Ranks and Insignia of The Heer (1935-1945) [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Ranks and insignia of the Heer (1935–1945) The Heer as the German army and part of the Wehrmacht inherited its uniforms and rank structure from the Reichsheer of the Weimar Republic (1921–1935). There were few alterations and adjustments made as the army grew from a limited peacetime defense force of 100,000 men to a war-fighting force of several million men.

listed uniforms it was jacquard-woven (“BeVo”) or sometimes machine-embroidered in silver-grey rayon, for officers machine- or hand-embroidered in white silk or bright aluminum wire, and for generals hand-embroidered in gold bullion.[3] The backing was “badge-cloth” (Abzeichentuch), a close-woven velvetish fabric; this was originally Reichsheer grey, but in late 1935 the renamed These ranks and insignia were specific to the Heer and in special cases to senior Wehrmacht officers in the in- Heer changed its Abzeichentuch color to a dark blue-green dependent services; the uniforms and rank systems of called flaschengrün (bottle-green). the other branches of the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe (Air The war brought several variations to the breast eagle, alForce) and Kriegsmarine (Navy), were different, as were though it should be kept in mind that none of them was rethose of the SS which was a Party organization outside placed or de-authorized, and all were being worn side-bythe Wehrmacht. The Nazi Party also had its own series side at war’s end. When hostilities began in 1939, on the of paramilitary uniforms and insignia. enlisted Feldbluse or field blouse the eagle was changed from silver-white to matte grey for reduced visibility; and in 1940 backings began to be produced in field-grey (feldgrau). Another version appeared with the advent of the 1 Insignia Model 1944 Field Blouse, which used a triangular backing for speed and simplicity of manufacture. Very late in 1.1 National Emblem (breast eagle): Ho- the war some Hoheitszeichen were simply printed on thin heitszeichen or Wehrmachtsadler fabric. Breast eagles 1935 1939 1940

Machine-embroidered Panzer Hoheitszeichen

There were also versions for other uniforms: both white and grey variants on black for the Panzer uniform, and in dull grey-blue on tan backing for the tropical (Afrikakorps) uniform. A stamped metal pin-on breast eagle was worn with the officers’ white summer tunic.

1944 Tropical

The Reichswehr's visual acknowledgement of the new National Socialist reality came on 17 February 1934, 1.2 Collar patch when the Defense Ministry[1] ordered the Nazi Party Kragenspiegel) eagle-and-swastika, now Germany's National Emblem, to be worn on uniform blouses and headgear effective 1 May. The design adopted, in silver for the Reichsheer CO version (army) and in gold for the Reichsmarine (navy), was a (embroidered) stylized eagle with outstretched, beveled wings clutching a wreathed mobile Hakenkreuz, later to be called the Wehrmachtsadler (“armed forces eagle”).[2] On tunics this took the form of a cloth patch about 9 cm (3⅝") dress wide worn on the right breast, above the pocket. For en1

(Kragenpatte,

2

1 INSIGNIA

field Waffenfarbe (armored corps)

Enlisted version

field 1934

Doppellitze, ca. 1900

Waffenfarbe (artillery)

In 19th century German armies, Guard and other elite regiments wore lengths of double braid (Doppellitze) encircling all or most of the collar as a mark of distinction. By the middle of World War I these ornate collars had been reduced to an embroidered representation of short lengths of braid joined at the ends, sewn to patches worn at the front of the collar. When the Reichsheer was established in 1921 as Germany’s first national army [5] Litzen were prescribed as the universal collar device for all personnel other than generals, and the Third Reich continued the practice. However, for clarification it has to be distinguished between “collar patch” (de: Kragenpatte or Kragenspiegel), and NCO braid (Unteroffizierslitze or Kragenlitze) – the status symbol of all German NCO ranks – encircling the collar of the uniform tunic. An NCO wore both, collar patches, and the collar encircling braid. Commissioned officers wore only collar patches. 1.2.1 Design and versions Major with Kragenpatten,[4] ca. 1918

field & service Waffenfarbe (cavalry corps)

NCO version (machine-woven with encircling braid)

dress

On both collar points of any uniform jacket there was a collar patch. Each patch consisted of the padding, and two parallel facings (de: Patten), the so-called Litzenspiegel, symbolising the double braid of the 19th century. The padding of full-dress collar patches showed the wearer’s Waffenfarbe (en: corps-, weapon-, or branch color). The dress tunic version was embroidered in fine aluminum thread on a patch of badge cloth (de: Abzeichentuch). The backing also showed through in the space between the two parallel facings of the collar patch, and formed so a colour center stripe. ⇒ see main article Corps colours of the German Heer (1935–1945) On field – and service uniforms, beginning in late 1935, the collar patch was dark bottle-green to match the collar; the Waffenfarbe “showed through” (in fact colored cord was sewn into) the center strip of each braid, the Litzenspiegel.

1.2

Collar patch (Kragenpatte, Kragenspiegel)

3

For enlisted men, service collar patches were machinewoven in silver-grey rayon; COs´ were embroidered more elaborately in white silk or aluminium thread, and were somewhat larger to match their higher collars. NCOs (de: Unteroffiziere) wore standard enlisted collar patches but were distinguished by a strip of 9mm silver-grey diamond-woven rayon braid (UnteroffoziersTressen, NCO-Tressen), sewn around the collar, except on the dress, where the NCO-Tresse was bright aluminum. However, the aluminum-embroidered NCOTressen on dress uniforms (de: Ausgangsuniform/ Pardeuniform) encircled the collar’s upper edge, the simpler NCO-Tressen on service – or field uniform encircled the collar’s lower edge. 1.2.2

Universal design from 1938

Enlisted versions Field tunic with collar patches and NCO-Tressen, post 1940.

Dress

enlisted field uniform as per wartime regulations, many opted to have their green-and-silver collar patches added instead of (or on top of) the factory versions. Enlisted versions, tropic

Field, 1938

field & service

On olive tropical uniforms the collar patches were tan with dull grey-blue Litzenspiegel for all personnel; officers again sometimes added their green collar patches. TropBy 1938 the fast-growing Heer had found that it was imical NCO collar Tressen were copper-brown, or somepractical, for the enlisted field uniform, to manufacture times olive drab. and stock a multitude of collar patches in assorted Waffenfarben which also had to be sewn on and frequently changed by unit tailors. Accordingly, new universal collar 1.2.3 Armored vehicle uniforms patches were introduced with the Litzenspiegel and Mittlestreife woven in dark green to match the backing patch, rank insignias armored troops and which could be applied at the factory; Waffenfarbe was now displayed on the shoulder-straps, which simply buttoned on and were easily switched. Field, 1940

With the wartime change to lower-visibility insignia enlisted collar patches were woven in matte “mouse-grey” with field-grey stripes, which were at first sewn to green collar patches as before but increasingly directly to the collar, which beginning in 1940 was made in feldgrau like the uniform; grey collar patches were never produced. The troops however preferred the green patches (and collars) if they had or could get them, especially on “clean” uniforms for walking-out; and long-service veterans took particular pride in pre-38 versions. In contrast, officers’ service uniform collar patches never changed. While most officers in the front lines wore the

collar patch

shoulder strap

4

1 INSIGNIA

Death’s-head

Waffenfarbe (armored corps)

AFV crew collar insignia

Waffenfarbe (assault artillery)

NCOs` collar patch and Tressen of I.R. “Großdeutschland”

1.2.4 Infanterie Regiment “Großdeutschland” In June 1939, the Wehrmacht Heer wanted to renew its ties with the Old Army tradition by introducing a new uniform for its most prestigious unit: Wachregiment “Berlin” which was renamed Infantry Regiment “Großdeutschland”. The new dress uniform for I.R. “Großdeutschland” had an elongated collar patch with single Litzenspiegel. Although shown to the press, this new uniform was not provided to the unit due to the outbreak of WWII and was placed in depot storage.

A major exception to the wearing of Litzen was the 1.2.5 General Staff Corps Officers “panzer wrap” (de: Panzerjacke), the double-breasted jacket worn by crews of tanks and other armored vehicles. When the Panzertruppe were established in 1935 they were issued a distinctive black uniform and as a badge the Totenkopf or Death’s-head, versions of which had formerly been worn by the Imperial tank corps and various cavalry units. These skulls took the form of white-metal pins attached to black Kragenpatten which were edged in Waffenfarbe piping. In mid-1940 crews of assault guns (Sturmgeschützen) received a uniform of their own, identical in cut to the Panzerjacke but in standard field-grey, which they wore with red artillery piping. Over the course of the war a bewildering and changing series of regulations governed the uniforms and insignia for assault guns, tank destroyers, armored cars and self-propelled guns (SPG). Depending on the unit and the date either the black or grey wrap or the standard Feldbluse might be authorized, and on the grey “assault gun” jacket the regulation collar patches could be black with skulls, or grey with skulls, Litzen, or no device at all. The result in practice was chaos; wartime photos show a mix of uniforms and insignia worn not only in the same battalion, but even in the same vehicle. Officially both colours of panzer wrap were working and field uniforms to be worn only in or around the vehicle; this regulation was universally ignored. Panzertruppen were issued standard uniforms for service-dress and walking out but rarely wore them, much preferring their Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff as Oberst im Generalunique jackets. stab. In North Africa, AFV crews wore the same tropical Collar patches of General Staff officers uniform as the other branches, including collar patches; many tankers however pinned their Totenkopf badges to their lapels.

1.2

Collar patch (Kragenpatte, Kragenspiegel)

5

field & service

dress uniform

OKW/OKH dress uniform

Waffenfarbe (generalstaff)

Generalstaboffiziere were officers carefully selected and trained to represent the German General Staff Corps in both command and staff functions. They ranked from Hauptmann im Generalstab (captain) through Oberst i.G. (colonel). All were, before 1939, graduates of the Military Academy, the Kriegsakademie. On division staffs they held the position of Ia (operational chief of staff) or Ib (chief of the rear echelon). In the higher echelons, the intelligence and training staff sections were most of the time in the personal charge of General Staff Corps officers. The General Staff Officers had their own distinctive Litzen called alt-Preußische (old Prussian), or Kolbenstickerei (“lobe-embroidery”). These were the same whether on carmine dress Kragenpatten or green service patches; colored Litzenspiegel were unnecessary. General Staff officers assigned to the supreme headquarters (the Reichskriegsministerium, later the OKH and the OKW), the Kriegsakademie, and military attaches were further distinguished by having their Litzen in gold rather than silver. These Generalstaboffiziere were called “des Generalstabs”, Oberst d.G., etc. The special golden Litzen were abolished in November 1942. Only Military attaches kept their Litzen as long as they were in their present position. The Führer wanted a closer union between the front and the OKW and OKH. In addition to their collar patches, General Staff Officers wore trouser-stripes, of the same design as generals’ but in carmine rather than scarlet.

1.2.6

Generals

Walter von Reichenau

... as Generalmajor OF-6

6

1 INSIGNIA

... as Field Marshal OF-10 From 1900 Prussian generals had worn ornate collar patches embroidered in a style called alt-Larisch, which had first been worn in the 18th century by the 26th (älterer von Larisch) Infantry Regiment; the Reichsheer and the Wehrmacht continued the tradition. These devices, sometimes called Arabesken (arabesques), were embroidered in gold bullion or golden synthetic Celleon on Hochrot (scarlet) backing. Field Marshals wore the same Arabesken as generals until April 1941, when they were authorized a longer variant with three rather than two iterations of the repeating pattern, for a total of six “prongs.” In some cases GFM did not bother to replace their generals’ tabs, or did so only on their dress uniforms. General officers of the Special Troop Service (Truppensonderdienst — TDS) and of the specialist careers (medical, veterinary, ordnance, and motor park) wore the same GFM von Rundstedt in infantry officer’s tunic as Chef of the 18th insignia until April 1944, when they were ordered to I.R. exchange their scarlet Kragenpatten for alt-Larisch tabs backed in their respective Waffenfarbe: the late 18th century. These generals were authorized to wear the tunic and insignia of an officer of the regiment, • medical – cornflower blue Waffenfarbe; including ordinary officers’ Litzen. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, Chef of the 18th Infanterie Regiment, • veterinary – carmine Waffenfarbe; wore a big 18 on his shoulderboards, and for everyday • ordnance – orange[6] Waffenfarbe; wear favored the ornamented tunic of an infantry officer with white piping rather than a general’s uniform. • motor park – pink Waffenfarbe; Hitler appointed first Generaloberst Hans von Seeckt, an• TDS administrative – bright blue Waffenfarbe; cient “Chef der Heeresleitung”, to be Chef of the 67th Infanterie Regiment on his 70th birthday in April 1936, a • TDS judiciary – wine red Waffenfarbe. few months before he died. Only seven German generals were appointed Chefs: in addition to Seeckt and RundIn October 1944, the wear-out period of the scarlet back- stedt they were General der Infanterie Ritter von Epp ing color for Generals of the specialist careers was ex- (Chef of the 61st Infanterie Regiment in Munich); Gentended for an undetermined period. eralfeldmarschall von Mackensen (Chef of the 5th KavalThese arabesque collar patches are still worn today by lerie Regiment in Stolp); Generaloberst von Fritsch (Chef general officers of the present-day Bundeswehr, albeit in of the 12th Artillerie Regiment in Schwerin); and Generalfeldmarschall von Böhm-Ermolli (Chef of the 28th more stylized form. Infanterie Regiment in Troppau). Generalfeldmarschall von Blomberg was appointed Chef of Infanterie RegiChef In the Wehrmacht Heer, upon retirement, certain ment 73 and wore a big 73 superimposed over the crossed senior German generals were awarded the honorary post batons of his shoulder board, but on 4 February 1938 he of Chef of a regiment, much like the Honorary Colonel was dismissed and his name was deleted from the seniorin the British Army. It was a German custom dating from ity list.

1.3

Shoulder-straps (Schulterklappen) and shoulderboards (Schulterstücke)

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tern would be used through the end of the war, although in 1940 manufacture reverted to field-grey uniform cloth, and as usual alternate versions were made to go with the Panzer uniform (black), tropical uniform (olive cotton) and HBT summer uniform (reed-green twill). Schulterklappen were not worn with the fatigue uniform, nor with camouflage smocks and parkas which used an alternate system of rank insignia. For junior enlisted men (Mannschaften), rank insignia if any was worn on the left sleeve. However the epaulettes did indicate the wearer’s unit (usually regiment or independent battalion) together with his sub-branch if any, machine-embroidered in branch-color. For example, a Schulterklappe with rose-pink piping and number “4” would indicate the 4th Panzer Regiment; but if it carried a pink number “4” and letter “A” it would indicate the 4th Armored Reconnaissance (Aufklärungs) Battalion. The German Army used a very large assortment of Latin initials, Gothic initials, script ciphers, Arabic numerals, Roman numerals and symbols to designate all its various service branches and installations. Before the war, shoulderbuttons were embossed with the number of the wearer’s company as well, this practice was discontinued “for the duration.” Beginning in January 1940, shoulder-straps with unit insignia were (supposed to be) phased out as a security measure, and removable fabric loops with devices were issued Shoulder-straps (Schulterklappen) and instead. In May 1944 the embroidery was changed from waffenfarbe to light gray.

Kragenpatte & Epaulette of von Rundstedt

1.3

shoulderboards (Schulterstücke)

1.3.1

Enlisted men

1935 1938 1940 Panzer

Non-commissioned officers wore their rank insignia on their shoulder-straps, consisting of braid and pips (pyramidal “stars”). An Unteroffizier’s (corporal’s) epaulette was edged with Tresse on three sides and an Unterfeldwebel’s (sergeant’s) on all four. Senior NCO’s (Unteroffiziere mit Portepee) added one to three pips; in addition, their unit identifiers took the form of white-metal pins rather than embroidery. Shoulder-straps were made in both a standard width (4.5 cm, 1¾") and a wider one for three-digit unit numbers (5.3cm, 2”), and in three lengths depending on the size of the man. There was in addition an extra-large size for the overcoat (Mantel).

Tropical The Reichsheer’s shoulder-straps were very similar to those of World War I, made of feldgrau uniform cloth with pointed or “gable” button ends. In December 1934 the material was changed to grey badge-cloth (Abzeichentuch) and in September 1935 changed again to dark bottle-green (flaschengrün). These “first pattern” shoulder-straps were not edged in Waffenfarbe piping. In 1938, simultaneous with the removal of Waffenfarbe from field-uniform collar patches, new shoulder-straps were issued. These “second pattern” straps had round rather than pointed ends, and were edged on three sides with wool (later rayon) piping in Waffenfarbe. This pat-

1.3.2 Officers Officers’ shoulderboards were constructed from “Russia” braid, an aluminum-thread double piping. Companygrade officers (Leutnant through Hauptmann/Rittmeister) wore epaulettes constructed by wrapping two side-by-side lengths of braid around the buttonhole and back, giving the appearance of eight parallel cords; the whole was sewn to an underlay (Unterlagen) of Waffenfarbe badgecloth. Until 1938 the underlay was of the same outer dimensions as the braid, and only visible edge-on; in that year the underlay was made wider, so as to create the impression of edge piping like the enlisted shoulder-strap.

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1 INSIGNIA

1.3.3 Generals

Generals’ shoulderboards, Wehrmacht (Heer)

• 1 Generalfeldmarschall (OF10, five-star rank, shoulder strap from April 1941); • 2 Generalfeldmarschall (OF10, five-star rank, shoulder strap prior to April 1941); • 3 Generaloberst (OF9, four-star rank); • 4 General of the branch (OF8, three-star rank); • 5 Generalleutnant (OF7, two-star rank); and • 6 Generalmajor (OF6, one-star rank)

Cavalry Oberwachtmeister, tropical

Generals’ shoulderboards were constructed similarly to those of field-grade officers, but comprised a length of silver Russia braid between two braided cords of gold bullion or Celleon. Since the resulting combination was wider, generals’ boards were plaited in four 'loops’ rather than five. Their buttons were gilt, and rank was indicated by zero to three silver pips, or crossed batons in the case of field marshals. The underlay was scarlet, except (from 1944) for generals of staff corps, who were instructed to wear Waffenfarbe instead. In April 1941, Generalfeldmarschall epaulettes were changed to incorporate a central gold cord instead of silver.

Colonels-in-chief wearing that uniform wore gold generRank was indicated by zero to two gilt-metal pips; unit als’ shoulderboards underlaid with the Waffenfarbe of the designators were also of gilt metal. regiment rather than scarlet; GFM von Rundstedt someField-grade officer (Stabsoffizier) shoulderboards were times simply pinned his crossed batons to an infantry made by plaiting together double widths of Russia braid colonel’s epaulettes. and looping them to form a buttonhole, sewn to a Waffenfarbe underlay; rank again was displayed by zero to 1.3.4 Retired personnel two gilt pips. Once the war began, dull grey aluminum braid appeared, By order of Marshal Hindenburg in March 1932, soldiers who retired after 15 years of service received the right to but bright aluminum continued in use.

1.5

Belt buckles (Koppelschlösser)

9 1.4.2 Officers’ old-style field cap or “crusher” (Feldmütze älterer Art) 1.4.3 Panzer beret 1.4.4 Garrison cap (Feldmütze) 1.4.5 Mountain, tropical, and M43 field caps (Gebirgs-, Tropen- und Einheitsfeldmützen) 1.4.6 Steel helmet (Stahlhelm) See also Stahlhelm

Generalmajor a.D.

1.4.7 Pith helmet (Tropenhelm) wear the uniform of the unit they left. The shoulderboards and shoulder straps of retired soldiers had a bridle 1.5 cm 1.5 Belt buckles (Koppelschlösser) wide attached under the middle.

1.4

Headgear

Caps and helmets bore two common insignia elements, in various forms: the National Emblem (eagle and swastika) and the national colors. World War I caps had carried dual cockades or roundels, one in Imperial black-whitered and one in the colors of the particular State within the Empire. The Reichsheer changed this to a single cockade in the Weimar Republic’s black, red and gold; almost as soon as Hitler took power he restored the pre-1919 tricolor flag, and ordered the Army to return to black-whitered. 1.4.1

Peaked cap (Schirmmütze)

Enlisted Koppelschloß

Belt buckles for enlisted men were of box type, made of aluminum or stamped steel with a pebbled surface, and bearing a circular device with a version of the Hoheitszeichen called the Army eagle or Heeresadler (an eagle with downswept wings clutching an unwreathed swastika) surmounted by the motto Gott mit uns, or “God with us.” For field wear these were usually painted field-grey to reduce visibility; on the other hand dress buckles were silverwashed. Officers’ field and service buckles were of a two-pronged frame type. With dress uniform officers wore a belt of silver braid with a circular silver-washed or -plated aluminum buckle, in the form of an oakleaf wreath surrounding a Heeresadler. Generals’ were the same but gilt or gold-plated. With the tropical uniform and its belt of cotton webbing, officers wore a buckle identical to the dress buckle but painted olive-drab.

Schirmmütze cap badges

2 Ranks and rank insignia

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2.1 2.1.1

2

Rank tables Mannschaften (Enlisted personnel)

Enlisted collar Litzen 1935 1938 1940 Dress Tropical Red Waffenfarbe: artillery Enlisted Schulterklappen 1935

Hauptfeldwebel/Hauptwachtmeister: Hauptfeldwebel was not a rank but an appointment: the administrative and mustering NCO of a company and the commander’s logistical assistant. He was therefore roughly analogous to a Company Sergeant-Major or First Sergeant, although his duties did not usually involve combat leadership. Der Spieß [13] or die Kompanie-Mutter, as he was called, was not necessarily the ranking Unteroffizier in the company, especially since typically two of the platoons were commanded by senior NCOs rather than officers. A Hauptfeldwebel however had to be of Portepee grade; a junior NCO filling the role was a Hauptfeldwebeldiensttuer, “one doing Hauptfeldwebel duties.” The insignia for a Hauptfeldwebel was a pair of NCO Tressen encircling each lower sleeve, nicknamed “piston rings;" he also carried a leather Meldetasche or reportcase tucked into his tunic front.

1938

2.1.3 Senior non-commissioned specialist officers

1940

In two specialist career paths it was possible to attain rank above Stabsfeldwebel: fortifications engineers (Festungspioniere) and farriers (Hufbeschlagschmieder).[14] They were actual NCOs with command authority, not Heeresbeamten (uniformed Army civil servants). There was no direct Anglosphere equivalent; perhaps the closest examples of the time would be the British Royal Navy’s and United States Navy’s ranks of Warrant Officer.

Panzer uniform Tropical White Waffenfarbe: infantry, rose pink: armor

2.1.2

RANKS AND RANK INSIGNIA

Non-commissioned officers (Unteroffiziere)

NCO Litzen and Tresse

These men wore shoulderboards braided in a unique pattern, orange-red and silver on black underlay with Gothic “Fp” for fortress engineers,[15] and gold-yellow and silver on carmine with a horseshoe device for farriers.[16]

1935 2.1.4 Officer candidates (Fähnriche) 1938 Officer candidate collar insignia 1940 Offizier-Bewerber Dress Tropical Rose-pink Waffenfarbe: armored troops NCO Schulterklappen

Offizier-Anwärter Oberfähnrich

1935 2.1.5 Officers (Offiziere) 1938 Officers’ collar insignia 1940 Panzer uniform Tropical Field and service

2.2

Smock/parka rank insignia

11 Unterfeldwebel

Dress Feldwebel

Tropical [17] Gold-yellow Waffenfarbe: cavalry 2.1.6

General officers and marshals (Generäle)

In addition to their alt-Larisch collar tabs and braided gold epaulettes, general officers’ uniforms were distinguished by gold rather than silver cap badges, cap cords, breast eagles, belt buckles and buttons, a pair of 40mm Hochrot (scarlet) stripes down the outside of each trouserleg, overcoat lapels faced in scarlet, and dress uniforms Officers piped in Hochrot rather than Waffenfarbe. From May 1944 generals in the various staff corps (medical, legal, TSD etc.) were supposed to replace Hochrot with the appropriate Waffenfarben of their branches of service; in practice this directive was imperfectly heeded and a subsequent order extended the wear-out date for scarlet insignia indefinitely.

2.2

Oberfeldwebel

Smock/parka rank insignia

Stabsfeldwebel

Leutnant

Oberleutnant

Hauptmann

Major Oberleutnant rank insignia

On camouflage smocks, camouflage and winter parkas, mountain windbreakers and paratroop jump smocks, epaulettes were not worn. Officers and NCOs instead wore sleeve rank insignia made up of bars and oak leaves.

Oberstleutnant

Non-commissioned officers

Unteroffizier Oberst

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3 ARMED FORCES OFFICIALS AND SONDERFÜHRER

General officers

Generalmajor

Generalleutnant

HV (de: Heeresverwaltung, Army Administration) yellow metal emblem

General

Generaloberst

(Intendanten) in ranks from captain to lieutenant general; the lower administrative officers (Zahlmeister) in the ranks of first and second lieutenant, and the judge advocates (Richter) in ranks from captain to lieutenant general. At this time all personnel of the Field Post Office were made soldiers as well, but formed a corps of their own rather than belonging to the TSD. It was also made possible for qualified reserve technical service officials to become reserve officers of the motor maintenance troops. The officials had titles, not ranks: Intendant, Direktor, Rat, Vorsteher, Inspektor, Meister, Assistent. This is a complex subject as each branch had its own titles.

Generalfeldmarschall 3.1.1 Military officials

2.3

3 3.1

Ranks at the Private/Senior Private Shoulderboards With certain exceptions, military oflevels ficials (de: Militär-Beamte) wore shoulderboards similar

Armed Forces officials and Sonderführer Armed Forces officials (Wehrmachtbeamte)

Officials in administrative, legal, and technical service positions are a category peculiar to the German Armed Forces. They consist of civil service personnel performing functions within the Armed Forces and are recruited, in part, from former professional non-commissioned officers who became military candidates for civil service (de: Militäranwärter) at the end of their 12-year contractual period of active military service.

to those of soldiers of equivalent rank, but distinguished by the addition of dark green elements: those equivalent to generals had a central cord in their braided shoulderboards which incorporated green chevrons, and those equivalent to officers wore a narrow green stripe between the rows of braid. WO-equivalent officials wore a complex braided shoulderboard made of green, black and silver cords. In nearly all cases the shoulderboard underlay was a double layer of dark green under Nebenfarbe, and metal pins with the HV (Heeresverwaltung, Heer/ army administration) cipher were worn.

Certain services had insignia of their own: for example the Feldpost (en: Field post office) wore shoulderboards with gold rather than green elements and the initials FP; and musical officials wore silver-and-red shoulderboards with a lyre insignia. Beamten in the employ of a military administration authority in the occupied territories wore Up to 1944, none of these officials were classified as solMV pins (de: abbreviation to Militärverwaltung) rather diers; in that year certain groups were converted into ofthan HV ciphers. ficers in the Special Troop Service (Truppensonderdienst or TSD). These were the higher administrative officers Most officials wore in addition to their dark green Waf-

3.2

Sonderführer (Specialist leaders)

13

fenfarbe a secondary colour (Nebenfarbe) denoting their sides in Nebenfarbe; similarly officials in the Middle branch: and Elevated services wore officer-pattern Litzen, again In March 1940 distinct Nebenfarben were abolished and with Nebenfarbe-piped patches. Officials of the Higher Services wore unique Kragenpatten with alt-Preussische replaced with light grey. Litzen in gold like Offiziere des Generalstabs, but on dark green with, again, Nebenfarbe piping. General officerSee also equivalents wore green patches with generals’ arabesques, similarly bordered. ⇒ main article Corps colours of the Heeresverwaltung (HV) Rank insignias to officials of the Militärverwaltung (MV) 3.1.2 Beamter auf Kriegsdauer In addition to the career Beamten, wartime needs led to the creation of “Officials for the duration of the war,” or Beamter auf Kriegsdauer. These men had needed skills but either did not possess all the qualifications to become full-fledged Beamten, or were effectively drafted from civilian jobs. The matter was further confused by the fact that Beamter a. K. did the same jobs and held the same titles as career officials. Nonetheless, Beamter a. K. wore entirely distinct collar patches. The backing patch was large and piped on three General officer ranks (1 to 3) and Officer ranks (4 to 6) sides like that worn by career Beamten, but was light grey edged in green. The device was a rectangle pointed at Shoulder straps the upper end with braid down the center, much like a British general’s gorget patch, the colors indicating the File 2: Rank insignias to officials on the “Reich´s degree of the Beamter’s service: grey with green braid court-martial” (Reichskriegsgericht) for basic services, silver with green braid for middle and elevated services, and gold on gold for higher services. 3.1.3 Military Supreme Court officials (Wehrmachtbeamte beim Reichskriegsgericht) Officials of the Wehrmacht who worked in Military Supreme Courts wore shoulder straps without the “HV” and had the secondary colour of Bordeaux red (Bordorot).

General officer ranks (1-2), Officer ranks (3 to 7), and Warrant officer ranks (8-9)

Shoulder straps 1935 until 1945 Collar patches Heeresbeamten wore distinctive collar patches; these tabs indicated not the official’s rank or title, but rather the “grade” of the service in which the official was employed. These were classified by the minimum educational requirement, and ranged from Einfacher Dienst (Basic Services), for which a grade-school education was sufficient, through Mitteler (Middle) and Gehobener (Elevated) Dienst, to Höherer Dienst (Higher Services) which required a university degree.

3.2

Sonderführer (Specialist leaders)

Certain positions in ranks from major to lieutenant and in senior non-commissioned officer ranks could be filled by specialists in foreign languages, propaganda work, medical service, veterinary service and the like who had not been trained as soldiers but whose skills were needed as “Specialist leaders” (Sonderführer). They received the pay applicable to the position they were holding, but only by virtue of their temporary appointment and without the command or disciplinary powers vested in the rank.

Sonderführer wore the standard military uniform but their collars and cap bands were blue-grey rather than Army green, with unique shoulder and collar insignia. The collar patch was blue-grey with a gable-end device like that Officials in the Basic Services wore collar patches sim- of Beamter a. K. in matt aluminum, with aluminum braid ilar to (but larger than) enlisted soldiers’, grey Litzen down the center. Epaulette patterns changed twice during on dark green Patten, but the patch was piped on three the war. The original patterns, worn until March 1940

14

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

and again after December 1942, were narrow versions of Army shoulderboards: a single doubled strip of aluminum Russia braid for company-grade officer equivalents, and a single braided strip for field-officer equivalents; NCO equivalents were similar to junior officers’ but green. Instead of rank pips, Sonderführer wore braided gold rings encircling the shoulderstraps. From 1940-42 an entirely different type of shoulderboard was worn: this was like the Army equivalent but the braid used incorporated repeating black-white-red chevrons, giving the whole a checkered look. Ordinary rank pips and specialization pins were worn with these “Second Regulation” epaulettes. • In France. In the center an interpreter (Dolmetscher), Sonderführer (Z). • The Radio service of the OKW in 1939. On the far right a Sonderführer. • Rommel and Bayerlein interviewed by a Sonderführer.

4

See also • World War II German uniform • Waffenfarbe • Glossary of German World War II military terms • Comparative officer ranks of World War II

5

Notes

[1] Reichswehrministerium, “National Defense Ministry"; it would not be renamed Reichskriegsministerium, “National War Ministry” until the following year. [2] The Luftwaffe, although a branch of the Wehrmacht, would use its own eagle design. [3] “Gold bullion” in this context does not (usually) refer to actual gold, but to gold-colored wire, typically a bronze alloy [4] The term Kragenspiegel is post-1945. [5] The Deutsches Heer of Imperial times comprised several State armies under a single (Prussian) General Staff (Generalstab). [6] Before June 1944 their Waffenfarbe was bright red. [7] These ranks were, in effect, dead end paygrades for passed-over soldiers [8] There is confusion in the published sources; see discussion [9] Portepee “sword-knot": senior NCOs wore swords with dress uniform

[10] Closer to a British than an American corporal in status and responsibilities; Unteroffizier was the normal rank for a squad (section) leader [11] Junker historically meaning “Young Nobleman” otherwise “Young Lord” [12] Duden; Meaning of Junker, in German. [13] “The spear.” This may refer to the sergeant of a flintlockera company having carried a polearm rather than a musket, or it may relate to Latin pilus prior “leading spear,” the senior centurion in a cohort. [14] Farriers, blacksmiths specializing in the shoeing and care of horses, were a very important component of the WWII German army, 70–80% of which depended on horsedrawn transport. A standard infantry division had nearly 5,000 horses, one for every three soldiers. [15] Combining the Waffenfarben of the ordnance and engineer branches [16] Combining the Waffenfarben of the cavalry and veterinary branches; farriers were responsible for basic equine healthcare and assisting veterinary officers [17] All tropical uniforms were issued with generic collar patches; however, officers frequently added the greenbacked Litzen and sometimes the entire green collar from the feldgrau uniform [18] Chaplains wore no epaulettes, a cross on the front of the cap, and a cross (Protestant) or crucifix (Catholic) around the neck. In the field chaplains wore a Red Cross armband with purple borders. [19] A Feldbischof did not wear generals’ collar Arabeske, but rather litzen in gold on a violet backing; his overcoat lapel facings were also violet rather than red. [20] In October 1942 all infantry Schützen were redesignated Grenadiere. In July 1943 all Panzerschützen and motorized Grenadiere were redesignated Panzergrenadiere. [21] Traditional ranks in certain regiments [22] Confusingly, Oberjäger was the light-infantry equivalent of Unteroffizier [23] In artillery regiments of Panzer divisions from 12/41

6 External links • German WWII Army & SS Rank & Insignia

7 Bibliography • Angolia, John R. Uniforms & Traditions of the German Army, 1933–1945, Vol. 1, R. James Bender Publishing, (1992), ISBN 0-912138-30-0. • Hettler, Eberhard. Uniformen der Deutschen Wehrmacht : Heer, Kriegsmarine, Luftwaffe. Berlin : O. Dietrich, 1939.

15

8

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

• Ranks and insignia of the Heer (1935–1945) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Heer_(1935%E2%80% 931945)?oldid=701977938 Contributors: Necrothesp, Rich Farmbrough, Tabletop, Rjwilmsi, Marcus Cyron, Charlik, Kintetsubuffalo, Gilliam, Esrever, Hotspur23, Courcelles, Aldis90, Jmg38, Lklundin, Nyttend, FlieGerFaUstMe262, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Gpaetz, Nazgul02, SGT141, Rumiton, Solicitr, Wschroedter, OberRanks, Mild Bill Hiccup, Sturmvogel 66, Londonclanger, HappyJake, Addbot, Ayman Qasrawi, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, AnomieBOT, Floquenbeam, Xqbot, Hamidejaz, Kierzek, Diwas, Nightsturm, HRoestBot, Alexandre2008, JMRAMOS0109, Max-78, John of Reading, GoingBatty, Slightsmile, TuHan-Bot, Moxtheox, Wieralee, Cobaltcigs, Liuthar, ClueBot NG, Laurifindil, HHaeckel, Widr, Neogeolegend, BG19bot, Bearcat8, Mich.kramer, Pratyya Ghosh, ÄDA - DÄP, Mogism, AntiMatter Wulf, Little green rosetta, Georgethewriter, Troy von Tempest, HHubi, Filedelinkerbot, Minipup, MarkFilgerleskiWiki, Centenier, Uldra, Hubon and Anonymous: 39

8.2

Images

• File:Ausgehuniform_Württ_Ulanenregiment_19_nach1900_Collar_Detail.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/b/b0/Ausgehuniform_W%C3%BCrtt_Ulanenregiment_19_nach1900_Collar_Detail.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Ausgehuniform_Württ_Ulanenregiment_19_nach1900.jpg Original artist: Photo: Andreas Praefcke

Ausgehuniform_Württ_Ulanenregiment_19_nach1900.jpg:

• File:Balkenkreuz.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg License: Public domain Contributors: German Junkers Ju 52 Messerschmitt Me-262 Own work and also based on Page 49 of Original artist: David Liuzzo • File:Breast_Eagle_(Panzer).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Breast_Eagle_%28Panzer%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg Original artist: FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg: Joe Mabel • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-022-2922-11,_Russland,_Adelbert_Schulz,_Oberstleutnant_der_Panzertruppen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-022-2922-11%2C_Russland%2C_Adelbert_Schulz% 2C_Oberstleutnant_der_Panzertruppen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Kipper • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-089-3779-11A,_Russland,_Hauptmann_mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-089-3779-11A%2C_Russland%2C_Hauptmann_mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Finke • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0008-13,_Polen,_Treffen_deutscher_und_sowjetischer_Soldaten.jpg Source: https: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0008-13%2C_Polen%2C_Treffen_deutscher_ und_sowjetischer_Soldaten.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Ehlert, Max • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-208-0021-25A,_Russland-Nord,_Oberfeldwebel_der_Panzertruppen.jpg Source: https: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-208-0021-25A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Oberfeldwebel_ der_Panzertruppen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Koch • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-210-0112-01A,_Russland,_Panzeroffizier.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-210-0112-01A%2C_Russland%2C_Panzeroffizier.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Zoll • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-216-0404-23,_Russland-Mitte-Nord,_General_mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg Source: https: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-216-0404-23%2C_Russland-Mitte-Nord%2C_General_ mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Gellert • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1188-05,_Italien,_Soldat_mit_Doppelrohr-Fernglas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1188-05%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_mit_Doppelrohr-Fernglas.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist:

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8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-692-0274-06,_Russland,_Offiziere_der_Skijägerbrigade.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-692-0274-06%2C_Russland%2C_Offiziere_der_Skij%C3%A4gerbrigade.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-701-0357-14,_Russland,_Graf_von_Strachwitz_im_Gespräch_mit_Offizieren.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-701-0357-14%2C_Russland%2C_Graf_von_ Strachwitz_im_Gespr%C3%A4ch_mit_Offizieren.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Utecht / Ütrecht / Uetrecht • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-782-0050-16,_Nordafrika,_Soldat_mit_Pfaff-Nähmaschine.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-782-0050-16%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Soldat_mit_Pfaff-N%C3%A4hmaschine. jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Borchert, Erich (Eric) • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-786-0347-28,_Nordafrika,_Rommel_und_Bayerlein_bei_Interview.jpg Source: https: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-786-0347-28%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Rommel_und_ Bayerlein_bei_Interview.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Valtingojer • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-025-12,_Wolf-Günther_Trierenberg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-025-12%2C_Wolf-G%C3%BCnther_Trierenberg.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-130-51,_Rudolf-Christoph_v._Gersdorff.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-130-51%2C_Rudolf-Christoph_v._Gersdorff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-159-22,_Luftlandetruppen_in_Transportfluzeug.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-159-22%2C_Luftlandetruppen_in_Transportfluzeug.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-019-20,_Eduard_Dietl.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-019-20%2C_Eduard_Dietl.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Bauriedl • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-047-20,_Gerd_v._Rundstedt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ b6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-047-20%2C_Gerd_v._Rundstedt.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Bieber, E. • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-034-21,_Warschau,_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-034-21%2C_Warschau%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Mensing • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-082-19,_Otto_Hitzfeld.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/ Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-082-19%2C_Otto_Hitzfeld.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Hackel [Hackl]

8.2

Images

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• File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2000-009-04A,_Litauen,_Soldat_mit_jüdischen_Männern.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2000-009-04A%2C_Litauen%2C_Soldat_mit_j%C3%BCdischen_M%C3% A4nnern.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Hanisch • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0205,_Paulinus_Dickopf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/ Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0205%2C_Paulinus_Dickopf.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Doff • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0165,_Bei_Poltawa,_Ukrainier_in_Nationaltracht.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0165%2C_Bei_Poltawa%2C_Ukrainier_in_Nationaltracht.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0720-500,_Kuno_Hans_von_Both.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/f/f6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0720-500%2C_Kuno_Hans_von_Both.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Kempe • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1023-501,_Wünsdor,_fEinzug_der_Panzertruppen_in_ihren_neuen_Standort.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1023-501%2C_W%C3% BCnsdor%2C_fEinzug_der_Panzertruppen_in_ihren_neuen_Standort.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B05284,_Walter_v._Reichenau.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/ Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B05284%2C_Walter_v._Reichenau.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J15556,_Rudolf_Gercke,_General_der_Infanterie.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J15556%2C_Rudolf_Gercke%2C_General_der_Infanterie.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L24655,_Polen,_Funker_mit_Verschlüsselungsgerät_\char"0022\relax{}Enigma”.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L24655%2C_Polen%2C_Funker_mit_Verschl%C3% BCsselungsger%C3%A4t_%22Enigma%22.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Wiesemann • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0408-503,_Walter_v._Reichenau.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0408-503%2C_Walter_v._Reichenau.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:DAK.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/DAK.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Deutsches Afrika Korps Original artist: Marco Kaiser • File:FW_cam_slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/FW_cam_slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors:

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• Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Feldgendarmerie.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Feldgendarmerie.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Photograph taken at the Imperial War Museum, London. Original artist: Hispalois • File:FeldwebelEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/FeldwebelEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr in en.wikipedia.org (file log) • File:FestungsoberwerkmeisterSB.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/FestungsoberwerkmeisterSB. jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:FestungswerkmeisterSB.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/FestungswerkmeisterSB.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Flag_Schutzstaffel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Flag_Schutzstaffel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag Schutzstaffel.gif: Original artist: NielsF • File:GOTT_MIT_UNS_Koppel.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/GOTT_MIT_UNS_Koppel.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: selbst fotografiert, own work Original artist: User:StromBer • File:Gend-obgf.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Gend-obgf.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Florival fr • File:General_(Wehrmacht)_4.jpg Source: jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

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• Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Generalleutnant_(Wehrmacht)_3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Generalleutnant_ %28Wehrmacht%29_3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Generaloberst_(Wehrmacht)1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Generaloberst_ %28Wehrmacht%291.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Rang insignia of the German Wehrmacht, shoulder strap “Colonel-general” Heer ) to 1945. Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Genfldm.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Genfldm.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Florival fr • File:Genl-grpf.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Genl-grpf.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Florival fr • File:Genm-brgf.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Genm-brgf.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Florival fr • File:Genob-obrstgrf.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Genob-obrstgrf.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Florival fr • File:HV-Heeresverwaltung.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/HV-Heeresverwaltung.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Laurifindil • File:Hauptmann_Epaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Hauptmann_Epaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Herr_Oberfahnrich.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Herr_Oberfahnrich.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SGT141 • File:Hptm_Cam_Slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Hptm_Cam_Slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:HufbeschlaglehrmeisterSB.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/HufbeschlaglehrmeisterSB.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Kriegsmarine_insignia_casco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Kriegsmarine_insignia_casco. svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: Heer - decal for helmet 1942.svg (by F l a n k e r). Original artist: Lancaster, F l a n k e r • File:Leutnant_Epaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Leutnant_Epaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department

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• File:Lt_Cam_Slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Lt_Cam_Slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Luftwaffe_eagle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Luftwaffe_eagle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax (modified by DIREKTOR) • File:Luftwaffe_epaulette_Faehnrich.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Luftwaffe_epaulette_ Faehnrich.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Luftwaffe_epaulette_Unterfeldwebel.svg: Luigi Chiesa • File:Major_Cam_Slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Major_Cam_Slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Major_Epaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Major_Epaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Major_Landbeck.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Major_Landbeck.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Gescannt aus Hans Gais: Mit den Olga-Dragoners 1914/18, Chr. Belsersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1920 Original artist: Milgesch • File:Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Offizier_Litzen.jpg_ Original artist: Offizier_Litzen.jpg_: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Mannschaft_Litzen_1938.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Mannschaft_Litzen_1938.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Mannschaft_Litzen_Dress.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Mannschaft_Litzen_Dress.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department

*Offizier_Litzen.jpg_:

• File:Mannschaft_Litzen_Trop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mannschaft_Litzen_Trop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Mannschaft_Schulterklappe_1936.jpg Source: Schulterklappe_1936.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Mannschaft_

• Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Mannschaft_Schulterklappe_1940.jpg Source: Schulterklappe_1940.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

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• Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Mannschaft_Schulterklappe_Panzer.jpg Source: Schulterklappe_Panzer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

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• Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Mannschaft_Schulterklappe_Trop.jpg Source: Schulterklappe_Trop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Mannschaft_

• Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Epaulette_1938.jpg: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:ObFW_cam_slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/ObFW_cam_slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department

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• File:ObLt_Cam_slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/ObLt_Cam_slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:OberWMEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/OberWMEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr in en.wikipedia.org (file log) • File:OberhufbeschlaglehrmeisterSB.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/ OberhufbeschlaglehrmeisterSB.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Oberleutnant_Epaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Oberleutnant_Epaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is a retouched picture, which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version. Modifications: Cropped, rotated, adj bright/contrast. The original can be viewed here: Heer Rank Insig from War Dept Handbook.jpg. Modifications made by Solicitr. Original artist: U.S. War Department • File:ObersSleeve.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/ObersSleeve.jpg License: PD Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Oberst_Cam_Slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Oberst_Cam_Slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Oberst_Epaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Oberst_Epaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Oberstleutnant_Epaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Oberstleutnant_Epaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:ObstLt_Cam_slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/ObstLt_Cam_slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:OffBWEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/OffBWEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Modified by User:solicitr. • File:Offizer_im_Generalstab_Litzen.jpg Source: Litzen.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Offizer_im_Generalstab_

• Offizier_Litzen.jpg Original artist: Offizier_Litzen.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Offizier_im_Generalstab_Kolbenstickerei.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Offizier_im_ Generalstab_Kolbenstickerei.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Offizier_im_Generalstab_Kolbenstickerei_(Oberkommando).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/ 50/Offizier_im_Generalstab_Kolbenstickerei_%28Oberkommando%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Offizier_im_Generalstab_Kolbenstickerei.jpg Original artist: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department

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• File:Panzer_Totenkopf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Panzer_Totenkopf.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg Original artist: FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg: Joe Mabel • File:Panzersonderbekleidung_Kragenpatten.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/ Panzersonderbekleidung_Kragenpatten.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Rangabzeichen_Reichskriegsgericht.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Rangabzeichen_ Reichskriegsgericht.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: User:SGT141 • File:Rangabzeichen_Wehrmachtsverwaltung.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Rangabzeichen_ Wehrmachtsverwaltung.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: en:User:SGT141 • File:Rank_insignia_of_Gefreiter_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Rank_ insignia_of_Gefreiter_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.themarshalsbaton.com/army%20boards.htm Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Rank_insignia_of_Obergefreiter_(over_6_years_of_service)_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/4/40/Rank_insignia_of_Obergefreiter_%28over_6_years_of_service%29_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.themarshalsbaton.com/army%20boards.htm Original artist: F l a n k e r

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• File:Rank_insignia_of_Obergefreiter_(under_6_years_of_service)_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Rank_insignia_of_Obergefreiter_%28under_6_years_of_service%29_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.themarshalsbaton.com/army%20boards.htm Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Rank_insignia_of_Oberschütze_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Rank_ insignia_of_Obersch%C3%BCtze_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.themarshalsbaton.com/ army%20boards.htm Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Rank_insignia_of_Stabsgefreiter_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/ Rank_insignia_of_Stabsgefreiter_of_the_Wehrmacht.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.themarshalsbaton.com/army% 20boards.htm Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_(1933–1945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/ Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Original artist: RsVe. • File:SA-Logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/SA-Logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: based on Image:SturmabteilungSA.jpg Original artist: Ratatosk • File:Schirmmutze_cap_badges.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Schirmmutze_cap_badges.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg Original artist: FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg: Joe Mabel • File:Special_Single_Litzen_for_NCO_ranks_of_Großdeutschland_IR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/1/1f/Special_Single_Litzen_for_NCO_ranks_of_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland_IR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Laurifindil • File:StFW_cam_slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/StFW_cam_slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:StabsFWEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/StabsFWEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr in en.wikipedia.org (file log) • File:Sturmartillerie_Kragenpatten_mit_Litzen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sturmartillerie_ Kragenpatten_mit_Litzen.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Sturmartillerie_Kragenpatten_mit_Totenkopf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/ Sturmartillerie_Kragenpatten_mit_Totenkopf.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Sturmartillerie_Kragenpatten_ohne_Abzeichen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/ Sturmartillerie_Kragenpatten_ohne_Abzeichen.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Solicitr • File:Trop_Oberwachtmeister_epaulette.jpg Source: Oberwachtmeister_epaulette.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:

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• FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg Original artist: FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg: Joe Mabel • File:UFW_cam_slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/UFW_cam_slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:UOAnwarterEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/UOAnwarterEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Modified by User:solicitr. • File:UO_Cam_Slv.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/UO_Cam_Slv.gif License: Public domain Contributors: • Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg Original artist: Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:UnterFWEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/UnterFWEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr. • File:UnteroffEpaulette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/UnteroffEpaulette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1934.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Unteroffizier_ Litzen_und_Tresse_1934.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department

*Offizier_Litzen.jpg_:

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*Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg:

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• File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_Dress.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Unteroffizier_ Litzen_und_Tresse_Dress.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Mannschaft_Litzen_Dress.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_Dress.jpg: *Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg: *Offizier_Litzen.jpg_: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_Trop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Unteroffizier_ Litzen_und_Tresse_Trop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1940.jpg Original artist: Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1940.jpg: *Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department • File:Unteroffizier_Schulterklappe_1935.jpg Source: Schulterklappe_1935.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

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• UnteroffEpaulette.jpg Original artist: UnteroffEpaulette.jpg: Uploaded by User:solicitr • File:Unteroffizier_Schulterklappe_1940.jpg Source: Schulterklappe_1940.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

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