Robert C. Tucker - Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

105235

TO MY PARENTS AND

EVGENIA

PHILOSOPHY AND MYTH IN

KARL MARX BY

ROBERT

C.

TUCKER

Professor of Government, Indiana University

CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PUBLISHED BV THE SYNDICS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Bentlcy House, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W*i American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, Nexv York 22, N.Y. West Africa Office: P.O. Box 33, Ibadan, Nigeria

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1961

CONTENTS Introduction:

PART

MARX

IN

CHANGING PERSPECTIVE

page

THE PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND

I.

THE SELF AS GOD IN GERMAN PHILOSOPHY HISTORY AS GOD'S SELF-REALIZATION THE DIALECTIC OF AGGRANDIZEMENT

I II

m

PART

II.

PHILOSOPHY REVOLTS AGAINST THE WORLD V METAPHYSICS AS ESOTERIC PSYCHOLOGY VI MARX AND FEUERBACH VH THE RISE OF PHILOSOPHICAL COMMUNISM

PART

III.

WORKING MAN

PART IV.

AS

WORLD CREATOR

Index

IC)6

165

177

MARX AND THE PRESENT AGE

of Books Cited

95

MATURE MARXISM

l88

2O3

2l8 233 2 44

References List

85

150

DIVISION OF LABOUR

Conclusion:

73

136

AND COMMUNISM XIV THE WORLD AS LABOUR AND CAPITAL XV THE MYTH AND THE PROBLEM OF CONDUCT

Xm

57

1^3

TWO MARXISMS OR ONE? THE NEW MATERIALISM

XII

45

ORIGINAL MARXISM

IX ALIENATION AND MONEY-WORSHIP X COMMUNISM THE SELF REGAINED

XI

31

FROM HEGEL TO MARX

IV

VHI

n

_

254 258

PREFACE This book seeks to carry forward the reinterpretation

Karl Marx. The need

and basic

still

critical analysis

unfinished

work of

of the thought of

for reinterpretation has become apparent since the some years ago of a set of previously unpublished

publication set manuscripts in which Marx, as a young man of twenty-six, forth a first systematic sketch of Marxism. Here the economic of communism have interpretation of history and the conception as their setting a comprehensive scheme of thought that is is man and the world philosophical in character. Its subject as Marx called it.The world' 'alienated an in man self-estranged

world revolution is conceived as the act by which estranged

man

divided changes himself by changing the world. Instead of being is to be restored to man the in as himself past, always against and this is what Marx means by 'comhis human nature munism'. The origins of this Weltanschauung in earlier German its genesis in Marx's mind philosophy from Kant to Feuerbach, its evolution into the more and 1 840*5, the early during Communist familiar, seemingly unphilosophical Marxism of the and Marx later other and Engels, form the writings by Manifesto main subject-matter of this book. An underlying continuity of

Marx's thought from the early philosophical manuscripts to the this stage is demonstrated. In the concluding part, demonstration becomes the basis for a new analysis of the element of myth in Marx's vision of the world-process as

later

recorded in

Capital.

were generous with encouragement and assistance while I was in the process of writing, expanding and then rePaul Kecskemeti, writing the book over a period of seven years. Rulon Morris Wells, Morton Maurice Mandelbaum, Watnick, White and John Wild read it in the original version, which was submitted to Harvard University in 1958 as a doctoral disserta-

Many

offered valuable criticisms and suggestions. I am very for comments received from Daniel Bell, who also too grateful in the original version at that time and has, with work read the tion,

and

kind acknowledgement, touched upon some of its interpretations in his subsequently published essay on the rediscovery of

the theme of alienation in Marxism. Moreover, discussion with my students of ideas contained in the book has contributed

much

of the finished product. Responsibility for the shortcomings that remain, along with the opinions expressed, rests, however, wholly with me. My indebtedness to R. A. Becher and the staff of the to the shaping

Cambridge University Press is very great. Among the many who were more than helpful with advice on various matters concerning the book I should like to mention Justinia Besharov-Djaparidze, Edward Buehrig, Byrum Carter, Robert Ferrell, Richard Hare, Frank Ross and P. Vatikiotis. Melvin Groan and Erich Goldhagen assisted me in exploring the writings of Moses Hess. H. W. Theen provided expert counsel on points of translation. The Research Division of the Indiana others

University Foundation furnished a grant for the final preparation of the manuscript for the press, and Miss Rosalie Fonoroff

and Mrs Laura Murray rendered able

assistance with

the

typing at different stages. I owe a special debt of gratitude to criticisms

book, his

Robert Adamson for his and suggestions with reference to the substance of the friendly interest in it all along, and his wise advice on

every aspect of it. Finally, my deepest thanks go to my wife for helping in all the ways that she did to make this work possible. R.C.T,

BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA March 1961

Superior numerals in the text refer to the references

which start on p. 244

INTRODUCTION

MARX The

IN

criticism

being for

CHANGING PERSPECTIVE

of religion ends with

man

is

man

.

.

the precept that the supreme

.

MARX

(1844)

To many

people in our time Marxism means the Communist body of doctrine derived in part from the ideas of Karl Marx and professed by members of the Communist parties of the world. This is not, however, the usage that will be followed in these pages. Here Marxism will mean the thought of Marx.

ideology, a

Our subject is Marx's own Marxism

its pre-history in German its and before evolution in Marx's Marx, genesis philosophy mind, and its basic meaning. The recent rise of interest in this circle of problems springs in part from the discovery of an early philosophical Marx about whom next to nothing was known until the second quarter of the twentieth century. Only then did we obtain access to certain previously unpublished materials of Marx's formative period that enable us to learn how he created Marxism. The most important of them is a set of manuscripts written by Marx in

These Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts 0/1844, have been named, contain a first version of Marxism seemingly quite different from the mature Marxian system, to which Marx and his collaborator Friedrich Engels gave the Paris in 1844.

as they

Conception of History' or alternatively They resurrect for us a young philosophical Marx whose central theme of human self-alienation shows affinity with the thought of our own later age and thus confers upon the first system (which I have called 'original Marxism') a title

'Materialist

'scientific socialism'.

curious modernity across the gap of years.* *

The circumstances underlying the unwillingness of Marx and Engels to publish system are discussed in chapter xi of this book. The manuscripts were originally published in an incomplete Russian translation in 1927. They first appeared in German in 1932 in volume m of Marx and Engels, Historisch-Kritische Gesamtausgabe (ed. D. Rjazanov and V. Adoratski), usually cited as MEGA. Some the

first

parts of the manuscripts are missing, but the bulk of the material has survived.

A

INTRODUCTION

12

The

discovery of Marx's first system has reinforced a trend of thought about Marxism that had been growing independently for a long while, especially in the West. It seems fair to say that a change in the generally accepted view of Marx has been

taking place in the twentieth century. In the new image he appears not as the scientist of society that he claimed to be but ratEoTas a moralist or a religious kind of thinker. The old assumption that 'scientific socialism' is a scientific system of thought has tended more and more to give way to the notion that it is in essence a moralistic^or Ireligious system. It appears now, at any rate to very many of us, as the single mosfinfluential Expression of a

modern socialist movement

that

was inspired by

fundamentally religious impulses and represented, in Martin Buber's phrase, a 'socialist secularization of eschatology'. 1

"The change of perspective

is

radical, as

a brief glance at some

representative earlier opinions on Marx and Marxism will show. The basic question in the mind of an older generation of students

and critics of Marx's system was simply: is it true? The underlying assumption was that 'scientific socialism', as its name suggests and Marx and Engels always maintained, was essentially a scientific system of thought. It followed that the chief problem with regard to it was the problem of verification. The crucial issue was its validity or non-validity as a scientific theory of the historical process, and particularly as an economic theory of the inevitable revolutionary breakdown of the capitalist system. The moral content of Marxism not to mention the religious content was thought to be nil. Thus Werner Sombart spoke of the 'purely theoretical character of Marxism' in an article of 1892, and contrasted it in this respect with what he called 'ethical

socialism'. 'Marxism is distinguished from all other socialist systems', he declared, 'by its anti-ethical tendency. In all of Marxism from beginning to end, there is not a grain of ethics, and consequently no more of an ethical judgment than an ethical postulate'. 8 Sombart's statement was quoted with

emphatic approval by young Lenin in one of his early writings. The philosopher Croce, writing at that time as a sympathetic critic of Marx, casually dismissed the ethical issue. What was the 'philosophical opinion' of Marx and Engels in regard to full English translation has be published in Erich

been prepared by MrT. B. Bottomore, and

Fromm, Mart's

^*

Concept of

Max

is shortly to (Frederick Ungar, N.Y.,

MARX

IN

CHANGING PERSPECTIVE

13

The question, he said, 'is of no great importance, and somewhat is even inopportune, since neither Marx nor Engels of were philosophers ethics, nor bestowed much of their vigorous these questions'. True, their ideas presented 'no ability on of contradiction general ethical principles, even if here and there morality?

they clash with the prejudices of current pseudo-morality'. However, this did not warrant any attempt to discover a moral meaning in Marxism: 'And, in truth, even if some may be able to write

on the theory of knowledge according

to

Marx,

to write

on the principles of ethics according to Marx seems to me a somewhat hopeless undertaking.' 3 Among the many who shared this position was Karl Kautsky, the leading theorist of German Marxism after Engels' death. At the beginning of this century, Kautsky wrote a little treatise for the exgress purpose of supplementing Malrasni with &e 'moral workers' movei 25. Anti-Duhring, pp. 438, 299. 26. Capital, vol. m, p. 451. 27. Selected Works n, p. 23. 28. German Ideology, p. 199. 29. Selected Correspondence, p. 350.

30. Selected

Works n,

XIV.

p. 474-

THE WORLD AS LABOUR AND CAPITAL (pp. 203-217)

1.

Capital, p. 113. 2. /foW. 3. JfoW. p. 846.

4.

German

Ideology, p. 66.

5. Capital, pp. 6-7. 6. /Ktf. pp. 45~ 6 > 47> 49-

MEGA,

in, p. 133. 7. 8. Capital, p. 173.

9. THd. p. 192. 10. Ibid. pp. 137, 138. 11. Ibid. p. 189.

12. THrf. pp. 346-7. 13. Ibid. pp. 235, 237, 239, 259, 270, 14. Ibid. pp. 268-9. 15. Ibid. p. 713. 1 6. Ibid. pp. 451-2. 17. Ibid. p. 685. 1 8. Capital, vol. ra, pp.

1026-7.

19. Capital, p. 651. 20. Ibid. pp. 347, 244.

21. Selected Works i, p. 359. 22. Capital, p. 23. 23. DAT Kapital, p. 241. 24. Capital, p. 138. 25. /Aid. pp. 650, 651, 652, 653.

XV.

THE MYTH AND THE PROBLEM OF CONDUCT (pp. 218-232)

1.

Capital, pp. 677, 708. 2. Ibid. pp. 551, 552. 3. Ibid. p. 651. 4. Ibid. p. 714. 5. Selected Correspondence, p. 15.

REFERENCES 6.

German

7. Selected

8. Poverty

Ideology,}). 19 1.

Works

i,

p. 46.

of Philosophy, p. 138.

9. Herr Vogt, p. 35. 10. Selected Correspondence, p. 225. 11. Ibid. p. 224.

12. Selected

Works

i,

p. 359.

13. Capital, p. 248. 14. Selected Correspondence, p. 17. 15. /foW. p. 1 6.

CONCLUSION i.

Capital, vol.

m, pp. 954-5.

(pp. 233-243)

253

LIST OF CARL

BOOKS CITED

The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Yale University Press, 1932. Philosophers. BOBER, M. M., Karl Marx's Interpretation of History. Cambridge:

BECKER,

L.,

New Haven:

Harvard University BUBER, M., Paths

Press, 1950.

in Utopia.

London: Routledge

& Kegan

Paul,

1949-

CALVEZ, JEAN-YVES, La Pensee

de Karl

Marx.

Paris: Editions

du

Seuil, 1956.

A Study in Fanaticism. London: J. M. Dent Sons, 1934. CASSIRER, ERNST, Language and Myth, trans. Susanne K. Langer. New York: Harper Brothers, 1946. COLE, G. D. H., A History of Socialist Thought, vol. i, The Forerunners, CARR, E. H., Karl Marx:

&

&

ij8$-i85O. London: Macmillan Company, 1953. COOPER, R., The Logical Influence of Hegel on Marx. University of Washington Publications in the Social Sciences, vol. n, no. 2. Seattle, 1925.

CROCE, BENEDETTO, Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx. New York: Macmillan Company, 1914. ENGELS, F., Dialectics of Nature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954. ENGELS, F., Hen Eugen Dittoing* s Revolution in Science (Anti-Duhring) Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1947. FEUERBACH, LUDWIG, The Essence of Christianity. New York: Harper .

&

Bros., 1957.

FEUERBACH, LUDWIG, Kleine Philosophische Schriften (1842-1845), ed. Max Gustav Lange. Leipzig: Verlag Felix Meiner, 1950. FICHTE, J. G., The Vocation of Man. La Salle, Illinois: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1955. FRANKFORT, HENRI and H. A., Before Philosophy. Penguin Books, 1949-

GOETHE, Faust (Part I), trans. Philip Wayne. Penguin Books, 1949. HEGEL, G. W. F., Early Theological Writings, trans. T. M. Knox. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. HEGEL, G. W. F., Lectures on the History of Philosophy, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and Frances H. Simson, vol. in. London: Kegan Paul, 1896.

HEGEL, G. W.

F., The Logic of Hegel, translated from The Encyclo-. paedia of the Philosophical Sciences by William Wallace. London:

Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.

LIST OF

BOOKS CITED

255

HEGEL, G. W. F., The Phenomenology of Mind, trans. J. B. Baillie. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1931. HEGEL, G. W. F., The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. Hegel Selections, ed. J. Loewenberg. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929. Hegel's Philosophy of Mind, translated Philosophical Sciences

don

from The Encyclopaedia of

the

by William Wallace. Oxford: The Claren-

Press, 1894.

Hegel's Philosophy

of Right, trans. T.

Oxford: The

M. Knox.

Clarendon

Press, 1953. Science of Logic, trans.

W. H. Johnston and L. G, Struthers, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1951. HEINEMANN, F. H., Existentialism and the Modern Predicament. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1958. HESS, MOSES, Sozialistische Aufsatze 1841-1847, ed. Theodor Zlocisti.

HegeUs

vol.

i.

Berlin: Welt-Verlag, 1921.

Hegel to Marx: Studies in the Intellectual Development of Karl Marx. New York: The Humanities Press, 1950. HORNEY, KAREN, Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward

HOOK, SIDNEY, From

Self-Realization.

New

York:

HYPPOLITE, JEAN, Etudes sur Riviere et Cie, 1955.

W. W. Norton &

Marx

et

Hegel.

Co., 1950.

Paris: Librairie

Marcel

KANT, IMMANUEL, The Fundamental

Principles of the Metaphysic of Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1938. KanCs Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics 9 trans. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. London: Longmans, Ethics.

New York:

-

Green & Co., 1909. KAUTSKY, KARL, Ethics and the Materialist Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1907.

Conception of History.

The Sickness Unto Death, trans. Walter Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951. LENIN, V. I., Selected Works, vol. n. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1947. LINDSAY, A. D., Karl Marx's Capital: An Introductory Essay. London:

KIERKEGAARD, S0REN,

Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1947. LOVEJOY, A. O., The Great Chain

o

Being.

Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1948.

MARCUSE, H., Reason and Theory.

MARX,

Revolution:

York: Humanities

K., Capital, trans. Sons, 1933.

Dent

MARX,

New

Hegel and

the

Rise of Social

Press, 1954.

Eden and Cedar

Paul.

London:

J.

M.

&

K., Capital, vol. in, ed. F. Engels. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr,

1909-

LIST OF

256

K., A Contribution to Charles H. Kerr, 1904.

MARX, MARX, MARX, MARX,

BOOKS CITED

the Critique

of Political Economy. Chicago:

&

K., Herr Vogt. London: Petsch K.,

Das

Kapital, vol.

Co., 1860.

Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1957.

i.

K., The Poverty of Philosophy. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, undated. MARX, K., A World Without Jews, trans. Dagobert D. Runes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959.

MARX, K. and ENGELS, ed.

F., The German Ideology, parts i and York: International Publishers, 1939.

New

R. Pascal.

in,

MARX, K. and ENGELS,

F., Historisch-Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Erste Abteilung, vol. i-v, eds. D. Rjazanov and V. AdoratskL Berlin:

Marx-Engels Verlag G.M.B.H., 1927-1932.

MARX, K. and ENGELS,

F.,

rannikh proizvedenii.

Iz

Moscow:

Gosudarstvennoe IzdatePstvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1956. MARX, K. and ENGELS, F., Kleine Okonomische Schriften. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1955.

MARX, K. and ENGELS,

F..,

Selected Correspondence 1846-1895.

New

York: International Publishers, 1942.

MARX, K. and ENGELS,

F., Selected Works, in

two volumes. Moscow:

Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958

(vol. i)

and 1951

(vol. n).

MAYER, GUSTAV,

Friedrich Engels:

A. Knopf, 1936. NIETZSCHE, F., The Philosophy of

A

Biography.

Nietzsche.

New

New

York: Alfred

York: Modern

Library, 1932.

POPPER, K. R., The Open

Society and Its Enemies, vol. H, The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1945.

P. J., What Is Property? An Inquiry into the Principles of Right and Government, trans. Benjamin R. Tucker, London, 1902. RiiHLE, OTTO, Karl Marx: His Life and Work, trans. Eden and Cedar

PROUDHON,

& Unwin, A Myth: Symposium.

Paul. London: George Allen

SEBEOK, THOMAS

E., ed.,

1929.

Bloomington: Indiana

University Press, 1958. SHISKIN,

A.,

Osnovy

kommunisticheskoi

morali.

Moscow:

Gosu-

darstvennoe IzdatePstvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1955. SMITH, ADAM, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York: The Modern Library, 1937.

STAGE,

W.

STEIN,

LORENZ VON, Der

T., The Philosophy of Hegel.

Frankreichs.

Dover Publications, 1955.

Socialismus und

Leipzig: Otto

Communismus des heutigen

Wigand, 1848.

LIST OF

BOOKS CITED

SWEEZY, PAUL, The Theory of Marxian

Political

Economy.

1942. Vospominaniia o Markse Stalin.

i

257

Capitalist Development:

New

EngeFse.

Institute of

of

Press,

Marx-Engels-Lenin-

Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe IzdateFstvo

Literatury, 1956.

Principles

York: Oxford University

Politicheskoi

INDEX alienated labour,

see

Carr, E. H., 17 n.

alienation

alienation, 34, 165, 197, 205; and capitalism, 212; and class war, 176; and communism, 117-18; and division

of labour, 185; and greed, 137 9; and Marxism, 97, 165, 172-4, 176,

23742; and political economy,

106,

145-6, 219; and proletariat, 113-14; and revolution, 100102, 105; and the state, 102-5 as deprivation of freedom, 133 5;

no-ii,

119,

as social

phenomenon, 1469, 21516, 220

756,

1

Cassirer, Ernst,

224

n.

46; and Marxism, Feuerbach's relation to, 934, 32,

Christianity,

225;

239; Hegel's relation to, 39-40, 43, 69, 75-6, 83; Hess on, no; Kierkegaard's view of, 32 ; Marx on, 1 1 2 civil society, 103-4, 106-8, 219 Civil War in France, by Marx, 201 class struggle,

146-7,

150,

173,

176,

227

187, 220,

Cole, G. D. H., 130-1 n., 221 n., 228 n. 112, 235; aesthetic character of, 1 579 ; and alienation, 117 -i 8; and distribution, 200; and division of labour, 200; and freedom,

communism,

Feuerbach's view of, 83-4; Hegel's view of, 49-52, 55; Marx on, 99, 100-102, 1 06, in, 125-8, 133-5, 145-9; psychiatric view of, 144-5; transcendence of, 151, 156-61 Anti-Duhring, by Engels, 189, 198

96 and Hegel, 1 53 and humanism, no, 156-9; and proletariat, 115, 117; and social institutions, 201 1

;

;

Aufhebwg, 51, 59, 91, 153, 194, 236

as naturalism, 159-60; as negation of negation, 154-6, 160; as transcendence of alienation, 151 beyond property principle, 160 i ; Feuerbach on, 91 ; not goal of human

Augustine, St, 23

society,

Aristotle, 207-8 art: and communism, 157-9, 235;

and

human nature, 134; and industry, 199 atheism: and Hegel, 47; Marx's, 22, 74

Baboeuf,

Francois-Noel

(Gracchus),

114, 155, 161

Bauer, Bruno, 73, 75, in Becker, Carl, 23 Bell, Daniel, 168 n. Bentham, Jeremy, Marx on, Bernstein, Eduard, 173 Bober, M. M., 209 n. Buber, Martin, 12

17-18

by Marx, 13, 15, 17, 21, 129, 169, 184 n., 190-2, 198, 199, 203-17 passim, 219, 220, 225, 226. 227, 231, 233, 237 n., 235, 240 capital: as philosophical concept, 21314; as social power, 176; autocracy of, Capital,

142,

93-4, 2 1 i-i 2, 243 ; definition of, 2 1 3 ; Marx*s idea of, 138, 141 1

and

alienation,

of

labour,

and and phenom-

215; 190-1;

religion, 2x2; as religious

no,

113,

Manifesto, by Marx and Engels, 15, 23, 165, 1 66, 167 n., *68, *76, 193, 198, 225, 230 Cooper, Rebecca, 17 n. criticism: as a weapon, 80; of political economy, 119-20, 125, 204; of politics, 102-3; of religion, 75-6, 80, 84, 91, 99-100, 102; slogan of, 73-4; transformational, 85-7, 97-8, 103, 171 Critique of the Gotha Program, by Marx,

Communist

Calvez, Jean-Yves, 168 n.

capitalism: division

160;

philosophical, 26-7, 117, 165, 169; Proudhon on, 109; raw, 154-5, J 6i 194; Soviet view of, 161

107-8,

enon, 203; Marx's conception 234, 239

of,

199

19, 186, Critique

of

Political

Economy,

by Marx,

23, 106, 125, 171, 177, 179 Critique of Practical Reason, by

89

n.

Croce, Benedetto, 12-13

Darwin, Charles, 232

Das

Kapital, see Capital

democracy,

De

republica,

Marx by

on, 104

Aristotle,

208

Kant,

INDEX Deutsch-FranzosischeJahrbucher, 108, 118,

"9

existentialism

and Marxism, 168 and n. 1

externalization, 48-9, 87, 104,

240; Engels on, 184; Feuerbach's view of, 90; Hegelian, 57-60, 169-70; inversion 141-2, 123-4, of, by Marx, 126-9, 153-4, 169-72; Kantian view of, 35, 57 ; Marcuse on, 58 n.; Marx's, 142, 169-72, 183, 214; of capitalist production, 191 (see also negation of negation)

dialectic,

dialectical materialism, 23, 183 (see also

materialism;

historical

Marxism;

materialist conception of history) Dialectics of Nature, by Engels, 184 division of labour, 25 ; and alienation, 185, 197; and capitalism, 190-1, 209; and communism, 200; and factory regime, 198-9; and the state, 186,

192; as slavery, 188-9; as source of property, 186; origin of, 186 Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, by R. L. Stevenson, 147

Early Theological Writings, by Hegel, 39 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, by Marx, 11, 23, 119-20,

125-61 passim, 165-76 passim, 181, 183, 185, 190, 194, 197, 204, 206, 207, 212, 213, 214, 2x7 n.

economics,

economy no, 112-13, 136, 141-2,

see political

egoism, 104,

i59 240 Einundzwanzig Bogen aus der Schweiz, 117 n. Engels, Friedrich, n, 26-7, 119, 177, a Young 189, 199 n., 223 n.; as to 73-7; contribution Hegelian, Marxism, 167 n.; conversion to communism, 107 and n.; on communism, 196 ; on dialectics in nature, 184; on Feuerbach, "81, 170-3; on German philosophy, 73; on Hegel, 170-3; on Hess, 106; on Marx-Hegel relation, 170-1; on

Marx's

early

writings,

173;

on

philosophical communism, 26-7 Entfremdung, see alienation Essence of Christianity, The, by Feuerbach, 73, 80, 85, 86, 93, 95, 99~*o,

estrangement,

see

alienation

and Marxism, 13-21, 143, 165, and political ;

168, 222-3, 231, 240-1

138; Feuerbach's, 92-4; 68 Hegel's, 66-9; Kant's, 33-9,

economy,

10,

1 1 1,

128, 131, 153, 166

by Goethe, 31 Faust-theme, 31-3, 66, 216 fetishism of commodities, 206-7 Fetscher, Iring, 168 n.

Faust,

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 26, 80, 139; and Christianity, 93-4; and communism, 91 ; and Hegel, 81-3, 85-7; and Hess, 107-10; and materialism, 182-3; Engels on, 81; influence on Marx, 95-7, 124-5, 147* 218, 223; Marx on, 80-2, 97, 1 01, 182-3; moral orientation

93-4

of,

88-90, 92-3; on 90 ; on meaning of religion, 85-7; on self-realization, 88-91; relation to Marx, 140, 205, 212, 239 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb von, 38, 59, 75 Fourier, Francois Marie Charles, 190 "Fragment of a System,*' by Hegel, 41, 42 Frankfort, Henri and H. A., 224 n. Fundamental Tenets of the Philosophy of the Future, by Feuerbach, 80 freedom: and alienation, 133-5; and communism, 196; and division of

on

alienation,

dialectic,

188-9, 197, 209-10; and Marxism, 24, 231, 242-3; Hegel on,

labour,

53-5, 143, 152; Kant's conception of, 35-8; Marx on, 143, 152, 156-7*

235-6 Geist, see spirit

German

The,

Ideology,

by Marx and

Engels/ 16-17, 23, 95, 117 181,

166, 177,

194, 196, 197,

182,

184,

n., 165, 187, 188,

205

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 31, 138 Grundrisse

Okonomie,

der

Kritik

der

Politischen

by Marx, 294 n.

Haeckel, Ernst, 184 hedonism, Marx on, 16-18 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 20, and 26, 33; and Adam Smith, 132; Christianity, 43, 75-6; and Kantianism, 39-41

108, 134 ethics:

259

;

and

totalitarianism, 54,

60-3 as viewed by Young Hegelians, 73-7 ;

"

dialectic of, 57-60, 141-2; influ ence of Adam Smith on, 1 23-4; Marx on, 77-80, 119-20, 127-9, 143, 153;

INDEX Hegel (cont.} Marx's rdation

Junge Hegel und to,

Problems der KapitalDer, by Lukacs,

123

223

49-52, 55; on Christianity, 39-40; on civil society, 219; on freedom, 53-5, 1435 on God, on 46-7; on knowing, 49-52, 160;

on

alienation,

morality, 66-9; on philosophy, 42, on suffering 55, 64; on the state, 54; humanity, 66-8; versus division of labour, 192; viewed as communist,

153 Hegelianism: and the knowing process, 49-52; and Marxism, 218; and

economy, 132; as esoteric

political

153; as esoteric eco119-20, 123-5, 174; as prototype of philosophy, 180-1; as religious system, 39~4> 45> 64-5; compared with Kantianism, 50-1; Marx's inversion of, 125-9 Heidegger, Martin, 168 n. Heinemann, F. H., 168 n.

communism,

nomics,

Herr Vogt, by Marx, 225 Hess, Moses, 107-13, 116-17, 124; influence on Marx, 111-13, 117 n. historical materialism, 23, 179, 183 of (see also materialist conception

Marxism)

history;

Holy Family, The, by Marx and Engels, 98, 109 n., 117, 153, 167, 175, 205, 220 'Hook, Sidney, 16 n., 114, 116 n.

Homey, Karen,

;

of,

Hyman,

99-100

Stanley, 230 n.

Hyppolite, Jean, 168 n. idealism,

129; as defined

by Marx,

178-80; Hegelian, 183 ideology, Marx's view

of,

expression, 158, 199 International Workingmen's

Assoc-

230

"Introduction to the Criticism of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right," by Marx, 80, 99 n., 103, 113, 1x6, 118 Jesus, Hegel's view of, 39-41 Judaism, Marx on, 111-12

and Marxism, 18-20, 222-3, 230,

231

Kant, Immanuel, 26, 31-8 passim, 41, ethical ideas of, 33-6, 68; view of

man, 33-5, 50; Marx on, 75; on dialectic, 35, 57 Kautsky, Karl, 13, 173, 232 Kelsen, Hans, 61 Kierkegaard, Seren, 32 knowing, 49-52, 141, 157-6* Kommunist, 168, 197 n. Kriukov, V. M., 197 n. Kroner, Richard, 42, 43 Kugelmann, Dr, 225

labour theory of value, 132, 208 Lenin, Vladimir, 12, 14 n., 243 Life of Jesus, by Strauss, 73 Lindsay, A. G., 17 n. Logic, by Hegel, 44, 53, 95 Lovejoy, A. O., 45 n. Lowith, Karl, 168 n. Ludwig Feuerback and the End of Classical German Philosophy, by Engels, 167 n., 170, 171, 173, 223 n. Lukacs, Georg, 123, 124 n. Luther, Martin, 213

man:

as finite self-conscious spirit, 49, as proletariat, 113-18; dis-

from mature Marxview of, 88; Hegel's view of, 43-4, 51 ; Kant's view of, 33-5, 38; Marx's view of,

appearance

of,

ism, 165, 176; Feuerbach's

129-30, 134-5* i46-7 190 Marcuse, Herbert, 17 n., 58 n., 168, 174 Marx, Heinrich (father of Karl), 74 and International Karl: Marx,

Workingmen's Association, 230; and

180-1

130-1, 186-7; and human psychology, 165; as means of artistic

industry,

iation,

justice

57;

32 n., 145

humanism: and Marxism, 168; as Feuerbach's communism, 156-9 90-* > 93> IQ 8; Hess's, no; Marx's view

die

istischen Gesellschaft,

95-8, i47>

philosophical communism, 27, 117 approach to communism, 150-1; as disciple of Hegel, 74-79; as

economist, 106, 204, 233; as moralist, 15-16, 21-2, 232; as mythic thinker, 224-30; as religious thinker, 22; as

Young Hegelian, 73-7 character and personality, 74, 141 and n., 237; conversion to communism, 107; dialectic of, 142; doctoral dissertation of, 77-80; influence of

INDEX Feuerbach on, 95-7, 124-5, J 47 218, 223; influence of Hegel on, 147; influence of Hess on, 111-13, 1 1 7 n 1 influence of Proudhon on, 109; influence of von Stein on, 11516, -

6 n., 154-5; inversion of Hegel by, i53-4 169-72; meeting with Engels, 1 1

"9 on

to German philosophy, 173-4; relation to Hegelianism, 181; Soviet, 197 n.; unity of, 169 materialist conception of history, n, 13-14,23, 24, 107, 165, 167, 172, 181, 219 (see also historical materialism)

relation

myth, 21, 219, 220, 222, 223, 226, 231,

and

233;

Adam

Smith, 132; on alienation, 99, 100-2, 106, in, 125-8, 133-5, H5-9; on atheism, 22, 74; on Bentham, 17-18; on Christianity, 112; on class struggle, 146-7, 150; on communism, 112, 154-^61, 194 200; OXL criticism, 80, 102; on democracy, 104; on egoism, 104, 136, 142, 159; on Feuerbach, 80-2, 97, 101, 182-3; on freedom, 143, 156-7; on goal of man, 160-1; on on Hegelianism, greed, 138-9; 77-80, 119-20, 143, 153; on the

129-130; on industry, on Judaism, 111-12; on 18-20, 222-3, 230; on man, 134-5, 1 66; on nature, 131on object-bondage, 133;

on

economy,

137,

138;

on

132, 136; on proletariat, 113-18; on realization of philosophy, 77-9, 118; on revolution, 77, 79,

property,

113; on self-activity, 134-5; on self99, 129, 157; on the IQ 6, state, in, i9 2 ~4; 103-5; opposition to moral philosophy, 231 ; relation to Feuerbach, 140, 205, 212,

n.

as non-dialectical, 60

negation of negation, 59, 154, 160, 203 (see also

dialectic)

neurotic personality, 32 n., 38, 50, 215 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 69, 213

Nohl, Hermann, 39 n.

:,

object-bondage, 133

On

political

conduct,

182-4; anthropological, 131-2; as externalized spirit, 48-9;

Oken, Lor., 45

129-30,

of

229 and

history,

130-1;

2;

ritual,

and communism, 159-60; and

nature:

individual, justice,

problem

228-30; and

n.

Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophies of Nature, by Marx, 77 n., 77-80 passim "On the Essence of Money," by Hess, the Difference

108,

in

n.

"On

the Jewish Question," by Marx, 103, 105, 106, no, 119, 137, 207 "Outlines of the Criticism of Political

Economy," by Engels, 119

realization,

239; relation to German philosophy, 178-9; relation to Hegel, 95-8, 151-2, 223; Soviet view of, 161

Marxism: and alienation, 97, 107, 172-3; and Christianity, 22-5, 94, 238-9; and Communist ideology, 1 1 and distributive justice, 18-20, 24, 222-3, 230, 231 and ethics, 13-21 165, 168, 222-3, 231, 240-1; and 168 and n.; and existentialism, Hegelianism, 81, 218; and freedom, 242-3; and historical inevitability, 20-1; and humanism, 99-100, 168; and modern socialism, 201; and philosophy, 24-5; and religion, 21-5, 1 68; and science, 12-14, 171, 218-19, 234-5; and self-change, 24; and unity of theory and practice, 24-5 ;

;

generative idea philosophical

of,

origins

118-20, 123; 26 7; of,

Pazhitnov, L. N., 174, 168 de Karl Marx, La, by Calvez,

Pense'e

i68n. People's Paper, 215,

225

Phenomenology of Mind, The, by Hegel, 33, 42, 43, 45, 53, 95, 132, 14^ '47, 172, 173; Marx on, 125-7 J

philosophy, 25; Feuerbach s view of, 82; Hegel's view of, 42, 55, 64; Marx's view of, 24-5, 77-80, 178-81 ; moral, 15-16, 231; proletariat as material weapon of, 80, 113, 231; realization of, 77, 99,

communism,

u8

(see

also

philosophical)

Philosophy of Right,

The by Hegel, 97,

99, 103, 125, 192, Plato, 192

Plekhanov, Georgi, 23 political

economy, 106, no, 132, 192-3,

203, 219;

and

and

alienation,

no, 213;

religion, 137-8, 205; as theology, 137; criticism of, 125, 204; morality

of,

138

INDEX

262 Popper, K. R., 16

n.,

^

by Hegel, 40 Poverty of Philosophy, The,

by Marx,

190,

self-alienation, see alienation

225 Theses

Preliminary

on

the

of

Reform

on the "Progress of Social Reform Continent," by Engels, 26 and 205, 227-8, 240; proletariat, alienation, 113-14; and Commuof nism, 115, 116; and realization 1 18; as material weapon philosophy, of philosophy, 80, 113, 231? dictaview of, torship of, 154, 194; Marx's 113-18

absence of, under property, 141, 150; communism, 160-1; and division of labour, 186; as theft, 108-9; historical forms of, 187; Marx on, 132, 136 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 108-10, 112, 154, 230

psychology, and industry, 130, 131 n., of 165; and Marxism, 146, 234; the world-self, 52

Raglan, Lord, 230 n.

and

religion:

alienation, 83, 85;

and

239; and Hegelianism, 39, 41-4, 64-5, 75-6; and Marxism, 21-5, 168; and capitalism,

political

203,

212,

economy, 137; criticism

75-6, 73-7, 80, 84, 91, 102; of money-worship, revolution, 31, 202 Republic,

by

revolution:

and

of,

99-100, no; of

Plato, 192

revisionists, 168,

and

234

alienation, 100-2, 105;

self-change,

24-6,

151,

165,

240-1; 235, 202, 203, 196-7, conamunist, 150, 195-6; Industrial, 214, 226; Marx's idea of, 77, 79, 1 13; of values, 236; religion Rheiniscju

Jahrbuchcr

licken Reform,

zur

of,

31, 202

Gesellschaft-

Rheinische Qtiung, 102, 112 Ruge, Arnold, 108, 112, 119 Ruble, Otto, 74, 141 n.

Feuerbach's view

n.

B., 119

W. J., 45 n. Schopenhauer, Arthur, 213

Schelling, F.

Marxism,

of,

123, 132, 138, 141* J 92, socialism, "scientific," 165,

213 169,

170,

172; "true," 1 66; Utopian, 201, 235; "vulgar," 200 "Socialismus und Cornmunismus," by Hess, 117 n. Socialismus und Cornmunismus des heutigen Frankreichs, Der,

by von Stein, 1 14-16,

154-5 Thought: The Forerunners, by Cole, 228 n. socialists, "true," criticised by Marx and Engels, 1 17 n.; Utopian, 189-90,

Socialist

235 solipsism, in Hegel, 54 Solov'ev, E. E., 124 n.

Sombart, Werner,

12,

Sozialistische Aufsatzc,

24

by Hess, 108

n.

74-8, 141; as knowing activity, 48-50; as synonym for God, 47; at war with itself,

spirit:

as

creativity,

50; two grades of, 48-9 "Spirit of Christianity," by Hegel, Stace, W. T., 47 n. state,

the,

and

communism,

40

201;

Hegel's view of, 54, 103-4; Marx's view of, 103-5, 106, in, 186, 192-4 Stein, Lorenz von, 114-17, *54-5 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 147 Strauss, David, 73

Theology, see religion, Christianity "Theses on Feuerbach," by Marx, 24,

Say,J.

and

237; 88-91, 92-3; Hegel's view of, 50-1, 151-2; Kant's view of, 33-5; Marx on, 99, 129, 151-2, 157 Shakespeare, 138 Shishkin, A., 14 n. Smith, Adam, 66 n., 103, 109, 119,

self-realization:

Sweezy, Paul, 174

108 n.

Runes, Dagobert, 112

self-estrangement, see alienation self-externalization, see externalization

by Feuerbach, 80, 82

Philosophy,

and Marxism, 14, 171, 218-19, 234-5; anc* ultimate communism, 1 57-6i ; Marx's conception of, 1 78-8 1 self-activity, 188, 134-5

science,

20-1

"Positivity of the Christian Religion,

25,

101,

166,

173,

*77>

196*

200-1 Timon of Athens, by Shakespeare, 138, 203 totalitarianism, 54-5, 60-3, 214

INDEX Treatise on Political Economy,

Trumpet Hegel

of

the Atheist

utilitarianism,

Voden,

Last

the

and

Marx

by Say, 119

Judgment

Over

Antichrist, 75,

83

on. 16-18

263

Wages, Price and Profit, by Marx, 190 Wealth of Nations, by Smith, 119, 138, 192 What Is Property?, by Proudhon, 108 world revolution, see revolution

Alexis, 173

Young Hegelians, Wage Labour and X

9

Capital,

by Marx,

1

26, 73-7, 84, 177,

75, Zlocisti, R.,

1

08 n.

214