Question 1-5 Complete The Notes Below. Write ONE WORD ONLY For Each Answer [PDF]

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MIXED EXERCISES FOR 11E1 (NO1) LISTENING Part 1. You will hear part of a lecture about cave paintings and other types of rock arts. Question 1-5 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. SEMINAR ON ROCK ART Preparation for fieldwork trip to Namibia in (1) ___________ Rock art in Namibia may be: Paintings Engravings Earliest explanation of engravings of animal footprints They were used to help (2)___________ learn about tracking But: Why are the tracks usually (3) ___________? Why are some engravings realistic and others unrealistic? Why are the unrealistic animals sometimes half (4) ___________? More recent explanation: Wise men may have been trying to control wild animals with (5) ___________ Comment: Earlier explanation was due to scholars over – generalizing from their experience of different culture Question 6-10 Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. 6. If you look at a site from a___________, you reduce visitor pressure. 7. To camp on a site may be disrespectful to people from that ___________. 8. Undiscovered material may be damaged by ___________. 9. You should avoid ___________ or tracing rock art as it is so fragile 10. In general, your aim is to leave the site ___________. Part 2. Listen to the conversation between Briony and Arthur about book recommendation from Simpson. Write TRUE, FASLE next to the following sentences. 1. The Parliament’s Report by Greenberg is on art and American economy. 2. Denison’s book is about the whole trade in art as a phenomenon. 3. The book called “American Art” was the work of both Hampton and Simpson. 4. “Art and the mind of Modern Man” by Frick is about how art relates to how we think. 5. Simpson was late for his train. Part 3. You will hear a woman on a radio program interviewing a driving instructor about his job. For questions 15, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D. 1. People want to pass the driving test quickly because A. they are impatient B. they are nervous about it C. they don’t want to spend too much D. they find lessons time-consuming 2. Fred’s driving school gets customers because A. it has nationwide reputation B. people trust Fred to get them through the test. C. people tell their friends about it D. he has a friendly personality 3. Fred prepares learners for their lesson by A. telling them not to be nervous B. encouraging them to relax C. talking about their last lesson D. talking calmly to them 4. Fred suggests new drivers are nervous because A. they don’t get enough practice. B. they are worried about road conditions. C. they forget where the controls are. D. their reactions are slower. 5. Fred allows his pupils to drive unaided when A. they are in complete control B. they can handle the car quite well. C. they understand how the gears work D. they are sufficiently relaxed Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) that best fits each of the following questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. Ann's encouraging words gave me.......... to undertake the demanding task once again. A. a point B. an incentive C. a resolution D. a target 2. The neighbours said they hadn't got a......... who could have broken into our garage. A. clue B. view C. point D. hint 3.1 don't need any medicine. I'm as right as.......... A. clouds B. a ray C. rain D. a haze 4. Don't be angry with Sue. All that she did was in good........... A. hope B. belief C. idea D. faith 5. A military junta has taken over power in the country after the democratic administration........... A. collapsed B. stumbled C. vanished D. abandoned 6. Hats like this may have been fashionable in the 60's, but now they are......... the times. A. beneath B. under C. over D. behind 7. Just change your approach towards the assignment. The way you are dealing with it now will certainly...........you nowhere. A. pass B. put C. get D. reach 8. Anything he does is in.........., with the law and that's why I have suggested him for the post.

A. compliance B. obedience C. commitment D. responsibility 9. I hope you won't take...........if I say that your project needs more improvement to be accepted. A. hatred B. nerve C. offence D. anger 10. Of course, we don't need this dictionary at present, but in the long...........it may prove useful. A. run B. time C. future D. perspective 11. There are geographic, economic, and cultural reasons why...........around the world. A. diets differ B. do diets differ C. are diets different D. to differ a diet 12. The wedges...........dart board are worth from one to twenty points each. A. they are on a B. are on a C. are they on a D. on a 13. The Dewey Decimal System, currently used in libraries throughout the world, ........... all written works into ten classes according to subject. A. dividing B. divides C. it would divide D. was divided 14. Individual differences in brain-wave activity may shed light on why some people are more prone to emotional stress disorders............ A. that others are B. and others are C. others are D. than are others 15............a cheese shop has since grown into a small conglomerate consisting of a catering business and two retail stores. A. In the beginning of B. It began as C. Its beginning which was D. What began as 16............ definitive study of a western hard - rock mining community cemetery appears to have been done is in Silver City, Nevada. A. Most B. The most C. Where most D. Where the most 17............in the first draft of the budget will not necessarily be in the final draft. A. Although it appears B. It appears C. What appears D. Despite its appearance 18. During free fall, ........... up to a full minute,, a skydiver will fall at a constant speed of 120m.p.h. A. it is B. which is C. being D. is 19. Like Thomas Berger's fictional character Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to find himself where...........of important events took place. A. it was an extraordinary number B. there was an extraordinary number C. an extraordinary number D. an extraordinary number existed 20. This course is one of...........few English courses offered by the college. A. the B. only C. mostly D. almost 21. During tough negotiations, such as the ones we have witnessed over the last week or so. neither side wants to.............. A. give in B. get by C. take hold D. come on 22. It is regrettable that two items were .............of the invoice and need to be added immediately. A. left out B. stood out C. found out D. cut up 23. He brought.............the business deal through sheer persistence. A. out B. in C. off D. up 24. The bully.............when he saw the teacher approaching. A. cleared off B. called at C. brought about D. caught up 25. You cannot............. violence by using violence. A. break away B. do away with C. keep away D. pass away 26. He.............the schedule one more time just for my benefit. A. went back over B. set back C. went back on D. fell back on 27. You shouldn't .............other people's problems, even if you don't consider them to be very serious. A. shed light upon B. come to light C. make light of D. see the light 28. Whatever happens tomorrow, she'll..........in history..........a great stateswoman. A. go down as B. put down to C. come down to D. talk down to 29. She.............to the temptation of lying around in bed all day. A. gave in B. took in C. joined in D. put in 30. The effect of the drug won't.............until tonight. A. break off B. let off C. wear off D. put off 31. The whereabouts of the exiled president remains a__________ guarded secret. A. highly B. closely C. deeply D. entirely 32. We should all ___________when advertisers attempt to use unfair practices. A. make a stand B. make a comeback C. make amends D. make a deal 33. It took him a long time to come to_________ with his redundancy. A. rules B. words C. terms D. steps 34. I remember the first time I met Sue. We________ immediately, and we have been friends ever since. A. struck it off B. struck it up C. hit it off D. hit upon it 35. The company cannot accept _________ for injuries resulting from improper use of rental equipment. A. validity B. liability C. compensation D. privilege 36. Her parents always tried to_________ a sense of integrity and decency in her. A. infuse B. instill C. inlay D. inset 37. Jack never cheats or tricks anybody when he plays. He always goes by the_________. A. book B. instructions C. principles D. method 38. Recent defeats have _________his confidence in himself as a player. A. undermined B disabled C. impeded D. hampered 39. People turned out in _________ to watch the parade on the Independence Day. A. volume B. mass C. force D. bulk 40. Not being able to find my phone number is a pretty_________ excuse for not contacting me.

A. fragile B. frail C. faint D. feeble Write the correct forms of the words given in brackets in the corresponding numbered boxes. Restaurant of the Year One more chance! That's all we're giving you to tell us about your favourite restaurant and boost its chances of becoming the (0) winner (WIN) of our Restaurant of the Year competition. This is the last time the official (1)___________ (NOMINATE) form will appear in the paper and next Thursday is the final date for receipt of completed forms. Over the past few weeks we have been swamped by a paper mountain as (2)___________(DINE) across the city jot down the compelling reasons why they believe their chosen restaurant should definitely win our hotly (3)___________(CONTEST) competition. So far we have received more than 400 (4)____________(ENTER) forms with more than 30 restaurants nominated. These votes have been (5)____________(EVEN) spread, which makes the last week even more crucial than usual, as we aim to find the top three to go forward to our grand final. Once the (6)____________(DEAD) has passed, our judges will sit down and count all the forms. The three restaurants which receive the most votes will then be visited by the judges. These visits will of course be (7)____________ (ANNOUNCE), so the restaurants themselves will not know that the judges are there. After their visits, the judges will make their final decision over who wins the (8)____________ (PRESTIGE) title Restaurant of the Year. In 1997, I went to Beijing for the first time since the (0)_______ (DISASTER) events of 1989. The Chinese (1)_________(AUTHORISE) had been reluctant to re-admit foreign journalists who had witnessed the Tiananmen Square student protests. Even eight years later, it was still (2)_________ (PROBLEM) to get into the Square with a television camera, but we managed it. I looked for the bullet holes on the steps of the central monument, but they had all been expertly filled in; a faint discoloration perhaps, but almost (3)__________(PERCEIVE). The most critical moment in Chinese history after Mao Zedong's death seemed to have been entirely forgotten. My time in China had given me an (4)_________(ENDURANCE) interest in Chinese art, so I decided to go to Liu Li Chang, where for centuries there has been an antiquities market. Unfortunately, many things for sale there nowadays are modern (5)__________ (IMITATE). Empty-handed and somewhat (6)__________(ILLUSION), I went into a tea house and sat through the usual ceremony, but there were (7)__________(IDENTIFY) differences here too; it seemed quicker and the tea lacked that extraordinary lingering scent. Thoroughly (8)__________(HEART), I returned to my hotel: one of the enormous, (9)_________ (FACE) places which have sprung up everywhere. Yet here, in a dark shop tucked away off the lobby, my melancholy mood disappeared, for I met a (10)_________(SURVIVE) from 1989, who remembered me instantly. Not everything had been entirely forgotten. Read the following extract from the book No Logo and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap. The idea that only an Italian is (1).................of making the world's greatest cup of coffee seems to have been around forever, so universally is it (2)...............today. (3) ...........:... it is actually a fairy recent phenomenon. Emilio Lavazza, who died in 2010 at the age of 78, can (4)..............much of the credit. He taught the world not only how to make coffee, but also how to drink it. That may explain why Italy has still not been invaded by the American coffee - bar chains so biquitous elsewhere in Europe. Emilio Lavazza was born in 1932, and was a leading figure in the generation of Italian businessmen who (5)............their family firms in the 1950s. These began to expand rapidly, first around the country and then abroad as Italy (6) ............... its long post - war economic expansion. This was the generation that (7)..............the seeds for what has (8).............to be known as 'Made in Italy', the (9)............of companies and brands that make high - quality household and consumer products, from fashion to food to furniture. These products are identified with a (10).............. of craftsmanship on the one hand, and the elegant Italian lifestyle on the other. Emilio Lavazza, made sure that coffee became an inextricable part of that heritage. 1. A. capable B. skilled C: qualified D. competent 2. A. consented B. agreed C. accepted D. complied 3. A. Yet B. Though C. Whereas D. Whilst 4. A. insist B. claim C. demand D. uphold 5. A. enlisted B. joined C. enrolled D. participated 6. A. entertained B. appreciated C. benefited D. enjoyed 7. A. set B. sowed C. laid D. buried 8. A. ended B. come C. finished D. gone 9. A. cluster B. pile C. bundle D. heap 10. A. range B. connection C. variety D. combination The growth of cheap and readily available air travel has helped turn tourism into one of the world's largest industries. But behind the image projected by the glossy brochures, there is a less positive (1)............ to the situation. In Goa, for example, indigenous peoples have been displaced to (2) ............... way for hotels and golf courses, and local fishermen have been (3) .............. access to the beaches from which they set off for work. One (4)............ study has shown that 60 per cent of foreign capital (5) ................ in tourism in developing countries returns to first - world countries, and although tourism often provides employment, much of it is low -skilled and very poorly paid. Recently, however, a British organization, Tourism Concern, surprised everyone by mounting an (6)................... vigorous campaign for tourism which respects the rights of local people. They argue that local people are at present nowhere near as involved as they should be in decisions about how to (7) ............. their area for tourism. Furthermore, they believe tourists should be actively encouraged to use what is often perfectly satisfactory accommodation offered by local communities, and to fly with airlines (8) .............. in the host countries. This would (9)............. that jobs are provided at all (10)...........and that capital does not disappear out of the country. 1. A. face B. section. C. edge D. side 2. A. leave B. make C. get D. move

3. A. rejected 4. A. comprehensive 5. A. provided 6. A. extensively 7. A. grow 8. A. based 9. A. promise 10. A. heights

B. denied B. inclusive B. placed B. extremely B. inflate B. created B. agree B. planes

C. disallowed C. complete C. speculated C. utterly C. reproduce C. stood C. undertake C. levels

D. stopped D. total D. invested D. actually D. develop D. laid D. ensure D. steps

Logos on clothes used to be generally hidden from view, discreetly placed on the inside of the collar. Small designer (0)_________did appear on the outside of shirts, but such sporty attire was pretty much restricted to the golf courses and tennis courts of the rich. In the late 1970s, when the fashion world rebelled against the flamboyance of the hippie era, Lacoste's alligator escaped from the sports club and (1)_________ the streets, dragging the logo decisively onto the outside of the shirt. These logos served the same social function as keeping the item of clothing's price (2)_________on: everyone knew precisely what premium the wearer was willing to pay for style. Gradually, the logo changed from being an ostentatious affectation to an active fashion (3)_________. Most significantly, the logo started to grow in size, a process which continues today. No logo has ballooned more than Tommy Hilfiger's, the brand that has managed to pioneer a clothing style that turns its faithful adherents into walking, talking, life-sized Tommy dolls. Logos have become so (4)_________on the clothing on which they are featured that they have essentially transformed these clothes into empty carriers for the brands represented. 0. A. tokens B. emblems C. marks D. signs 1. A. scurried into B. put onto C. tucked into D. latched onto 2. A. flap B. bill C. note D. tag 3. A. branch B. accessory C. annexe D. extension 4. A. leading B. prevalent C. dominant D. outstanding TECHNO EDUCATION With the (5)_______ of the Internet, educational opportunities have opened up for a number of people who previously had no chance to earn qualifications in (6)_______ institutes of learning. Nowadays, many college and university catalogues contain a section entitled 'long-distance learning'. Through these on-line courses, the student can attend classes, hand in assignments, take part in tutorials and sit exams. The individuals who take advantage of cyber education (7)_______many categories: the physically challenged, single parents, the elderly and those who live in remote areas where there are no further educational facilities available. Participating in a long-distance learning course (8)_______the same prerequisites as does attending a regular university course. In order to earn a degree, a student must (9)_______ all academic

standards set by the institute. 5. A. advent B. dawn C. twilight D. dusk 6. A. superior B. further C. secondary D. higher 7. A. come down to B. make up C. fall into D. go with 8. A. requires B. necessitates C. attains D. applies 9. A. gain B. accomplish C. meet D. succeed Fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write your answers in the corresponding boxes provided below the passage. OPEN UNIVERSITY Britain's Open University is thirty years old, and its early critics have been taken (0) aback by its success. The Labour Government set it up in the mid 1960s to offer a second (1)______________of higher education to those who had missed out, but many early recruits turned out to be trained teachers upgrading their qualifications. Now, after more than a quarter of a century (2)______________the established source of lifelong learning, it is surprising itself. The last students it expected were British school leavers, yet its numbers of 18 - 24 year olds have tripled. (3)______________ the current trends in British education been considered more closely, it would not have (4)______________as a surprise that this category of students in Britain, for (5)______________the possibility of graduating without debt has been created by the existence of the OU, would prefer (6)______________an option. It is not only student demand pulling the OU overseas that marks success for this institution, but also the launching of a business school and the forging of links with other European colleges including universities in three different continents. Even though the final feather in its cap must be its recognized authority in awarding accreditation (7)______________ overseas courses, it is still only a minor player in terms of student numbers when (8)______________ to the distance-learning heavyweights in China, India, Indonesia and Turkey. You are going to read a newspaper article about shopaholics. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A — H the one which fits each gap. An American psychiatrist has launched trials of a drug to help people who cannot stop spending. Professor Lorrin Koran of Stanford University in California believes he has found a cure for shopaholics. The news will come as a great relief to millions of people suffering from compulsive shopping disorder, a condition which is thought to afflict up to one in 30 American women. 0. ___E____ Koran, however, describes it as a 'hidden epidemic' comparable to compulsive gambling, kleptomania and pyromania. Since the announcement of his test programme, Koran's office has been inundated with hundreds of calls from shopping addicts keen to become his guinea pigs. 1.__________But just what type of people suffer from it? According to Koran's research, the majority of shopaholics are women. 2.__________However, an increasing number of men are also becoming addicted to shopping. They usually collect power tools and car accessories. One man could not stop buying spanners, even though he already had 4,000, while another had bought over 200 different seat covers for his car. Lorrin Koran's clinic is ideally located in Silicon Village, the high-tech region near San Francisco that has seen some of the

fastest wealth creation in America's history. 3.__________Whereas the former get pleasure from shopping and only occasionally splash out on something expensive, typical shopaholics go on a binge at least once a week. They experience urges to buy items that are not needed and then feel sadness and remorse. With good reason: they often get into financial difficulties. 'The thrill they have is in the purchase and not in the possession,' said Koran, who identifies low self-esteem as a common factor. 'They are filling their life with things because they feel empty inside.' 4.__________As she made her way through an expensive shopping centre in Stanford last week, she confessed that she recently spent $35,000 on fashion accessories, getting herself $22,000 into debt. Saleswomen at her favourite boutiques assume she is a rich businesswoman rather than a design assistant at a furniture store. 'I've been doing it since I was 12 when my father would give me his credit card,' she said. She has tried giving up her own cards and leaving her handbag at home, but has never managed to stop shopping. 5.__________ 'It is ruining my life,' she said. In the 12-week trial, Laura and 23 others will be treated with a drug which restores levels of serotonin. Serotonin carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and deficiencies are thought to lead to compulsive behaviour. 6.__________ Lee Smith, a retail consultant, claims that people have always used shopping as a way of cheering themselves up. A Her addiction was the main cause of her split with a boyfriend of nine years. B The considerable interest in the supposed cure comes as no surprise to Koran, who has been aware of the extent of the problem for many years. C Design assistant Laura Olsen, who is the exception to this rule, says she has absolutely no regrets. D Koran believes that a clear distinction must be made between recreational shoppers and those who cross the line to addiction. E Until now, few psychiatrists have regarded the problem as worthy of serious medical attention. F However, not everyone agrees that compulsive shopping is a disease which needs treating. G Most buy items that improve their appearance such as clothes, shoes, make-up and jewellery. H For Laura, 44, who has a liking for designer clothes, Koran's trial is a lifeline. DESERT FORMATION       The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.       Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.       Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.       There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results. Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.       The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.       The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.        The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by

erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. Paragraph 1: The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process. 1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Restricted B. Endangered C. Prevented D. Rejected Paragraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. 2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil? A. Increased stony content B. Reduced water absorption C. Increased numbers of spaces in the soil D. Reduced water runoff Paragraph 5: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results. 3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Fragile B. Predictable C. Complex D. Valuable  4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficulty A. Adjusting to stresses created by settlement B. Retaining their fertility after desertification C. Providing water for irrigating crops D. Attracting populations in search of food and fuel  Paragraph 6: Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Openly B. Impressively C. Objectively D. Increasingly 6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops? A. Lack of proper irrigation techniques B. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area C. Removal of the original vegetation D. Excessive use of dried animal waste  7. The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Consisting of B. Hidden by C. Except for D. Lacking in Paragraph 9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. 8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess water is a factor in desertification because it can A. Interfere with the irrigation of land B. Limit the evaporation of water C. Require more absorption of air by the soil D. Bring salts to the surface  9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification  EXCEPT A. Soil erosion B. Global warming C. Insufficient irrigation D. The raising of livestock  Paragraph 10: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.  Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects  large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected. 11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification? A. Governments will act quickly to control further desertification. B. The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.

C. Desertification will continue to increase. D. Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world. Paragraph 7:■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■ 12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be        added to the passage. This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. Where would the sentence best fit? Read the following passage and answer the questions. Read the passage and do the tasks. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. List of headings i Avoiding an overcrowded centre 0. Paragraph A ______ ii A successful exercise in people power 1. Paragraph B ______ iii The benefits of working together in cities 2. Paragraph C ______ iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars 3. Paragraph D ______ v Economic arguments fail to persuade 4. Paragraph E ______ vi The impact of telecommunications on population distribution vii Responding to arguments against public transport ADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system. The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs, Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live. According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live. Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that 'the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'. Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly cities considered Amsterdam and Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'. It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'. When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Honk Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly. A In fact Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics. The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored. He considers Portland Oregon a perfect example of this. Some years ago federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time. B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher. C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars -creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities. D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best

approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations. E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.' Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 81 - 85, write: TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 5. The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world. 6. Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. 7. An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers. 8. In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs. 9. Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good. Questions 86 - 88 Look at the following cities and the list of descriptions below. Match each city with the correct description A -F. 10. Perth 11. Auckland 12. Portland List of Descriptions A successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment B successful public transport system despite cold winters C profitably moved from road to light rail transport system D hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system E heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty F inefficient due to a limited public transport system Read the following passage and answer the questions. The Case for Cycling to School All parents want the very best for their children, particularly when it comes to schools and school life. Of course, they not only expect the school to take care of the mental needs of their children but also - and this has been subject to great neglect in the last 20 years - their physical needs. People appreciate that money is tight, and nobody enjoys paying taxes, but there is a growing feeling that something needs to be done about children's health, and many believe that schools and the government have a big responsibility. Twenty-five years ago, many children either cycled or walked to school. Very few children were taken to school by mummy or daddy. Tie percentage today? Just 1% of primary pupils and 2% of secondary pupils cycle to school. Many parents will say that roads these days are too dangerous, that they HAVE to drive their children to school. The number of children being driven to school has doubled in the last 20 years. So one reason that the roads are dangerous is because so many parents drive their children to school - the infamous 'school run'. Is this a vicious circle out of which we cannot escape? This is a hotly contested topic, and if a solution is to be found, it will take the cooperation of the government, local authorities, schools, parents, and perhaps most importantly, school pupils. Very few people are suggesting that the government should ban parents from driving their children to school. What many would like to see is a lot more effort put into promoting cycling. The government should build networks of cycle paths radiating out from schools and suitable cycle-parking facilities at school. Organizations like Sustrans, a UK charity supporting sustainable transport by encouraging people to travel on foot, by bike or by public transport, do their best to help schools, but not all schools want to co-operate. This sometimes goes to bizarre extremes. In Portsmouth, a woman wanted her son to cycle to school, but the school really didn't want him to; however, agreement was successfully reached on the condition that his mother drove behind him and picked up his bike when he reached school and took it home again, reversing the process in the afternoon. But if the case is to be won, it is not good enough to rely on anecdotal evidence. So what are the relevant facts in this issue? Well. Let's take a look at children's health for a start. In 1995, around 10.9% of boys and 12% of girls between the ages of two and 15 were obese. By 2007, those figures had jumped to 16.8% and 16.1% respectively. By 2050, scientists have predicted that 70% of girls and 55% of boys will be obese. True, diet has an effect on this, but physical exercise not only helps you maintain a healthy body weight, but also leads to healthy bone development, a strong muscle and cardiovascular system and improved co-operation. Interestingly, a study in California showed a direct link between children's fitness levels and academic scores in literacy and numeracy. Those in the fittest category scored twice as high as those in the lowest fitness category. Not only can cycling make you fitter and smarter, it also gives you a great sense of independence. You decide when you cycle home, whether you stop on the bridge to look at the fish, whether you go past the bakery with the fantastic smells or whether you just go straight home and read a good book. Children who are driven to and from school don't have these options. They are dependent on an adult - not something many children want. Providing safe cycle routes and encouraging children to cycle will not only improve their physical and mental well-being and their sense of independence, it will also lead to a reduction in congestion and pollution in the area where they live. Children will not be the only ones to benefit, as the cycle routes would not just be for children. Anyone could use them to travel around, go shopping, visit friends, etc. without needing a car (which could save families thousands of pounds a year). Sustrans has started developing such cycle routes and they have had great success with the work they've done. For example, in the town of Market Harborough, they added 17 miles of cycle routes. But the big question is, are the residents

of Market Harborough actually getting on their bikes? The answer is a resounding 'yes'. There are 400,000 trips a year on the path, 50,000 of these trips made by children - not bad for a town with a population of just 21,000. Interestingly, 38% of the people using the path could have made the same journey by car, but chose not to. So what of the future? Will we allow the vicious circle to continue so that more and more children are driven to work because of the congested, polluted and dangerous roads? Or will we give our children the opportunity to ride a bike to school along uncongested, unpolluted and, most of all, safe cycle paths? The answer appears blindingly obvious, but whether we as a society have the willpower to carry out the necessary work remains to be seen. Do the following questions agree with the views of the writer? Write: Yes, No. Not Given 5.______ Schools have given insufficient attention to the physical well-being of children. 6.______ Sustrans could work harder to ensure the co-operation of schools. 7.______ The case of the mother following her child in her car is not untypical. 8.______ Cycling can help children develop a degree of responsibility for themselves. 9.______ Society in general will clearly encourage more children to cycle to school. Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 10. According to the writer, schools are guilty of the___________________ of certain needs of children in recent times. 11. Twice as many children are___________________ to school compared to 20 years ago. 12. There has been a massive increase in the number of________________ children. 13. Research indicates there is a strong connection between_____________ and achievement at school. Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E. A expects to see high levels of overweight children in the 0. A school in Portsmouth ___B_ future. 14. A study in California ______ B is not keen to see children cycling. 15. The population of Market Harborough ______ C has suggestions for improving literacy and numeracy. 16. A team of scientists ______ D supports and develops cycle routes for children. E enjoys the benefits of new cycle routes. F does not rely on anecdotal evidence. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1. I tried as hard as I could to make sure that this problem would not arise. POWER I _____________________________________________ this problem from arising. 2. Rob's teacher is very happy with him at the moment. BOOKS Rob__________________________________________ at the moment. 3. After the scandal, they asked the minister to resign from his post. DOWN After the scandal, the minister________________________________ from office. 4. It's important to defend what you believe in when others express their doubts. STAND You must _____________________________________ when others express doubts about them. 5. I felt relaxed at Alice's house because her parents greeted me so warmly. EASE Alice's parents___________________________________ the warmth of their greeting. 6. I expected the book, to be far better because it had been written by such a good novelist. (SHORT) The book................................................................................................................... 7. She was concentrating so hard on her work that she didn't notice when I came in. (WRAPPED) She............................................................................................................................. 8. She's not very good at arranging flowers. (FLAIR) She...................".......................................................................................................... 9. Diane finds that creating things stops her from thinking about her work. (MIND) Diane finds that being ............................................................................................... 10. The manager praised one particular player. (SINGLED) One particular player................................................................................................. 11. He began by giving us a summary of his progress so far. (OUTSET) -> ............................................................us a summary of his progress so far 12. I think we ought to permit him to do whatever he chooses. (HAND) -> I think we should................................................................. 13. Your attitude will have to change if you want to succeed. (LEAF) -> You have to turn over......................................................... 14. I resent the way that she clearly feels herself to be superior to me. (NOSE) -> I resent the way that............................................................ 15. After two hours the bride had still not arrived. (SIGN) -> After two hours................................................................ 16. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (DISAPPROVAL) -> .................................................................................... 17. He always makes everything look so difficult. (WEATHER) ->....................................................................................... 18. Being her only niece, Ann is very precious to her. (APPLE) -> .................................................................................... 19. Carol has trouble communicating her ideas to others. (ACROSS) -> .................................................................................... 20. She loves animals and tends to become very angry when she sees one being treated badly. (RED) ->................................................................................

21. Only when it got dark did Paolo decide to make his way back home. (FELL) -> It was not.......................................................................... mind to make his way back home. 22. There is a rumour that the company lost over 20 million dollars during the price war. (SUSTAINED) -> The company..................................................................... over 20 million dollars during the price war. 23. The role played by the PR company in securing the government contract was never acknowledged officially. (OFFICIAL) -> At............................................................................ the PR company played securing the government contract. 24. Don't let Sarah's carefree attitude deceive you; she is an extremely conscientious worker. (TAKEN) -> Don't let .......................................... Sarah's carefree attitude; she is an extremely conscientious worker. 25. Joe would only to agree to continue the trip if he could drive instead of Paul. (TAKING) -> Joe insisted on.............................................................as the driver before he would agree to continue the trip. 26. He surprised me very much when he said he loved me. (BREATH) -> He................................................when he said he loved me. 27. He didn't hesitate to recommend me for the job. (BONES) -> He...........................................................me for the job. 28. The local council has considered mass tourism the cause of the environmental problems. -> The local council has put................................................... for the cause of environmental problems. 29. It is quite urgent that he hold this meeting. -> The meeting should be held as a.............................................. 30. Albert's wife said that he had to start being interested in their kids' lives. -> Albert's wife said that it....................................................... interest in their kids' lives.