Sejong Korean Introduction (English Version) [PDF]

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Sejong Korean Introduction

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Hangeul Who created Hangeul? Hangeul was developed by King Sejong the Great. King Sejong was known as one of the greatest kings of the Joseon Dynasty and is recognized for his achievements. During this period, the country was able to develop itself as a nation throughout the development of the Korean language, agriculture, science and technology, medicine, music and law. It was King Sejong who led this progress. However, King Sejong does not receive acclamation solely due to his brilliant achievements and skills. He was also a wise king who loved his people. King Sejong was often gracious to his people, and made effort to improve the status and conditions of his people.

How was Hangeul created? Before Hangeul was made, the elite borrowed Chinese characters as there were no characters in our language. However, the common people had difficulty learning the Chinese characters and were often treated unfairly. Saddened by this, King Sejong felt compassion for his people characters and decided to create easy for anyone to learn. This initiated a cultural expansion for the nation as everyone could learn a unique writing system designes specially for the Korean language. I n 19 97, U N E S CO a c k n o w l e d g e d a n d l i s t e d t h e Hunminjeongeum Haerye (lit. “Explanations and Examples of the Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People”) as a world heritage. We celebrate October 9 th as Hangeul day to commemorate its significance.

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What are the principles of creating Hangeul? The principle of creating Hangeul is the principle of the hieroglyphic, stroke, and the initial-middlefinal consonant. Consonants were made based on the shape of the vocal organs, while vowels were made from the shape of the sky(•), land (ㅡ), and human body(ㅣ). After creating the basic consonants and vowels, other letters were created by adding a stroke, and by forming the initial, middle, and final consonants into a letter. The final consonants do not use new letters but make use of letters used in the initial consonants for simplicity.

Vowels Hangeul consists of vowels and consonants, and vowels resemble the shape of the sky(•), land (ㅡ), and human body(ㅣ). By forming the basic vowel shapes (•, ㅡ, l) with an additional point, we can create ‘ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅏ’ refers to the sun rising from the East Sea while ‘ㅓ’ refers to the sun going down to the West. Also, ‘ㅗ’ refers to the sun rising above ground, and ‘ㅜ’ refers to the sun setting below the ground.

+

=

+

ㅏ =

+

ㅗ

=

+

ㅓ =

ㅜ

Basic vowels

ㅏ

ㅓ

ㅗ

ㅜ

ㅡ

ㅣ

ㅐ

ㅔ

ㅚ

ㅟ 3

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Consonants The consonants are based on the shape of the vocal organs. The throat, tongue, gums and teeth were used to form the shape, and this was to help remember the pronunciation. The principles were based on the first five consonants (ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ, ㅇ). The first sound ‘ㄱ’ refers to the shape of the root of the tongue blocking the throat. ‘ㄴ’ refers to the tongue stuck to the upper gums. ‘ㅁ’ refers to the shape of the lips, ‘ㅅ’ refers to the shape of a tooth, and ‘ㅇ’ refers to the shape of the throat.

By adding a stroke to these basic consonants, we can form letters with stronger pronunciation. Moreover, by adding the same letter, we can also create ‘ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ.’

Basic consonants

ㄱ ㅇ

ㄴ ㅈ

ㄷ ㅊ

ㄹ ㅋ

ㅁ ㅌ

ㅂ ㅍ

ㅅ ㅎ

The following are the names of the consonants. The pronunciation reflects the sound of the consonants when placed at the beginning or at the end. ㄱ

giyeok

ㄴ

nieun

ㄷ

digeut

ㄹ

rieul

ㅁ

mieum

ㅂ

bieup

ㅅ

siot

ㅇ

ieung

ㅈ

jieut

ㅊ

chieut

ㅋ

kieuk

ㅌ

tieut

ㅍ

pieup

ㅎ

hieut

ㄲ

ssanggiyeok

ㄸ

ssangdigeut

ㅃ

ssangbieup

ㅆ

ssangsiot

ㅉ

ssangjieut

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How are letters created? Letters within Hangeul consists of the following form: ‘vowel’, ‘consonant + vowel’, ‘consonant + vowel + consonant’. The consonant that comes after the vowel in the form ‘consonant+ vowel + consonant’ is called ‘Batchim’, which refer to consonant bases. How to form letters

examples

vowel

아

consonant + vowel

ㄱ+ㅏ→가

consonant + vowel + consonant

ㅎ+ㅏ+ㄴ→한

When combining letters in Hangeul, the letters ‘ㅎ, ㅏ, ㄴ’ are not listed; rather, they are combined into the word ‘한’. Depending on the vowel, the position and the shape of the consonant changes. When the vowel is the vertical form as in ‘ㅣ’, the vowel is added on the right side of the consonant. The consonant base (받침) is placed under the ‘consonant + vowel’. On the other hand, when the vowel is the horizontal form as in ‘ㅡ’, the vowel is placed under the consonant and the base consonant is placed under the ‘consonant + vowel’.

consonant

vowel

가, 너

consonant

소, 무

vowel

consonant

vowel

달, 약

consonant

consonant vowel consonant

꽃, 춤

Even though the same ‘ㄱ’ is used, the form may change depending on the vowel that is combined together.

Let’s practice together Combine the consonant and vowel together to form a letter.

ㄱ

ㅏ 5

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Korean Language and Hangeul How many people use Hangeul?? Korean is the national language of Korea. About 7.8 million people in the world use Hangeul, ranking it as the 13th most popular language in the world.

Russian Chinese Spanish

German n Korean Japanese Japanese

Mongolian English

Portuguese

Bengalí Arabic

Hindi Javanese

Spanish

Hangeul is primarily used in South and North Korea along with Japan, Russia, China and 7.2 million overseas Koreans. Also, the number of Internet users of Hangeul ranks 10th in the world. Due to the interest in K-pop and K-drama, there has been an increase in the number of people learning Hangeul.

Since it is easy to learn Hangeul characters, all Koreans can easily read and write Hangeul. This is also the driving force that led the rapid economic growth within South Korea. Since the creation of Korean alphabet, it has been actively applied in workbooks, practical texts, and literary works, going beyond simple means of communication and used in various artistic fields. It has also been recognized as an appropriate language within the digital age. 6

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Let’s learn the alphabet 1

Vowels

There are a total of 21 vowels including ten basic vowels and 11 double vowels. Vowels are written from top to bottom, left to right.

1 Short vowels

01

t! out! nd nd ou fin t’s fi Tip Let’s

The ‘o’ in front of the vowel refers to the gap in pronunciation. ‘o’ is used in order to locate the position of the consonants which are added later.

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2 Double vowels

02

03

아이

오

우유

왜

Let’s practice together Look at your partner’s facial expressions and sound out the correct vowels. 와

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Let’s practice writing Letter shape

아 어 오

Order of writing

Practice

①

② ③

아

아

①

③

어

어

오

오

우

우

으

으

이

이

애

애

에

에

외

외

위

위

아 어 ②

①

오 ②

③

①

우 으 이 애 에 외

우

②

③

①

으

②

①

이 ①

②④

애 ①

③

③④

에 ②

①

④

외

② ③

①

위

②

④

위

② ③

Listen carefully and choose the correct pronunciation. 1) ① 아

②오

③우

2) ① 이

②애

③위

3) ① 어

②으

③에

04

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Let’s practice writing Letter shape

야 여 요 유 얘 예 와 왜 워 웨 의

Order of writing ①

②

야 여 요 유 얘 예 와 왜 워 웨 의 ①

③ ④

④ ② ③

①

②

③

④

①

②

③ ④

①

②⑤

①

③ ④

④⑤

①

② ③

④

⑤

② ③

①

④⑥

②

⑤

③

①

② ③

④

①

② ③

⑤

⑤⑥

④

①

③

②

Practice

야 여 요 유 얘 예 와 왜 워 웨 의

야 여 요 유 얘 예 와 왜 워 웨 의

Read the words and practice writing.

아 이 아 이 우 유 우 유 왜 왜 위

위

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2

Consonants

The 14 basic consonants in Hangeul are ‘ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ’ and by adding the same consonant, they can be formed as ‘ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ’.

1 Consonants (1)

05

ㄱ

ㄴ

ㄷ

ㄹ

ㅁ

ㅂ

ㅅ

ㅇ

ㅈ

‘ㄱ’ is similar to [g] or [k] but the pronunciation can differ depending on the location of the consonant.

The first ‘ㄱ’ is pronounced as [k], and the following ‘ㄱ’ is pronounced as [g].

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Let’s practice writing Letter shape

Example

Practice

가 나 다 라 마 바 사

Tip Let’s find out!

We cannot make a sound solely with consonants. l Add the ‘아’ vowe . ad re sound and

아 자

06

구두

나무

모자

머리

바다

버스

시계

야구

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Let’s practice together With a friend, practice making shapes of the consonants using your fingers.

Let’s practice writing

ㅏ ㅓ ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅔ ㅚ ㅟ ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ

가 거 고 구 그 기 개 게 괴 귀 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 13

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2 Consonants (2)

07

ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ

Tip Let’s find out!

consonants The following are air when of t lo that let out a e by tic ac Pr . pronounced tissue in or nd ha ur putting yo th and check front of your mou es out while how much air com nsonants. co pronouncing the

Tip Let’s find out!

onants do not The following cons pronounced. let out any air when he ot r Compared to the tch is also high. pi consonants, the ing by adding Practice pronounc . force to your throat

ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ 08

기차

티셔츠

피아노

해

토끼

쓰레기

머리띠

뿌리

Let’s practice together Practice consonant (2) using a tissue, and guess which consonant it is with a friend.

ㅊ *Notice how the tissue moves.

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Read the words and practice writing.

구 두

구 두

나 무

나 무

버 스

버 스

아 기

아 기

지 도

지 도

기 차

기 차

포 도

포 도

커 피

커 피

토 끼

토 끼

뿌 리

뿌 리

Listen carefully and choose the correct pronunciation. 1) ① 다리

② 마리

2) ① 도끼

② 토끼

3) ① 과자

② 사과

4) ① 바르다

② 빠르다

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3 Batchim(Consonant bases) ‘Batchim’ is the consonant placed under the ‘c + v’ in the ‘consonant + vowel + consonant’ configuration. Most of the consonants (ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ, ㄲ, ㅆ) can be used as a consonant base, but the pronunciation is restricted to 7 sounds of ‘ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ’. Consonant

Consonant

Vowel

Vowel Consonant

Consonant 10

Consonant base

pronunciation

Example

ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ

[ㄱ]

책[책], 부엌[부억], 밖[박]

ㄴ

[ㄴ]

산[산]

ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ

[ㄷ]

곧[곧], 옷[옫], 있다[읻다] 낮[낟], 꽃[꼳], 밭[받], 히읗[히읃]

ㄹ

[ㄹ]

길[길]

ㅁ

[ㅁ]

삼[삼]

ㅂ, ㅍ

[ㅂ]

밥[밥], 숲[숩]

ㅇ

[ㅇ]

강[강]

11

수박

볼펜

눈

동생

컴퓨터

집

옷

할머니

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Let’s practice together

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Read together with a friend and notice the difference in the letters with and without a consonant base.

오

온

바

방

그

글

Make a new letter with a consonant base. Letter(c+v)

Consonant

Word

야 + ㄱ

약

소 + ㄴ

손

마 + ㅅ

맛

나 + ㅈ

낮

꼬 + ㅊ

꽃

바 + ㄹ

발

추 + ㅁ

춤

다 + ㅂ

답

수 + ㅍ

숲

혀 + ㅇ

형

Practice

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Let’s practice together With a friend, find the words that are written correctly. 1)

2)

3)

Find the following words. ① 나라

② 직업

③ 회사

④ 전화

⑤ 운동

⑥ 계절

⑦ 가족

⑧ 공원

⑨ 취미

⑩ 영화

⑪ 날씨

⑫ 과일

나

책

직

업

해

아

전

화

운

라

형

날

씨

가

족

취

동

계

절

영

철

회

적

미

공

원

리

딸

화

사

과

일

Different styles of handwriting in Korean

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Let’s practice together The following is a map of the Seoul Metro Line. Practice reading the stations.

12

ⲓ ㊏〧ヂ㈞㍢ゞ ⲓ〒Ⳏ ⹂⸐⾩

㔨⸐㉡ⳃ ⳃ

ヂ㈞㇙

⾊⹂

㉙㐥㈧ ㉙ 㐥㈧

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Let’s practice together Write your name using the consonants and vowels you have learned so far.

Anna

안나

3 Spacing and linking sounds 1

Put a space between words.

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저는 V 운동을 V 좋아해요. 2

When a vowel comes after the base consonant of the word, the base consonant moves over to the second syllable and pronounced accordingly.

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15

Let’s read together

태권도

태극기

무궁화

서울

한글 김치

한옥 한강

한복 21

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Let’s practice greetings 안녕하세요? Hello.

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안녕하세요? Hello.

안녕? 안녕하세요?

Hi.

Hello.

만나서 반가워요. It’s nice to meet you.

네, 반가워요. It’s nice to meet you, too.

안녕히 가세요. Good-bye.

안녕히 계세요.

(said by the person who is remaining to the person who is leaving.)

Good-bye. (said by the person leaving to the person who is remaining.)

아니에요. You’re welcome.

고마워요. Thank you.

죄송해요. I’m sorry.

괜찮아요. That’s okay.

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Language used in the classroom

사과

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잘 들으세요. Please listen carefully.

읽으세요. Please read.

따라 하세요. Please repeat.

쓰세요. Please write.

여기 보세요. Look here.

이야기하세요. Please talk.

사과

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알겠어요? Do you understand?

네, 알겠어요. Yes, I understand.

알겠어요? Do you understand?

아니요, 잘 모르겠어요. No, I don’t understand.

질문 있어요? Do you have a question?

잘했어요. 아니요, 없어요.

네, 있어요.

You did a good job.

No, I don’t.

Yes, I do.

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Appendix

King Sejong and the Creation of Hangeul

The fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, King Sejong the Great (1397-1450; reigned, 1418-1450) felt compassion for his people as they could only speak the language, but did not know how to write the language. In December of 1443, during King Sejong’s 25th year of rule, he created a unique writing system for everyone with his scholars in the Hall of Worthies. As a result, a unique system of phonetic characters of Hangeul was created three years later in the 28th year of King Sejong (1446) within Hunminjeongeum Haerye (lit. “Explanations and Examples of the Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People”).

Our language is different from Chinese, and we do not share the same Chinese characters. For this reason, people who do not know Chinese characters cannot leave any record of what they would like to say. I have created twentyeight new letters so that my people can learn the language and speak whatever they want to say. -Hunminjeongeum Eonhaebon

There were strong oppositions against the creation of a new writing system; however, King Sejong encouraged using Hangeul. The first song created using Hangeul ‘Yongbieocheonga’ is an example. As a result, Hangeul was gradually spread and people were able to write about their thoughts and opinions. This helped people resolve their difficulties and improve their lives and consciousness. Hangeul consists of 28 letters with 11 consonants and 17 vowels. The basic principle of Hangeul is hieroglyphics and strokes. Hieroglyphic forms are created by imitating shapes and stroke letters are created by adding a point or stroke. The first five consonants (ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ, ㅇ) are made based on the shape of the vocal organs. The first sound ‘ㄱ’ refers to the shape of the root of the tongue blocking the throat, while ‘ㄴ’ refers to the tongue stuck to the upper gums. ‘ㅁ’ refers to the shape of the lips, and ‘ㅅ’ refers to the shape of a tooth. Finally, ‘o’ refers to the shape of the throat. A stroke can be added to the five basic letters and form ‘ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ, ㅎ’. Each letter is created by adding a stroke(s) depending on the force of pronunciation. Moreover, by using the same letter twice, we can also create ‘ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ’. Also, vowels are made from the shape of the sky (•), land (ㅡ), and human body(ㅣ). (•) Refers to the shape of the sky, while ‘ㅡ’ refers to the shape of flat terrain. ‘l’ refers to the human body standing upright. By adding a point, we can create ‘ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ’, and by adding an additional point, we can make ‘ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅛ, ㅠ’. After creating the basic consonants and vowels, syllables are created by forming the initial, middle, and final consonants into a full form. The final consonants do not use new letters but allow us to use letters in the initial consonants for simplicity. Hangeul is recognized worldwide for its excellence and the Hunminjeongeum is listed as UNESCO Memory of the world. October 9th celebrates Hangeul day to commemorate its significance.

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2018-03-21 오후 6:00:40