difficult to resist the urge. 7 That video was too fast for me everything. Can I watch it again? 8 Travelling around the globe like we do today years ago. would have been Now we take it for granted. 9 The audience didn’t know much about the some of the subject so I more complex ideas. 10 When you’re online, information keeps all the time. It can be very distracting. Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Do you agree with what the article says about online information? Why/Why not? 2 What do you think the writer means in the last line of the article? 3 Can you think of any ideas or opinions that you have accessed online recently and that you would recommend? 4 How did you access that information?

2.1 Listen to two people talking about watching public speakers online. In their opinion, what are five ingredients that can contribute to a great talk? 1 2 3 4 5

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Listen again. Underline the correct alternative. 1 David knows most/only one of the online lecture sites. 2 Beth says that you have to be stupid/brave not to use slides in a lecture. 3 The problem with slides is that they are really boring to watch/a barrier between the speaker and the audience. 4 The two kinds of talks that Beth likes are actually opposites/very similar. 5 The format you choose to give the talk depends/ shouldn’t depend on the subject matter. 6 Some of the best talks are shorter/longer than the 18-minute average. The words and phrases in the box are from the recording. Complete the sentences 1–8 with the correct word/phrase. vividly it takes guts gripping in sync with rely on cope with to get your message across a whole range of 1 2

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to speak in public. I’d be really scared to do that. A good speech should include emotions and be serious and humorous at the same time. You don’t have to speak perfectly in another language, the important thing is . remember watching Ken I Robinson’s talk online for the first time. to watch. Some speakers are Just like actors, you can’t take your eyes off them. a script You should never if you speak in public, you should always be spontaneous. A lot of speakers are great but they can’t questions from the audience at the end because that part is unpredictable. Timing is also important – if you do use slides, it’s a good idea for your speech to be the visual material.

Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Do you agree with Beth’s opinion about good public speakers? 2 What other qualities are important for public speaking, or what other advice would you give a speaker? 3 Have you ever spoken in public? If so, what was it like?

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA

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Work in pairs and discuss. 1 What is a World Heritage Site? 2 Do you know of any World Heritage Sites in your country? 3 What kinds of places can be World Heritage Sites? • places of natural beauty? • cities? • monuments? 4 Which country in the world do you think has the most World Heritage Sites? Why? 5 Think of five possible threats to these sites. Read the article about UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites and check your answers in Exercise 1. Read the article again. Underline the correct alternative. 1 The World Heritage List consists of sites mainly unknown/known to most people in the world. 2 The writer believes that UNESCO’s criteria for sites of natural beauty/cultural significance are subjective. 3 The writer is surprised/not surprised that the UK’s Lake District has not already been selected as a World Heritage Site. 4 Threats to natural sites posed by mining are a common problem all over the world/ particularly in Africa. 5 The writer refers to places where visitors to some sites have been restricted/prohibited because of damage. 6 The writer agrees/doesn’t agree that Italy should have the largest number of World Heritage Sites.

4 A Match 1–8 with a)–h) to make

collocations from the article. 1 success a) damage 2 important b) tourism 3 natural c) significance 4 irreversible d) story 5 tourist e) factor 6 mass f) destination 7 aesthetic g) phenomenon 8 cultural h) value

All you need to know about World Heritage Sites Did you know that there are now over 1000 World Heritage Sites around the globe? These are places of outstanding natural beauty or cultural significance, which the international community has designated as worth preserving and protecting. These include China’s celebrated Great Wall in the cultural category, Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park in the nature category and Peru’s historic sanctuary of Machu Picchu, which is actually an example of both. However, most of the list consists of lesser-known sites, which are equally unique and diverse, including the historic city of Timbuktu in Mali and natural wonders such the West Norwegian fjords.

TRAVEL

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How are these sites chosen? UNESCO bases its decisions on ten criteria. As a ‘masterpiece of human creative genius which represents an historical age’, it’s easy to see why sites like the Pyramids of Egypt are on the list, but for natural wonders, potential sites must ‘contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value.’ That begins to sound a little more subjective. Hence there is some debate about those sites which get included on the nature list and those which don’t. A good example is the UK’s Lake District which, despite being unspoilt, highly picturesque and a major tourist destination, has against the odds, still not been selected. A campaign is now underway for the Lake District to be included in the future.

Worryingly, 48 sites on the World Heritage List are currently considered at serious risk. For sites of natural beauty, climate change, natural disasters, environmental accidents, erosion and pollution all contribute to this risk. Recently, mining and oil exploration, as well as dam-building, have caused irreversible damage, especially in Africa. For sites of cultural significance, mass tourism can be a problem, especially at the more famous destinations. For example, visitors to the Alhambra in Granada, Spain, are now limited and large groups can no longer visit because of damage to the site. In some parts of the world, looting and vandalism can also be a big issue at sites which don’t employ sufficient security guards or other forms of protection. Wars and conflicts can be an important factor in the lack of protection offered at such sites. Although such threats are worrying, there have been success stories too. The ancient site of Delphi in Greece was recently added to the list after plans to build an aluminium plant nearby were abandoned. The magnificent temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia have now been safeguarded and the Whale Sanctuary in El Vizcaíno Bay in Mexico has also recently been saved after threats such as oil drilling, development and tourism were averted. So, if you want to check out a number of World Heritage Sites, which country should you go to? That’s easy! It turns out that Italy is the number one country with a grand total of 51 sites on the List, including the cities of Venice, Florence and Siena. It’s not hard to see why. There’s almost a masterpiece on every street corner!

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA

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Complete the sentences with the collocations in Exercise 4A. 1 This initiative is a real success story because it has helped protect so many sites around the world. 2 can damage many sites, so the number of visitors is sometimes limited. 3 Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is a real , it has a unique ecosystem. 4 Many natural sites have unfortunately suffered , oen because of man’s negligence. 5 Some sites have enormous , like the Alhambra. It is perhaps the most important monument in Spain . of the Taj Mahal 6 The is clear. It is real global icon and you can buy lots of souvenirs featuring images of the site. 7 Not every World Heritage Site is a popular . Most are not well known. in preserving these 8 An sites is protecting them from environmental damage.

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The words in the box are from the recording. Complete sentences 1–8 with the words in the box. milestone harmony masterpiece innovation aesthetic landmark heritage highlight

If you could nominate a place in your country as a World Heritage Site, which place or places would you choose? Why would you choose them?

1 The Taj Mahal has a truly unique : a white marble mausoleum and a jewel of Muslim art in India. 2 The Tower of London has become the city’s over the years. It’s one of London’s most famous icons, along with Big Ben. 3 Four hundred types of coral and 1500 species in Australia’s of fish live in Great Barrier Reef – the largest of its kind in the world. 4 The whole city of Venice is an extraordinary  . Even the smallest architectural building contains extraordinary works of art. 5 The Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is amazing, with Mount Everest being the most – of course you can’t obvious miss it! 6 The Silk Road network in China linked multiple civilisations centuries ago and represents true . technical of Salvador 7 The multicultural de Bahía in Brazil is evident when you walk around its enchanting streets. 8 The Mezquita in Córdoba, Spain, represents in Islamic architecture. a/an

3.1 Listen to two people discussing two places in the UK (the Lake District in the North of England and The Forth Bridge in Scotland) that could be added to the World Heritage List. Answer the questions 1 What is their opinion about sites of cultural value and natural beauty in the UK? 2 What is their main argument in defence of their chosen site? Grasmere, Lake District, UK

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Forth Bridge, Scotland, UK

Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences. 1 Linda thinks that the UK has very few sites already on the World Heritage List. 2 Gary believes that other countries have more beautiful natural landscapes than the UK. 3 Linda prefers the Lake District to the bridge because it is more meaningful to people. 4 Gary agrees that the whole of the Lake District is beautiful. 5 Linda argues that the Lake District is pure and unspoilt by man. 6 Gary says the bridge is a masterpiece of engineering. 7 Linda is persuaded to change her mind at the end.

Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Do you agree with Linda or Gary’s point of view? Why? 2 Has your opinion changed now about the sites you would nominate for your country? If so, how? 3 Which of the World Heritage Sites in Exercise 8 would you most like to visit? Why?

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA

4 ADVANCED UNIT 4

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Work in pairs and discuss. 1 What do you know about food issues? What do you know about the topics below? • Organic food • Fair trade products • Farm-to-table restaurants • Slow food 2 Are these topics common/ widely discussed in your country? Is the issue of food important in your society? Read the blog post and check your answers to Exercise 1. Read the blog post again. Underline the correct alternative. 1 The author finds the prevalence of organic foods in his supermarket surprising/worrying. 2 He thinks it is important that we ignore/try to understand these food labels. 3 The organic labels work because consumers feel better when they buy organic food/think organic food is better quality. 4 The author mistrusts the Farm-to-table movement because local food doesn’t always make sense/some places don’t maintain the correct standards. 5 The Slow food movement makes sense because it teaches us about healthy eating/ is a good alternative to fast food. 6 Movements associated with food waste are better because they are more serious/ are not commercial. 7 There have been campaigns about supermarkets throwing away food before the sell-by date/ which doesn’t have a perfect appearance. 8 The author believes that the French using ‘le doggy bag’ is a sensible/silly idea.

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It’s organic so it must be good! One of the most important social issues today is maintaining a healthy diet. Many of us lead an increasingly sedentary lifestyle and eat poorly, leading to a higher incidence of heart disease and strokes. The food industry has thus responded with attempts to make food look healthier but recently its marketing has gone crazy! These days it seems impossible to go into a supermarket without seeing food with ‘organic’ stamped all over it. But why? Eating a balanced diet is surely enough, does it have to be organic as well? The same with restaurants – do they all have to belong to the ‘Farm-to-table’ category? Let’s remind ourselves of what these terms really mean and why they have such a hold over us foodies. For an avocado to be ‘organic’ it is has to have been grown without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Many countries require producers to obtain a certificate before they are allowed to state that their food is organic. However, this doesn’t stop supermarkets calling the most unlikely foods organic without any proof of their origin on the packet. The same goes for ‘Fair trade’ coffee. How do we really know that those producers in developing countries were paid a fair price for their work? What most cynics think is that these labels are just an excuse to increase prices – people believe that the organic or fair trade option is always going to be superior, and therefore accept that it is more expensive. Now to the ‘Farm-to-table’ movement. The idea that the whole process of food production should be local – harvesting, storage, processing, packaging, sales and even consumption – makes so much sense. Why eat food that has been shipped or flown in from across the world? It’s not environmentally sound and it can’t taste that good. Eating what’s fresh and in season is great but the big problem is that half of these restaurants don’t fulfil the movement’s original criteria. You happily tuck into your locally sourced meal, but who knows if the standards applied were really that rigorous? The same is not true of the Italian ‘Slow food’ movement, the objectives of which are clearly educational. For example, the movement warns us about the risks of processed or convenience food, the drawbacks of factory farms. It lobbies against government funding of genetic engineering and teaches gardening skills to students and prisoners. The only problem, once again, is that their label is used indiscriminately. My local burger joint is apparently ‘Slow food’. Now, how that can be? I generally have more time for movements which tackle the terrible problem of food waste. Why? Because there’s no logo to help sell it. Did you know that in the UK we throw away 7.2 million tonnes of food and drink every year? That costs the country £12 billion! But change is starting to happen. Celebrity chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall’s campaign to cut this waste by encouraging supermarkets not to throw away fruit and veg that don’t ‘look right’ has been a great success. In France, new laws now oblige supermarkets to give away unsold food that has reached its sell-by date, and even force restaurants to provide containers for uneaten food or leftovers. So, we can all ask for ‘le doggy bag’ the next time we dine in France. Let’s hope such changes continue to gather pace in future. Likes: 12

Comments: 3

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READING & LISTENING EXTRA Complete the sentences with the words/phrases in bold in the blog post. 1 We never waste any food in my house, we always eat up all the . like a ready meal 2 Sometimes we’ll buy if we don’t have time to cook. in a restaurant because 3 I never ask for a I usually eat everything! 4 I don’t like to buy imported fruit and vegetables, it’s always . better to eat food that is . 5 My friends and I don’t consider ourselves We’ll eat almost anything! . I try to eat a mixture of 6 I think I have a things and it’s usually healthy stuff … a juicy 7 … but occasionally I can’t help but burger! 8 I would hate to buy food that comes from – those poor animals! Are the sentences in Exercise 4 true for you? If not, change them so that they are. Work in groups or pairs and discuss. What is your opinion of the blog? Choose one option. Explain your reasons. 1 I agree in general, but it’s a little cynical. For example, some organic food is really good. 2 I disagree. There isn’t a lot of interest in these topics where I live. The important thing is to eat well and that’s it. 3 I agree – we shouldn’t be blinded by labels. Educating people about what they eat is more important.

4.1 Listen to two people, Rachel and Charlie, discussing the importance of eating well and answer the questions. 1 Why does Rachel believe that diet is important? 2 What can be done to help? 3 What does Charlie say in response to this? Underline the correct alternative. 1 Charlie likes fast food and/doesn’t like fast food but believes that people should be allowed to eat it if they want. 2 Charlie believes that the health service is under pressure because of the ageing population/poor standards. 3 Rachel believes that people need more information about food/to eat less food. 4 Rachel says that fast food is just as unhealthy as always/may have improved a little. 5 Charlie says that there are a few/plenty of people who eat healthy food but still get ill. 6 Rachel believes that diet is the number one health issue/is one of many important health issues out there. 7 She believes that there should be warnings on food similar to/ different from those found on cigarettes. 8 Charlie thinks she has a point but doesn’t agree/disagrees with everything she says.

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The words in the box are from the recording. Complete the sentences 1–8 with the words in the box. duty dictatorial patronising self-esteem policymaker stretched epidemic subsidise 1 If you tell people what to do and don’t listen to their opinion, you’re being . something, you 2 If you contribute to its cost so more people can benefit. 3 You can describe something as a/an , meaning that it is unpleasant and is increasing/ spreading rapidly. 4 If you describe an institution , it is in trouble as because it lacks investment, people and/or equipment. , you 5 If you have a have a legal or a moral obligation to do something. , you 6 If you have high believe that you are important and deserve to be treated as such. is somebody who 7 A has the authority to make new rules or laws. attitude, 8 If you have a you behave towards someone as if they were not important or intelligent.

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discuss. 1 Do you think diet is an important social issue where you live? Why/Why not? 2 Have people’s diets changed recently? If so, why? What changes have taken place?

READING & LISTENING EXTRA

5 ADVANCED UNIT 5

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Work in pairs and discuss. What do you understand by the term ‘citizen journalists’? Choose the best answers. 1 People who want to change the world by writing about it. 2 People who witness an event and report on it before the conventional media get to the scene. 3 People who set up their own sites, blogs or radio channels because they aspire to be journalists. 4 People who want to investigate a particular topic because they wish to give it more exposure. 5 People who offer an alternative to official news sources which may ban reporting about a particular topic. Read the article about the rise of citizen journalism and check your answers to Exercise 1. What else have you learnt about the topic?

Opinion You write the news

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he way we receive the news is changing fast. In the old days, we would go to the newsstand every morning and buy a newspaper. Now you don’t go to find the news, the news comes to you. For example, when the singer David Bowie died, I found out when my mobile beeped at 5 o’clock in the morning. The device woke me up to tell me because it was a major news story. This is the nature of breaking news – you find out as soon as something happens, wherever you are and whatever you are doing. In the case of Bowie’s death, I knew the information was genuine as it was published by a verifiable newspaper source. But imagine if I had got the news in a message from a friend or on a social media update – would I have believed it? That’s an important question because today people find out about certain events before professional journalists do. For example, you happen to be walking down the street when you witness a fire, a road accident or something more dramatic like an

erupting volcano. You’re there with your mobile phone at the ready to take a photo or video of the scene as events happen. As you got there first, you feel compelled to share your pictures with everybody or send them to your local newspaper. Your image or story can then easily go viral – soon millions of people could be looking at it. This is one kind of citizen journalism – it’s entirely amateur and, importantly, the reporting is fortuitous and unplanned. However, there are other kinds of citizen journalists out there. These are people who are deeply concerned about a particular (possibly local) issue. They may feel that that the mainstream press are not giving the topic enough or the right kind of coverage. If, for example, you set up a blog about an issue that concerns you, you can attract people who are on the same wavelength as you, and possibly offer a fresh angle. This allows a news story to be investigated and reported in a different way to that of most professional journalists. For example, in Spain, property evictions have been launched by banks and local councils, but the mainstream media did not

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give the story much exposure. Consequently, citizen journalists began investigating the issue and reporting on it. As a result, public awareness of the issue has grown incredibly as those evicted from their homes could have their voices heard. Citizen journalists also play a vital role at moments of political uprising. For example, in some countries official media may censor reporting of protests or unrest but the news can be leaked out through social media. The fact that politicians and people in the public eye respond through the same channel and use social media to air their views is further evidence of its power and reach. So, is citizen journalism a good thing for society? Well, it’s certainly positive that the general public can help contribute. It makes the news more real and more honest somehow. But, of course, the general public cannot always be trusted (just as some traditional media can’t). There is clearly space for both. The important thing is to be open-minded about the news you receive, regardless of where it comes from.

READING & LISTENING EXTRA

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Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences. 1 The writer describes breaking news as news which you don’t expect. 2 He believed the news about David Bowie’s death because of the source. 3 Eye-witness reporting of news rarely comes about by chance. 4 Citizen journalists can work together to investigate a news story from a different perspective to that of professional journalists. 5 Social media is primarily used by people who normally don’t have their voices heard. 6 The writer finishes by stating that citizen journalism is the future of the news. Match the words and phrases from the text 1–6 with their meanings a)–f). 1 mainstream 2 be on the same wavelength 3 a fresh angle 4 exposure 5 be in the public eye 6 air one’s views

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1 He/She got financially rewarded for his/her work. 2 His/Her work was about something that had concerned him/her for sometime. 3 He/She happened to be at the right place at the right time. 4 His/Her work was among the first to be seen by the world. 5 His/Her work was important because it altered people’s viewpoints. 6 His/Her journalistic work was related to other work he/she does. 7 He/She sent his/her work to the media. 8 His/Her work was ‘discovered’ by the media. 9 He/She used his/her own initiative to get a news story.

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a) have a similar opinion b) conventional/normal c) a new or different perspective d) give your opinion e) public attention f) be well known

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Work in pairs. Think of a story that has been published recently or that you remember well. How could a citizen journalist have reported it differently? Would it have improved it? If so, how?

5.1 Listen to three different people who have been citizen journalists. What news did they report in each case? How did they report it? 1

Listen again and match the speakers with facts about their stories. There are three pieces of information per person. Melanie: , , , , Roger: , , Patricia:

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Match 1–7 with a)–f) to make collocations from the recording. How many other collocations can you make? 1 video a) photographer 2 amateur b) footage 3 exclusive c) attitudes 4 biased d) coverage 5 media e) viral 6 go f) misconception 7 common g) story Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 Where do you get your news? (e.g. podcasts, online, blogs, social media, newspaper media, etc.) 2 What do you think of citizen journalists? Do you think they contribute to the ways news is presented or not? Explain your reasons.

2

3

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6 ADVANCED UNIT 6

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Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Do you or does anyone you know have a tattoo? What does it show? 2 Are tattoos a current trend where you live? How many people have them? 3 What designs do people have and what do you think they signify? Read the article. Choose the best summary, a), b), c) or d). a) Tattoos are the latest trend and look unlikely ever to go out of fashion. b) Tattoos have had different associations but these are mostly negative. c) Tattoos are classless and have no special quality anymore. d) Tattoos have become very trendy but the opposite could be true one day. Read the article again. Underline the correct alternative. 1 Nearly/Over a third of young people are tattooed in Western Europe. 2 Tattoos were once/ have always been linked to working-class professions. 3 Tattoos are oen symbols whose meaning most people/ only certain people can understand. 4 According to the author, tattoos have now become the exception/ the norm. 5 People can be motivated by/ directly copy the tattoos that celebrities have. 6 The author understands/ doesn’t understand why some tattoos are in fashion. 7 Wanting to get rid of your tattoos is becoming popular everywhere/in some places. 8 Japanese people may wish to remove their tattoos because they are out of fashion/ don’t have positive connotations there.

Tattoos rule, but for how long? If there is one trend that seems unstoppable, it is the habit of tattooing your body. Amazing as it may sound, in Western Europe, twenty percent of adults have tattoos. This rises to just under thirty percent for those between sixteen and forty-four. In the UK, the number of tattoo parlours has tripled in the last decade. They number more than 2000. In ten years’ time, half of young people may have been ‘inked’. Tattoos were once associated with social class. Soldiers, sailors, bikers and criminals traditionally sported tattoos and the link with prisoners or gang members was particularly strong. Through the ages, tattoos have been regarded as indelible marks of loyalty, devotion or love. Sometimes these marks were in code and difficult to decipher for those not ‘in the know’. For example, by the late 1800s, ninety percent of British navy personnel had tattoos. A turtle signified that you had crossed the equator and a dragon that you had served in China. In spite of this, tattoos did not always have an edge to them. At one time, they were even popular with the aristocracy. As a prince, the future King George V of England had a dragon tattooed on his arm when in Japan in 1882. In the present day, tattoos seem to have lost any kind of stigma and it is difficult to say with what social class they are more popular. You will find a tattoo parlour now in most high streets and even shopping centres around the world. People record all kinds of things on their bodies. They are often influenced by celebrities in their choice of tattoo. For example, the trend for tattooing words in foreign characters is said to have derived from the media exposure given to footballer David Beckham’s multiple examples of body art. Beckham has his wife’s name ‘Victoria’ tattooed in Sanskrit, the words ‘spiritual perfection’ in Latin, and a long Chinese proverb inked down his side. In fact, he has a total of 40 different tattoos including multiple codes, tributes, numbers and names – all of which have a special significance for him. So, what’s trendy at the moment? After a quick glance at Pinterest, contemporary designs seem to be arrows, the infinity logo, map coordinates, punctuation marks (including ‘&’), origami symbols and, strangely enough, feathers. Tattoos may now well be the cultural norm in the UK – after all, the current British prime minister’s wife has one – but in some countries, negative associations still hold sway. Japan is one country which has seen a big rise in people wishing to remove their tattoos. I wonder how long will it be before the backlash begins here and we’ll be doing the same as in Japan? Perhaps tattoos will soon be passé and rejecting body art will be the fashion. Is ‘virgin skin’ going to be a new sign of rebellion? Only time will tell!

4

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. decipher in the know edge stigma derive hold sway backlash passé 1 That design is so this year, you shouldn’t wear it. . 2 Sometimes, the meaning of tattoos cannot be They’re really mysterious. soon, tattoos can’t be 3 I think there will be a fashionable forever. 4 People are very impressionable, and what celebrities do can . sometimes to her. She’s so cool. 5 That model has a real 6 To find a good tattoo artist, it’s best to speak to somebody . from the Polynesian word ‘tatau’, 7 The word tattoo meaning ‘correct’. to tattoos now, they are not strange or 8 There is no exciting anymore but almost the norm.

5

Work in pairs or groups and discuss. Do you agree with the writer’s opinion about tattoos? Do you think they will go out of fashion one day? Did anything surprise you about the article? If so, what?

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8

The words/phrases in the box are from the recording. Complete the sentences 1–8 with the correct form of the words/phrases in the box. cutting-edge pluck up the courage take off have a yearning surpass meaningful frowned upon peer pressure

6

7

1 I’ve never to get a tattoo but I feel different about body piercing, I think that’s great! 2 Tattoos used to be a trend that was but now they are accepted by most people. 3 A lot of people change their look . They because of feel they have to follow what their friends do. 4 The tattoo was better than I thought, it all my expectations. 5 I think it’s good to have a tattoo that is – that reminds you of something or someone important. so much 6 Tattoos lately that there are tattoo parlours everywhere nowadays. 7 I wanted to have a tattoo when I was a teen, but I didn’t to do it. 8 If I ever get a tattoo, I’d like to get design – a something modern and different to the rest.

6.1 Listen to six different people talking about tattoos and complete the table. Does he/she talk about tattoos with reference to the past, present or future?

What tattoo does he/she have or would he/she like to have?

Daniel

past

Maori design

Linda

1

   

     

2

Richard

3

   

     

4

Barbara

5

   

    

6

Kurt

7

   

    

8

Tracy

9

   

    

10

   

   

   

    

   

  

   

     

   

      

Listen again and match the people 1–6 with the information a)–l). 1 Daniel 4 Barbara , 5 Kurt , 2 Linda 6 Tracy , 3 Richard

, , ,

a) His/Her tattoo doesn’t really mean much to him/her. b) He/She got his/her tattoo because of a celebrity. c) He/She was influenced by friends and colleagues of a similar age. d) He/She plans to have tattoos that will be really different. e) He/She had his/her tattoo removed. f) He/She doesn’t get to see his/her tattoo very oen. g) His/Her tattoo is simple but very symbolic. h) He/She would like his/her tattoo to make him/her feel good. i) His/Her tattoo caused some controversy in the past. j) He/She would like to have lots of tattoos all over his/her body. k) He/She doesn’t think of his/her tattoo as something fashionable at all. l) He/She never dared to have a tattoo before.

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Work in pairs and discuss. 1 Which of the speakers in the recording do you identify with, if any? Why? 2 Would you like to have a tattoo more or less now? Has your opinion about tattoos changed? If so, how?

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7 ADVANCED UNIT 7

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2 3

Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 Look at the images and the title of the article about Bhutan. What do you think ‘Gross National Happiness’ means? 2 Why do you think people choose to go to Bhutan? 3 What kinds of tourists do you think go there? Why?

Bhutan: Gross National Happiness

Read the article and check your answers in Exercise 1. Why is Bhutan unique? Read the article again. Circle the correct answer. 1 From the beginning, Bhutan a) prohibited large groups of tourists visiting together. b) insisted that travellers visit in organised groups. c) did not allow travellers to come on their own. 2 This and other policies have meant that a) very few people have visited the country. b) the country has attracted mainly prosperous travellers. c) the country has become too exclusive. 3 According to the writer, modernisation a) has not affected the people’s lifestyle that much. b) has made major changes to the Bhutanese way of life. c) has gone too far and transformed the country. 4 The writer’s attitude to Gross Domestic Happiness is a) positive because it’s such a refreshing concept. b) negative because it’s not believable. c) positive but with some minor reservations. 5 Generally speaking, the writer believes that Bhutan a) is genuinely different. b) is artificially different for tourists. c) is not that different from other countries in the region. 6 The writer’s final point is that travellers a) will have an unforgettable and unique experience in Bhutan. b) will enjoy it so much that they will not want to leave Bhutan. c) will reflect on their lives aer experiencing Bhutan.

Bhutan is a place to really unwind from the stresses and strains of daily life. It has obvious attractions: wonderful Himalayan trekking, ancient Buddhist monasteries, vibrant markets and dance festivals. It has splendid scenery and exotic wildlife, too, but the country is unique in other more unexpected ways – for example, in its attitude to tourism. Until the early seventies, Bhutan did not allow any foreign travellers. When the country did finally open its borders, it did so in a very cautious fashion. From the start, travellers were required to get visas and book with an authorised tour operator. Independent travel in Bhutan is still not permitted and tourists have to pay a daily fee of $250 in high season – keeping the country a backpacker-free zone. Together with the country’s inherent mystique, these policies have deliberately cultivated Bhutan’s reputation as an exclusive destination, a haven for the rich in a very poor part of the world. Insisting on high-budget, low-impact tourism is all part of Bhutan’s sustainable development policy. By law, at least 60 percent of the land must remain forested for future generations. It was also the first country to ban smoking and plastic bags. Although the country’s infrastructure has been transformed and modernisation is clearly in full swing, people’s daily lives have not been that affected. There are more than 60,000 motor vehicles now – but there are still no traffic lights! When it opened up to tourism, the Bhutanese government also struck on a concept that could not fail to attract visitors. The country announced to the world that it measures its progress not by the conventional idea of Gross Domestic Product but by Gross National Happiness – meaning that the country is one of the few places in the world where compassion is favoured over capitalism and well-being over productivity. Perhaps this is all something of an illusion. The country has witnessed more change in the last sixty years than in the previous four hundred, but you wouldn’t necessarily know that. The need to cultivate the exotic and remain unique for foreign travellers means that the population has to abide by some pretty rigorous laws. For example, the government demands that women wear the traditional kira, a Bhutanese kimono; and men the gho, a long robe; in schools and public offices and on formal occasions. However, Bhutan’s cultural identity is so influenced by its population’s Buddhist beliefs that you can quickly overlook these impositions. The place and its inhabitants do seem truly different, particularly the people’s childlike charm, their deep respect for religious practitioners and for the sacred environment that surrounds them. It is perhaps this sense of difference more than anything else that gives travellers to Bhutan a real feeling of freedom – not just from their routine but from Western ideals and concepts that govern their lives back home. What seemed important may suddenly seem irrelevant. A visit here could make you return with a different vision of the earth and how best to live your life on it.

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7 4

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box.

8

illusion vision cultivate haven overlook charm compassion well-being

bliss strenuous acclimatise packed cleansing off the beaten track play it by ear pressed for time

1 Many Himalayan countries are a for trekkers and mountaineers. 2 On holiday, it’s normal to focus on the good things anything bad. and 3 You might return from your holiday to Bhutan of how your life with a different could be. 4 Your first impression of a country can sometimes , you can sometimes get it be an wrong. 5 To attract more visitors, the country is a more exclusive image. 6 When they are on holiday, many people . experience a feeling of 7 The Bhutanese government’s policies aim to show for people, they really care about people’s health and happiness. 8 The country retains much of its traditional – it’s like going back in time.

5 6

Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. Aer reading the text, what is your impression of Bhutan? Would you like to visit the country more or less? Why?

7.1 Listen to a conversation between two people, Joe and Helen, who have just been on holiday in Bhutan. Which of them had a positive/ negative experience? Why? Give two reasons to support each opinion. Joe:

The words and phrases in the box are from the recording. Replace the words in italics in 1–8 with the words and phrases in the box.

1 I love the idea of adventure holidays but I try to avoid doing things which are too tiring . 2 I like travelling to places which are away from the , it’s far main tourist sites more relaxing. 3 I think it’s important when you arrive in a new place to get used to the new surroundings . 4 I don’t like to have a tight schedule when travelling, it’s much better to improvise . 5 For me, not doing anything at all on holiday is ! wonderful 6 I love winding down and relaxing when I can – meditation and yoga can be very purifying . 7 I hate going to really touristy places which are full . of people 8 When I travel, I like to get everywhere early – . I don’t like to be rushed

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Work in pairs or small groups. Look at the sentences in Exercise 8. Which do you agree or disagree with? Why? Use some of the expressions to describe what would be your ideal holiday experience.

Helen:

7

Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences. 1 Joe and the people on his tour had health problems in Bhutan. 2 The one thing that Joe liked was visiting the capital city. 3 Joe didn’t like the fact that the country was only set up for wealthy visitors. 4 Helen didn’t really speak to other travellers. 5 The weather was sometimes bad which spoiled her trip a little. 6 She loved her trip because she did not feel in a rush.

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8 ADVANCED UNIT 8

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Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 How good are you at measuring time? 2 How do you separate work time from leisure time? 3 Does your perception of time change depending on your mood? Read the article about our perception of time. Choose the best summary of the article. 1 Perception of time is complex but connected with our feelings. 2 Our time perception is linked with age and memory. 3 We each perceive time very differently, so it is impossible to analyse.

HOW TIME FLIES As we get older, our perception of time changes. However, our perception of time is probably most altered by our emotional state. If you are stressed at work or anxious for any reason, you’ll probably feel that you have less time on your hands. When faced by this pressure of time, we tend to multi-task – we try to do many things simultaneously. Due to our current state of permanent connectedness, we can in fact do almost everything from the comfort of our sofas – make an appointment at the doctor’s, rush off a few work emails, do some online shopping. By doing this, we feel we are making better use of our time, but are we actually doing the opposite – simply exacerbating the feeling of time pressure? Surely the digital age has made all this worse by blurring the difference between work and play? This common illusion is an example of how complex it is to perceive time accurately. Apart from sensations such as jetlag, when our inner body clock clearly has been severely disrupted, it is hard to pinpoint why we perceive time in different ways. People who take yoga or meditation classes claim that their sense of relaxation is due to a feeling of time slowing down. The same would appear to occur when we immerse ourselves in reading a novel or even when stroking a pet. We are relaxed and actions seem to take place lightly and effortlessly. On the other hand, consider the last time you saw a fast-moving film full of action-packed distractions. You probably felt that time was moving very fast. This is particularly true with scary movies – fear can distort time to an incredible extent, speeding up time judgements as our pupils dilate, our pulse rate soars and our blood pressure increases.

Read the article again and underline the correct alternative. 1 That multi-tasking does us good is an illusion because we actually achieve less/feel more under pressure. 2 The author feels that work and leisure time are still/no longer separate concepts in most people’s brains. 3 Jetlag is an example of a sensation which we don’t understand at all/understand quite well. 4 When we feel fear, we sense time as passing more slowly/quickly. 5 People with ADHD get excited/bored more easily. 6 The writer’s conclusion is that perception of time is highly confusing/deeply personal.

Likewise, we all know that when we are not enjoying ourselves our perception of time goes the other way. Imagine you’re stuck in a meeting that is dull and boring – time appears to slow to a snail’s pace. In contrast, for football fans, Saturday’s big match seems to fly by. And how many people on Sunday night have that feeling of ‘Where did the weekend go?’ Brain disorders can, of course, also determine how we perceive time. People with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have trouble distinguishing different lengths of time, which may explain why they cannot concentrate for long and need constant stimulation to remain engaged. Studying time perception may be complex, but scientists seem to have discovered that we each live in our own personal time zone, which is dependent on the world each of us experiences. Perhaps this explains why some of us like to arrive at the gate ten minutes before our plane leaves and others two hours! So, on the next occasion you’re late for work, you could justifiably say to your boss that you actually arrived with time to spare, you were just stuck in your own time zone!

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8 4

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

7

tend exacerbate blur pinpoint immerse yourself stroke distort distinguish 1 I like to in reading a good book or watching a great film. 2 I’m freelance, so I oen find it hard to between leisure and work time. my 3 When I’m stressed, I love pet cat, Felix. Time slows down and I feel instantly better. stress, 4 Multi-tasking only I think. Doing everything at the same time is not the answer! 5 This film plays with your perception of time, and the line between reality and it fantasy. to wear 6 I have a mobile phone but I a watch too because it’s easier to tell the time. how hard it is to 7 The article measure our perception of time. 8 When I arrived I didn’t know what time it was, nor the day: Jetlag can really everything.

5

6

Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 Do you agree with the article about how we perceive time? 2 Which of the situations described in the article do you identify with, if any? 3 Do you think you judge time well? Why/Why not? Give examples.

a) He/She believes that his/her example may be one that is felt by others. b) He/She thinks that his/her anecdote could be his/her own personal problem. c) He/She talks about an event which happens rarely. d) His/Her perception of time can vary a great deal when doing the same action. e) He/She refers to a sense of timelessness. f) How he/she feels may prompt a sense of losing track of time. g) He/She refers to something that could alleviate his/her problem. h) His/Her context is related to a stressful situation. i) His/Her anecdote is strongly associated with the effect of the weather. j) He/She refers to a particular moment when he/she judged the time wrong.

8

Lucy

Times goes

Taking a long time to get off a plane

slowly

1 If you’re not able to keep still because of boredom or anxiety, you feel . 2 If you’re extremely tired and have no energy, you . have a feeling of time, you feel really happy 3 If you because you are doing something that you like. , it’s because something is 4 If time continuing for longer than it should. , you’re full of energy and 5 If you feel really excited about something. of time, you no longer know 6 If you what time it is. , you’re unable to leave 7 If you’re your house on your own because of illness or disability. around the house, you do 8 If you things slowly and in an enjoyable way.

Christian Rachel Sandra Kathryn

The words in the box are from the recording. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. restless treasure exhilarated drag on exhaustion housebound potter lose track

8.1 Listen to five people talking about how differently they perceive time. What context do they talk about? Does time go quickly, slowly or both for them? Complete the table. Context

Listen again. Match the speakers 1–5 with the facts a)–j). There are two facts per person. 1 Lucy , , 2 Christian , 3 Rachel , 4 Sandra , 5 Kathryn

9

Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 Which of the people in the recording do you identify with? Why? 2 When does time pass particularly quickly or slowly for you? Give examples.

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9 ADVANCED UNIT 9

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2

Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 What icons traditionally symbolise your country or culture? 2 Do you think these icons truly represent where you live, or are they simply stereotypical? Why/Why not? 3 What alternative icons can you think of?

Read the article about cultural icons of the UK. Which is the best summary of the article? 1 Apart from buildings, food and people, most people in the UK don’t argue about the icons which represent their country. 2 The choice of icons in the UK has always been sexist and it seems like it will continue that way. 3 There is some controversy in the UK about choosing icons that truly represent the country, but progress is being made.

IS IT ICONIC? Recently, the English were asked to vote on which icons represented their country. The results proved quite controversial. For some things, like food and drink, there was no debate whatsoever: ‘cup of tea’ and ‘sandwich’ went to the top of the list. These were considered quintessential English symbols, despite the fact that they almost certainly have been replaced in the high street by their Italian equivalents – the cappuccino and the panini. However, there was some debate about the nation’s favourite dish. ‘Fish and chips’ now seems to have been replaced by the ‘chicken tikka masala’ – an example of an arrival from another nation, in this case India. The latter has been heralded as an important icon specifically for that reason – it symbolises the extraordinary melting pot that is the UK today, a country with one of the highest immigrant populations in the world. Some people objected to the red double-decker bus, the black cab and the tube map because they said these represent a strong bias towards the capital. There was a strong feeling that modern examples should also be used. Why always include Big Ben (London again!) when you could equally choose Sir Anthony Gormley’s striking contemporary sculpture Angel of the North, found in the far north of the country? At 20 metres tall and over 50 metres wide, Gormley’s work was a very popular choice, probably because its monumental appearance already feels iconic. However, very

few people really know what it symbolizes. The concept behind the sculpture is threefold – to honour the coal miners who used to work nearby, to express the transition from an industrial to an information age and to serve as a focus for our future hopes and fears. An icon that looks to the future and not the past – now that is a step forward! The same controversy also applies to the choice of representative people. If you were British, who would you prefer to represent the country? Recently, there has been a great debate about who appears on the nation’s banknotes. Campaigners have been canvassing for more female representation, as well as the inclusion of people that the population really felt stood for something important. It’s about time the country did away with putting ex-governors of the Bank of England on their banknotes, they say!

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Until recently, apart from the Queen herself, the only women to appear on the UK’s money were the prison and social reformers Elizabeth Fry and Florence Nightingale. The others were all men – the naturalist Charles Darwin, the economist Adam Smith and the inventor James Watt. In the last fifty years, of the eighteen people to appear on banknotes, only two have been women. For this reason, the fact that the novelist Jane Austen will appear on the new £10 banknote (replacing Darwin) has been seen as an enormous victory. But there is some way to go, it seems. The new British passport, which purports to be a celebration of UK success in innovation, architecture, art and performance, features only two women against seven men – and Shakespeare appears on every page. The debate and controversy will no doubt continue for some time.

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9 3

Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences. 1 The author implies that the British drink more coffee than tea these days. 2 The popularity of chicken tikka masala is a symptom of Britain’s multicultural identity. 3 A lot of icons are popular only with Londoners. 4 The Angel of the North is a popular icon but people interpret it wrongly. 5 The author believes that the Angel of the North transmits a positive message. 6 Campaigners are only interested in seeing more women represented on banknotes, stamps, etc. 7 The inclusion of Jane Austen on the £10 banknote is great but more needs to be done in terms of female representation.

4

7

a) Perhaps another icon is rivaling this one. b) Another version of the icon was created for a specific reason. c) The powerful thing about the icon is its versatility. d) It sums up what the USA is all about. e) It’s a very powerful image with an inspiring message. f) It’s the most familiar symbol of the USA around the world. g) The imitations of the icon do not matter. h) The icon could not have been an easy thing to create. i) It was created only a few decades ago.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. quintessential herald melting pot object to bias canvass stand for purport 1 I really the British government’s decision to put mainly male figures on banknotes. I don’t agree at all. 2 It’s important to include people on stamps and banknotes something important, who represent who really important values. British 3 I would agree that the cup of tea is a symbol – it’s the perfect example of Britishness. of different cultures and 4 London today is a real races. I think it’s great. 5 Some people say that the British icons show a towards London. An example is the black cab. 6 If you praise something in a very expressive way, you it. 7 When people want you to vote for a particular candidate, they your support by, for example, knocking on your door. to be a celebration of everything 8 The festival British, at least that is its intention.

5

8

Work in pairs or groups and discuss. 1 What do you think of the British icons described in the article? 2 Which of them had you heard of before? 3 Which others do you think you could add?

6A

9.1 Listen to three people talking about their favourite American icons and complete the table.

Glenda

Favourite icon

Year created

Barack Obama campaign poster

2009

Peter Patricia

B

What three things do the icons they mention have in common?

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Listen again and match the facts a)–i) to the different people’s icons. There are three facts per person. 1 Glenda , , , , 2 Peter , , 3 Patricia

9

Underline the correct alternative. 1 The Coke bottle is a highly recognisable/compelling image. Almost everybody is familiar with it. 2 The I ♥ NY logo stands for/conveys a happy, fun image that people want to have on their clothes. 3 The Pepsi logo is not as accessible/ eye-catching as the Coke one – it doesn’t attract your attention as much. 4 All these logos have inspired countless/curious imitations, but this is all part of becoming an icon. 5 The Obama poster features a long-shot/close-up of his head and shoulders. 6 Even if you can’t actually see these images, I think they must be easy for you to encapsulate/visualise. 7 Iconic images really represent/ capture people’s imagination. 8 Although they seem related to marketing, all these images epitomise/resonate the USA in some way or another. Work in pairs or groups. Look at the questions in Exercise 1 again. Have you changed your mind about the icons that represent your country? Think of new icons that could convey something different about where you live and perhaps challenge stereotypes.

READING & LISTENING EXTRA

10 ADVANCED UNIT 10

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2

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Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 1 Do you drive or cycle? Which do you prefer? Why? If not, why don’t you travel this way? If so, where do you like driving/cycling? 2 Are there any well-known or dangerous roads in your country? Why are they well known? Read the article about the craziest/most dangerous roads in the world and answer the questions. 1 What is the main difficulty of each of the roads? 2 Which roads goes in a downhill direction, which uphill and which neither? 3 What kind of scenery would you expect to see on each? Read the article again. Match the roads 1–3 with the facts a)–i). There are three facts per road. 1 Yungas Road, Bolivia , , , , 2 Stelvio Pass, Italy 3 Trans-Sahara Highway, , , Northern Africa a) It is technically very difficult to drive. b) There are many fatalities every year. c) You need to make special preparations before tackling the journey. d) It is worth it when you reach the top. e) There could be some issues when crossing from one country to another. f) The road is not entirely finished. g) It has become a major tourist attraction. h) It hosts an important competition. i) The views on the road change incredibly fast.

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5

Underline the correct alternative. 1 Any road can be panoramic/perilous, you always have to be careful when you drive. 2 Some weather conditions can really harm/hamper your progress on the road. 3 The landscapes are really breathtaking/hair-raising but don’t stop to look at them or you could fall! 4 The road is really dangerous because it’s never straight, it zigzags/straightens continuously. 5 The history of the road is really interesting, it dates back/stretches to World War I. 6 If you undertake/overtake this road, you’ll need to be especially prepared. 7 The road is particularly barren/unsealed, there is nothing to see except the flat land and the horizon. 8 The reward/rock fall of a great view at the end of a journey always makes it worthwhile. Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. Which of these roads would you like/not like to travel on? Why?

AT YOUR OWN RISK Yungas Road, Bolivia

This is the world’s most dangerous road. Its nickname is ‘Camino de la Muerte’ (Road of Death) for a reason – it claims more than 200 lives per year. Starting in Bolivia’s capital, La Paz, it ascends to a height of 4650 metres before dropping 3000 metres to Coroico, in the tropical Yungas region. The landscape thus changes very fast as the road winds its way over steep hillsides of lush greenery and round rocky outcrops. The road could not be more perilous – it has no rails and is only about 3.2 metres wide. Rain and fog can hamper visibility and there are loose rocks in many places. Yet, despite all this, the breathtaking scenery and its potential danger has attracted an increasing number of tourists, mostly mountain bikers. This is also due to the fact that there is an amazing stretch of downhill riding, around 50km long. Every year thousands embark on this crazy adventure. Just think carefully before you join them! Stelvio Pass, Italy

The British motoring programme Top Gear called this the ‘greatest driving road in the world’. The Stelvio Pass has 48 never-ending hairpin turns that zigzag through the Alps, making this a real challenge for any driver. Overtaking is strictly prohibited here! The road’s construction dates back to the 1820s and its design has changed very little since then. Before the end of World War I, it formed the border between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. Today, it connects the Italian region of Lombardy with Austria. Apart from cars, in high season scores of cyclists and motorcyclists struggle to ride this highest stretch of road in the Eastern Alps. Italy’s top cycling competition, the Giro d’Italia, often crosses it. Don’t let the astonishing Alpine views break your concentration – the panorama gets increasingly beautiful as you ascend – you’ll need all your wits about you to drive this successfully. The reward comes when you get to the top and can experience great skiing on the Stelvio glacier at an elevation of 2750 metres. Enjoy! Trans-Sahara Highway, Northern Africa

Most roads are dangerous because of heights but some are frightening for other reasons. This highway’s risks actually are significantly greater than the two mountain passes above. Here, the danger lies in the road’s extreme length (over 4500km), the fact that only 85 percent of it is paved and the number of potentially complicated border crossings. The highway links the capitals of Algeria and Nigeria – Algiers and Abuja – and crosses the whole of Niger via the city of Agadez. The barren landscape and desert barely change for days on this road. Still want to do it? Before you set off, you’ll need a special 4x4 adapted for the desert climate, at least two spare tyres and plenty of fuel and water supplies. Sandstorms and temperatures of up to 50ºC can be a major problem, with sand blocking parts of the route. So why undertake such a journey? For the incredible peace and quiet that you’ll experience and the thrill of taking a journey of really epic proportions.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

10

READING & LISTENING EXTRA 8

The words/phrases in the box are from the recording. Match the words/phrases in the box with their meanings 1–8. understatement blast appeal to somebody thrilling nickname adrenalin rush harrowing hairpin bend 1 2 3

4

6

7

5

10.1 Listen to two people, Robert and Sharon, talking about travelling on the roads in the article. Answer the questions. 1 Which of the roads is Sharon’s favourite? 2 Which other road not in the article do they talk about? 3 Why does Robert mention this road in the first place? Listen again and circle the correct answer. 1 Why doesn’t Robert like the idea of travelling on these roads? a) He is not an adventurous person. b) He doesn’t like heights. c) He doesn’t like driving or cycling. 2 Why does Sharon prefer the Bolivian route? a) She considers it the most dangerous. b) She loves mountain-biking and it’s the best route for that. c) She believes the landscape is really varied and different. 3 Why does Robert prefer the idea of walking? a) Otherwise, you can’t really enjoy the views because you are going too fast. b) He’s not fit enough to cycle. c) It’s much safer to walk, there is less risk of accidents. 4 Sharon believes that the Trans-Sahara Highway must be a) really boring because the landscape doesn’t change. b) an amazing challenge for anyone who likes epic journeys. c) an endurance test for people and therefore not very enjoyable. 5 What does Robert add when describing the history of the Romanian road? a) It was a crazy idea of the Romanian leader Ceausescu. b) Many people died building the road. c) Historically, it’s more interesting than the Italian road. 6 How does the conversation end? a) Robert and Sharon agree to disagree. b) They generally agree, except about the Romanian road. c) They both agree not to go anywhere for the moment. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

6

7

8

9

: a very sharp turn in a road that forms a u-shape : extremely upsetting or frightening : to damage or destroy something with explosives or bombs : a sudden feeling of excitement from an increase in a chemical released by your body : to attract or interest somebody : an informal/ friendly term for somebody or something : a way of saying something that makes it seem less important or serious : extremely exciting

Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. Describe a long journey that you have done by car, bicycle or on foot but don’t mention any place names. Talk about the ideas below. Once you have described it, can your classmates guess where the trip took place? • How long was the trip? • How did you feel during it? • Was it tiring or not? • What landscape(s) did you see? • Would you recommend it?

READING & LISTENING EXTRA ADVANCED ANSWER KEY UNIT 1

2

1 via their profile picture and cover photo 2 identities in the gaming world are more about fantasy

3

1 incomplete 2 usually 3 don’t show their faces 4 childhood 5 sometimes feel 6 more 7 a form of escape 8 boring

4

1e 2a 3h 4c 5f 6g 7b 8d two verb/verb phrases that collocate with ‘an identity’: project, take on

6

1c

2b

3a

7

1 True 2 False – She says it was a ‘big mistake’. 3 False – He changes his profile photos depending on his mood. 4 True 5 False – only when she is happy 6 True

8

1 solitary 2 enigmatic 3 insecure 4 upbeat 5 melancholic 6 confident 7 optimistic

UNIT 2

2

The writer would say points 3, 4 and to a lesser extent, 6.

3

1 True 2 False – Information is easily accessible but is ‘possibly inaccurate’. 3 True 4 False – ‘it is also delivered in ways that would have seemed inconceivable’ 5 False – ‘that many views of an academic talk on education surely is a fact worth celebrating’ 6 True 7 False – ‘people attend conferences more than ever before’

4

2 a hermit 3 inaccurate 4 ephemeral 5 thought-provoking 6 craving 7 to assimilate 8 inconceivable 9 dumbed down 10 popping up

6 1 2 3 4 5

6

1 only one 2 brave 3 a barrier between the speaker and the audience 4 opposites 5 depends 6 shorter

1 Linda believes that there should be more sites of natural beauty on the UK’s list of World Heritage Sites. Gary believes that the balance is right and that it is natural that the list is dominated by sites of cultural value. 2 Linda’s main argument is that the Lake District means a lot to people, that its beautiful landscape is an excellent example of the perfect harmony between man and nature. Gary’s main argument is that the Forth Bridge is a masterpiece, a unique feat of engineering and design which you can’t find anywhere else.

8

7

Don’t use slides. Talk should be like a compelling story. Use a gripping video. Keep the length short. Transmit emotion, relive the story as you tell it.

7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

It takes guts a whole range of to get your message across vividly gripping rely on cope with in sync with

9

2 Possible answers: the inclusion of humour, have a clear focused message, have a good rapport with the public (be relaxed from the start), use pauses for effect and to give you time to think, move around when you’re speaking, etc.

1 False – She thinks that twenty-nine is a lot. 2 True 3 True 4 False – He says that some parts of the Lake District are not that beautiful. 5 False – She says that man’s intervention is the key element, that man has made it more beautiful. 6 True 7 False – She will still vote for the Lake District.

8

1 aesthetic 2 landmark 3 harmony 4 masterpiece 5 highlight 6 innovation 7 heritage 8 milestone

UNIT 3

UNIT 4

2

1

1 a place of outstanding natural beauty/ cultural significance that is worthy of protection/preservation 3 Places of natural beauty, cities and monuments can all be World Heritage Sites. 4 Italy has most World Heritage Sites. 5 Threats include mass tourism, vandalism, climate change, pollution, natural disasters, wars and conflicts, etc.

3

1 unknown 2 natural beauty 3 surprised 4 particularly in Africa 5 restricted 6 agrees

4A

1d 2e

3g

4a

5f

6b

7h

4B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Mass tourism natural phenomenon irreversible damage cultural significance aesthetic value tourist destination important factor © Pearson Education Limited 2016

8c

Organic food: food grown without pesticides and chemical fertilizers Fair trade products: food that has been produced in developing countries but for which local workers have been paid a fair price Farm-to-table restaurants: restaurants which believe that the whole process of food production should be local – harvesting, storage, processing, packaging, sales and consumption Slow food: educational movement which promotes local food that is in season and warns about the risks affecting the food industry, e.g. factory farms, processed food, genetically modified foods, etc.

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

surprising try to understand think organic food is better quality some places don’t maintain the correct standards teaches us about healthy eating are not commercial which doesn’t have a perfect appearance sensible

READING & LISTENING EXTRA 4

1 leovers 2 convenience food 3 doggy bag 4 in season 5 foodies 6 balanced diet 7 tuck into 8 factory farms

7

(Sample answers) 1 Rachel believes that diet is important because: 1) our health is worsening as a result of poor diets, 2) this means the health system is put under pressure because more people require treatment. 2 To help the situation: 1) labels can be placed on food warning of their risks (like tobacco), 2) healthy food can be subsidised by the government 3 He believes that people should be able to eat what they like and that the cost to society of unhealthy eating is exaggerated. Plenty of people who eat well get ill.

8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

doesn’t like fast food but the ageing population more information about food may have improved a little plenty of is the number one health issue similar to thinks she a point but doesn’t agree

9

1 dictatorial 2 subsidise 3 epidemic 4 stretched 5 duty 6 self-esteem 7 policymaker 8 patronising

UNIT 5 Sentences 2, 4 and 5 accurately describe the term ‘citizen journalists’.

3

1 False – Breaking news is news that you get the moment it happens. 2 True 3 False – Eye-witness reports frequently come about by chance (‘you happen to be walking …’) 4 True 5 False – The article says that many well-known people use social media. 6 False – The writer says that there is room for both professional and citizen journalists. 1b 2a

UNIT 7

1 earthquake and tsunami in Chile: she videoed it and sent the video to a TV channel 2 train driver’s strike: he took a photo and posted it online. It was later published in a national newspaper. 3 an attack on a homeless man: she wrote a blog about it

7

Melanie: 3, 4, 7 Roger: 1, 8, 9 Patricia: 2, 5, 6

8

1b 2a 3g 4c 5d 6e 7f Other collocations include: video story, video coverage, amateur footage, amateur coverage, exclusive footage, exclusive coverage, biased photographer, biased footage, biased coverage, biased story, common attitudes, common story

UNIT 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nearly were once only certain people the norm can be motivated by doesn’t understand in some places don’t have positive connotations

What tattoo does he/she have or would he/she like to have? Maori design

Daniel

past

Linda

1

future

2

Richard

3

present

4

4e

5f 6d

4

3a

4c

5a

6c

1 haven 2 overlook 3 vision 5 cultivating 6 well-being 7 compassion 8 charm

4 illusion

Barbara

5

past

6

Kurt

7

present

8

Tracy

9

future

dragon feather heart and name cutting-edge design

10

4 b, i

1 strenuous 2 off the beaten track 3 acclimatise 4 play it by ear 5 bliss 6 cleansing 7 packed 8 pressed for time

UNIT 8

star

5 g, k

6 d, j

8 3c

2b

8

Does he/she talk about tattoos with reference to the past, present or future?

2 h, l 3 a, f

1c

1 False – Only Joe had health problems. 2 True 3 False – He says that the country is very popular and has become less exclusive. 4 True 5 False – The weather was sometimes bad but that didn’t spoil her trip. 6 True

6

1 c, e

3

7

1 passé 2 deciphered 3 backlash 4 hold sway 5 edge 6 in the know 7 derives/is derived 8 stigma

7

1 Gross National Happiness is the Bhutan government’s way of measuring their progress as a country. Progress is measured according to the people’s happiness and well-being rather than economic profit or productivity. 2 to do trekking, to visit monasteries/ markets/festivals, to take time out, to enjoy a different way of life 3 Relatively wealthy tourists, no backpackers. Bhutan is unique because of its Buddhist culture and its sustainable development policies, including its attitude to tourism.

Joe had a negative experience because 1) he felt sick due to the altitude, 2) it was crowded Helen had a positive experience because 1) she had such a sense of freedom there, 2) she went to places that are rarely visited

d

3

2

6

2

4

2

4

6

1 had a yearning 2 frowned upon 3 peer pressure 4 surpassed 5 meaningful 6 have taken off 7 pluck up the courage 8 cutting-edge

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

2 3

3

1 feel more under pressure 2 no longer 3 understand quite well 4 quickly 5 bored 6 deeply personal

4

1 immerse myself 2 distinguish 3 stroking/to stroke 4 exacerbates 5 blurs 6 tend 7 pinpoints 8 distort

READING & LISTENING EXTRA 6

UNIT 10 Context

Times goes

Taking a long time to get off a plane

slowly

watching Radiohead/ favourite band live in concert

quickly

Rachel

exercise/running

both

Boris

being stuck in the house

slowly

Kathryn

spending time at the beach

quickly

Lucy Christian

7

1 b, h

2 c, j

3 d, f

4 a, g

5 e, i

8

1 restless 2 exhaustion 3 treasure 4 drags on 5 exhilarated 6 lose track 7 housebound 8 potter

2

Bolivia: difficulty: very narrow and steep, no barriers, bad weather direction: downhill scenery: great variety of landscapes, mountains and tropical green forests Italy: difficulty: lots of bends, technically difficult to drive direction: uphill scenery: snowy mountains and valleys North Africa: difficulty: length and fragile state of road, bad weather direction: largely flat (neither uphill or downhill) scenery: desert landscape

3

1 b, g, i

2 a, h, d

3 f, e, c

4

UNIT 9

1 perilous 2 hamper 3 breathtaking 4 zigzags 5 dates back 6 undertake 7 barren 8 reward

2 3

6

3

1 True 2 True 3 False – A lot of icons have been criticised for favouring London. 4 False – People like it but don’t interpret or understand it all. 5 True 6 False – They are also interested in seeing people who actually stand for/ represent something important. 7 True

4

1 object to 2 stand for 3 quintessential 4 melting pot 5 bias 6 herald 7 canvass 8 purports

1 Sharon’s favourite is the Bolivia one. 2 The other road they talk about is one in the Carpathian mountains in Romania. 3 Robert mentions that road because he says that a TV programme Top Gear claimed it was the best road to drive on in the world (not the Italian road mentioned).

7

1b 2c

3a

4a

5b

6c

8

1 hairpin bend 2 harrowing 3 blast 4 adrenalin rush 5 appeal to somebody 6 nickname 7 understatement 8 thrilling

6A Favourite icon Glenda Barack Obama campaign poster Peter

Coca-Cola bottle

Patricia I ♥ NY

Year created 2009 1915 1977

6B

They are all related to marketing and advertising, they were all created to transmit a message, they have all been imitated.

7

1 e, g, h

2 a, d, f

3 c, i, b

8

1 recognisable 2 conveys 3 eye-catching 4 countless 5 close-up 6 visualise 7 capture 8 epitomise

© Pearson Education Limited 2016